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Rousky
|
{
"id": [
36942950
],
"name": [
"DoebLoggs"
]
}
|
d8o1b0pcnoddxwn3v0tbwq7czv8hsjq
|
2021-09-22T11:26:48Z
| 1,045,776,840 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|Roman Catholic church in Rousky.](/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_RC_Church%2C_Rousky_-_geograph.org.uk_-_216284.jpg \"St Mary's RC Church, Rousky - geograph.org.uk - 216284.jpg\")\n**Rousky** ()[Placenames Database of Ireland](http://www.logainm.ie/65294.aspx) is a small [village](/wiki/Village \"Village\") and [townland](/wiki/Townland \"Townland\") in the [Sperrins](/wiki/Sperrins \"Sperrins\") of [County Tyrone](/wiki/County_Tyrone \"County Tyrone\"), [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland \"Northern Ireland\"). In the [2001 Census](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001 \"United Kingdom Census 2001\") it had a population of 81\\. Rousky is on the main road between [Gortin](/wiki/Gortin \"Gortin\") (to the west) and [Greencastle](/wiki/Greencastle%2C_County_Tyrone \"Greencastle, County Tyrone\") (to the east). It lies within the parish of Badoney Lower, the barony of [Strabane Upper](/wiki/Strabane_Upper \"Strabane Upper\") and the [Omagh District Council](/wiki/Omagh_District_Council \"Omagh District Council\") area.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* [NI Neighbourhood Information System](http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/)\n\n[Category:Villages in County Tyrone](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_County_Tyrone \"Villages in County Tyrone\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Alexey Shpeyer
|
{
"id": [
34371258
],
"name": [
"ParticipantObserver"
]
}
|
k766skor845pqvutpy9nv0oxn2l4cw5
|
2024-09-10T08:27:29Z
| 1,237,527,753 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Alexey Nikolayevich Shpeyer** (; 1854–1916\\) was a [diplomat](/wiki/Diplomat \"Diplomat\") from the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"). The Russian government had intended to send him to [Korea](/wiki/Korea \"Korea\") in 1895 to replace [Karl Ivanovich Weber](/wiki/Karl_Ivanovich_Weber \"Karl Ivanovich Weber\") as Russian consul general in Korea, but at the request of [King Gojong](/wiki/Gojong_of_the_Korean_Empire \"Gojong of the Korean Empire\") of Korea's [Joseon Dynasty](/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty \"Joseon Dynasty\"), Weber remained in place, and Shpeyer was sent to [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\") instead. Shpeyer finally replaced Weber in September 1897\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Shpeyer, Alexey](/wiki/Category:19th-century_diplomats_of_the_Russian_Empire \"19th-century diplomats of the Russian Empire\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Iran](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_the_Russian_Empire_to_Iran \"Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Iran\")\n[Category:1854 births](/wiki/Category:1854_births \"1854 births\")\n[Category:1916 deaths](/wiki/Category:1916_deaths \"1916 deaths\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Brazil](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_the_Russian_Empire_to_Brazil \"Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Brazil\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to China](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_the_Russian_Empire_to_China \"Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to China\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Japan](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_the_Russian_Empire_to_Japan \"Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Japan\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Beech Bend
|
{
"id": [
53396
],
"name": [
"StefenTower"
]
}
|
4silsnrsre8vdocj68moyet2se0r8m0
|
2024-09-22T09:49:49Z
| 1,202,829,824 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Mechanics arrive",
"The 1960s",
"The 1970s and early 1980s",
"Changes",
"Recent history",
"Current attractions",
"Roller coasters",
"Family and thrill rides",
"Kiddie rides",
"Water Park Attractions",
"Removed Rides",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Beech Bend** is an [amusement park](/wiki/Amusement_park \"Amusement park\"), [campground](/wiki/Campground \"Campground\") and [automobile](/wiki/Automobile \"Automobile\") [race track](/wiki/Race_track \"Race track\") located in [Warren County](/wiki/Warren_County%2C_Kentucky \"Warren County, Kentucky\"), in the [U.S. state](/wiki/U.S._state \"U.S. state\") of [Kentucky](/wiki/Kentucky \"Kentucky\"), just outside the limits of the city of [Bowling Green](/wiki/Bowling_Green%2C_Kentucky \"Bowling Green, Kentucky\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe park takes its name from a bend in [Barren River](/wiki/Barren_River \"Barren River\") where stands of [beech trees](/wiki/Beech_trees \"Beech trees\") are scattered throughout the area. The area was used for picnics as early as the 1880s. Charles Garvin purchased the park property in the early 1940s, adding amusements both rides and recreational activities over the years. The first ride was a [pony](/wiki/Pony \"Pony\") ride, followed by a [roller skating](/wiki/Roller_skating \"Roller skating\") rink, dance hall, [bowling](/wiki/Bowling \"Bowling\") center and swimming pool.\n\n### Mechanics arrive\n\nShortly after World War II, Garvin added mechanical rides to Beech Bend Park, beginning with a [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel \"Ferris wheel\") purchased from the [Chicago World's Fair](/wiki/Century_of_Progress \"Century of Progress\"). Racing began about that same time with [motorcycles](/wiki/Motorcycle \"Motorcycle\"). Auto racing began on a 3/8\\-mile (600 m) oval dirt track; that same track, now paved, is still in use today. A [dragstrip](/wiki/Dragstrip \"Dragstrip\") was added in the 1950s.\n\n### The 1960s\n\nThe 1960s marked the park's heyday. Gate admission was ten cents, with promotions known as \"County Days,\" spotlighting a county within the [Bowling Green, Kentucky](/wiki/Bowling_Green%2C_Kentucky \"Bowling Green, Kentucky\") area each week. Carnival\\-type rides were abundant, with the famous [Wild Mouse](/wiki/Wild_Mouse \"Wild Mouse\") the most popular; [midway](/wiki/Midway_%28fair%29 \"Midway (fair)\") games such as [Skee ball](/wiki/Skee_ball \"Skee ball\") and [Fascination](/wiki/Fascination_%28game%29 \"Fascination (game)\") were a hit with guests. The campground grew over the years, with more than 1,000 spaces advertised at its peak, billed at one time as the world's largest. (The campground was home to the original store of what is now [Camping World](/wiki/Camping_World \"Camping World\"), a large camping supply retailer founded by David Garvin, Charles Garvin's son.) A small zoo was also added.\n\n### The 1970s and early 1980s\n\nIn the 1970s, the park went into a state of decline, largely due to competition from [theme parks](/wiki/Theme_park \"Theme park\") such as [Opryland USA](/wiki/Opryland_USA \"Opryland USA\") in nearby [Nashville, Tennessee](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Nashville, Tennessee\"). Garvin's health was also in steady decline. When he died in 1979, the park closed, though the racing facilities stayed open under a lease agreement to a third\\-party operator. The park was purchased by an ownership group that included [country music](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\") singer [Ronnie Milsap](/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap \"Ronnie Milsap\"), which operated it in 1981 and 1982\\.\n\n[Jim Varney](/wiki/Jim_Varney \"Jim Varney\")'s first television commercial as character [Ernest P. Worrell](/wiki/Ernest_P._Worrell \"Ernest P. Worrell\") was for Beech Bend. Varney's character was advertising an appearance by the [Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys_Cheerleaders \"Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders\") in 1980\\.\n\nThe park closed again, with ownership reverting to Garvin's heirs.\n\n### Changes\n\nIn 1984, Dallas and Alfreda Jones purchased the racetracks and began hosting national [drag racing](/wiki/Drag_racing \"Drag racing\") events sanctioned by the [National Hot Rod Association](/wiki/National_Hot_Rod_Association \"National Hot Rod Association\"). The racetracks did well, and three years later, the couple purchased the rest of the park, which had by then fallen back into nature. No work was done on the old park until the 1990s, when the Jones' began to clear out the park and renovate the campground. In 1998 the pool was reopened along with some new amusement rides being added to the park — much as Charles Garvin had done in the park's early years. It hosts the annual [National Hot Rod Reunion](/wiki/National_Hot_Rod_Reunion \"National Hot Rod Reunion\").\n\n",
"### Mechanics arrive\n\nShortly after World War II, Garvin added mechanical rides to Beech Bend Park, beginning with a [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel \"Ferris wheel\") purchased from the [Chicago World's Fair](/wiki/Century_of_Progress \"Century of Progress\"). Racing began about that same time with [motorcycles](/wiki/Motorcycle \"Motorcycle\"). Auto racing began on a 3/8\\-mile (600 m) oval dirt track; that same track, now paved, is still in use today. A [dragstrip](/wiki/Dragstrip \"Dragstrip\") was added in the 1950s.\n\n",
"### The 1960s\n\nThe 1960s marked the park's heyday. Gate admission was ten cents, with promotions known as \"County Days,\" spotlighting a county within the [Bowling Green, Kentucky](/wiki/Bowling_Green%2C_Kentucky \"Bowling Green, Kentucky\") area each week. Carnival\\-type rides were abundant, with the famous [Wild Mouse](/wiki/Wild_Mouse \"Wild Mouse\") the most popular; [midway](/wiki/Midway_%28fair%29 \"Midway (fair)\") games such as [Skee ball](/wiki/Skee_ball \"Skee ball\") and [Fascination](/wiki/Fascination_%28game%29 \"Fascination (game)\") were a hit with guests. The campground grew over the years, with more than 1,000 spaces advertised at its peak, billed at one time as the world's largest. (The campground was home to the original store of what is now [Camping World](/wiki/Camping_World \"Camping World\"), a large camping supply retailer founded by David Garvin, Charles Garvin's son.) A small zoo was also added.\n\n",
"### The 1970s and early 1980s\n\nIn the 1970s, the park went into a state of decline, largely due to competition from [theme parks](/wiki/Theme_park \"Theme park\") such as [Opryland USA](/wiki/Opryland_USA \"Opryland USA\") in nearby [Nashville, Tennessee](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Nashville, Tennessee\"). Garvin's health was also in steady decline. When he died in 1979, the park closed, though the racing facilities stayed open under a lease agreement to a third\\-party operator. The park was purchased by an ownership group that included [country music](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\") singer [Ronnie Milsap](/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap \"Ronnie Milsap\"), which operated it in 1981 and 1982\\.\n\n[Jim Varney](/wiki/Jim_Varney \"Jim Varney\")'s first television commercial as character [Ernest P. Worrell](/wiki/Ernest_P._Worrell \"Ernest P. Worrell\") was for Beech Bend. Varney's character was advertising an appearance by the [Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys_Cheerleaders \"Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders\") in 1980\\.\n\nThe park closed again, with ownership reverting to Garvin's heirs.\n\n",
"### Changes\n\nIn 1984, Dallas and Alfreda Jones purchased the racetracks and began hosting national [drag racing](/wiki/Drag_racing \"Drag racing\") events sanctioned by the [National Hot Rod Association](/wiki/National_Hot_Rod_Association \"National Hot Rod Association\"). The racetracks did well, and three years later, the couple purchased the rest of the park, which had by then fallen back into nature. No work was done on the old park until the 1990s, when the Jones' began to clear out the park and renovate the campground. In 1998 the pool was reopened along with some new amusement rides being added to the park — much as Charles Garvin had done in the park's early years. It hosts the annual [National Hot Rod Reunion](/wiki/National_Hot_Rod_Reunion \"National Hot Rod Reunion\").\n\n",
"Recent history\n--------------\n\nIn 2001, the park introduced the Looping Star roller coaster, which was 31\\-feet tall and 1,202 feet\\-long. The Gold Rush Miniature Golf course was added to the park for the 2003 season. In late 2002, construction began on Splash Lagoon water park, which included the existing olympic\\-sized swimming and added the Ragin' Rapids Water Slides, and Lotta Wotta Island, a children's play structure. The water park was originally scheduled to open in 2003, however its grand opening was postponed, and Splash Lagoon opened on May 22, 2004\\. By 2005, Beech Bend Park had more than 40 rides, 500 campground spaces with modern amenities, renovated racing facilities, a [water park](/wiki/Water_park \"Water park\") and large picnic pavilions. The race tracks were hosting numerous [Corvette](/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette \"Chevrolet Corvette\") racing events (the park is only a few miles away from the [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") factory that produces the [sports car](/wiki/Sports_car \"Sports car\")), plus the annual NHRA Hot Rod Reunion. The park opened a [Zamperla](/wiki/Zamperla \"Zamperla\") Twisting [Wild Mouse](/wiki/Wild_Mouse_%28Beech_Bend_Park%29 \"Wild Mouse (Beech Bend Park)\") coaster, [Zamperla](/wiki/Zamperla \"Zamperla\") Steamboat ride and a drop tower called the Shock Drop for the 2005 season.\n\nIn November 2004, during the [IAAPA](/wiki/International_Association_of_Amusement_Parks_and_Attractions \"International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions\") trade show in [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\"), Dallas Jones began discussions with [Great Coasters International](/wiki/Great_Coasters_International \"Great Coasters International\") about constructing a wooden roller coaster at Beech Bend Park. On July 28, 2005, it was announced that the roller coaster would open in 2006, have a height of , an drop, a maximum speed of per hour, and that a contest would be held to choose the ride's name. On October 28, 2005, the park announced that the ride would be called [Kentucky Rumbler](/wiki/Kentucky_Rumbler \"Kentucky Rumbler\"). The roller coaster opened on May 6, 2006\\.\n\nThe year 2007 brought permanent replacements for some of the older mobile rides. In October the park announced the Holiday Lights Spectacular that ran through January. The [Kentucky Rumbler](/wiki/Kentucky_Rumbler \"Kentucky Rumbler\") was operating along with other smaller flat rides open.\n\nIn 2008, the park added a brand new Carousel, The Grand Carousel. A new show called \"The Magic of Music\" involved music from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. They also had Cirque Africa Show that ran June 16 through June 23\\. For the kids the park introduced a new park character show, \"Singing with Sammy the Squirrel, and from July 14 through July 23 the park had a kids' festival. Thrill seekers received a brand new Scat 2\\.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|The Sea Dragon ride from Michael Jackson's Neverland Ranch was installed at Beech Bend Park in 2009\\.](/wiki/File:Sea-Dragon-at-Beech-Bend.jpg \"Sea-Dragon-at-Beech-Bend.jpg\")\nIn 2009, Beech Bend debuted the [Chance Rides](/wiki/Chance_Rides \"Chance Rides\") Sea Dragon ride which was purchased from [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson \"Michael Jackson\")'s [Neverland Ranch](/wiki/Neverland_Ranch \"Neverland Ranch\") and was alleged to be his favorite ride. The Looping Star Roller Coaster was removed at the end of the season.\n\nIn 2010, Beech Bend opened a large waterpark expansion (wave pool, lazy river and a water play structure), a [Zamperla](/wiki/Zamperla \"Zamperla\") family tea cups ride, a kids' quad runner and a new amphitheater, billed as the largest in Beech Bend's history and was to open in early May. The expansion was delayed by two months due to the [2010 Tennessee floods](/wiki/2010_Tennessee_floods \"2010 Tennessee floods\"), and the water play structure and amphitheater did not open until the 2011 season. The first ride at the park, the Ferris wheel, was standing but not operating the whole season, and was removed for the 2011 season.\n\nIn 2011, the old Haunted House ride was completely overhauled, with new effects and cars added to it. The Shock Drop drop tower was removed at the end of the season.\n\nThe replacement for Shock Drop arrived in 2012, in the form of the 140\\-foot\\-tall drop tower named Zero\\-G, named by people who participated in a naming contest on Facebook. Ironically, Zero\\-G was made by the same manufacturer as Shock Drop was; ARM. As well as the park purchased new ThunderVolt Speedway Go\\-Karts.\n\nIn 2013, the Park added the Vortex manufactured by [Chance Rides](/wiki/Chance_Rides \"Chance Rides\"). The Vortex is swinging pendulum ride that swings riders 60 feet into the air reaching a maximum swing angle of 240 degrees. Riders sit facing each other, and at the maximum height of the swing, riders are suspended upside down.\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|The Flying Bobs ride, seen here in 2016, was refurbished in 2014\\. It has since been removed.](/wiki/File:Flying-Bobs-at-Beech-Bend.jpg \"Flying-Bobs-at-Beech-Bend.jpg\")\nIn 2014, no new rides were added, but several of the older rides were repainted and rebuilt.\n\nIn 2015, the park added 5 new rides. The Tornado and Sizzler rides were replaced with new versions. Power Surge was replaced by Air Race, as well as the park added a children's monster truck ride, and Bluegrass Breeze a Flying Carousel make their way to Beech Bend for the 2015 season. On August 15, a train on the Dragon coaster derailed, leading to the ride's removal.\n\nFor the 2016 year, Beech Bend invested in a multimillion\\-dollar expansion to the water park, involving four new slides manufactured by ProSlide. One slide, the Cyclone Saucers, is the first of its kind in North America. Because of the expansion, several rides had to be relocated. Spinning Out, a spinning family coaster, was also added in 2016, taking the place of the Dragon Coaster.\n\nIn 2022, the park replaced it aging Flying Bobs with a more modern ride of the same type dubbed Thunderbolt. The ride, a portable model like its predecessor, was relocated from [Rye Playland](/wiki/Playland_%28New_York%29 \"Playland (New York)\").\n\nOn February 25, 2023, park owner Dallas Jones died.\n\n",
"Current attractions\n-------------------\n\n### Roller coasters\n\n| Name | Opened | Manufacturer | Description |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Kentucky Rumbler](/wiki/Kentucky_Rumbler \"Kentucky Rumbler\") | 2006 | [Great Coasters International](/wiki/Great_Coasters_International \"Great Coasters International\") | A [wooden roller coaster](/wiki/Wooden_roller_coaster \"Wooden roller coaster\") that was partially based upon the Rye [Playland (New York)](/wiki/Playland_%28New_York%29 \"Playland (New York)\") Aeroplane Coaster's first drop. Holds the world record for most coaster station fly\\-bys, at three. |\n| [Wild Mouse](/wiki/Wild_Mouse_%28Beech_Bend_Park%29 \"Wild Mouse (Beech Bend Park)\") | 2005 | [Zamperla](/wiki/Zamperla \"Zamperla\") | A [steel](/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster \"Steel roller coaster\") [spinning wild mouse coaster](/wiki/Spinning_roller_coaster%23Spinning_Wild_Mouse_roller_coasters \"Spinning roller coaster#Spinning Wild Mouse roller coasters\"). |\n| Spinning Out | 2016 | [SBF Visa Group](/wiki/SBF_Visa_Group \"SBF Visa Group\") | A spinning family [steel](/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster \"Steel roller coaster\") [roller coaster](/wiki/Roller_coaster \"Roller coaster\"). Replaced the Dragon Coaster. |\n\n### Family and thrill rides\n\n| Name | Opened | Manufacturer | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Air Race | 2015 | [Zamperla](/wiki/Zamperla \"Zamperla\") | New for 2015\\. Replaced the Power Surge ride. It is an aeroplane\\-style ride that takes riders upside\\-down multiple times. |\n| [Adult Bumper Cars](/wiki/Bumper_car \"Bumper car\") | ??? | Nitro | Classic bumper cars attraction |\n| Bluegrass Breeze | 2015 | [Bertazzon](/wiki/Bertazzon \"Bertazzon\") | A Flying Carousel. |\n| Dizzy Dragon | 2000 | Larson | N/A |\n| [Speedway Go Carts](/wiki/Go-Kart \"Go-Kart\") | 2012 | J\\&J | Go kart track that has existed since the 1950s; up\\-charge attraction. New ThunderVolt Speedway cars added in 2012\\. Cost to ride is $5 for adult drivers and $3 for passengers. Drivers must be 60 inches tall to drive. |\n| [Grand Carousel](/wiki/Carousel \"Carousel\") | 2008 | [Chance Rides](/wiki/Chance_Rides \"Chance Rides\") | Has 2 chariots, as well as unique animals such as a seahorse, lion, rabbit, camel along with the traditional horses. |\n| [Haunted House](/wiki/Dark_ride \"Dark ride\") | 2011 | ???? | Radically refurbished in 2011 with new props, effects, and overall performance. Formerly a Pretzel dark ride. |\n| Hip Hop Drop | 2010 | Moser | Spring ride. Was relocated in 2014 to be in front of Zero G, the adult drop tower. Switched locations with Bumble Bee Bop. |\n| Hubcab Alley Antique Cars | 2002 | [Arrow Dynamics](/wiki/Arrow_Dynamics \"Arrow Dynamics\") | Antique Cars ride. |\n| [Gold Rush Golf](/wiki/Miniature_golf \"Miniature golf\") | 2003 | Harris Miniature Golf Courses Inc. | 18 Hole Miniature golf. It is free and included with park admission. $2 club deposit required. |\n| Moby Dick | 2007 | Wisdom Rides | A 24\\-seat version of the Wisdom Genesis. |\n|\n| Scat 2 | 2008 | Dartron | A spinning flat ride that seats 16 people across two platforms. |\n| [Sea Dragon](/wiki/Pirate_ship_%28ride%29 \"Pirate ship (ride)\") | 2009 | [Chance Rides](/wiki/Chance_Rides \"Chance Rides\") | Notable for being the same ride at [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson \"Michael Jackson\")'s [Neverland Ranch](/wiki/Neverland_Ranch \"Neverland Ranch\"); was stated to be his favorite ride and was bought by Beech Bend shortly after his death. The park plays [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson \"Michael Jackson\") music at the ride. |\n| [Sizzler](/wiki/Twist_%28ride%29 \"Twist (ride)\") | 2015 | Wisdom Rides | N/A |\n| [Starship 4000](/wiki/Gravitron \"Gravitron\") | 2010 | Wisdom Rides | A Gravitron ride. |\n| [Tea Party](/wiki/Teacups \"Teacups\") | 2010 | [Zamperla](/wiki/Zamperla \"Zamperla\") | A tea cups ride. |\n| [Tilt\\-A\\-Whirl](/wiki/Tilt-A-Whirl \"Tilt-A-Whirl\") | 1999 | Larson | Classic Tilt\\-a\\-whirl. |\n| [Thunder Bolt](/wiki/Matterhorn_%28ride%29 \"Matterhorn (ride)\") | 2022 | [Chance Rides](/wiki/Chance_Rides \"Chance Rides\") | Beach Bend's newest ride. The Thunder Bolt replaced the Flying Bobs. |\n| Tornado | 1999 | Wisdom Rides | Replaced in 2015 by a new version of the same ride, and again in 2018 with another of the same ride. |\n| Vortex | 2013 | [Chance Rides](/wiki/Chance_Rides \"Chance Rides\") | A Pendulum Ride |\n| [Whitewater Express](/wiki/Log_flume_%28ride%29 \"Log flume (ride)\") | 2002 | Reverchon | Permanently installed traveling [Log Flume](/wiki/Log_flume_%28ride%29 \"Log flume (ride)\"). It has two drops, a medium\\-sized hill with a double\\-down, and a Large Drop. |\n| [Zero\\-G](/wiki/Drop_tower \"Drop tower\") | 2012 | Designed by A.R.M. Built by Larson | A 130\\-foot tall drop tower. |\n|\n\n### Kiddie rides\n\n| Name | Opened | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Bumble Bee Bop | 2003 | Manufactured by Larson International. In 2014 it switched locations with Hip Hop Drop. |\n| Crazy Bus | 2001 | [Zamperla](/wiki/Zamperla \"Zamperla\") Crazy Bus. |\n| Happy Pond | 2000 | Manufactured by Larson International. |\n| Jumping Jumbos | 2001 | Manufactured by Larson International |\n| [Kiddie Bumper Cars](/wiki/Bumper_car \"Bumper car\") | ??? | |\n| [Kiddie Whip](/wiki/The_Whip_%28ride%29 \"The Whip (ride)\") | 2007 | |\n| Monster Truck | 2015 | Wisdom Rides Monster Truck Ride. |\n| [Quad Runner](/wiki/Kiddie_Umbrella_Ride \"Kiddie Umbrella Ride\") | 2010 | |\n| Rainbow Rock | 2006 | Larson International Portable Children's Play Structure featuring a tropical jungle theme. |\n| [Super Slide](/wiki/Fun_Slide \"Fun Slide\") | 1999 | |\n| Western Train | 1999 | |\n|\n\n### Water Park Attractions\n\n| \\+ | Name | Opened | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Cyclone Saucers | 2016 | Made by [ProSlide](/wiki/ProSlide_Technology \"ProSlide Technology\"). The first of the ProSlide FlyingSAUCER model to come to North America. |\n| [Lazy River](/wiki/Lazy_river \"Lazy river\") | 2010 | Starts and ends inside of the Surf's Up Wave Pool. |\n| Lotta Wotta Island | 2004 | Children's Play Structure that includes 2 kiddie water slides. |\n| Polynesian Plunge | 2016 | [Inline tube slide](/wiki/Inline_tube_slide \"Inline tube slide\") made by ProSlide. Features a steep drop into a toilet bowl element. |\n| Ragin' Rapids Water Slides | 2004 | Water Slide Complex that includes 3 mat slides; 1 fully enclosed slide, 1 fully outdoor slide, and 1 slide that starts enclosed and end outdoors. |\n| Surf's Up Wave Pool | 2010 | [Wave Pool](/wiki/Wave_pool \"Wave pool\") with the start and end of the Lazy River to the left and right side. |\n| Tidal Wave | 2016 | Inline tube slide made by ProSlide. Features a drop, a rise up a steep hill, and another drop. |\n| Tiki Island | 2010 | Children's Play Structure with 5 kiddie water slides and 2 family water slides. |\n| Riptide | 2016 | Inline tube slide made by ProSlide. Features a small indoor drop followed by 2 funnels. |\n\n### Removed Rides\n\n| Name | Closed | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Avalanche | 2007 | Made by Wisdom Rides. It was a 24\\-seat version of the Wisdom Genesis. Replaced by the Moby Dick, an exact copy of the ride but with a different theme. |\n| [Power Surge](/wiki/Power_Surge_%28ride%29 \"Power Surge (ride)\") | 2014 | [Zamperla](/wiki/Zamperla \"Zamperla\") Power Surge. Removed after the 2014 season. Replaced by Air Race. |\n| Scat 2 | 2008 | Replaced by another ride exactly like it but a different color. The current Scat 2 is predominately orange while the old one was blue. |\n| [Sizzler](/wiki/Twist_%28ride%29 \"Twist (ride)\") | 2015 | Replaced in 2015 by a new version of the same ride. Manufactured by Wisdom Rides. The notable difference is a different color pattern and the addition of color\\-changing LED lights. |\n| [Starship 3000](/wiki/Gravitron \"Gravitron\") | 2010 | Manufactured by Wisdom Rides. Replaced by a newer version of the same ride the Starship 4000 |\n| Tornado | 2015 | Made by Wisdom Rides. Replaced in 2015 by a new version of the same ride. The notable difference is that the new ride has a different color pattern and it has color\\-changing LED lights. It also was placed in a different location. The Bluegrass Breeze Swing Ride is located where the old tornado originally was. |\n| [Shock Drop](/wiki/Drop_tower \"Drop tower\") | 2012 | The attraction opened in 2004, manufactured by ARM. Replaced by a larger permanent version of the same ride. |\n| Jitterbug | 2015 | Closed because of the ride tipping over and injuring Park Guests. |\n| Dragon Coaster | 2015 | Manufactured by Wisdom Rides, added to the park in 1999\\. Replaced in 2016 by the spinning family coaster \"Spinning Out\", After the ride derailed at the end of the 2015 season. |\n| [Flying Bobs](/wiki/Matterhorn_%28ride%29 \"Matterhorn (ride)\") | 2019 | Closed in 2019\\. Replaced by the Thunderbolt in 2022\\. |\n|\n\n",
"### Roller coasters\n\n| Name | Opened | Manufacturer | Description |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Kentucky Rumbler](/wiki/Kentucky_Rumbler \"Kentucky Rumbler\") | 2006 | [Great Coasters International](/wiki/Great_Coasters_International \"Great Coasters International\") | A [wooden roller coaster](/wiki/Wooden_roller_coaster \"Wooden roller coaster\") that was partially based upon the Rye [Playland (New York)](/wiki/Playland_%28New_York%29 \"Playland (New York)\") Aeroplane Coaster's first drop. Holds the world record for most coaster station fly\\-bys, at three. |\n| [Wild Mouse](/wiki/Wild_Mouse_%28Beech_Bend_Park%29 \"Wild Mouse (Beech Bend Park)\") | 2005 | [Zamperla](/wiki/Zamperla \"Zamperla\") | A [steel](/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster \"Steel roller coaster\") [spinning wild mouse coaster](/wiki/Spinning_roller_coaster%23Spinning_Wild_Mouse_roller_coasters \"Spinning roller coaster#Spinning Wild Mouse roller coasters\"). |\n| Spinning Out | 2016 | [SBF Visa Group](/wiki/SBF_Visa_Group \"SBF Visa Group\") | A spinning family [steel](/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster \"Steel roller coaster\") [roller coaster](/wiki/Roller_coaster \"Roller coaster\"). Replaced the Dragon Coaster. |\n\n",
"### Family and thrill rides\n\n| Name | Opened | Manufacturer | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Air Race | 2015 | [Zamperla](/wiki/Zamperla \"Zamperla\") | New for 2015\\. Replaced the Power Surge ride. It is an aeroplane\\-style ride that takes riders upside\\-down multiple times. |\n| [Adult Bumper Cars](/wiki/Bumper_car \"Bumper car\") | ??? | Nitro | Classic bumper cars attraction |\n| Bluegrass Breeze | 2015 | [Bertazzon](/wiki/Bertazzon \"Bertazzon\") | A Flying Carousel. |\n| Dizzy Dragon | 2000 | Larson | N/A |\n| [Speedway Go Carts](/wiki/Go-Kart \"Go-Kart\") | 2012 | J\\&J | Go kart track that has existed since the 1950s; up\\-charge attraction. New ThunderVolt Speedway cars added in 2012\\. Cost to ride is $5 for adult drivers and $3 for passengers. Drivers must be 60 inches tall to drive. |\n| [Grand Carousel](/wiki/Carousel \"Carousel\") | 2008 | [Chance Rides](/wiki/Chance_Rides \"Chance Rides\") | Has 2 chariots, as well as unique animals such as a seahorse, lion, rabbit, camel along with the traditional horses. |\n| [Haunted House](/wiki/Dark_ride \"Dark ride\") | 2011 | ???? | Radically refurbished in 2011 with new props, effects, and overall performance. Formerly a Pretzel dark ride. |\n| Hip Hop Drop | 2010 | Moser | Spring ride. Was relocated in 2014 to be in front of Zero G, the adult drop tower. Switched locations with Bumble Bee Bop. |\n| Hubcab Alley Antique Cars | 2002 | [Arrow Dynamics](/wiki/Arrow_Dynamics \"Arrow Dynamics\") | Antique Cars ride. |\n| [Gold Rush Golf](/wiki/Miniature_golf \"Miniature golf\") | 2003 | Harris Miniature Golf Courses Inc. | 18 Hole Miniature golf. It is free and included with park admission. $2 club deposit required. |\n| Moby Dick | 2007 | Wisdom Rides | A 24\\-seat version of the Wisdom Genesis. |\n|\n| Scat 2 | 2008 | Dartron | A spinning flat ride that seats 16 people across two platforms. |\n| [Sea Dragon](/wiki/Pirate_ship_%28ride%29 \"Pirate ship (ride)\") | 2009 | [Chance Rides](/wiki/Chance_Rides \"Chance Rides\") | Notable for being the same ride at [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson \"Michael Jackson\")'s [Neverland Ranch](/wiki/Neverland_Ranch \"Neverland Ranch\"); was stated to be his favorite ride and was bought by Beech Bend shortly after his death. The park plays [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson \"Michael Jackson\") music at the ride. |\n| [Sizzler](/wiki/Twist_%28ride%29 \"Twist (ride)\") | 2015 | Wisdom Rides | N/A |\n| [Starship 4000](/wiki/Gravitron \"Gravitron\") | 2010 | Wisdom Rides | A Gravitron ride. |\n| [Tea Party](/wiki/Teacups \"Teacups\") | 2010 | [Zamperla](/wiki/Zamperla \"Zamperla\") | A tea cups ride. |\n| [Tilt\\-A\\-Whirl](/wiki/Tilt-A-Whirl \"Tilt-A-Whirl\") | 1999 | Larson | Classic Tilt\\-a\\-whirl. |\n| [Thunder Bolt](/wiki/Matterhorn_%28ride%29 \"Matterhorn (ride)\") | 2022 | [Chance Rides](/wiki/Chance_Rides \"Chance Rides\") | Beach Bend's newest ride. The Thunder Bolt replaced the Flying Bobs. |\n| Tornado | 1999 | Wisdom Rides | Replaced in 2015 by a new version of the same ride, and again in 2018 with another of the same ride. |\n| Vortex | 2013 | [Chance Rides](/wiki/Chance_Rides \"Chance Rides\") | A Pendulum Ride |\n| [Whitewater Express](/wiki/Log_flume_%28ride%29 \"Log flume (ride)\") | 2002 | Reverchon | Permanently installed traveling [Log Flume](/wiki/Log_flume_%28ride%29 \"Log flume (ride)\"). It has two drops, a medium\\-sized hill with a double\\-down, and a Large Drop. |\n| [Zero\\-G](/wiki/Drop_tower \"Drop tower\") | 2012 | Designed by A.R.M. Built by Larson | A 130\\-foot tall drop tower. |\n|\n\n",
"### Kiddie rides\n\n| Name | Opened | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Bumble Bee Bop | 2003 | Manufactured by Larson International. In 2014 it switched locations with Hip Hop Drop. |\n| Crazy Bus | 2001 | [Zamperla](/wiki/Zamperla \"Zamperla\") Crazy Bus. |\n| Happy Pond | 2000 | Manufactured by Larson International. |\n| Jumping Jumbos | 2001 | Manufactured by Larson International |\n| [Kiddie Bumper Cars](/wiki/Bumper_car \"Bumper car\") | ??? | |\n| [Kiddie Whip](/wiki/The_Whip_%28ride%29 \"The Whip (ride)\") | 2007 | |\n| Monster Truck | 2015 | Wisdom Rides Monster Truck Ride. |\n| [Quad Runner](/wiki/Kiddie_Umbrella_Ride \"Kiddie Umbrella Ride\") | 2010 | |\n| Rainbow Rock | 2006 | Larson International Portable Children's Play Structure featuring a tropical jungle theme. |\n| [Super Slide](/wiki/Fun_Slide \"Fun Slide\") | 1999 | |\n| Western Train | 1999 | |\n|\n\n",
"### Water Park Attractions\n\n| \\+ | Name | Opened | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Cyclone Saucers | 2016 | Made by [ProSlide](/wiki/ProSlide_Technology \"ProSlide Technology\"). The first of the ProSlide FlyingSAUCER model to come to North America. |\n| [Lazy River](/wiki/Lazy_river \"Lazy river\") | 2010 | Starts and ends inside of the Surf's Up Wave Pool. |\n| Lotta Wotta Island | 2004 | Children's Play Structure that includes 2 kiddie water slides. |\n| Polynesian Plunge | 2016 | [Inline tube slide](/wiki/Inline_tube_slide \"Inline tube slide\") made by ProSlide. Features a steep drop into a toilet bowl element. |\n| Ragin' Rapids Water Slides | 2004 | Water Slide Complex that includes 3 mat slides; 1 fully enclosed slide, 1 fully outdoor slide, and 1 slide that starts enclosed and end outdoors. |\n| Surf's Up Wave Pool | 2010 | [Wave Pool](/wiki/Wave_pool \"Wave pool\") with the start and end of the Lazy River to the left and right side. |\n| Tidal Wave | 2016 | Inline tube slide made by ProSlide. Features a drop, a rise up a steep hill, and another drop. |\n| Tiki Island | 2010 | Children's Play Structure with 5 kiddie water slides and 2 family water slides. |\n| Riptide | 2016 | Inline tube slide made by ProSlide. Features a small indoor drop followed by 2 funnels. |\n\n",
"### Removed Rides\n\n| Name | Closed | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Avalanche | 2007 | Made by Wisdom Rides. It was a 24\\-seat version of the Wisdom Genesis. Replaced by the Moby Dick, an exact copy of the ride but with a different theme. |\n| [Power Surge](/wiki/Power_Surge_%28ride%29 \"Power Surge (ride)\") | 2014 | [Zamperla](/wiki/Zamperla \"Zamperla\") Power Surge. Removed after the 2014 season. Replaced by Air Race. |\n| Scat 2 | 2008 | Replaced by another ride exactly like it but a different color. The current Scat 2 is predominately orange while the old one was blue. |\n| [Sizzler](/wiki/Twist_%28ride%29 \"Twist (ride)\") | 2015 | Replaced in 2015 by a new version of the same ride. Manufactured by Wisdom Rides. The notable difference is a different color pattern and the addition of color\\-changing LED lights. |\n| [Starship 3000](/wiki/Gravitron \"Gravitron\") | 2010 | Manufactured by Wisdom Rides. Replaced by a newer version of the same ride the Starship 4000 |\n| Tornado | 2015 | Made by Wisdom Rides. Replaced in 2015 by a new version of the same ride. The notable difference is that the new ride has a different color pattern and it has color\\-changing LED lights. It also was placed in a different location. The Bluegrass Breeze Swing Ride is located where the old tornado originally was. |\n| [Shock Drop](/wiki/Drop_tower \"Drop tower\") | 2012 | The attraction opened in 2004, manufactured by ARM. Replaced by a larger permanent version of the same ride. |\n| Jitterbug | 2015 | Closed because of the ride tipping over and injuring Park Guests. |\n| Dragon Coaster | 2015 | Manufactured by Wisdom Rides, added to the park in 1999\\. Replaced in 2016 by the spinning family coaster \"Spinning Out\", After the ride derailed at the end of the 2015 season. |\n| [Flying Bobs](/wiki/Matterhorn_%28ride%29 \"Matterhorn (ride)\") | 2019 | Closed in 2019\\. Replaced by the Thunderbolt in 2022\\. |\n|\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Beech Bend Park official web site](http://www.beechbend.com)\n* [Beech Bend Park Photos and Information](https://web.archive.org/web/20070813075806/http://www.coasterimage.com/pictures/beechbend/index.html)\n\n[Category:Tourist attractions in Bowling Green, Kentucky](/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Bowling_Green%2C_Kentucky \"Tourist attractions in Bowling Green, Kentucky\")\n[Category:Amusement parks in Kentucky](/wiki/Category:Amusement_parks_in_Kentucky \"Amusement parks in Kentucky\")\n[Category:1898 establishments in Kentucky](/wiki/Category:1898_establishments_in_Kentucky \"1898 establishments in Kentucky\")\n[Category:NHRA Division 3 drag racing venues](/wiki/Category:NHRA_Division_3_drag_racing_venues \"NHRA Division 3 drag racing venues\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Warren County, Kentucky](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Warren_County%2C_Kentucky \"Buildings and structures in Warren County, Kentucky\")\n[Category:Tourist attractions in Warren County, Kentucky](/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Warren_County%2C_Kentucky \"Tourist attractions in Warren County, Kentucky\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Luke 23
|
{
"id": [
24198
],
"name": [
"Dimadick"
]
}
|
duxow9i4qt0rzz7nh6q5k72w2e0wua6
|
2023-12-21T14:01:42Z
| 1,191,087,139 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Text",
"Old Testament references",
"New Testament parallels",
"Jesus before Pilate",
"Verse 1",
"Verse 2: the charges against Jesus",
"Verse 3",
"Verse 3 in Greek",
"Verse 3 in Latin",
"Verse 5",
"Verses 6-12",
"Verse 14",
"Verse 22",
"Verse 24",
"The way to Calvary",
"Verse 27",
"Verse 29",
"Verses 39-43",
"Verse 44",
"Verse 46",
"Verse 48",
"Verse 49",
"Verse 55",
"See also",
"References",
"Bibliography",
"External links"
],
"level": [
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2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
4,
4,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
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2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Luke 23** is the twenty\\-third chapter of the [Gospel of Luke](/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke \"Gospel of Luke\") in the [New Testament](/wiki/New_Testament \"New Testament\") of the [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") [Bible](/wiki/Bible \"Bible\"). The book containing this chapter is [anonymous](/wiki/Anonymity \"Anonymity\"), but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that [Luke the Evangelist](/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist \"Luke the Evangelist\") composed this [Gospel](/wiki/Gospel \"Gospel\") as well as the [Acts of the Apostles](/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles \"Acts of the Apostles\").Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012\\. This chapter records the [trial of Jesus Christ](/wiki/Trial_of_Jesus \"Trial of Jesus\") before [Pontius Pilate](/wiki/Pontius_Pilate \"Pontius Pilate\"), Jesus' meeting with [Herod Antipas](/wiki/Herod_Antipas \"Herod Antipas\"), and his [crucifixion, death](/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus \"Crucifixion of Jesus\") and [burial](/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus \"Burial of Jesus\").Halley, Henry H. *Halley's Bible Handbook*: an Abbreviated Bible Commentary. 23rd edition. Zondervan Publishing House. 1962\\.\n\n",
"Text\n----\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|Luke 23:14\\-26 from a Gospel Book (folio 160v; British Library, MS Add. 11848\\) written in Carolingian minuscule](/wiki/File:Minuscule_caroline.jpg \"Minuscule caroline.jpg\")\nThe original text was written in [Koine Greek](/wiki/Koine_Greek \"Koine Greek\"). Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:\n* [Papyrus 75](/wiki/Papyrus_75 \"Papyrus 75\") (AD 175–225\\)\n* [Codex Vaticanus](/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus \"Codex Vaticanus\") (325\\-350\\)\n* [Codex Sinaiticus](/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus \"Codex Sinaiticus\") (330\\-360\\)\n* [Codex Bezae](/wiki/Codex_Bezae \"Codex Bezae\") ()\n* [Codex Washingtonianus](/wiki/Codex_Washingtonianus \"Codex Washingtonianus\") ()\n* [Codex Alexandrinus](/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus \"Codex Alexandrinus\") (400\\-440\\)\n* [Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus](/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi_Rescriptus \"Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus\") (c. 450; extant verses 26–56\\)\n\n[This chapter is divided into](/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible \"Chapters and verses of the Bible\") 56 verses.\n\n### Old Testament references\n\n* : [Psalm](/wiki/Psalm_22 \"Psalm 22\") \n* : [Psalm](/wiki/Psalm_69 \"Psalm 69\") \n* : [Psalm](/wiki/Psalm_31 \"Psalm 31\") a\n* : [Psalm](/wiki/Psalm_38 \"Psalm 38\") a; [Psalm](/wiki/Psalm_88 \"Psalm 88\") \n\n### New Testament parallels\n\n* : ; ; \n* : ; ;\n* : ; ; \n* : ; ; \n",
"### Old Testament references\n\n* : [Psalm](/wiki/Psalm_22 \"Psalm 22\") \n* : [Psalm](/wiki/Psalm_69 \"Psalm 69\") \n* : [Psalm](/wiki/Psalm_31 \"Psalm 31\") a\n* : [Psalm](/wiki/Psalm_38 \"Psalm 38\") a; [Psalm](/wiki/Psalm_88 \"Psalm 88\") \n",
"### New Testament parallels\n\n* : ; ; \n* : ; ;\n* : ; ; \n* : ; ; \n",
"Jesus before Pilate\n-------------------\n\n### Verse 1\n\n*And the whole multitude of them arose, and led him unto Pilate.*: [KJV](/wiki/King_James_Version \"King James Version\"), also in the [New King James Version](/wiki/New_King_James_Version \"New King James Version\")\n\"The whole multitude of them\" (, *hapan to plēthos*) may also be translated as \"the whole assembly\",: [New American Bible Revised Edition](/wiki/New_American_Bible_Revised_Edition \"New American Bible Revised Edition\") or \"the whole Council\".: [The Voice](/wiki/The_Voice_%28Bible_translation%29 \"The Voice (Bible translation)\") Luke uses τὸ πλῆθος (rather than το ὄχλος, *to ochlos*) to signify a multitude in number.Farrar, F. W. (1891\\), [Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges](https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/luke/23.htm) on Luke 23, accessed 10 February 2022 They led Jesus to [Pontius Pilate](/wiki/Pontius_Pilate \"Pontius Pilate\"), the [provincial governor](/wiki/Provincial_governor \"Provincial governor\") ([prefect](/wiki/Prefect \"Prefect\")) of [Judaea](/wiki/Judea_%28Roman_province%29 \"Judea (Roman province)\").\n### Verse 2: the charges against Jesus\n\nIrish archbishop [John McEvilly](/wiki/John_McEvilly \"John McEvilly\") notes that Luke provides more specific details of the [charges](/wiki/Accusation \"Accusation\") against Jesus than either [Matthew](/wiki/Matthew_27 \"Matthew 27\") or [Mark](/wiki/Mark_15%23Verse_3 \"Mark 15#Verse 3\"), who refer to \"many charges\" brought against him.McEvilly, J., [An Exposition Of The Gospels by The Most Rev. John Macevilly D.D.](https://www.ecatholic2000.com/macevilly2/untitled-35.shtml) on Matthew 27, accessed 4 November 2023 There are three specific charges:\n*We found this man subverting our nation, opposing payment of taxes to [Caesar](/wiki/Caesar_%28title%29 \"Caesar (title)\"), and saying that He Himself is the [Messiah](/wiki/Messiah \"Messiah\"), a King.*: [Holman Christian Standard Bible](/wiki/Holman_Christian_Standard_Bible \"Holman Christian Standard Bible\")\nMcEvilly refers to a fourth charge mentioned in Pilate's letter to [Tiberius](/wiki/Tiberius \"Tiberius\"), \"that He practised magic, in virtue of which, He performed some miraculous wonders\". For [F. W. Farrar](/wiki/Frederic_Farrar \"Frederic Farrar\"), the first charge, translated in the [King James Version](/wiki/King_James_Version \"King James Version\") as *perverting the nation*,: KJV \"had the advantage of being perfectly vague\".\n\n### Verse 3\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|*Christ before Pilate*, [Mihály Munkácsy](/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy \"Mihály Munkácsy\"), 1881](/wiki/File:Munkacsy_-_Christ_in_front_of_Pilate.jpg \"Munkacsy - Christ in front of Pilate.jpg\")\n\n *Then Pilate asked him, \"Are you the king of the Jews?\"*\n *He answered, \"You say so\".* ([NRSV](/wiki/NRSV \"NRSV\")): [New Revised Standard Version](/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version \"New Revised Standard Version\")\nCross reference: [Matthew 27:11](/wiki/Matthew_27:11 \"11\"); [Mark 15:2](/wiki/Mark_15:2 \"2\"); [John 18:37](/wiki/John_18:37 \"37\")\n\n#### Verse 3 in Greek\n\n[Textus Receptus](/wiki/Textus_Receptus \"Textus Receptus\")/[Majority Text](/wiki/Byzantine_text-type \"Byzantine text-type\"):\n ὁ δὲ Πιλάτος ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτόν, λέγων, Σὺ εἶ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων;\n ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς αὐτῷ ἔφη, Σὺ λέγεις.\nTransliteration:\n Ho de Pilatos epērōtēsen auton, legōn, \"Su ei ho [basileus](/wiki/Basileus \"Basileus\") tōn Ioudaiōn?\":\n Ho de apokritheis autō ephē, \"Su legeis.\"\n\n#### Verse 3 in Latin\n\n[Biblia Sacra Vulgata](/wiki/Vulgate \"Vulgate\"):\n Pilatus autem interrogavit eum dicens tu es rex Iudaeorum\n at ille respondens ait tu dicis.\n\nThe style of response is the same as in [Luke 22:70](/wiki/Luke_22%23Verse_70 \"Luke 22#Verse 70\"), where Jesus answers the [Sanhedrin](/wiki/Sanhedrin \"Sanhedrin\")'s question, \"Are you the Son of God?\"\n\n### Verse 5\n\n*But they were the more fierce, saying, “He stirs up the people, teaching throughout all Judea, beginning from Galilee to this place.”*: NKJV\nTraditionally, \"throughout all [Judea](/wiki/Judea \"Judea\")\" has been rendered as \"throughout all Jewry\".: [King James Version](/wiki/King_James_Version \"King James Version\") Farrar suggests that these words imply a \"Judean [ministry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus \"Ministry of Jesus\")\" which the synoptic gospels do not narrate, as the only journey of Jesus in Judea which is recorded is that from [Jericho](/wiki/Jericho \"Jericho\") to Jerusalem, and [William Robertson Nicoll](/wiki/William_Robertson_Nicoll \"William Robertson Nicoll\") also suggests that there might have been \"more work done by Jesus in the south than is recorded in the Synoptists\", although he counsels against basing any picture of Jesus' ministry on the inadequate testimony of his accusers. On the other hand, Judea has \"sometimes been the name of the whole land, including apparently parts beyond the [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan_River \"Jordan River\")\", see [Josephus](/wiki/Josephus \"Josephus\"), *Antiquities of the Jews*, XII, 4\\.11,Riggs, S. J. (1894\\), [Studies in Palestinian Geography](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3135423), Auburn Theological Seminary, accessed 11 February 2022 which term would therefore include the area of [Perea](/wiki/Perea \"Perea\") east of the Jordan River. Matthew, Mark and John all refer to Jesus' stay in Perea, and Lucan scholars generally assume that the route Jesus followed from [Galilee](/wiki/Galilee \"Galilee\") to Jerusalem passed through this region.*Mercer Dictionary of the Bible* by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 p. 929 The reference to Jesus' ministry \"beginning from Galilee\" relates back to [Luke 4](/wiki/Luke_4 \"Luke 4\"):14, where Jesus begins to teach in the [synagogues](/wiki/Synagogue \"Synagogue\") there.\n",
"### Verse 1\n\n*And the whole multitude of them arose, and led him unto Pilate.*: [KJV](/wiki/King_James_Version \"King James Version\"), also in the [New King James Version](/wiki/New_King_James_Version \"New King James Version\")\n\"The whole multitude of them\" (, *hapan to plēthos*) may also be translated as \"the whole assembly\",: [New American Bible Revised Edition](/wiki/New_American_Bible_Revised_Edition \"New American Bible Revised Edition\") or \"the whole Council\".: [The Voice](/wiki/The_Voice_%28Bible_translation%29 \"The Voice (Bible translation)\") Luke uses τὸ πλῆθος (rather than το ὄχλος, *to ochlos*) to signify a multitude in number.Farrar, F. W. (1891\\), [Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges](https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/luke/23.htm) on Luke 23, accessed 10 February 2022 They led Jesus to [Pontius Pilate](/wiki/Pontius_Pilate \"Pontius Pilate\"), the [provincial governor](/wiki/Provincial_governor \"Provincial governor\") ([prefect](/wiki/Prefect \"Prefect\")) of [Judaea](/wiki/Judea_%28Roman_province%29 \"Judea (Roman province)\").\n",
"### Verse 2: the charges against Jesus\n\nIrish archbishop [John McEvilly](/wiki/John_McEvilly \"John McEvilly\") notes that Luke provides more specific details of the [charges](/wiki/Accusation \"Accusation\") against Jesus than either [Matthew](/wiki/Matthew_27 \"Matthew 27\") or [Mark](/wiki/Mark_15%23Verse_3 \"Mark 15#Verse 3\"), who refer to \"many charges\" brought against him.McEvilly, J., [An Exposition Of The Gospels by The Most Rev. John Macevilly D.D.](https://www.ecatholic2000.com/macevilly2/untitled-35.shtml) on Matthew 27, accessed 4 November 2023 There are three specific charges:\n*We found this man subverting our nation, opposing payment of taxes to [Caesar](/wiki/Caesar_%28title%29 \"Caesar (title)\"), and saying that He Himself is the [Messiah](/wiki/Messiah \"Messiah\"), a King.*: [Holman Christian Standard Bible](/wiki/Holman_Christian_Standard_Bible \"Holman Christian Standard Bible\")\nMcEvilly refers to a fourth charge mentioned in Pilate's letter to [Tiberius](/wiki/Tiberius \"Tiberius\"), \"that He practised magic, in virtue of which, He performed some miraculous wonders\". For [F. W. Farrar](/wiki/Frederic_Farrar \"Frederic Farrar\"), the first charge, translated in the [King James Version](/wiki/King_James_Version \"King James Version\") as *perverting the nation*,: KJV \"had the advantage of being perfectly vague\".\n\n",
"### Verse 3\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|*Christ before Pilate*, [Mihály Munkácsy](/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy \"Mihály Munkácsy\"), 1881](/wiki/File:Munkacsy_-_Christ_in_front_of_Pilate.jpg \"Munkacsy - Christ in front of Pilate.jpg\")\n\n *Then Pilate asked him, \"Are you the king of the Jews?\"*\n *He answered, \"You say so\".* ([NRSV](/wiki/NRSV \"NRSV\")): [New Revised Standard Version](/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version \"New Revised Standard Version\")\nCross reference: [Matthew 27:11](/wiki/Matthew_27:11 \"11\"); [Mark 15:2](/wiki/Mark_15:2 \"2\"); [John 18:37](/wiki/John_18:37 \"37\")\n\n#### Verse 3 in Greek\n\n[Textus Receptus](/wiki/Textus_Receptus \"Textus Receptus\")/[Majority Text](/wiki/Byzantine_text-type \"Byzantine text-type\"):\n ὁ δὲ Πιλάτος ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτόν, λέγων, Σὺ εἶ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων;\n ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς αὐτῷ ἔφη, Σὺ λέγεις.\nTransliteration:\n Ho de Pilatos epērōtēsen auton, legōn, \"Su ei ho [basileus](/wiki/Basileus \"Basileus\") tōn Ioudaiōn?\":\n Ho de apokritheis autō ephē, \"Su legeis.\"\n\n#### Verse 3 in Latin\n\n[Biblia Sacra Vulgata](/wiki/Vulgate \"Vulgate\"):\n Pilatus autem interrogavit eum dicens tu es rex Iudaeorum\n at ille respondens ait tu dicis.\n\nThe style of response is the same as in [Luke 22:70](/wiki/Luke_22%23Verse_70 \"Luke 22#Verse 70\"), where Jesus answers the [Sanhedrin](/wiki/Sanhedrin \"Sanhedrin\")'s question, \"Are you the Son of God?\"\n\n",
"#### Verse 3 in Greek\n\n[Textus Receptus](/wiki/Textus_Receptus \"Textus Receptus\")/[Majority Text](/wiki/Byzantine_text-type \"Byzantine text-type\"):\n ὁ δὲ Πιλάτος ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτόν, λέγων, Σὺ εἶ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων;\n ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς αὐτῷ ἔφη, Σὺ λέγεις.\nTransliteration:\n Ho de Pilatos epērōtēsen auton, legōn, \"Su ei ho [basileus](/wiki/Basileus \"Basileus\") tōn Ioudaiōn?\":\n Ho de apokritheis autō ephē, \"Su legeis.\"\n\n",
"#### Verse 3 in Latin\n\n[Biblia Sacra Vulgata](/wiki/Vulgate \"Vulgate\"):\n Pilatus autem interrogavit eum dicens tu es rex Iudaeorum\n at ille respondens ait tu dicis.\n\nThe style of response is the same as in [Luke 22:70](/wiki/Luke_22%23Verse_70 \"Luke 22#Verse 70\"), where Jesus answers the [Sanhedrin](/wiki/Sanhedrin \"Sanhedrin\")'s question, \"Are you the Son of God?\"\n\n",
"### Verse 5\n\n*But they were the more fierce, saying, “He stirs up the people, teaching throughout all Judea, beginning from Galilee to this place.”*: NKJV\nTraditionally, \"throughout all [Judea](/wiki/Judea \"Judea\")\" has been rendered as \"throughout all Jewry\".: [King James Version](/wiki/King_James_Version \"King James Version\") Farrar suggests that these words imply a \"Judean [ministry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus \"Ministry of Jesus\")\" which the synoptic gospels do not narrate, as the only journey of Jesus in Judea which is recorded is that from [Jericho](/wiki/Jericho \"Jericho\") to Jerusalem, and [William Robertson Nicoll](/wiki/William_Robertson_Nicoll \"William Robertson Nicoll\") also suggests that there might have been \"more work done by Jesus in the south than is recorded in the Synoptists\", although he counsels against basing any picture of Jesus' ministry on the inadequate testimony of his accusers. On the other hand, Judea has \"sometimes been the name of the whole land, including apparently parts beyond the [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan_River \"Jordan River\")\", see [Josephus](/wiki/Josephus \"Josephus\"), *Antiquities of the Jews*, XII, 4\\.11,Riggs, S. J. (1894\\), [Studies in Palestinian Geography](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3135423), Auburn Theological Seminary, accessed 11 February 2022 which term would therefore include the area of [Perea](/wiki/Perea \"Perea\") east of the Jordan River. Matthew, Mark and John all refer to Jesus' stay in Perea, and Lucan scholars generally assume that the route Jesus followed from [Galilee](/wiki/Galilee \"Galilee\") to Jerusalem passed through this region.*Mercer Dictionary of the Bible* by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 p. 929 The reference to Jesus' ministry \"beginning from Galilee\" relates back to [Luke 4](/wiki/Luke_4 \"Luke 4\"):14, where Jesus begins to teach in the [synagogues](/wiki/Synagogue \"Synagogue\") there.\n",
"Verses 6\\-12\n------------\n\nResponsibility for the interrogation of Jesus is transferred from Pilate to [Herod Antipas](/wiki/Herod_Antipas \"Herod Antipas\"). This section is unique to Luke's Gospel. The editors of the [Jerusalem Bible](/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible \"Jerusalem Bible\") suggest that Luke may have obtained this information from [Manaen](/wiki/Manahen \"Manahen\"), who according to [Acts 13](/wiki/Acts_13 \"Acts 13\"):1, \"had been brought up with Herod the tetrarch\".Jerusalem Bible (1966\\), footnote b at Luke 23:8\n\n",
"Verse 14\n--------\n\n*\\[Pilate] said to them, \"You have brought this Man to me, as one who misleads the people. And indeed, having examined Him in your presence, I have found no fault in this Man concerning those things of which you accuse Him.\"*: NKJV\nLuke's version of the trial scene \"emphasizes Pilate's reluctance to act against Jesus\".Franklin, E., *59\\. Luke* in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001\\), [The Oxford Bible Commentary](https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43) , p. 956\\-7\n",
"Verse 22\n--------\n\n*Then he said to them the third time, \"Why, what evil has He done? I have found no reason for death in Him. I will therefore chastise Him and let Him go.\"*: NKJV\nThis \"third time\" of declaring Jesus' innocence follows the previous declarations in verses 4 and 14\\-15\\.\n",
"Verse 24\n--------\n\n *So Pilate gave sentence that it should be as they requested.*: NKJV\nThis verse reads ο δε πιλατος επεκρινεν γενεσθαι το αιτημα αυτων in the [Textus Receptus](/wiki/Textus_Receptus \"Textus Receptus\"), matching the opening words of , ο δε πιλατος (\"so Pilate ...\"), but the sentence begins καὶ Πιλᾶτος ... (\"*and* Pilate ...\") in critical texts such as [Westcott\\-Hort](/wiki/Westcott-Hort \"Westcott-Hort\").Meyer, H. A. W., [Meyer's NT Commentary](https://biblehub.com/commentaries/meyer/luke/23.htm) on Luke 23, accessed 23 August 2020 Pilate's \"official decision\" : [J. B. Phillips](/wiki/J._B._Phillips \"J. B. Phillips\")' translation was to comply with the request of the crowd. The word ἐπέκρινεν (*epekrinen*, \"pronounced sentence\") is specific to Luke,[Englishman's Concordance: ἐπέκρινεν](https://biblehub.com/greek/epekrinen_1948.htm), accessed 23 August 2020 although it also appears in the [apocryphal](/wiki/Apocrypha \"Apocrypha\") , where innocent men are condemned to death.: [New American Bible, Revised Edition](/wiki/New_American_Bible%2C_Revised_Edition \"New American Bible, Revised Edition\")\n",
"The way to Calvary\n------------------\n\n### Verse 27\n\n*And there followed him a great company of people, and of women, which also bewailed and lamented him.*: KJV\nMatthew's parallel passage, [Matthew 27:34](/wiki/Matthew_27:34 \"34\"), notes that Jesus was offered wine mixed with gall to drink. Luke does not include this, a reference to [Proverbs 31:6\\-7](/wiki/Proverbs_31 \"Proverbs 31\"), *Give strong drink to him that is perishing ...*, but his reference to women in attendance may include their role in fulfilling this observance. [Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheranism \"Lutheranism\") writer [Johann Bengel](/wiki/Johann_Bengel \"Johann Bengel\") suggests that the \"bewailing\" denotes their gestures and the \"lamenting\" reflects their vocal tones.Bengel, J. A., [Bengel's Gnomon of the New Testament](https://biblehub.com/commentaries/bengel/luke/23.htm) on Luke 23, accessed 6 November 2023\n### Verse 29\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|The Latin text of Luke 23:47\\-24:1 on [Codex Bezae](/wiki/Codex_Bezae \"Codex Bezae\") (Cambridge University Library MS. Nn.2\\.41;\\~ AD 400\\).](/wiki/File:Codex_Bezae_-_Latin_Luke_23-47-24-1_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XXVI%29.jpg \"Codex Bezae - Latin Luke 23-47-24-1 (The S.S. Teacher's Edition-The Holy Bible - Plate XXVI).jpg\")\n*Blessed are the barren, and the wombs that never bore and the breasts which never gave suck.*: [21st Century King James Version](/wiki/21st_Century_King_James_Version \"21st Century King James Version\")\nThe prophet [Hosea](/wiki/Hosea \"Hosea\") spoke in similar language, when recognising that the disobedience of the [Israelites](/wiki/Israelites \"Israelites\") required God's punishment, but calling for some mitigation:\n*Give them, O Lord —*\n*what will you give?*\n*Give them a [miscarrying](/wiki/Miscarriage \"Miscarriage\") womb*\n*and dry breasts.*: [English Standard Version](/wiki/English_Standard_Version \"English Standard Version\")\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|*The Crucifixion* (1622\\) by [Simon Vouet](/wiki/Simon_Vouet \"Simon Vouet\"); Church of Jesus, [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa \"Genoa\")](/wiki/File:SVouet.jpg \"SVouet.jpg\")\n\n",
"### Verse 27\n\n*And there followed him a great company of people, and of women, which also bewailed and lamented him.*: KJV\nMatthew's parallel passage, [Matthew 27:34](/wiki/Matthew_27:34 \"34\"), notes that Jesus was offered wine mixed with gall to drink. Luke does not include this, a reference to [Proverbs 31:6\\-7](/wiki/Proverbs_31 \"Proverbs 31\"), *Give strong drink to him that is perishing ...*, but his reference to women in attendance may include their role in fulfilling this observance. [Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheranism \"Lutheranism\") writer [Johann Bengel](/wiki/Johann_Bengel \"Johann Bengel\") suggests that the \"bewailing\" denotes their gestures and the \"lamenting\" reflects their vocal tones.Bengel, J. A., [Bengel's Gnomon of the New Testament](https://biblehub.com/commentaries/bengel/luke/23.htm) on Luke 23, accessed 6 November 2023\n",
"### Verse 29\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|The Latin text of Luke 23:47\\-24:1 on [Codex Bezae](/wiki/Codex_Bezae \"Codex Bezae\") (Cambridge University Library MS. Nn.2\\.41;\\~ AD 400\\).](/wiki/File:Codex_Bezae_-_Latin_Luke_23-47-24-1_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XXVI%29.jpg \"Codex Bezae - Latin Luke 23-47-24-1 (The S.S. Teacher's Edition-The Holy Bible - Plate XXVI).jpg\")\n*Blessed are the barren, and the wombs that never bore and the breasts which never gave suck.*: [21st Century King James Version](/wiki/21st_Century_King_James_Version \"21st Century King James Version\")\nThe prophet [Hosea](/wiki/Hosea \"Hosea\") spoke in similar language, when recognising that the disobedience of the [Israelites](/wiki/Israelites \"Israelites\") required God's punishment, but calling for some mitigation:\n*Give them, O Lord —*\n*what will you give?*\n*Give them a [miscarrying](/wiki/Miscarriage \"Miscarriage\") womb*\n*and dry breasts.*: [English Standard Version](/wiki/English_Standard_Version \"English Standard Version\")\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|*The Crucifixion* (1622\\) by [Simon Vouet](/wiki/Simon_Vouet \"Simon Vouet\"); Church of Jesus, [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa \"Genoa\")](/wiki/File:SVouet.jpg \"SVouet.jpg\")\n\n",
"Verses 39\\-43\n-------------\n\nOne of [the two thieves](/wiki/The_two_thieves \"The two thieves\") who die with Jesus reviles him, the other is saved by faith.: [Geneva Bible](/wiki/Geneva_Bible \"Geneva Bible\"), summary of chapter 23\n\n",
"Verse 44\n--------\n\n*Now it was about the sixth hour, and there was darkness over all the earth until the ninth hour.*\nLike , Luke records three hours of darkness, which signify \"the awesomeness of what is taking place\".\n",
"Verse 46\n--------\n\n*And when Jesus had cried out with a loud voice, He said, “Father, ‘into Your hands I commit My spirit.’ ” Having said this, He breathed His last.*\nJesus' crying \"with a loud voice\" is not, as in , one of desolation (*why have you forsaken me?*), but of \"secure confidence\". Jesus quotes , rather than which appears in Mark's gospel.\n",
"Verse 48\n--------\n\n*And the whole crowd who came together to that sight, seeing what had been done, [beat their breasts](/wiki/Striking_of_the_Breast \"Striking of the Breast\") and returned.* NKJV\nNicoll understands the phrase \"the things that had happened\" (, *tà genómena*) \"comprehensively, including the crucifixion and all its accompaniments\".Nicoll, W. R., [Expositor's Greek Testament](https://biblehub.com/commentaries/egt/luke/23.htm) on Luke 23: The Passion Continued, accessed 13 February 2022 [Albert Barnes](/wiki/Albert_Barnes_%28theologian%29 \"Albert Barnes (theologian)\") refers to \"the earthquake, the darkness, and the sufferings of Jesus\" as the \"things which were done\".Barnes, A., [Barnes' Notes on the Bible](https://biblehub.com/commentaries/barnes/luke/23.htm) on Luke 23, accessed 13 February 2022 The earthquake is only recorded in Matthew's Gospel, but the [third century](/wiki/Third_century \"Third century\") historian [Sextus Julius Africanus](/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus \"Sextus Julius Africanus\") also refers to an earthquake on or around the day of the crucifixion.Wikipedia Foundation, [Crucifixion of Jesus](/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus%23Temple_veil%2C_earthquake_and_resurrection_of_dead_saints \"Crucifixion of Jesus#Temple veil, earthquake and resurrection of dead saints\"), accessed 13 February 2022\n",
"Verse 49\n--------\n\n*And all his acquaintance, and the women that followed him from Galilee, stood afar off, beholding these things.* KJV \n\"The women\" that followed [Jesus](/wiki/Jesus \"Jesus\") from Galilee (also in [Luke 23:55](/wiki/%23Verse_55 \"#Verse 55\")) were \"[Mary Magdalene](/wiki/Mary_Magdalene \"Mary Magdalene\"), [Joanna](/wiki/Joanna%2C_wife_of_Chuza \"Joanna, wife of Chuza\"), Mary the mother of James, and the other women with them\" according to [Luke 24:10](/wiki/Luke_24:10 \"10\"). [Matthew 27:55](/wiki/Matthew_27:55 \"55\") lists \"Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Joseph, and the mother of the sons of [Zebedee](/wiki/Zebedee \"Zebedee\")\", whereas [Mark 15:40](/wiki/Mark_15:40 \"40\") names \"Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of [James the little](/wiki/James_the_Less \"James the Less\") and [Joses](/wiki/Joses \"Joses\"), and [Salome](/wiki/Salome_%28disciple%29 \"Salome (disciple)\")\".\n",
"Verse 55\n--------\n\n*And the women who had come with Him from [Galilee](/wiki/Galilee \"Galilee\") followed after, and they observed the tomb and how His body was laid.* NKJV\nAccording to [Luke 24:10](/wiki/Luke_24:10 \"10\"), \"the women\" (also in [Luke 23:49](/wiki/%23Verse_49 \"#Verse 49\")) were \"[Mary Magdalene](/wiki/Mary_Magdalene \"Mary Magdalene\"), [Joanna](/wiki/Joanna%2C_wife_of_Chuza \"Joanna, wife of Chuza\"), Mary the mother of [James](/wiki/James%2C_brother_of_Jesus \"James, brother of Jesus\"), and the other women with them\". [Matthew 27:61](/wiki/Matthew_27:61 \"61\") lists \"Mary Magdalene, and the other Mary\", whereas [Mark 15:47](/wiki/Mark_15:47 \"47\") names \"Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of [Joses](/wiki/Joses \"Joses\")\".\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Burial of Jesus](/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus \"Burial of Jesus\")\n* [Crucifixion of Jesus](/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus \"Crucifixion of Jesus\")\n* [Holy Week](/wiki/Holy_Week \"Holy Week\")\n* [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\")\n* [Ministry of Jesus](/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus \"Ministry of Jesus\")\n* [Pontius Pilate](/wiki/Pontius_Pilate \"Pontius Pilate\")\n* [Stephaton](/wiki/Stephaton \"Stephaton\")\n* Related [Bible](/wiki/Bible \"Bible\") parts: [Psalm 22](/wiki/Psalm_22 \"Psalm 22\"), [Psalm 69](/wiki/Psalm_69 \"Psalm 69\"), [Jeremiah 15](/wiki/Jeremiah_15 \"Jeremiah 15\"), [Matthew 27](/wiki/Matthew_27 \"Matthew 27\"), [Mark 15](/wiki/Mark_15 \"Mark 15\"), [Luke 24](/wiki/Luke_24 \"Luke 24\"), [John 18](/wiki/John_18 \"John 18\"), [John 19](/wiki/John_19 \"John 19\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* King James Bible \\- Wikisource\n* [English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate](http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=1&b=3&c=23) \n* [*Online Bible* at GospelHall.org](http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Luke+23) (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, [Bible in Basic English](/wiki/Bible_in_Basic_English \"Bible in Basic English\"))\n* [Multiple bible versions at *Bible Gateway*](http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=49&chapter=23) (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)\n\n[Category:Gospel of Luke chapters](/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Luke_chapters \"Gospel of Luke chapters\")\n[Category:Pontius Pilate](/wiki/Category:Pontius_Pilate \"Pontius Pilate\")\n[Category:Descent from the Cross](/wiki/Category:Descent_from_the_Cross \"Descent from the Cross\")\n[Category:Burial of Jesus](/wiki/Category:Burial_of_Jesus \"Burial of Jesus\")\n[Category:Herod Antipas](/wiki/Category:Herod_Antipas \"Herod Antipas\")\n\n"
]
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Light of a Clear Blue Morning
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2024-06-28T05:48:13Z
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"title": [
"Introduction",
"Critical reception",
"Chart performance",
"Covers and other appearances",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
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"\n\n**\"Light of a Clear Blue Morning\"** is a song written and recorded by American entertainer [Dolly Parton](/wiki/Dolly_Parton \"Dolly Parton\"). The song first appeared on her 1977 *[New Harvest...First Gathering](/wiki/New_Harvest...First_Gathering \"New Harvest...First Gathering\")* album, and provided a top twenty [country music](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\") hit for her as a single. As Parton has told interviewers over the years, \"Light of a Clear Blue Morning\" was her \"song of deliverance,\" coming out of the pain from her break with longtime musical and business partner [Porter Wagoner](/wiki/Porter_Wagoner \"Porter Wagoner\"). Parton left Wagoner's band in 1974, to aim her career in a more mainstream pop direction; Wagoner responded by taking legal action, and the next couple of years were reportedly painful for both performers. According to the unauthorized 1978 biography, *Dolly*, by [Alanna Nash](/wiki/Alanna_Nash \"Alanna Nash\"), \"Light of a Clear Blue Morning\" was written as Parton felt the figurative clouds lifting, as the fruits of her sacrifices of the previous few years were becoming apparent.\n\nParton has recorded \"Light of a Clear Blue Morning\" three times. It was released as a single in March 1977 from the album *New Harvest...First Gathering*. The song just missed the top ten on the U.S. country charts, peaking at number 11\\. Parton rerecorded the song to include in her 1992 film *[Straight Talk](/wiki/Straight_Talk \"Straight Talk\")*; for this recording, she changed the lyrics of verse two. A third recording of the song appeared on an album of patriotic and religious songs Parton released in 2003 titled, *[For God and Country](/wiki/For_God_and_Country_%28Dolly_Parton_album%29 \"For God and Country (Dolly Parton album)\")*.\n\n",
"Critical reception\n------------------\n\nMark Deming of [Allmusic](/wiki/Allmusic \"Allmusic\") declared that, \"'Light of a Clear Blue Morning', is a sophisticated piece of adult contemporary songcraft\".\n\nOn a list of top 50 Dolly Parton songs, [Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\") magazine ranked \"Light of a Clear Blue Morning\" at number 4, calling it symbolic of a \"new\\-era Dolly — luminous, independent, and on the verge of superstardom.\"\n\n",
"Chart performance\n-----------------\n\n|Chart (1977\\)\n\nPeak \nposition\n\n|\n\n|\n\n|Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks\n\n4\n\n",
"Covers and other appearances\n----------------------------\n\n[Glen Campbell](/wiki/Glen_Campbell \"Glen Campbell\") covered the song on his 1991 album *[Unconditional Love](/wiki/Unconditional_Love_%28Glen_Campbell_album%29 \"Unconditional Love (Glen Campbell album)\")*.\n\nAmerican professional choir, [Conspirare](/wiki/Conspirare \"Conspirare\"), covered it in 2009 live and for their album \"A Company of Voices: Conspirare in Concert.\" The group's director, [Craig Hella Johnson](/wiki/Craig_Hella_Johnson \"Craig Hella Johnson\"), created the arrangement for [a cappella](/wiki/A_cappella \"A cappella\") choir with [Tin whistle](/wiki/Tin_whistle \"Tin whistle\"). The arrangement has been published and has since been performed by many choirs around the world. The arrangement omits verse 2\\.\n\n[The Wailin' Jennys](/wiki/The_Wailin%27_Jennys \"The Wailin' Jennys\") covered the song on their 2017 album *[Fifteen](/wiki/Fifteen_%28The_Wailin%27_Jennys_album%29 \"Fifteen (The Wailin' Jennys album)\")*.\n\n[Miley Cyrus](/wiki/Miley_Cyrus \"Miley Cyrus\") covered the song on the May 8, 2021 episode of *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live \"Saturday Night Live\")* as a Mother's Day tribute. Cyrus honored her godmother, Parton, during the tribute along with her own and the cast member's mothers.\n\n[Morgan James](/wiki/Morgan_James \"Morgan James\") covered the song in the May 14, 2021 airing of a PBS Special called *We Are Family: Songs of Hope and Unity*.\n\n[Waxahatchee](/wiki/Waxahatchee \"Waxahatchee\") included the song in an extended version of her 2020 album *[Saint Cloud](/wiki/Saint_Cloud_%28album%29 \"Saint Cloud (album)\")*, released to celebrate the album's one year anniversary with three cover songs added to the original tracklist.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* Nash Alanna, 1978\\. *Dolly*. [Cooper Square Press](/wiki/Cooper_Square_Press \"Cooper Square Press\"), New York. \n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Light Of A Clear Blue Morning lyrics at Dolly Parton On\\-Line](http://www.dollyon-line.com/archives/lyrics/lightofa.shtml)\n\n[Category:1977 singles](/wiki/Category:1977_singles \"1977 singles\")\n[Category:1977 songs](/wiki/Category:1977_songs \"1977 songs\")\n[Category:1992 singles](/wiki/Category:1992_singles \"1992 singles\")\n[Category:Columbia Records singles](/wiki/Category:Columbia_Records_singles \"Columbia Records singles\")\n[Category:Dolly Parton songs](/wiki/Category:Dolly_Parton_songs \"Dolly Parton songs\")\n[Category:Glen Campbell songs](/wiki/Category:Glen_Campbell_songs \"Glen Campbell songs\")\n[Category:RCA Records singles](/wiki/Category:RCA_Records_singles \"RCA Records singles\")\n[Category:Songs written by Dolly Parton](/wiki/Category:Songs_written_by_Dolly_Parton \"Songs written by Dolly Parton\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Kenmore West Senior High School
|
{
"id": [
30152579
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"name": [
"Malmmf"
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|
kobhgc9udi88iyu8cub3j1zb4upy3n9
|
2024-08-27T01:20:54Z
| 1,240,378,056 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Founding",
"History of the land",
"Building expansion and additions",
"Enrollment and leadership",
"Declining population",
"Academics",
"International Baccalaureate Program",
"Notable alumni",
"School colors and mascot",
"Athletics",
"Further reading",
"Notes",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
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"content": [
"\n\n**Kenmore West Senior High School** (nicknamed **Ken\\-West**) is one of two public [high schools](/wiki/High_school \"High school\") in the [Kenmore\\-Town of Tonawanda School District](/wiki/Kenmore-Town_of_Tonawanda_School_District \"Kenmore-Town of Tonawanda School District\"). The other is [Kenmore East Senior High School](/wiki/Kenmore_East_High_School \"Kenmore East High School\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n### Founding\n\nIn 1938, a [WPA](/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration \"Works Progress Administration\") grant of about $700,000 was received from the federal [government](/wiki/Government \"Government\") toward the creation of a separate building for the senior high school on Highland Parkway, and the school district provided over $1M in additional funds. The plot on which the school is situated cost $35,000\\. The school opened in the fall of 1940 with fifty faculty members and 1,250 pupils. In 1959, Kenmore East High School was opened as the district continued to grow. At that time, the Highland Parkway school officially became Kenmore West High School. Raymond Stewart Frazier (1901–1998\\) was appointed of principal of Kenmore West in 1952\\.\n\n### History of the land\n\nThe plot is part of what used to be the Philip Pirson homestead, a 75\\-acre farm.*[The Town of Tonawanda](https://books.google.com/books?id=434CKs7tnvwC),* by John W. Percy, [Arcadia Publishing](/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing \"Arcadia Publishing\") (1997\\), pg. 27\n\n### Building expansion and additions\n\nThe community continued to grow in the subsequent years, requiring a classroom addition to the west wing of school in 1967–1968\\. In the late 1990s, the school district proposed building a new library information center on the west lawn and an athletic complex east of the original gymnasium. Voters narrowly approved funding for the projects in 1997\\. The additions were designed by Duchscherer Oberst Design, P.C., an architectural firm in Buffalo. Joseph L. Kopec was the lead architect. The library was completed at a cost of about $10 million in the fall of 2000\\. The design won an award for [educational architecture](/wiki/Educational_architecture \"Educational architecture\") in the summer of 2001\\.\n\nAnother capital enhancement to the building occurred after a May 2002 fire in the cafeteria bay, causing a multi\\-month relocation of the cafeteria to the Old Gym while a new cafeteria was erected, opening January 31, 2003, to an appreciative student body.\n\n### Enrollment and leadership\n\nKenmore West's enrollment grew steadily through about 1970, and reached its peak in 1969 with over 3000 students in grades 10, 11 and 12\\. Alan Hammon MacGamwell (1926–2004\\), a 1944 graduate of the school, was appointed its third principal in 1971, after serving as a teacher, coach and assistant principal in the Ken\\-Ton Schools. In that era, the school boasted large numbers of [National Merit Scholarship](/wiki/National_Merit_Scholarship_Program \"National Merit Scholarship Program\") winners. In 1969, Kenmore West, under coach [Jules Yakapovich](/wiki/Jules_Yakapovich \"Jules Yakapovich\"), won the [Niagara Frontier League](/wiki/Niagara_Frontier_League \"Niagara Frontier League\") Football Championship and drew national attention as theoretical national champions, determined statistically by a computer match\\-up with a Florida high school team.\n\nMacGamwell retired in 1980 and served the Ken\\-Ton District on the Board of Education. Another Kenmore graduate, Charles Kristich, class of 1955, succeeded him as principal that year. Douglas H. Smith became Principal in December 1994 and led the 9–12 school building until December 2005\\. Karen Geelan, former Assistant Principal in the West Seneca School district, was hired as the Principal of grades 9 and 10, and Smith would continue to lead grades 11 and 12\\. In 2007, Geelan became Lead Principal of the building under Smith's tutelage until he transferred to Benjamin Franklin Middle School in 2008 where he was Principal until his retirement in 2010\\. Geelan earned an educational doctorate from the [University of Buffalo](/wiki/University_of_Buffalo \"University of Buffalo\") in 2011 and left Kenmore West in June of that year to become the Superintendent of Allegheny Limestone Central Schools. Dean R. Johnson, who had been a Kenmore West Assistant Principal from 2008 to 2011, succeeded Geelan in 2011 as principal of Kenmore West. Kayla Capuccio, Kelly Lambert, and Denise Grandits are currently assistant principals. Ken Belote is the schools Athletic Coordinator.\n\n### Declining population\n\nThe Kenmore community, like the rest of [Western New York](/wiki/Western_New_York \"Western New York\"), lost population between 1970 and 1990\\. Enrollment of Kenmore West dipped to a low of under 1,400 students in the early 1990s, and many teachers were laid off. Despite the loss of population, however, Kenmore West continued to be recognized for its achievements. The Ken\\-Ton population continues to drop, and teachers and support staff continue to be laid off as the district economic climate changes. In the 2016–2017 school year, after the consolidation of Kenmore Middle School, Kenmore West now houses eighth graders as well as ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth graders.\n\n",
"### Founding\n\nIn 1938, a [WPA](/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration \"Works Progress Administration\") grant of about $700,000 was received from the federal [government](/wiki/Government \"Government\") toward the creation of a separate building for the senior high school on Highland Parkway, and the school district provided over $1M in additional funds. The plot on which the school is situated cost $35,000\\. The school opened in the fall of 1940 with fifty faculty members and 1,250 pupils. In 1959, Kenmore East High School was opened as the district continued to grow. At that time, the Highland Parkway school officially became Kenmore West High School. Raymond Stewart Frazier (1901–1998\\) was appointed of principal of Kenmore West in 1952\\.\n\n",
"### History of the land\n\nThe plot is part of what used to be the Philip Pirson homestead, a 75\\-acre farm.*[The Town of Tonawanda](https://books.google.com/books?id=434CKs7tnvwC),* by John W. Percy, [Arcadia Publishing](/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing \"Arcadia Publishing\") (1997\\), pg. 27\n\n",
"### Building expansion and additions\n\nThe community continued to grow in the subsequent years, requiring a classroom addition to the west wing of school in 1967–1968\\. In the late 1990s, the school district proposed building a new library information center on the west lawn and an athletic complex east of the original gymnasium. Voters narrowly approved funding for the projects in 1997\\. The additions were designed by Duchscherer Oberst Design, P.C., an architectural firm in Buffalo. Joseph L. Kopec was the lead architect. The library was completed at a cost of about $10 million in the fall of 2000\\. The design won an award for [educational architecture](/wiki/Educational_architecture \"Educational architecture\") in the summer of 2001\\.\n\nAnother capital enhancement to the building occurred after a May 2002 fire in the cafeteria bay, causing a multi\\-month relocation of the cafeteria to the Old Gym while a new cafeteria was erected, opening January 31, 2003, to an appreciative student body.\n\n",
"### Enrollment and leadership\n\nKenmore West's enrollment grew steadily through about 1970, and reached its peak in 1969 with over 3000 students in grades 10, 11 and 12\\. Alan Hammon MacGamwell (1926–2004\\), a 1944 graduate of the school, was appointed its third principal in 1971, after serving as a teacher, coach and assistant principal in the Ken\\-Ton Schools. In that era, the school boasted large numbers of [National Merit Scholarship](/wiki/National_Merit_Scholarship_Program \"National Merit Scholarship Program\") winners. In 1969, Kenmore West, under coach [Jules Yakapovich](/wiki/Jules_Yakapovich \"Jules Yakapovich\"), won the [Niagara Frontier League](/wiki/Niagara_Frontier_League \"Niagara Frontier League\") Football Championship and drew national attention as theoretical national champions, determined statistically by a computer match\\-up with a Florida high school team.\n\nMacGamwell retired in 1980 and served the Ken\\-Ton District on the Board of Education. Another Kenmore graduate, Charles Kristich, class of 1955, succeeded him as principal that year. Douglas H. Smith became Principal in December 1994 and led the 9–12 school building until December 2005\\. Karen Geelan, former Assistant Principal in the West Seneca School district, was hired as the Principal of grades 9 and 10, and Smith would continue to lead grades 11 and 12\\. In 2007, Geelan became Lead Principal of the building under Smith's tutelage until he transferred to Benjamin Franklin Middle School in 2008 where he was Principal until his retirement in 2010\\. Geelan earned an educational doctorate from the [University of Buffalo](/wiki/University_of_Buffalo \"University of Buffalo\") in 2011 and left Kenmore West in June of that year to become the Superintendent of Allegheny Limestone Central Schools. Dean R. Johnson, who had been a Kenmore West Assistant Principal from 2008 to 2011, succeeded Geelan in 2011 as principal of Kenmore West. Kayla Capuccio, Kelly Lambert, and Denise Grandits are currently assistant principals. Ken Belote is the schools Athletic Coordinator.\n\n",
"### Declining population\n\nThe Kenmore community, like the rest of [Western New York](/wiki/Western_New_York \"Western New York\"), lost population between 1970 and 1990\\. Enrollment of Kenmore West dipped to a low of under 1,400 students in the early 1990s, and many teachers were laid off. Despite the loss of population, however, Kenmore West continued to be recognized for its achievements. The Ken\\-Ton population continues to drop, and teachers and support staff continue to be laid off as the district economic climate changes. In the 2016–2017 school year, after the consolidation of Kenmore Middle School, Kenmore West now houses eighth graders as well as ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth graders.\n\n",
"Academics\n---------\n\nIn 2013, Kenmore West Senior High School was ranked 74th out of 135 [Western New York](/wiki/Western_New_York \"Western New York\") high schools in terms of academic performance.\n\n### International Baccalaureate Program\n\nIn January 2011, Kenmore West was designated as an [International Baccalaureate (IB) School](/wiki/IB_Diploma_Programme \"IB Diploma Programme\"). They were the second public school in Western New York with this distinction. As of 2016, only two other high schools in Erie County offered the program: [Kenmore East High School](/wiki/Kenmore_East_High_School \"Kenmore East High School\") and [City Honors School](/wiki/City_Honors_School \"City Honors School\"). By 2015, about 18% of Kenmore West students participate in the IB Diploma Program.\n\n",
"### International Baccalaureate Program\n\nIn January 2011, Kenmore West was designated as an [International Baccalaureate (IB) School](/wiki/IB_Diploma_Programme \"IB Diploma Programme\"). They were the second public school in Western New York with this distinction. As of 2016, only two other high schools in Erie County offered the program: [Kenmore East High School](/wiki/Kenmore_East_High_School \"Kenmore East High School\") and [City Honors School](/wiki/City_Honors_School \"City Honors School\"). By 2015, about 18% of Kenmore West students participate in the IB Diploma Program.\n\n",
"Notable alumni\n--------------\n\n* [Anita Alvarez](/wiki/Anita_Alvarez_%28synchronized_swimmer%29 \"Anita Alvarez (synchronized swimmer)\"), synchronized swimmer and Olympic medalist\n* [Zach Anner](/wiki/Zach_Anner \"Zach Anner\"), internet celebrity with [cerebral palsy](/wiki/Cerebral_palsy \"Cerebral palsy\")\n* [Wolf Blitzer](/wiki/Wolf_Blitzer \"Wolf Blitzer\"), CNN journalist and author (who sent a video to the Class of 2009 graduation and visited Kenmore West on 4/9/10 to speak with the school)\n* [Jeff Czum](/wiki/Jeff_Czum \"Jeff Czum\"), guitarist in the band [Cute Is What We Aim For](/wiki/Cute_Is_What_We_Aim_For \"Cute Is What We Aim For\")\n* [Frank H. Easterbrook](/wiki/Frank_H._Easterbrook \"Frank H. Easterbrook\"), Chief Judge of the [United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit \"United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit\")\n* [Gregg Easterbrook](/wiki/Gregg_Easterbrook \"Gregg Easterbrook\"), author and journalist\n* [Geoffrey Gatza](/wiki/Geoffrey_Gatza \"Geoffrey Gatza\"), editor, publisher, poet\n* [Edward Gibson](/wiki/Edward_Gibson \"Edward Gibson\"), [Skylab](/wiki/Skylab \"Skylab\") astronaut (who spoke to the student body at the 2010 Homecoming rally)\n* [Green Jellÿ](/wiki/Green_Jell%C3%BF \"Green Jellÿ\"), musicians and theatrical group\n* [Beth Krom](/wiki/Beth_Krom \"Beth Krom\"), two\\-term mayor of [Irvine, California](/wiki/Irvine%2C_California \"Irvine, California\"), and U.S. congressional candidate\n* [Dan McFall](/wiki/Dan_McFall \"Dan McFall\"), NHL hockey player\n* [Jim McNally](/wiki/Jim_McNally \"Jim McNally\"), former [offensive line](/wiki/Offensive_line \"Offensive line\") coach in the [NCAA](/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association \"National Collegiate Athletic Association\") (1966–1979\\) and in the [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") (1980–2008\\)\n* [Gary McNamara](/wiki/Gary_McNamara \"Gary McNamara\") Class of '73, former talk host at WGR and WBEN. Nationally Syndicated Talk Host, \"Red Eye Radio\"\n* [Neal Smatresk](/wiki/Neal_Smatresk \"Neal Smatresk\"), marine biologist, former president of the [University of Nevada, Las Vegas](/wiki/University_of_Nevada%2C_Las_Vegas \"University of Nevada, Las Vegas\") (2009–2014\\), current president of the [University of North Texas](/wiki/University_of_North_Texas \"University of North Texas\") (2014–present)\n* [Bob Smith](/wiki/Bob_Smith_%28comedian%29 \"Bob Smith (comedian)\"), comedian and author\n* Richard Kermode, keyboardist who played with [Janis Joplin](/wiki/Janis_Joplin \"Janis Joplin\"), [Malo](/wiki/Malo_%28band%29 \"Malo (band)\"), and [Santana](/wiki/Santana_%28band%29 \"Santana (band)\").\n* Zachary Patton, class of 2009, designer and creative entrepreneur. Founder of Cretaceous Clothing, Bxllion Brands, Attractive Stranger and co\\-founder of software development company Atlas Digital Group.\n* Kyle Sobon, USPA Powerlifter and NYS Men's raw Junior 18\\-19 82\\.5 kg squat record holder,[https://www.uspa.net/uspaform/download.php?q\\=Zm9ybV9pZD0yMDE3MCZpZD0xOTgzJmVsPWVsZW1lbnRfMSZoYXNoPTYzZThkZjQzYjdjNGYwZGRmNzYzYjNjYTVmNjdiNDBl](https://www.uspa.net/uspaform/download.php?q=Zm9ybV9pZD0yMDE3MCZpZD0xOTgzJmVsPWVsZW1lbnRfMSZoYXNoPTYzZThkZjQzYjdjNGYwZGRmNzYzYjNjYTVmNjdiNDBl) World Record holder for most 100 pound conventional deadlifts in one minute \n",
"School colors and mascot\n------------------------\n\nThe school's colors are royal blue and white, and the mascot is the Blue Devil. There are many different images used for the Blue Devil all throughout the school, and most have been designed by students. In recent years, the old mascot costume was replaced by a newer, more 'pumped\\-up' Blue Devil costume.\n\n",
"Athletics\n---------\n\nThe Blue Devils compete in the [Niagara Frontier League](/wiki/Niagara_Frontier_League \"Niagara Frontier League\") (NFL) in most sports. Exceptions include the football team which competes in the Class AA North division and the gymnastics team which competes in the Erie County Interscholastic Conference (ECIC) Division I. The school's sports teams have produced numerous championships throughout the school's 60\\-year history. The Blue Devils have a long\\-standing cross\\-town rivalry with [Kenmore East High School](/wiki/Kenmore_East_High_School \"Kenmore East High School\"). Sports offered are:\n\n**Basketball**\n* Boys' basketball\n\n 1978: Advanced to the New York State Basketball Championship final game\n* Girls' basketball\n\n**Football**\n* Voted \\#1 in New York by the [New York State Sportswriters Association](/wiki/New_York_State_Sportswriters_Association \"New York State Sportswriters Association\") in 1969\n* New York state champions: 1969\n* Cited as \"National Champions\" in 1969 by a computer calculation operated by the Junior Super Bowl\n\n**Soccer**\n* Boys' soccer\n* Girls' soccer\n\n**Track and field**\n* Cross country\n* Indoor track\n\n**Tennis**\n* Boys' tennis\n* Girls' tennis\n\n**Volleyball**\n* Boys' volleyball\n* Girls' volleyball\n\n **Other**\n* Golf\n* Gymnastics\n* Boys' Ice hockey\n* Girls Ice Hockey\n* Field hockey\n* Rugby\n* Softball\n\n* New York state champions: 2002\n* Girls and Boys Swimming\n* Wrestling\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* *Settlement to Suburb: A History of the Town of Tonawanda, Erie County, New York 1607–1986,* by Robert W. Silsby (1921–1912\\), Sterling C. Sommer Incorporated (1997\\); . Silsby had been the history department chairman at Kenmore West High School\n* *The Town of Tonawanda,* by John W. Percy, Images of America (series), [Arcadia Publishing](/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing \"Arcadia Publishing\") (1997\\); \n* *Schoolbook: A Teacher's Memoir,* by John E. Milner (born 1935\\) (self published) (1995\\); Milner, a 1953 graduate of Ken\\-West, taught English for 30 years there, from about 1960 to 1990; in May 2011, he was inducted into the Kenmore West High School \"Corridor of Honor\"[\"Kenmore West Inducts Trio to the 'Corridor of Honor,'\"](http://www.kentonbee.com/news/2011-06-08/Local_News/Kenmore_West_inducts_trio_to_the_Corridor_of_Honor.html) *[Ken\\-Ton Bee](/wiki/Bee_Group_Newspapers \"Bee Group Newspapers\")*, June 8, 2011\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Kenmore\\-Town of Tonawanda Union Free School District](https://www.ktufsd.org/)\n\n[Category:Public high schools in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Public_high_schools_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Public high schools in New York (state)\")\n[Category:High schools in Erie County, New York](/wiki/Category:High_schools_in_Erie_County%2C_New_York \"High schools in Erie County, New York\")\n[Category:1938 establishments in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:1938_establishments_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"1938 establishments in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Educational institutions established in 1938](/wiki/Category:Educational_institutions_established_in_1938 \"Educational institutions established in 1938\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Joseph Ransdell
|
{
"id": [
11555324
],
"name": [
"GoingBatty"
]
}
|
9xthymccqp4umhek2ng6z2wrqarnqel
|
2022-05-02T04:49:18Z
| 1,083,299,243 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Joseph Ransdell"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Joseph Ransdell** may refer to:\n\n* [Joseph E. Ransdell](/wiki/Joseph_E._Ransdell \"Joseph E. Ransdell\") (1858–1954\\), attorney and politician who served as a United States senator and congressman from Louisiana\n* [Joseph Morton Ransdell](/wiki/Joseph_Morton_Ransdell \"Joseph Morton Ransdell\") (1931–2010\\), professor of philosophy\n\n"
]
}
|
Rita Kieber-Beck
|
{
"id": [
44735940
],
"name": [
"TheBritinator"
]
}
|
szecrhn1i6bdk0tann6e29npvnr23i7
|
2024-08-12T13:07:03Z
| 1,239,922,554 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Personal life",
"Honours",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Rita Kieber\\-Beck** (born 27 December 1958\\) is a politician from [Liechtenstein](/wiki/Liechtenstein \"Liechtenstein\") who served as the [Deputy Prime Minister of Liechtenstein](/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Liechtenstein \"Deputy Prime Minister of Liechtenstein\") from 2005 to 2009\\. She is the first female to hold the position.\n\nKieber\\-Beck is a member of the [Progressive Citizens' Party](/wiki/Progressive_Citizens%27_Party \"Progressive Citizens' Party\"). She was the [minister of foreign affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs \"Ministry of foreign affairs\") for Liechtenstein from 21 April 2005 to 25 March 2009\\.\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nKieber\\-Beck lives in [Mauren](/wiki/Mauren \"Mauren\"). She married Manfred Kieber (born 24 November 1958\\) on 8 August 1988\\.\n\n",
"Honours\n-------\n\n* : [Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Principality of Liechtenstein](/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Principality_of_Liechtenstein \"Order of Merit of the Principality of Liechtenstein\") (2003\\)\n* : [Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria](/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria \"Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria\") (2004\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1958 births](/wiki/Category:1958_births \"1958 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Liechtenstein](/wiki/Category:Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Liechtenstein \"Deputy prime ministers of Liechtenstein\")\n[Category:Female foreign ministers](/wiki/Category:Female_foreign_ministers \"Female foreign ministers\")\n[Category:Liechtenstein diplomats](/wiki/Category:Liechtenstein_diplomats \"Liechtenstein diplomats\")\n[Category:Progressive Citizens' Party politicians](/wiki/Category:Progressive_Citizens%27_Party_politicians \"Progressive Citizens' Party politicians\")\n[Category:Women government ministers of Liechtenstein](/wiki/Category:Women_government_ministers_of_Liechtenstein \"Women government ministers of Liechtenstein\")\n[Category:Liechtenstein women diplomats](/wiki/Category:Liechtenstein_women_diplomats \"Liechtenstein women diplomats\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Liechtenstein politicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Liechtenstein_politicians \"20th-century Liechtenstein politicians\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Liechtenstein women politicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Liechtenstein_women_politicians \"20th-century Liechtenstein women politicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Liechtenstein politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Liechtenstein_politicians \"21st-century Liechtenstein politicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Liechtenstein women politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Liechtenstein_women_politicians \"21st-century Liechtenstein women politicians\")\n\n \n\n[Category:Foreign ministers of Liechtenstein](/wiki/Category:Foreign_ministers_of_Liechtenstein \"Foreign ministers of Liechtenstein\")\n[Category:People from Mauren](/wiki/Category:People_from_Mauren \"People from Mauren\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Marcus Griffin
|
{
"id": [
20957809
],
"name": [
"WikiOriginal-9"
]
}
|
6xpxhga2lafzdojdlj5m6cwjb9wmbky
|
2024-10-15T14:05:39Z
| 1,251,308,565 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"College career",
"Personal",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + \n\t**Marcus Kevin Griffin** (born January 4, 1985\\) is a former [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") [safety](/wiki/Safety_%28American_football_position%29 \"Safety (American football position)\"). He played [college football](/wiki/College_football \"College football\") at the [University of Texas](/wiki/University_of_Texas \"University of Texas\") and entered the [2008 NFL draft](/wiki/2008_NFL_draft \"2008 NFL draft\"); however, he went unselected. Griffin was signed as an undrafted free agent by the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings \"Minnesota Vikings\") on April 28, 2008, but subsequently waived on June 30, 2008\\. He has a twin brother [Michael](/wiki/Michael_Griffin_%28American_football%29 \"Michael Griffin (American football)\"), who played with him at Texas.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nGriffin attended [Bowie High School](/wiki/Bowie_High_School_%28Austin%2C_Texas%29 \"Bowie High School (Austin, Texas)\") where he was coached by Jeff Ables. As a senior, he earned *[Austin American\\-Statesman](/wiki/Austin_American-Statesman \"Austin American-Statesman\")* All\\-Central Texas honors as a [defensive back](/wiki/Defensive_back \"Defensive back\") and was first team All\\-district on both [offense](/wiki/Offense_%28sports%29 \"Offense (sports)\") and [defense](/wiki/Defense_%28sport%29 \"Defense (sport)\"). He made 82 [tackles](/wiki/Tackle_%28football_move%29 \"Tackle (football move)\")\\-including 62 solo, 3 [interceptions](/wiki/Interceptions \"Interceptions\"), and 1 [fumble](/wiki/Fumble \"Fumble\") recovery. He also played [quarterback](/wiki/Quarterback \"Quarterback\"). As a quarterback he threw for 1028 yards and rushed for 560\\.\n\n",
"College career\n--------------\n\nGriffin was a [walk\\-on](/wiki/Walk-on_%28sport_term%29 \"Walk-on (sport term)\") at UT in 2003\\. The 5th year strong safety had a great first year as a [starter](/wiki/Starting_lineup \"Starting lineup\") as he earned UT's Outstanding Defensive Newcomer Award. In all 5 years in college, he had 227 tackles, 6 interceptions and 91 yards.\n\nGriffin started his career with the [Longhorns](/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_football \"Texas Longhorns football\") as a [redshirt freshman](/wiki/Redshirt_%28college_sports%29 \"Redshirt (college sports)\") with the [2004 Texas Longhorns football team](/wiki/2004_Texas_Longhorns_football_team \"2004 Texas Longhorns football team\"). That year, he played in all 12 games and made 10 tackles, including 7 on [special teams](/wiki/Special_teams \"Special teams\").\n\nIn 2005, he played in all 13 games for the [2005 Texas Longhorns football team](/wiki/2005_Texas_Longhorns_football_team \"2005 Texas Longhorns football team\") at free safety and on special teams and recorded 32 tackles.\n\nIn 2006, he appeared in 11 games for the [2006 Texas Longhorns football team](/wiki/2006_Texas_Longhorns_football_team \"2006 Texas Longhorns football team\"), starting 10, all at strong safety. The two missed games were against [Rice](/wiki/Rice_University \"Rice University\") and [Baylor](/wiki/Baylor_University \"Baylor University\") and were due to injury. He was named a second\\-team Academic All\\-[Big 12](/wiki/Big_12 \"Big 12\") honoree as well as UT's Outstanding Defensive Newcomer.\n\nGriffin had a great 2007 senior season, in which he led the Longhorns in tackles (99\\) and interceptions (5\\).\n\n",
"Personal\n--------\n\nMarcus' twin brother, [Michael Griffin](/wiki/Michael_Griffin_%28American_football%29 \"Michael Griffin (American football)\"), was also a defensive back at UT. Michael was a first rounder for the [Tennessee Titans](/wiki/Tennessee_Titans \"Tennessee Titans\") in the [2007 NFL draft](/wiki/2007_NFL_draft \"2007 NFL draft\"). Their parents, Ronald and Mae, are both retired from the [United States Armed Forces](/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States \"Military of the United States\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Marcus Griffin Texas Longhorn Bio](https://web.archive.org/web/20060511230153/http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/index.php?s=&url_channel_id=15&change_well_id=17&member_id=28)\n\n[Category:1985 births](/wiki/Category:1985_births \"1985 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:American twins](/wiki/Category:American_twins \"American twins\")\n[Category:Players of American football from Austin, Texas](/wiki/Category:Players_of_American_football_from_Austin%2C_Texas \"Players of American football from Austin, Texas\")\n[Category:American football safeties](/wiki/Category:American_football_safeties \"American football safeties\")\n[Category:American football quarterbacks](/wiki/Category:American_football_quarterbacks \"American football quarterbacks\")\n[Category:Texas Longhorns football players](/wiki/Category:Texas_Longhorns_football_players \"Texas Longhorns football players\")\n[Category:21st\\-century African\\-American sportspeople](/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_sportspeople \"21st-century African-American sportspeople\")\n[Category:20th\\-century African\\-American sportspeople](/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_sportspeople \"20th-century African-American sportspeople\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Hugh Gibbons
|
{
"id": [
45417033
],
"name": [
"Swinub"
]
}
|
8gi8tiqqj5byodneyq3swu3cf2a5e9i
|
2024-05-01T09:42:36Z
| 1,169,630,659 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Politics",
"Sports",
"Death and personal life",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Hugh Gibbons** (6 July 1916 – 14 November 2007\\) was an Irish [Fianna Fáil](/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il \"Fianna Fáil\") politician who sat in [Dáil Éireann](/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann \"Dáil Éireann\") as a [Teachta Dála](/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la \"Teachta Dála\") (TD) for twelve years, from 1965 to 1977\\.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nHe was born 6 July 1916 in Ballybeg, [Strokestown](/wiki/Strokestown \"Strokestown\"), [County Roscommon](/wiki/County_Roscommon \"County Roscommon\"), the fourth child of Luke Gibbons and his wife Ellen (née Egan). His parents married in 1910 and his father was a publican and merchant. Hugh Gibbons was educated in Carniska national school, Strokestown, and in 1929 won a scholarship to attend secondary school at [Summerhill College](/wiki/Summerhill_College \"Summerhill College\"), Sligo. In 1934 he won a scholarship to [University College Galway](/wiki/University_of_Galway \"University of Galway\") and passed his final medical exams in December 1940\\.\n\n",
"Politics\n--------\n\nA medical doctor before entering politics, Gibbons was elected on his first attempt, when he stood as a Fianna Fáil candidate in the [Roscommon](/wiki/Roscommon_%28D%C3%A1il_constituency%29 \"Roscommon (Dáil constituency)\") constituency at the [1965 general election](/wiki/1965_Irish_general_election \"1965 Irish general election\"). After constituency changes, he was re\\-elected at the [1969 general election](/wiki/1969_Irish_general_election \"1969 Irish general election\") in the new [Roscommon–Leitrim](/wiki/Roscommon%E2%80%93Leitrim_%28D%C3%A1il_constituency%29 \"Roscommon–Leitrim (Dáil constituency)\") constituency. He was returned to the Dáil again at the [1973 general election](/wiki/1973_Irish_general_election \"1973 Irish general election\"), but did not contest the [1977 general election](/wiki/1977_Irish_general_election \"1977 Irish general election\") and retired from politics.\n\n",
"Sports\n------\n\nGibbons was also holder of three All\\-Ireland Medals while playing for [Roscommon](/wiki/Roscommon_county_football_team \"Roscommon county football team\") in the [All\\-Ireland Senior Club Football](/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Club_Football_Championship \"All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship\") and [Junior Club Football Championships](/wiki/All-Ireland_Junior_Club_Football_Championship \"All-Ireland Junior Club Football Championship\"). In 1940 he played with the county junior team, which won the All\\-Ireland junior title that year. He then played for the county team which won the All\\-Ireland senior titles in 1943 and 1944\\. He also played for and co founded St Ronan's GAA club in North Roscommon. \n\n",
"Death and personal life\n-----------------------\n\nHe married Josephine Lee in 1949, and they had four sons and two daughters. His son, [Brian Gibbons](/wiki/Brian_Gibbons_%28politician%29 \"Brian Gibbons (politician)\") was the [Labour Party](/wiki/Welsh_Labour \"Welsh Labour\") Welsh Assembly Member for [Aberavon](/wiki/Aberavon \"Aberavon\") from 1999 to 2010\\.\n\nHe died on 14 November 2007 at his home in Keadue, aged 91\\. On his death, he was described by then [Taoiseach](/wiki/Taoiseach \"Taoiseach\") [Bertie Ahern](/wiki/Bertie_Ahern \"Bertie Ahern\") as a \"sportsman and a scholar\".\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1916 births](/wiki/Category:1916_births \"1916 births\")\n[Category:2007 deaths](/wiki/Category:2007_deaths \"2007 deaths\")\n[Category:Fianna Fáil TDs](/wiki/Category:Fianna_F%C3%A1il_TDs \"Fianna Fáil TDs\")\n[Category:Irish sportsperson\\-politicians](/wiki/Category:Irish_sportsperson-politicians \"Irish sportsperson-politicians\")\n[Category:Members of the 18th Dáil](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_18th_D%C3%A1il \"Members of the 18th Dáil\")\n[Category:Members of the 19th Dáil](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_19th_D%C3%A1il \"Members of the 19th Dáil\")\n[Category:Members of the 20th Dáil](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_20th_D%C3%A1il \"Members of the 20th Dáil\")\n[Category:Politicians from County Roscommon](/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_County_Roscommon \"Politicians from County Roscommon\")\n[Category:Roscommon inter\\-county Gaelic footballers](/wiki/Category:Roscommon_inter-county_Gaelic_footballers \"Roscommon inter-county Gaelic footballers\")\n[Category:St Ronan's Gaelic footballers](/wiki/Category:St_Ronan%27s_Gaelic_footballers \"St Ronan's Gaelic footballers\")\n[Category:Alumni of the University of Galway](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Galway \"Alumni of the University of Galway\")\n[Category:People educated at Summerhill College](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Summerhill_College \"People educated at Summerhill College\")\n[Category:People from Strokestown](/wiki/Category:People_from_Strokestown \"People from Strokestown\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Marshall Bennett Islands
|
{
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
}
|
t1wihpet4vse8kg7lc4z302p98y22hj
|
2021-03-26T15:44:50Z
| 944,806,375 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Geography",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"[thumb\\|250 px\\| Marshall Bennett Islands](/wiki/Image:Karta_PG_Marshall_Bennett_isl.png \"Karta PG Marshall Bennett isl.png\")\n\n**Marshall Bennett Islands** (also known as the **Marshall Bennets**) are several islands in [Milne Bay](/wiki/Milne_Bay \"Milne Bay\"), [Papua New Guinea](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea \"Papua New Guinea\").\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nThey consist of:\n\n* [Gawa](/wiki/Gawa_Island \"Gawa Island\")\n* [Dugumenu](/wiki/Dugumenu \"Dugumenu\")\n* [Iwa Island](/wiki/Iwa_Island \"Iwa Island\")\n* [Kwaiawata](/wiki/Kwaiawata \"Kwaiawata\")\n* [Egum Atoll](/wiki/Egum_Atoll \"Egum Atoll\") with 12 islands\n\t+ [Yanaba Island](/wiki/Yanaba_Island \"Yanaba Island\") (reef)\n\t+ Egom (lagoon)\n\t+ uninhabited islands on the fringing reef (clockwise starting west)\n\t\t- Digaragara\n\t\t- Wiakau (second largest island)\n\t\t- Napasa\n\t\t- unnamed island\n\t\t- Tabunagora\n\t\t- Nagian\n\t+ uninhabited islands in the lagoon\n\t\t- Mua\n\t\t- Fandaio\n\t\t- Simlakita\n\t\t- Nasakori (Panamote)\n\nThey are usually considered to be part of the [Woodlark Islands](/wiki/Woodlark_Island \"Woodlark Island\") group. Of the islands only [Dugumenu](/wiki/Dugumenu \"Dugumenu\") is uninhabited but is used by neighbouring islanders for the growing of coconuts.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Archipelagoes of Papua New Guinea](/wiki/Category:Archipelagoes_of_Papua_New_Guinea \"Archipelagoes of Papua New Guinea\")\n[.M](/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Milne_Bay_Province \"Islands of Milne Bay Province\")\n[Category:Woodlark Islands](/wiki/Category:Woodlark_Islands \"Woodlark Islands\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Lund, Wisconsin
|
{
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
}
|
euk4wkt1hbho20jto1g1lcli2n8n1gt
|
2023-07-27T02:23:06Z
| 1,096,057,226 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Notes"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|150px\\|Pierce County](/wiki/Image:Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Pierce_County.svg \"Map of Wisconsin highlighting Pierce County.svg\")\n[thumb\\|150px\\|Pepin County](/wiki/Image:Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Pepin_County.svg \"Map of Wisconsin highlighting Pepin County.svg\")\n**Lund** is an [unincorporated community](/wiki/Unincorporated_area \"Unincorporated area\") located in two counties of the [U.S. state](/wiki/U.S._state \"U.S. state\") of [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin \"Wisconsin\"). The community lies on the county line between [Pepin County](/wiki/Pepin_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Pepin County, Wisconsin\"), in the town of [Pepin](/wiki/Pepin_%28town%29%2C_Wisconsin \"Pepin (town), Wisconsin\"), and [Pierce County](/wiki/Pierce_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Pierce County, Wisconsin\"), in the town of [Maiden Rock](/wiki/Maiden_Rock_%28town%29%2C_Wisconsin \"Maiden Rock (town), Wisconsin\"), in central western Wisconsin, along the junctions of County Trunk Highway SS (CTH\\-SS), CTH\\-CC(formerly [WIS 183](/wiki/Highway_183_%28Wisconsin%29 \"Highway 183 (Wisconsin)\")), and CTH\\-J. Lund is approximately nine miles northwest of [Pepin](/wiki/Pepin%2C_Wisconsin \"Pepin, Wisconsin\") and six miles northeast of [Stockholm, Wisconsin](/wiki/Stockholm%2C_Wisconsin \"Stockholm, Wisconsin\").[Lund, Wisconsin](http://wisconsin.hometownlocator.com/wi/pierce/lund.cfm)\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe community was named after [Lund, Sweden](/wiki/Lund%2C_Sweden \"Lund, Sweden\").\n\nThe birthplace of [Laura Ingalls Wilder](/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder \"Laura Ingalls Wilder\"),[Explore Wisconsin](https://web.archive.org/web/20080607094426/http://www.explorewisconsin.com/countypages/pepin.asp) romanticized in her book *[Little House in the Big Woods](/wiki/Little_House_in_the_Big_Woods \"Little House in the Big Woods\"),* is about one mile southeast of Lund, and is commemorated at the nearby [Little House Wayside](/wiki/Little_House_Wayside \"Little House Wayside\").\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n[Category:Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin](/wiki/Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_Wisconsin \"Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin\")\n[Category:Unincorporated communities in Pierce County, Wisconsin](/wiki/Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_Pierce_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Unincorporated communities in Pierce County, Wisconsin\")\n[Category:Unincorporated communities in Pepin County, Wisconsin](/wiki/Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_Pepin_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Unincorporated communities in Pepin County, Wisconsin\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
1973–74 WCHL season
|
{
"id": [
266306
],
"name": [
"Frontsfan2005"
]
}
|
68tdtzw6jao827kao0h1hz89d0rfgnv
|
2024-09-05T16:22:50Z
| 1,244,105,053 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Team changes",
"Teams",
"Map of teams",
"Regular season",
"Final standings",
"Scoring leaders",
"1974 WCHL Playoffs",
"League quarter-finals",
"League semi-finals",
"WHL Championship",
"All-Star game",
"WHL awards",
"All-Star Team",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **1973–74 WCHL season** was the eighth season of the [Western Canada Hockey League](/wiki/Western_Hockey_League \"Western Hockey League\") (WCHL). It featured twelve teams and a 68\\-game regular season. The [Regina Pats](/wiki/Regina_Pats \"Regina Pats\") topped the season's standings with 43 wins, and in the playoffs went on to win the team's first [President's Cup](/wiki/Ed_Chynoweth_Cup \"Ed Chynoweth Cup\"), defeating the [Calgary Centennials](/wiki/Calgary_Centennials \"Calgary Centennials\") in the championship series. The win earned the Pats a berth in the [1974 Memorial Cup](/wiki/1974_Memorial_Cup \"1974 Memorial Cup\") tournament, and Regina would go on to win its first [Memorial Cup](/wiki/Memorial_Cup \"Memorial Cup\") since 1930\\. This was the first Memorial Cup title for a team representing the WCHL.\n\nThe season was the first for the [Kamloops Chiefs](/wiki/Kamloops_Chiefs \"Kamloops Chiefs\") after the [Vancouver Nats](/wiki/Vancouver_Nats \"Vancouver Nats\") relocated to [Kamloops](/wiki/Kamloops \"Kamloops\") prior to the season. The Winnipeg Jets also opted to change their name to the [Winnipeg Clubs](/wiki/Winnipeg_Clubs \"Winnipeg Clubs\"), mitigating confusion caused by the 1972 arrival of the professional [World Hockey Association](/wiki/World_Hockey_Association \"World Hockey Association\") [Jets](/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets_%281972%E2%80%931996%29 \"Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)\").\n\n",
"Team changes\n------------\n\n* The [Winnipeg Jets](/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets_%28WHL%29 \"Winnipeg Jets (WHL)\") are renamed the [Winnipeg Clubs](/wiki/Winnipeg_Clubs \"Winnipeg Clubs\").\n* The [Vancouver Nats](/wiki/Vancouver_Nats \"Vancouver Nats\") relocate to [Kamloops, British Columbia](/wiki/Kamloops%2C_British_Columbia \"Kamloops, British Columbia\"), becoming the [Kamloops Chiefs](/wiki/Kamloops_Chiefs \"Kamloops Chiefs\").\n",
"Teams\n-----\n\n| **1973–74 Western Canada Hockey League** | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Division | Team | City | Arena | Capacity |\n| East | [Brandon Wheat Kings](/wiki/Brandon_Wheat_Kings \"Brandon Wheat Kings\") | [Brandon](/wiki/Brandon%2C_Manitoba \"Brandon, Manitoba\"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\") | [Keystone Centre](/wiki/Keystone_Centre \"Keystone Centre\") | 5,102 |\n| [Flin Flon Bombers](/wiki/Flin_Flon_Bombers \"Flin Flon Bombers\") | [Flin Flon](/wiki/Flin_Flon%2C_Manitoba \"Flin Flon, Manitoba\"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\") | [Whitney Forum](/wiki/Whitney_Forum \"Whitney Forum\") | 1,650 |\n| [Regina Pats](/wiki/Regina_Pats \"Regina Pats\") | [Regina](/wiki/Regina%2C_Saskatchewan \"Regina, Saskatchewan\"), [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan \"Saskatchewan\") | [Regina Exhibition Stadium](/wiki/Regina_Exhibition_Stadium \"Regina Exhibition Stadium\") | 5,000 |\n| [Saskatoon Blades](/wiki/Saskatoon_Blades \"Saskatoon Blades\") | [Saskatoon](/wiki/Saskatoon%2C_Saskatchewan \"Saskatoon, Saskatchewan\"), [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan \"Saskatchewan\") | [Saskatoon Arena](/wiki/Saskatoon_Arena \"Saskatoon Arena\") | 4,500 |\n| [Swift Current Broncos](/wiki/Swift_Current_Broncos \"Swift Current Broncos\") | [Swift Current](/wiki/Swift_Current%2C_Saskatchewan \"Swift Current, Saskatchewan\"), [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan \"Saskatchewan\") | [Centennial Civic Centre](/wiki/InnovationPlex \"InnovationPlex\") | 2,879 |\n| [Winnipeg Clubs](/wiki/Winnipeg_Clubs \"Winnipeg Clubs\") | [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg%2C_Manitoba \"Winnipeg, Manitoba\"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\") | [Winnipeg Arena](/wiki/Winnipeg_Arena \"Winnipeg Arena\") | 10,100 |\n| West | [Calgary Centennials](/wiki/Calgary_Centennials \"Calgary Centennials\") | [Calgary](/wiki/Calgary%2C_Alberta \"Calgary, Alberta\"), [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\") | [Stampede Corral](/wiki/Stampede_Corral \"Stampede Corral\") | 6,475 |\n| [Edmonton Oil Kings](/wiki/Edmonton_Oil_Kings \"Edmonton Oil Kings\") | [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton%2C_Alberta \"Edmonton, Alberta\"), [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\") | [Edmonton Gardens](/wiki/Edmonton_Gardens \"Edmonton Gardens\") | 5,200 |\n| [Kamloops Chiefs](/wiki/Kamloops_Chiefs \"Kamloops Chiefs\") | [Kamloops](/wiki/Kamloops%2C_British_Columbia \"Kamloops, British Columbia\"), [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") | [Kamloops Memorial Arena](/wiki/Kamloops_Memorial_Arena \"Kamloops Memorial Arena\") | 2,500 |\n| [Medicine Hat Tigers](/wiki/Medicine_Hat_Tigers \"Medicine Hat Tigers\") | [Medicine Hat](/wiki/Medicine_Hat%2C_Alberta \"Medicine Hat, Alberta\"), [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\") | [Medicine Hat Arena](/wiki/Medicine_Hat_Arena \"Medicine Hat Arena\") | 4,006 |\n| [New Westminster Bruins](/wiki/New_Westminster_Bruins \"New Westminster Bruins\") | [New Westminster](/wiki/New_Westminster%2C_British_Columbia \"New Westminster, British Columbia\"), [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") | [Queen's Park Arena](/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_Arena \"Queen's Park Arena\") | 3,500 |\n| [Victoria Cougars](/wiki/Victoria_Cougars_%28WHL%29 \"Victoria Cougars (WHL)\") | [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria%2C_British_Columbia \"Victoria, British Columbia\"), [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") | [Victoria Memorial Arena](/wiki/Victoria_Memorial_Arena \"Victoria Memorial Arena\") | 5,000 |\n\n### Map of teams\n\n",
"### Map of teams\n\n",
"Regular season\n--------------\n\n### Final standings\n\n| East Division | GP | W | L | T | Pts | GF | GA |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **x [Regina Pats](/wiki/Regina_Pats \"Regina Pats\")** | 68 | 43 | 14 | 11 | 97 | 377 | 225 |\n| **x [Flin Flon Bombers](/wiki/Flin_Flon_Bombers \"Flin Flon Bombers\")** | 68 | 34 | 21 | 13 | 81 | 322 | 259 |\n| **x [Swift Current Broncos](/wiki/Swift_Current_Broncos \"Swift Current Broncos\")** | 68 | 35 | 24 | 9 | 79 | 240 | 306 |\n| **x [Saskatoon Blades](/wiki/Saskatoon_Blades \"Saskatoon Blades\")** | 68 | 30 | 29 | 9 | 69 | 283 | 272 |\n| **[Brandon Wheat Kings](/wiki/Brandon_Wheat_Kings \"Brandon Wheat Kings\")** | 68 | 27 | 37 | 4 | 58 | 305 | 348 |\n| **[Winnipeg Clubs](/wiki/Winnipeg_Clubs \"Winnipeg Clubs\")** | 68 | 23 | 38 | 7 | 53 | 258 | 338 |\n\n| West Division | GP | W | L | T | Pts | GF | GA |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **x [Calgary Centennials](/wiki/Calgary_Centennials \"Calgary Centennials\")** | 68 | 41 | 18 | 9 | 91 | 328 | 236 |\n| **x [New Westminster Bruins](/wiki/New_Westminster_Bruins \"New Westminster Bruins\")** | 68 | 36 | 21 | 11 | 83 | 284 | 250 |\n| **x [Medicine Hat Tigers](/wiki/Medicine_Hat_Tigers \"Medicine Hat Tigers\")** | 68 | 29 | 31 | 8 | 66 | 305 | 314 |\n| **x [Edmonton Oil Kings](/wiki/Edmonton_Oil_Kings_%28WCHL%29 \"Edmonton Oil Kings (WCHL)\")** | 68 | 25 | 36 | 7 | 57 | 252 | 301 |\n| **[Victoria Cougars](/wiki/Victoria_Cougars_%28WHL%29 \"Victoria Cougars (WHL)\")** | 68 | 22 | 40 | 6 | 50 | 259 | 336 |\n| **[Kamloops Chiefs](/wiki/Kamloops_Chiefs \"Kamloops Chiefs\")** | 68 | 13 | 49 | 6 | 32 | 248 | 376 |\n|\n\n### Scoring leaders\n\n*Note: GP \\= Games played; G \\= Goals; A \\= Assists; Pts \\= Points; PIM \\= Penalties in minutes*\n\n| Player | Team | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Ron Chipperfield](/wiki/Ron_Chipperfield \"Ron Chipperfield\") | [Brandon Wheat Kings](/wiki/Brandon_Wheat_Kings \"Brandon Wheat Kings\") | 66 | 90 | 72 | 162 | 82 |\n| [Dennis Sobchuk](/wiki/Dennis_Sobchuk \"Dennis Sobchuk\") | [Regina Pats](/wiki/Regina_Pats \"Regina Pats\") | 66 | 68 | 78 | 146 | 78 |\n| [Mike Rogers](/wiki/Mike_Rogers_%28hockey_player%29 \"Mike Rogers (hockey player)\") | [Calgary Centennials](/wiki/Calgary_Centennials \"Calgary Centennials\") | 66 | 67 | 73 | 140 | 32 |\n| [Al Hiller](/wiki/Al_Hiller \"Al Hiller\") | [Flin Flon Bombers](/wiki/Flin_Flon_Bombers \"Flin Flon Bombers\") | 68 | 30 | 108 | 138 | 33 |\n| [Terry Ruskowski](/wiki/Terry_Ruskowski \"Terry Ruskowski\") | [Swift Current Broncos](/wiki/Swift_Current_Broncos \"Swift Current Broncos\") | 68 | 40 | 93 | 133 | 243 |\n| [Rick Blight](/wiki/Rick_Blight \"Rick Blight\") | [Brandon Wheat Kings](/wiki/Brandon_Wheat_Kings \"Brandon Wheat Kings\") | 67 | 49 | 81 | 130 | 122 |\n| [Danny Gare](/wiki/Danny_Gare \"Danny Gare\") | [Calgary Centennials](/wiki/Calgary_Centennials \"Calgary Centennials\") | 65 | 68 | 59 | 127 | 238 |\n| [Jerry Holland](/wiki/Jerry_Holland_%28NHL%29 \"Jerry Holland (NHL)\") | [Calgary Centennials](/wiki/Calgary_Centennials \"Calgary Centennials\") | 67 | 55 | 65 | 120 | 54 |\n| [Ed Johnstone](/wiki/Ed_Johnstone \"Ed Johnstone\") | [Medicine Hat Tigers](/wiki/Medicine_Hat_Tigers \"Medicine Hat Tigers\") | 68 | 64 | 54 | 118 | 164 |\n| [Clark Gillies](/wiki/Clark_Gillies \"Clark Gillies\") | [Regina Pats](/wiki/Regina_Pats \"Regina Pats\") | 65 | 46 | 66 | 112 | 179 |\n|\n\n",
"### Final standings\n\n| East Division | GP | W | L | T | Pts | GF | GA |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **x [Regina Pats](/wiki/Regina_Pats \"Regina Pats\")** | 68 | 43 | 14 | 11 | 97 | 377 | 225 |\n| **x [Flin Flon Bombers](/wiki/Flin_Flon_Bombers \"Flin Flon Bombers\")** | 68 | 34 | 21 | 13 | 81 | 322 | 259 |\n| **x [Swift Current Broncos](/wiki/Swift_Current_Broncos \"Swift Current Broncos\")** | 68 | 35 | 24 | 9 | 79 | 240 | 306 |\n| **x [Saskatoon Blades](/wiki/Saskatoon_Blades \"Saskatoon Blades\")** | 68 | 30 | 29 | 9 | 69 | 283 | 272 |\n| **[Brandon Wheat Kings](/wiki/Brandon_Wheat_Kings \"Brandon Wheat Kings\")** | 68 | 27 | 37 | 4 | 58 | 305 | 348 |\n| **[Winnipeg Clubs](/wiki/Winnipeg_Clubs \"Winnipeg Clubs\")** | 68 | 23 | 38 | 7 | 53 | 258 | 338 |\n\n| West Division | GP | W | L | T | Pts | GF | GA |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **x [Calgary Centennials](/wiki/Calgary_Centennials \"Calgary Centennials\")** | 68 | 41 | 18 | 9 | 91 | 328 | 236 |\n| **x [New Westminster Bruins](/wiki/New_Westminster_Bruins \"New Westminster Bruins\")** | 68 | 36 | 21 | 11 | 83 | 284 | 250 |\n| **x [Medicine Hat Tigers](/wiki/Medicine_Hat_Tigers \"Medicine Hat Tigers\")** | 68 | 29 | 31 | 8 | 66 | 305 | 314 |\n| **x [Edmonton Oil Kings](/wiki/Edmonton_Oil_Kings_%28WCHL%29 \"Edmonton Oil Kings (WCHL)\")** | 68 | 25 | 36 | 7 | 57 | 252 | 301 |\n| **[Victoria Cougars](/wiki/Victoria_Cougars_%28WHL%29 \"Victoria Cougars (WHL)\")** | 68 | 22 | 40 | 6 | 50 | 259 | 336 |\n| **[Kamloops Chiefs](/wiki/Kamloops_Chiefs \"Kamloops Chiefs\")** | 68 | 13 | 49 | 6 | 32 | 248 | 376 |\n|\n\n",
"### Scoring leaders\n\n*Note: GP \\= Games played; G \\= Goals; A \\= Assists; Pts \\= Points; PIM \\= Penalties in minutes*\n\n| Player | Team | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Ron Chipperfield](/wiki/Ron_Chipperfield \"Ron Chipperfield\") | [Brandon Wheat Kings](/wiki/Brandon_Wheat_Kings \"Brandon Wheat Kings\") | 66 | 90 | 72 | 162 | 82 |\n| [Dennis Sobchuk](/wiki/Dennis_Sobchuk \"Dennis Sobchuk\") | [Regina Pats](/wiki/Regina_Pats \"Regina Pats\") | 66 | 68 | 78 | 146 | 78 |\n| [Mike Rogers](/wiki/Mike_Rogers_%28hockey_player%29 \"Mike Rogers (hockey player)\") | [Calgary Centennials](/wiki/Calgary_Centennials \"Calgary Centennials\") | 66 | 67 | 73 | 140 | 32 |\n| [Al Hiller](/wiki/Al_Hiller \"Al Hiller\") | [Flin Flon Bombers](/wiki/Flin_Flon_Bombers \"Flin Flon Bombers\") | 68 | 30 | 108 | 138 | 33 |\n| [Terry Ruskowski](/wiki/Terry_Ruskowski \"Terry Ruskowski\") | [Swift Current Broncos](/wiki/Swift_Current_Broncos \"Swift Current Broncos\") | 68 | 40 | 93 | 133 | 243 |\n| [Rick Blight](/wiki/Rick_Blight \"Rick Blight\") | [Brandon Wheat Kings](/wiki/Brandon_Wheat_Kings \"Brandon Wheat Kings\") | 67 | 49 | 81 | 130 | 122 |\n| [Danny Gare](/wiki/Danny_Gare \"Danny Gare\") | [Calgary Centennials](/wiki/Calgary_Centennials \"Calgary Centennials\") | 65 | 68 | 59 | 127 | 238 |\n| [Jerry Holland](/wiki/Jerry_Holland_%28NHL%29 \"Jerry Holland (NHL)\") | [Calgary Centennials](/wiki/Calgary_Centennials \"Calgary Centennials\") | 67 | 55 | 65 | 120 | 54 |\n| [Ed Johnstone](/wiki/Ed_Johnstone \"Ed Johnstone\") | [Medicine Hat Tigers](/wiki/Medicine_Hat_Tigers \"Medicine Hat Tigers\") | 68 | 64 | 54 | 118 | 164 |\n| [Clark Gillies](/wiki/Clark_Gillies \"Clark Gillies\") | [Regina Pats](/wiki/Regina_Pats \"Regina Pats\") | 65 | 46 | 66 | 112 | 179 |\n|\n\n",
"1974 WCHL Playoffs\n------------------\n\n### League quarter\\-finals\n\n* Swift Current defeated Flin Flon 4 games to 3\n* Regina defeated Saskatoon 4 games to 2\n* New Westminster defeated Medicine Hat 4 games to 2\n* Calgary defeated Edmonton 4 games to 1\n\n### League semi\\-finals\n\n* Regina defeated Swift Current 4 games to 2\n* Calgary defeated New Westminster 4 games to 1\n\n### WHL Championship\n\n* Regina defeated Calgary 4 games to 0\n",
"### League quarter\\-finals\n\n* Swift Current defeated Flin Flon 4 games to 3\n* Regina defeated Saskatoon 4 games to 2\n* New Westminster defeated Medicine Hat 4 games to 2\n* Calgary defeated Edmonton 4 games to 1\n",
"### League semi\\-finals\n\n* Regina defeated Swift Current 4 games to 2\n* Calgary defeated New Westminster 4 games to 1\n",
"### WHL Championship\n\n* Regina defeated Calgary 4 games to 0\n",
"All\\-Star game\n--------------\n\nOn January 29, the West All\\-Stars defeated the East All\\-Stars 6–5 at [Edmonton, Alberta](/wiki/Edmonton%2C_Alberta \"Edmonton, Alberta\") in front of a crowd of 2,471\\.\n\n",
"WHL awards\n----------\n\n| [Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Four_Broncos_Memorial_Trophy \"Four Broncos Memorial Trophy\"): [Ron Chipperfield](/wiki/Ron_Chipperfield \"Ron Chipperfield\"), [Brandon Wheat Kings](/wiki/Brandon_Wheat_Kings \"Brandon Wheat Kings\") |\n| --- |\n| [Top Scorer](/wiki/Bob_Clarke_Trophy \"Bob Clarke Trophy\"): [Ron Chipperfield](/wiki/Ron_Chipperfield \"Ron Chipperfield\"), [Brandon Wheat Kings](/wiki/Brandon_Wheat_Kings \"Brandon Wheat Kings\") |\n| [Most Sportsmanlike Player](/wiki/Brad_Hornung_Trophy \"Brad Hornung Trophy\"): [Mike Rogers](/wiki/Mike_Rogers_%28hockey_player%29 \"Mike Rogers (hockey player)\"), [Calgary Centennials](/wiki/Calgary_Centennials \"Calgary Centennials\") |\n| [Top Defenseman](/wiki/Bill_Hunter_Trophy_%28WHL%29 \"Bill Hunter Trophy (WHL)\"): [Pat Price](/wiki/Pat_Price_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Pat Price (ice hockey)\"), [Saskatoon Blades](/wiki/Saskatoon_Blades \"Saskatoon Blades\") |\n| [Rookie of the Year](/wiki/Jim_Piggott_Memorial_Trophy \"Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy\"): [Cam Connor](/wiki/Cam_Connor \"Cam Connor\"), [Flin Flon Bombers](/wiki/Flin_Flon_Bombers \"Flin Flon Bombers\") |\n| [Top Goaltender](/wiki/Del_Wilson_Trophy \"Del Wilson Trophy\"): [Garth Malarchuk](/wiki/Garth_Malarchuk \"Garth Malarchuk\"), [Calgary Centennials](/wiki/Calgary_Centennials \"Calgary Centennials\") |\n| [Coach of the Year](/wiki/Dunc_McCallum_Memorial_Trophy \"Dunc McCallum Memorial Trophy\"): [Stan Dunn](/wiki/Stan_Dunn \"Stan Dunn\"), [Swift Current Broncos](/wiki/Swift_Current_Broncos \"Swift Current Broncos\") |\n| [Regular season champions](/wiki/Scotty_Munro_Memorial_Trophy \"Scotty Munro Memorial Trophy\"): [Regina Pats](/wiki/Regina_Pats \"Regina Pats\") |\n\n",
"All\\-Star Team\n--------------\n\n* Goaltender: [Larry Hendrick](/wiki/Larry_Hendrick \"Larry Hendrick\"), [Edmonton Oil Kings](/wiki/Edmonton_Oil_Kings_%28WCHL%29 \"Edmonton Oil Kings (WCHL)\")\n* Defenseman: [Pat Price](/wiki/Pat_Price_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Pat Price (ice hockey)\"), [Saskatoon Blades](/wiki/Saskatoon_Blades \"Saskatoon Blades\")\n* Defenseman: [Ron Greschner](/wiki/Ron_Greschner \"Ron Greschner\"), [New Westminster Bruins](/wiki/New_Westminster_Bruins \"New Westminster Bruins\") \\& [Greg Joly](/wiki/Greg_Joly \"Greg Joly\"), [Regina Pats](/wiki/Regina_Pats \"Regina Pats\") (tied)\n* Centerman: [Ron Chipperfield](/wiki/Ron_Chipperfield \"Ron Chipperfield\"), [Brandon Wheat Kings](/wiki/Brandon_Wheat_Kings \"Brandon Wheat Kings\") \\& [Dennis Sobchuk](/wiki/Dennis_Sobchuk \"Dennis Sobchuk\"), [Regina Pats](/wiki/Regina_Pats \"Regina Pats\") (tied)\n* Left Winger: [Clark Gillies](/wiki/Clark_Gillies \"Clark Gillies\"), [Regina Pats](/wiki/Regina_Pats \"Regina Pats\")\n* Right Winger: [Danny Gare](/wiki/Danny_Gare \"Danny Gare\"), [Calgary Centennials](/wiki/Calgary_Centennials \"Calgary Centennials\")\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [1974 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/1974_NHL_Entry_Draft \"1974 NHL Entry Draft\")\n* [1973 in sports](/wiki/1973_in_sports \"1973 in sports\")\n* [1974 in sports](/wiki/1974_in_sports \"1974 in sports\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* 2005–06 WHL Guide\n\n[Category:Western Hockey League seasons](/wiki/Category:Western_Hockey_League_seasons \"Western Hockey League seasons\")\n[WCHL](/wiki/Category:1973%E2%80%9374_in_Canadian_ice_hockey_by_league \"1973–74 in Canadian ice hockey by league\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Gonionotophis
|
{
"id": [
19801574
],
"name": [
"Lyttle-Wight"
]
}
|
5cz58dskqbqg6v7zg6rhvm21rtbsyi7
|
2023-09-12T10:22:00Z
| 1,055,352,503 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Species",
"Etymology",
"References",
"Further reading"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Gonionotophis*** is a [genus](/wiki/Genus \"Genus\") of [snakes](/wiki/Snake \"Snake\"), known [commonly](/wiki/Common_name \"Common name\") as **African ground snakes** and **file snakes**, in the [family](/wiki/Family_%28biology%29 \"Family (biology)\") [Lamprophiidae](/wiki/Lamprophiidae \"Lamprophiidae\"). The genus is [endemic](/wiki/Endemism \"Endemism\") to [Central Africa](/wiki/Central_Africa \"Central Africa\").\n\n",
"Species\n-------\n\nThere are three recognized [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") in the genus:[Kelly CMR](/wiki/species:Christoper_M.R._Kelly \"Christoper M.R. Kelly\"), [Branch WR](/wiki/William_Roy_Branch \"William Roy Branch\"), [Broadley DG](/wiki/Donald_George_Broadley \"Donald George Broadley\"), [Barker NP](/wiki/species:Nigel_P._Barker \"Nigel P. Barker\"), [Villet MH](/wiki/species:Martin_Herrer_Villet \"Martin Herrer Villet\") (2010\\). \"Molecular systematics of the African snake family Lamprophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 (Serpentes: Elapoidea), with particular focus on the genera *Lamprophis* Fitzinger 1843 and *Mehelya* Csiki 1903\". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* **58** (3\\): 415\\-426\\. . www.reptile\\-database.org.\n\n* *[Gonionotophis brussauxi](/wiki/Gonionotophis_brussauxi \"Gonionotophis brussauxi\")* – Brussaux's file snake, Mocquard's African ground snake\n* *[Gonionotophis grantii](/wiki/Gonionotophis_grantii \"Gonionotophis grantii\")* – Grant's African ground snake, Grant's file snake, savanna lesser file snake\n* *[Gonionotophis klingi](/wiki/Gonionotophis_klingi \"Gonionotophis klingi\")* – Kling's file snake, Matschie's African ground snake\n\n*[Nota bene](/wiki/Nota_bene \"Nota bene\")*: A [binomial authority](/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature \"Binomial nomenclature\") in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than *Gonionotophis*.\n\n",
"Etymology\n---------\n\nThe [specific name](/wiki/Specific_name_%28zoology%29 \"Specific name (zoology)\"), *brussauxi*, is in honour of French anthropologist [Eugène Brussaux](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Brussaux \"Eugène Brussaux\").[Beolens, Bo](/wiki/species:Bo_Beolens \"Bo Beolens\"); [Watkins, Michael](/wiki/species:Michael_Watkins \"Michael Watkins\"); Grayson, Michael (2011\\). *The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii \\+ 296 pp. . (*Goniotophis brussauxi*, p. 41; *G. granti*, p. 106\\).\n\nThe specific name, *grantii*, is in honor of British physician [Robert Edmond Grant](/wiki/Robert_Edmond_Grant \"Robert Edmond Grant\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* [Boulenger GA](/wiki/George_Albert_Boulenger \"George Albert Boulenger\") (1893\\). *Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families ... Colubridæ Aglyphæ, part.* London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii \\+ 448 pp. \\+ Plates I\\-XXVIII. (*Gonionotophis*, new genus, p. 323\\).\n* [Branch, Bill](/wiki/William_Roy_Branch \"William Roy Branch\") (2004\\). *Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa*. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. . (Genus *Mehelya*, p. 78\\).\n\n \n\n[Category:Lamprophiidae](/wiki/Category:Lamprophiidae \"Lamprophiidae\")\n[Category:Snake genera](/wiki/Category:Snake_genera \"Snake genera\")\n[Category:Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_George_Albert_Boulenger \"Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Jason Heinrichs
|
{
"id": [
2003421
],
"name": [
"Jessicapierce"
]
}
|
tjklgxt3q4de6hfi2z8ouohr7ecgtkz
|
2024-06-18T23:57:52Z
| 1,191,263,726 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Career",
"Death",
"Selected discography",
"As primary artist",
"As producer or engineer",
"As backing musician",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Jason Heinrichs**, also known by his stage name **Anomaly** (December 7, 1970–February 7, 2022\\) was a Canadian\\-born musician and producer from [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis \"Minneapolis\"). He worked primarily in dance music and hip\\-hop, and was notable for producing some of the earliest works by prominent [Twin Cities](/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul \"Minneapolis–Saint Paul\") rappers [Atmosphere](/wiki/Atmosphere_%28music_group%29 \"Atmosphere (music group)\"), [Eyedea](/wiki/Eyedea \"Eyedea\"), [P.O.S.](/wiki/P.O.S_%28rapper%29 \"P.O.S (rapper)\"), and [Oddjobs](/wiki/Oddjobs \"Oddjobs\"), as well as his own work with house\\-music duo Roomsa and solo efforts. He also played in Brother Sun Sister Moon, a side project of [Information Society](/wiki/Information_Society_%28band%29 \"Information Society (band)\")'s [Paul Robb](/wiki/Paul_Robb \"Paul Robb\").\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nHeinrichs was born in [Kingston](/wiki/Kingston%2C_Ontario \"Kingston, Ontario\"), [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\"), in 1970, to Dr. Richard and Jean Heinrichs; he had a brother, Karl. He graduated near the top of his class from [Berklee College of Music](/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music \"Berklee College of Music\") in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") in 1994 with degrees in film scoring and music production, and moved to Minneapolis to further his music career.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nMusic critic Keith Harris called Heinrichs \"an inescapable presence in turn\\-of\\-the\\-millennium (Minnesota) music\" who \"moved easily between the worlds of dance music, hip\\-hop, and indie rock.\" He was proficient on many instruments, including keyboards, bass, saxophone, and guitar, and was a classically trained pianist. He was also a live DJ, performing in Minnesota, Florida, and elsewhere.\n\nHe played bass for Brother Sun Sister Moon, a trip\\-hop group that paired singer\\-songwriter Barbara Cohen and synth\\-pop musician [Paul Robb](/wiki/Paul_Robb \"Paul Robb\") of [Information Society](/wiki/Information_Society_%28band%29 \"Information Society (band)\"). The band released one album, 1997's *The Great Game*, on Robb's Hakatak label.\n\nUnder his Anomaly name, Heinrichs released the electronica/hip\\-hop album *Howle's Book* in 1998 on Minneapolis label Groove Garden Records. Heinrichs wrote and produced the entire album, which featured vocals from prominent Twin Cities rappers [Eyedea](/wiki/Eyedea \"Eyedea\") and [Slug](/wiki/Slug_%28rapper%29 \"Slug (rapper)\"), as well as [DJ Abilities](/wiki/DJ_Abilities \"DJ Abilities\") of the Rhymesayers collective and [Andrew Broder](/wiki/Fog_%28band%29 \"Fog (band)\") of Fog. Peter Scholtes of [City Pages](/wiki/City_Pages \"City Pages\") called *Howle's Book* \"a debut album of moody sample\\-funk and collaborative Twin Town rap\". Kate Sullivan of the [St. Paul Pioneer Press](/wiki/St._Paul_Pioneer_Press \"St. Paul Pioneer Press\") called the album \"a soundtrack for nighttime mischief, a dream cycle\" that was not so much \"a collection of songs, but a cohesive animal guided by flux and momentum.\" Anomaly also appeared solo on two songs and as part of the improvisational collaborative supergroup Fresh Squeez on the Groove Garden compilation *Varietals Vol. 1*. Heinrichs also released a house\\-music EP, *Plato's Revenge*, under his own name in 2007\\.\n\nHeinrichs was the producer/DJ half of the electronica duo Roomsa, along with singer Lady Sarah, and performed most of the music himself. Their music was described as \"deep house with a potent funk\" by Jen Boyles of [City Pages](/wiki/City_Pages \"City Pages\"). Ross Raihala of the [St. Paul Pioneer Press](/wiki/St._Paul_Pioneer_Press \"St. Paul Pioneer Press\") called Roomsa \"dreamy, slick, soulful stuff that's just as likely to unfurl on the dance floor as it is in the chill\\-out room,\" and compared them favorably to English electronica band [Morcheeba](/wiki/Morcheeba \"Morcheeba\"). The duo released one album, 2007's *Oceans*, and a series of EPs in the mid\\-2000s, and collaborated with house\\-music DJs [Miguel Migs](/wiki/Miguel_Migs \"Miguel Migs\"), [Kaskade](/wiki/Kaskade \"Kaskade\"), and Gene Farris.\n\nIn 2001, he formed the hip\\-hop trio Cenospecies, notable as the first major project featuring future [Doomtree](/wiki/Doomtree \"Doomtree\") co\\-founder [P.O.S.](/wiki/P.O.S_%28rapper%29 \"P.O.S (rapper)\") along with rapper Syst. It released one album, 2001's *Indefinition*, recorded and produced by Heinrichs at his Satori Sound studio. Besides P.O.S., it also featured vocals by [Kill the Vultures](/wiki/Kill_the_Vultures \"Kill the Vultures\") rapper Crescent Moon. Cenospecies achieved significant local buzz but broke up within a year. The band received the tongue\\-in\\-cheek award \"Best band to break up in the past 12 months\" in [City Pages](/wiki/City_Pages \"City Pages\")' annual Best of the Twin Cities issue in 2002\\.\n\nHe kept busy as a music producer and engineer, recording many bands in his home studio, known variously as Anomaly's House or Satori Sound. These included the [Atmosphere](/wiki/Atmosphere_%28music_group%29 \"Atmosphere (music group)\") EPs *[Ford One](/wiki/Ford_One \"Ford One\")* and *[Ford Two](/wiki/Ford_Two \"Ford Two\")*, later combined as *[Lucy Ford: The Atmosphere EP's](/wiki/Lucy_Ford:The_Atmosphere_EP%27s \"The Atmosphere EP's\")*. In an obituary for Heinrichs in 2002, Slug described the recordings: \"It was the first time we’d seen anyone use a computer and grid to record and sequence music. He supplied the sound effect of the squealing pig on one of our songs (\"Nothing But Sunshine\") and we laughed for a long time.\" Other recordings at the studio included albums by hip\\-hop bands CMI and [Oddjobs](/wiki/Oddjobs \"Oddjobs\"), and songs by indie\\-rock singer [Dylan Hicks](/wiki/Dylan_Hicks \"Dylan Hicks\"). He also produced the Slug, Eyedea \\& [Sole](/wiki/Sole_%28hip_hop_artist%29 \"Sole (hip hop artist)\") collaboration \"Savior?\" which appeared on the 1999 [Anticon](/wiki/Anticon \"Anticon\") compilation *[Music for the Advancement of Hip Hop](/wiki/Music_for_the_Advancement_of_Hip_Hop \"Music for the Advancement of Hip Hop\")*.\n\nHe also created music for commercials, with his work appearing in ads for [Volvo](/wiki/Volvo \"Volvo\") and [Saab](/wiki/Saab_Automobile \"Saab Automobile\"), among others.\n\n",
"Death\n-----\n\nHeinrichs died in his sleep February 7, 2022 at his home in [Richfield, Minnesota](/wiki/Richfield%2C_Minnesota \"Richfield, Minnesota\"), at age 51\\.\n\n",
"Selected discography\n--------------------\n\n### As primary artist\n\n* Brother Sun Sister Moon, *The Great Game* (1997, Hakatak)\n* Jayson Heinrichs \\& El Segundo Productions, \"Sidewalk’s End\" and \"Done\" (from *Freeloaded Wednesdays*, 1997, Garden Groove Records)\n* Anomaly, *Howle’s Book* (1998, Groove Garden Records)\n* Anomaly, \"Contaminated\" and \"Square D\" (from *Varietals Vol. 1*, 2000, Groove Garden Records)\n* Fresh Squeez, \"Rain Check\" and \"Dear\" (from *Varietals Vol. 1*, 2000, Groove Garden Records)\n* Cenospecies, *In Definition* (2001, Peak Records)\n* Roomsa, *Dance All Night* EP (2001, Farris Wheel Records)\n* Roomsa, *Reason Why* EP (2002, Farris Wheel Records)\n* Roomsa, *Tonight* EP (2003, Farris Wheel Records)\n* Roomsa, *Stuff Like That* EP (2004, Aphrodisio Recordings)\n* Roomsa with [Miguel Migs](/wiki/Miguel_Migs \"Miguel Migs\"), *Tatiana* EP (2004, Aphrodisio Recordings)\n* Roomsa with [Kaskade](/wiki/Kaskade \"Kaskade\"), *This Girl* (2004, Aphrodisio Recordings)\n* Roomsa, *The Sunrise EP* (2004, [Salted Music](/wiki/Salted_Music \"Salted Music\"))\n* Roomsa, *Lovin' Me Right* (2006, Aphrodisio Recordings)\n* Roomsa, *Oceans* (2007, Aphrodisio Recordings)\n* Jason Heinrichs, *Plato's Revenge* (2007, Revival Recordings)\n\n### As producer or engineer\n\n* CMI, *Case Studies* (1998\\)\n* [Oddjobs](/wiki/Oddjobs \"Oddjobs\"), *Conflict \\& Compromise* (1999, Interlock Records)\n* [Slug](/wiki/Slug_%28rapper%29 \"Slug (rapper)\"), [Eyedea](/wiki/Eyedea \"Eyedea\") \\& [Sole](/wiki/Sole_%28rapper%29 \"Sole (rapper)\"), \"Savior?\" on *[Music for the Advancement of Hip Hop](/wiki/Music_for_the_Advancement_of_Hip_Hop \"Music for the Advancement of Hip Hop\")* (1999, [Anticon](/wiki/Anticon \"Anticon\"))\n* [Atmosphere](/wiki/Atmosphere_%28music_group%29 \"Atmosphere (music group)\"), *[Ford One](/wiki/Ford_One \"Ford One\")* and *[Ford Two](/wiki/Ford_Two \"Ford Two\")* EPs (2000, [Rhymesayers Entertainment](/wiki/Rhymesayers_Entertainment \"Rhymesayers Entertainment\")); later combined as *[Lucy Ford: The Atmosphere EP's](/wiki/Lucy_Ford:The_Atmosphere_EP%27s \"The Atmosphere EP's\")*\n* Syst, *Linear Language* (2002, Poor Bastard Records)\n* Kanser, *Happens Everywhere* EP (2001, Interlock Records)\n* Raw Villa, *Rebellion* EP (2000, Black Corners)\n\n### As backing musician\n\n* [Dylan Hicks](/wiki/Dylan_Hicks \"Dylan Hicks\"), *Alive With Pleasure* (No Alternative Records, 2001\\)\n* Miraculous, *Love \\& Lies* (2006\\)\n",
"### As primary artist\n\n* Brother Sun Sister Moon, *The Great Game* (1997, Hakatak)\n* Jayson Heinrichs \\& El Segundo Productions, \"Sidewalk’s End\" and \"Done\" (from *Freeloaded Wednesdays*, 1997, Garden Groove Records)\n* Anomaly, *Howle’s Book* (1998, Groove Garden Records)\n* Anomaly, \"Contaminated\" and \"Square D\" (from *Varietals Vol. 1*, 2000, Groove Garden Records)\n* Fresh Squeez, \"Rain Check\" and \"Dear\" (from *Varietals Vol. 1*, 2000, Groove Garden Records)\n* Cenospecies, *In Definition* (2001, Peak Records)\n* Roomsa, *Dance All Night* EP (2001, Farris Wheel Records)\n* Roomsa, *Reason Why* EP (2002, Farris Wheel Records)\n* Roomsa, *Tonight* EP (2003, Farris Wheel Records)\n* Roomsa, *Stuff Like That* EP (2004, Aphrodisio Recordings)\n* Roomsa with [Miguel Migs](/wiki/Miguel_Migs \"Miguel Migs\"), *Tatiana* EP (2004, Aphrodisio Recordings)\n* Roomsa with [Kaskade](/wiki/Kaskade \"Kaskade\"), *This Girl* (2004, Aphrodisio Recordings)\n* Roomsa, *The Sunrise EP* (2004, [Salted Music](/wiki/Salted_Music \"Salted Music\"))\n* Roomsa, *Lovin' Me Right* (2006, Aphrodisio Recordings)\n* Roomsa, *Oceans* (2007, Aphrodisio Recordings)\n* Jason Heinrichs, *Plato's Revenge* (2007, Revival Recordings)\n",
"### As producer or engineer\n\n* CMI, *Case Studies* (1998\\)\n* [Oddjobs](/wiki/Oddjobs \"Oddjobs\"), *Conflict \\& Compromise* (1999, Interlock Records)\n* [Slug](/wiki/Slug_%28rapper%29 \"Slug (rapper)\"), [Eyedea](/wiki/Eyedea \"Eyedea\") \\& [Sole](/wiki/Sole_%28rapper%29 \"Sole (rapper)\"), \"Savior?\" on *[Music for the Advancement of Hip Hop](/wiki/Music_for_the_Advancement_of_Hip_Hop \"Music for the Advancement of Hip Hop\")* (1999, [Anticon](/wiki/Anticon \"Anticon\"))\n* [Atmosphere](/wiki/Atmosphere_%28music_group%29 \"Atmosphere (music group)\"), *[Ford One](/wiki/Ford_One \"Ford One\")* and *[Ford Two](/wiki/Ford_Two \"Ford Two\")* EPs (2000, [Rhymesayers Entertainment](/wiki/Rhymesayers_Entertainment \"Rhymesayers Entertainment\")); later combined as *[Lucy Ford: The Atmosphere EP's](/wiki/Lucy_Ford:The_Atmosphere_EP%27s \"The Atmosphere EP's\")*\n* Syst, *Linear Language* (2002, Poor Bastard Records)\n* Kanser, *Happens Everywhere* EP (2001, Interlock Records)\n* Raw Villa, *Rebellion* EP (2000, Black Corners)\n",
"### As backing musician\n\n* [Dylan Hicks](/wiki/Dylan_Hicks \"Dylan Hicks\"), *Alive With Pleasure* (No Alternative Records, 2001\\)\n* Miraculous, *Love \\& Lies* (2006\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Canadian record producers](/wiki/Category:Canadian_record_producers \"Canadian record producers\")\n[Category:American record producers](/wiki/Category:American_record_producers \"American record producers\")\n[Category:Canadian expatriate musicians in the United States](/wiki/Category:Canadian_expatriate_musicians_in_the_United_States \"Canadian expatriate musicians in the United States\")\n[Category:Musicians from Kingston, Ontario](/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Kingston%2C_Ontario \"Musicians from Kingston, Ontario\")\n[Category:Canadian people of German descent](/wiki/Category:Canadian_people_of_German_descent \"Canadian people of German descent\")\n[Category:1970 births](/wiki/Category:1970_births \"1970 births\")\n[Category:Musicians from Minneapolis](/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Minneapolis \"Musicians from Minneapolis\")\n[Category:House musicians](/wiki/Category:House_musicians \"House musicians\")\n[Category:2022 deaths](/wiki/Category:2022_deaths \"2022 deaths\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Jean Stevens
|
{
"id": [
45984946
],
"name": [
"Alexeyevitch"
]
}
|
bf8varr5b7cd2tswbeq1vtv51c70pmr
|
2024-10-04T11:00:04Z
| 1,236,917,469 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Childhood",
"Early hybrids",
"Amoena hybrids",
"Leadership and publications",
"Legacy",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
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"content": [
"\n\n**Emily Jean Stevens** (1900–1967\\) was a New Zealand [iris](/wiki/Iris_%28plant%29 \"Iris (plant)\") hybridiser in the 1940s and 1950s who created the 'Pinnacle' iris as well as a number of other outstanding amoenas (iris with white standards and colored falls).\n\n",
"Childhood\n---------\n\nEmily Jean Burgess was born on 3 September 1900 at [Stratford, New Zealand](/wiki/Stratford%2C_New_Zealand \"Stratford, New Zealand\"), to Alfred Henry Burgess and Fanny Eleanor Hollard. Her parents were farmers, and the family moved to Kaiti, [Gisborne](/wiki/Gisborne%2C_New_Zealand \"Gisborne, New Zealand\"), where Jean attended Kaiti School and won a scholarship in 1913\\. The following year, when their youngest daughter fell ill, the family moved to [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland \"Auckland\"), where Jean briefly attended Auckland Girls' Grammar School. A subsequent move took the family to [Waikanae](/wiki/Waikanae \"Waikanae\") in 1915, where Jean's parents established a new bulb\\-growing and cut\\-flower business. Jean stayed home to care for her youngest sister and also worked in the family business.\n\n",
"Early hybrids\n-------------\n\nIn 1921, Alfred Burgess imported some hybrid [cultivars](/wiki/Cultivar \"Cultivar\") of [tall bearded iris](/wiki/Tall_bearded_iris \"Tall bearded iris\"), and two years later Jean was given responsibility for their propagation and sale. Her interest in iris awakened, she began experimenting with new crosses and quickly showed aptitude for iris breeding. Her early efforts were guided in part by a paper on the subject by the English iris breeder [A. J. Bliss](/wiki/A._J._Bliss \"A. J. Bliss\"). She joined the Iris Society (later the [British Iris Society](/wiki/British_Iris_Society \"British Iris Society\")) and in 1928 sent selections of her own crosses to overseas experts for assessment. Her first success was the Destiny hybrid, which Geoffrey Pilkington, the secretary of the Iris Society, promoted for release on the British market. In 1934, it became the first southern hemisphere–bred iris to receive the society's bronze medal.\n\nIn 1936, Jean married Wallace Rex Stevens, a partner in Stevens Brothers nursery, [Bulls](/wiki/Bulls%2C_New_Zealand \"Bulls, New Zealand\"), whom she had met at a flower show. They had one child, Jocelyn, in 1937\\.\n\n",
"Amoena hybrids\n--------------\n\nIn 1937, Stevens Brothers began including bearded iris in its catalogues. Between 1936 and 1939, three of Jean's irises won awards of merit from the [Royal Horticultural Society](/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society \"Royal Horticultural Society\"), and a fourth prompted the American iris breeder Robert Schreiner to introduce some of her cultivars into the North American market. Their association would continue for another 30 years.\n\nIn 1945, Jean and Wallace moved the Stevens Brothers nursery to Bastia Hill, [Wanganui](/wiki/Wanganui \"Wanganui\"). Although the business name remained unchanged, Jean had taken over from Wallace's brother as a full partner. Jean started working on a new challenge: to widen the colour range of tall bearded irises known as amoenas—that is, those with white standards and violet, violet\\-blue, or purple falls. This involved the difficult task of working with recessive genes in plants with poor germination. In 1949, Stevens introduced Pinnacle, a very fine white and yellow amoena that gained international recognition and became one of the world's most popular iris cultivars. Both the [American Iris Society](/wiki/American_Iris_Society \"American Iris Society\") (1951\\) and the [Royal Horticultural Society](/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society \"Royal Horticultural Society\") (1959\\) granted Stevens an award of merit for its creation. It has been suggested that the originality of 'Pinnacle' would have won Jean the AIS's highest award, the Dykes Medal, if she had been eligible for it. Jean went on to create amoenas in a range of other colours, including deeper yellow, pale blue, plum, and pink shades.\n\nIn 1967, her amoena 'Sunset Snows' with its cocoa\\-tinged pink falls took third place at an international iris competition in [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\") and won cups for the best early variety and for the most original colour, marking the first time a prize in the competition had gone to the [southern hemisphere](/wiki/Southern_hemisphere \"Southern hemisphere\") and the first time that a single cultivar had collected three different prizes. Of all of Stevens' introductions, 'Sunset Snows' has been the most used by other hybridisers especially those searching for pink amoenas.\n\nShe worked with other iris groups as well and is thought to have made some of the earliest crosses between *[Iris juncea](/wiki/Iris_juncea \"Iris juncea\")* and *[Iris boissieri](/wiki/Iris_boissieri \"Iris boissieri\")*, as well as between *[Iris wattii](/wiki/Iris_wattii \"Iris wattii\")* and *[Iris tectorum](/wiki/Iris_tectorum \"Iris tectorum\")*.\n\n",
"Leadership and publications\n---------------------------\n\nStevens was active in various horticultural associations. She was a founding member of the Australian Iris Society in 1948, and the following year she became federal president of the renamed Australian and New Zealand Iris Society. Administrative difficulties led to her recommending a separation of the two bodies, and one result of the split was that she cofounded the New Zealand Iris Society with C. A. Teschner and D'Arcy Blackburn in 1949\\. She served as its president twice (1949–1951; 1956\\-1957\\) and was elected a life member in 1959\\. Stevens was also the editor of the New Zealand Iris Society for 10 years and registrar of New Zealand cultivars from 1957 until her death. Her writings appeared in [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") gardening magazines and in iris publications overseas, and in 1952 her handbook for Southern Hemisphere growers, \"The Iris and Its Culture,\" was published in [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\").\n\nJean and Wallace Stevens also led the way in developing native [Australasian](/wiki/Australasia \"Australasia\") and [South African](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\") flora for cut\\-flower production, especially [proteas](/wiki/Protea \"Protea\") and *[Leucadendron](/wiki/Leucadendron \"Leucadendron\")*. Jean made the first known crosses between *[Leucadendron laureolum](/wiki/Leucadendron_laureolum \"Leucadendron laureolum\")* and *[Leucadendron salignum](/wiki/Leucadendron_salignum \"Leucadendron salignum\")*, and at her prompting her son\\-in\\-law Ian Bell (who joined the partnership around 1961\\) began a more extensive hybridisation programme from which came 'Safari Sunset', a leucadendron with deep red bracts that became an important export flower.\n\nIn the early 1960s, the Stevenses faced losing part of their land to a proposed primary school, but their appeal was supported by New Zealand and British horticultural authorities and was upheld. [The Queen Mother](/wiki/The_Queen_Mother \"The Queen Mother\") visited the Stevens' gardens during her 1966 tour and reportedly left 'with an armful of slips and cuttings'.\n\nStevens continued to win prestigious awards for her cultivars, including the British Iris Society's Foster Memorial Plaque (1953\\) and the American Iris Society's hybridisers' medal (1955\\). Between 1949 and 1961 her cultivars won two awards of merit and six honourable mentions in American iris competitions. She was guest speaker at the American society's annual convention in 1956—the first woman to be so honored—and was appointed an honorary judge in 1962\\. Early in 1967 Stevens was elected an associate of honour of the [Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture](/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Institute_of_Horticulture \"Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture\").\n\n",
"Legacy\n------\n\nJean Stevens died in Wanganui on 8 August 1967, having registered nearly 400 iris hybrids in her lifetime. The wholesale floristry business was continued by her husband until he died in 1974, and afterwards remained in the family with Ian and Jocelyn Bell.\n\nIn 1970, the New Zealand Iris Society inaugurated an annual lecture series, the Jean Stevens Memorial Lecture.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Plant breeding](/wiki/Category:Plant_breeding \"Plant breeding\")\n[Category:New Zealand horticulturists](/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_horticulturists \"New Zealand horticulturists\")\n[Category:1900 births](/wiki/Category:1900_births \"1900 births\")\n[Category:1967 deaths](/wiki/Category:1967_deaths \"1967 deaths\")\n[Category:People from Stratford, New Zealand](/wiki/Category:People_from_Stratford%2C_New_Zealand \"People from Stratford, New Zealand\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Yo Gabba Gabba!
|
{
"id": [
44203609
],
"name": [
"Magical Golden Whip"
]
}
|
eagziavr4e4s9wgrkhr9a7kl37j8sr3
|
2024-10-03T19:11:13Z
| 1,249,203,552 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Overview",
"History",
"Episode format",
"Cast and characters",
"Guest stars",
"Regular segments",
"Episodes",
"Home media",
"Main releases",
"Episodes on Nick Jr. compilation DVDs",
"Episodes on Nick Jr. iTunes compilations",
"Soundtrack releases",
"Stage shows",
"Critical reception",
"In other media",
"''Yo Gabba Gabbaland!'' 2024 revival series",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
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2,
2,
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"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + - * \n\n***Yo Gabba Gabba!*** is a [children's](/wiki/Children%27s_television_series \"Children's television series\") [musical](/wiki/Musical_film \"Musical film\") television series created by [Christian Jacobs](/wiki/Christian_Jacobs \"Christian Jacobs\") and [Scott Schultz](/wiki/Scott_Schultz_%28producer%29 \"Scott Schultz (producer)\") and developed by [Kay Wilson Stallings](/wiki/Kay_Wilson_Stallings \"Kay Wilson Stallings\"). The series is about five costumed toys come\\-to\\-life and their friend DJ Lance Rock ([Lance Robertson](/wiki/Lance_Robertson \"Lance Robertson\")). It is co\\-produced by the Magic Store and [Wildbrain Entertainment](/wiki/Wildbrain_Entertainment \"Wildbrain Entertainment\"). Its first episode premiered on [Nickelodeon](/wiki/Nickelodeon \"Nickelodeon\") on August 20, 2007, as a part of its [Nick Jr.](/wiki/Nick_Jr._%28TV_programming_block%29 \"Nick Jr. (TV programming block)\") block. Its original run ended on November 12, 2015\\.\n\nA single topic is addressed in each episode (such as \"Adventure\", \"Friends\", or \"Dance\") through songs and short storylines. Additionally, the show teaches children life and social skills, such as sharing and trying different foods. It also encourages viewers to move along with and dance with the characters in the program. The show is noted for its indie\\-culture guest stars and bands, and for drawing visual inspiration from 8\\-bit video games and *[H.R. Pufnstuf](/wiki/H.R._Pufnstuf \"H.R. Pufnstuf\")*, among other television shows. Created by Jacobs (lead singer of [the Aquabats](/wiki/The_Aquabats \"The Aquabats\")) and Schultz, the show's learning process has parents, older siblings, and younger children watch the show together rather than letting it act as a babysitter. The television program spawned a touring live stage show, several toys, and branded clothing.\n\nFor the first season, Jacobs and Schultz both served as writers and alternated as directors for each episode, with Bradley Zweig serving as the story editor for the entirety of the season. Before the second season, Zweig stepped down from his position as story editor to work as a writer for the first season of another Nickelodeon television series, *[The Fresh Beat Band](/wiki/The_Fresh_Beat_Band \"The Fresh Beat Band\")* (2009\\-13\\). Dan Clark was brought in to fill Zweig's position, and also served as a writer for that season, alongside Jacobs, Schultz, Matthew Fackrell, Jason deVilliers, Tiffany Campbell, Sarah Dyer, Evan Dorkin, and Jordan Kim. Fackrell and deVilliers also joined the directing staff for the second season.\n\nThe third season saw Jacobs, Schultz, Fackrell, deVilliers, Dyer, Dorkin, and Kim all return, joined by new writers Craig Windes, Joel Fox, Kevin Sukho Lee, and Jacobs' older brother [Parker](/wiki/Parker_Jacobs \"Parker Jacobs\"). Fox was also added to the directing staff. For the fourth and final season, the Jacobs brothers, Schultz, Fackrell, deVilliers, Kim, Windes, and Lee all stayed on, with Kim and Windes also added as directors, joined by several new writers, including brothers [Matt and Mike Chapman](/wiki/The_Brothers_Chaps \"The Brothers Chaps\"), Sean Mortimer, Julia Vickerman, Christian and Parker's younger brother Tyler, Bryce Clark, Brent Johnson, Fackrell's brother Nathan, and series star Lance Robertson. The Chapmans, Vickerman, Tyler, Johnson, and Nathan also served as directors.\n\nFor the entirety of the show's run, Justin Lyon and Ritamarie Peruggi served as producers, with Peruggi also serving as supervising producer for several episodes. Michael Polis and Jon Berrett were executive producers of the series.\n\nIn 2021 it was announced that the series would be revived for [Apple TV\\+](/wiki/Apple_TV%2B \"Apple TV+\"). The revival series, titled *Yo Gabba Gabbaland!*, consists of 10 new episodes and premiered on August 9, 2024\\. Apple TV\\+ has also acquired the previous episodes and specials for its service.\n\n",
"Overview\n--------\n\nHosted by a musician named DJ Lance Rock, the series features live\\-action segments featuring 5 costumed toys: Muno (a red cyclops), Foofa (a pink flower bubble), Brobee (a green broccoli bee/monster), Toodee (a blue cat\\-dragon), and Plex (a yellow robot). In between the main segments are many short animated sketches and songs.Garofoli, Joe: \"[Preschooler TV goes hip with 'Yo Gabba Gabba'](http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/08/17/DDL2RJTGF.DTL) \", *San Francisco Chronicle*, 17 August 2007\n\nAmong the varied animation sequences during the show was \"Super Martian Robot Girl\", designed by indie cartoonists [Evan Dorkin](/wiki/Evan_Dorkin \"Evan Dorkin\") and [Sarah Dyer](/wiki/Sarah_Dyer \"Sarah Dyer\").[evandorkin: The Last Round\\-Up (Pre\\-TCAF)](http://evandorkin.livejournal.com/130835.html) The title character of the segment was voiced by [Ariela Barer](/wiki/Ariela_Barer \"Ariela Barer\") in season one and Caroline Jacobs in season three.\n\nKidrobot made the toy models of the characters that appear at the beginning and end of each episode. The title of the show pays homage to \"[Gabba Gabba Hey](/wiki/Gabba_Gabba_Hey \"Gabba Gabba Hey\")\" by the punk rock band [Ramones](/wiki/Ramones \"Ramones\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n*Yo Gabba Gabba!* was developed by two Southern California fathers and punk rockers, [Christian Jacobs](/wiki/Christian_Jacobs \"Christian Jacobs\") (best known under the stage persona The MC Bat Commander in [The Aquabats](/wiki/The_Aquabats \"The Aquabats\")) and [Scott Schultz](/wiki/Scott_Schultz_%28producer%29 \"Scott Schultz (producer)\"), who first started working together as teenagers, producing and directing skateboarding videos. Their goal was to design a kids' show that was entertaining while featuring real artists and real performers. Both had no past experience writing scripts for television, let alone children's broadcasting or education. In developing the show they took inspiration from a number of classic children's series including *[Sesame Street](/wiki/Sesame_Street \"Sesame Street\")*, *[The Electric Company](/wiki/The_Electric_Company \"The Electric Company\")*, *[Pee\\-wee's Playhouse](/wiki/Pee-wee%27s_Playhouse \"Pee-wee's Playhouse\")*, *[Zoom](/wiki/Zoom_%281999_TV_series%29 \"Zoom (1999 TV series)\")*, as well as [Sid and Marty Krofft](/wiki/Sid_and_Marty_Krofft \"Sid and Marty Krofft\") puppet shows *[The Banana Splits](/wiki/The_Banana_Splits \"The Banana Splits\")* and *[H. R. Pufnstuf](/wiki/H.R._Pufnstuf \"H.R. Pufnstuf\")*.\n\nIn 1999, after becoming parents, Jacobs and Schultz started playing around with ideas for children's television and produced a pilot independently financed by small loans from friends and family. *Yo Gabba Gabba!* did not get much attention until it started circulating on the Internet. [Jared Hess](/wiki/Jared_Hess \"Jared Hess\"), the director of *[Napoleon Dynamite](/wiki/Napoleon_Dynamite \"Napoleon Dynamite\")* and *[Nacho Libre](/wiki/Nacho_Libre \"Nacho Libre\")*, saw the pilot online and recommended it to Brown Johnson, the executive vice president and executive creative director of [Nickelodeon](/wiki/Nickelodeon \"Nickelodeon\") Preschool.\n\n",
"Episode format\n--------------\n\nAll episodes follow a similar format. In the opening scene of the episode, DJ Lance is shown walking on a plain white background while holding a silver radio with colorful buttons. He then arrives at a table with four different colored lands and a silver design underneath it. He then places down the boombox, and then he shouts \"YOOOO Gabba Gabba!\" and opens the boombox, and inside it are five toys: Muno, Foofa, Brobee, Toodee, and Plex. He places down the toys one\\-by\\-one, and then they become alive.\n\nThe episode features four main segments (shortened to three after the first season) that are connected to each other as a plot. They involve DJ Lance and the Gabba gang doing an activity. After each main segment, a short clip is shown that shows a child dancing around. The child says his or her name, followed by \"I like to dance!\".\n\nBetween the main segments, there is another segment called \"The Super Music Friends Show\", which features a performance by an artist or a band about the episode's theme. Other small segments include \"Mark's Magic Pictures\" and \"Biz's Beat of the Day\".\n\nNear the end of each episode, DJ Lance and the Gabba gang do a mix\\-like song about what had occurred during the main segments. After it is finished, DJ Lance thanks to the children at home for playing along and shouts \"YOOOO Gabba Gabba!\" once again. Then Muno, Foofa, Brobee, Toodee, and Plex turn back into toys. One\\-by\\-one, DJ Lance puts them back in the boombox, closes it, and then walks off carrying it, thus ending each episode.\n\n",
"Cast and characters\n-------------------\n\n* DJ Lance Rock – [Lance Robertson](/wiki/Lance_Robertson \"Lance Robertson\") (voice dubbed by [Ortis Deley](/wiki/Ortis_Deley \"Ortis Deley\") in the UK version): a human DJ who is the friend of the Gabba gang and the show's host. He likes to fly.\n* Muno – voiced by [Adam Deibert](/wiki/Adam_Deibert \"Adam Deibert\") ([Bob Golding](/wiki/Bob_Golding \"Bob Golding\") in the UK version): a friendly red cyclops who is the main character. He is the tallest, is somewhat clumsy and has a close friend with Foofa. Muno is also the band's guitarist. He lives in a rock\\-filled summer\\-themed place called \"Muno Land\". His hobbies are playing his guitar, seeing bugs, skateboarding, and building blocks. His realm resembles the desert and he has a pet horse. During [Super Bowl XLIV](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIV \"Super Bowl XLIV\"), he appeared in a 2010 commercial for the [Kia Sorento](/wiki/Kia_Sorento \"Kia Sorento\").\n* Foofa – voiced by Emma Jacobs ([Teresa Gallagher](/wiki/Teresa_Gallagher \"Teresa Gallagher\") in the UK version): a pink flower bubble character who is cute and happy. She likes flowers, rainbows, dolphins, and unicorns. She lives in a spring\\-themed place called \"Foofa Land\". She is the band's tambourinist. Her realm is a spring meadow. Her hobbies are watering flowers, whistling, playing her tambourine, and riding her bike.\n* Plex – voiced by [Christian Jacobs](/wiki/Christian_Jacobs \"Christian Jacobs\") (Simon Feilder in the UK version): a yellow robot who is intelligent and the oldest of the Gabba gang. He is described as being smart and as the leader of Gabba Land. Plex often teaches lessons to his friends and is a father figure to the gang. He can also use his special ray to bring things into existence and transport living things. He is the band's keyboardist who plays the keytar. He has no realm in particular, though he seems to have a \"docking station\" between Foofa and Brobee's realms. His hobbies are driving his car, playing his keytar, and opening his compartment.\n* Brobee – voiced by Amos Watene (Simon Feilder in the UK version): a short, green broccoli bee monster and the youngest of the Gabba gang. He lives in an autumn\\-themed place called \"Brobee Land\". He is the band's drummer. He is the one of the characters whose facial expression changes depending on the situation; his normal face turning into a frown, and vice versa. He is often subjected to trying different foods. His realm is a large autumn forest.\n* Toodee – voiced by Erin Pearce (Jonell Elliot in the UK version): a blue arctic cat\\-dragon who loves to have fun. She has a close friend with Plex and is also the band's bassist. She lives in an arctic winter\\-themed realm called \"Toodee Land\". Her hobbies are ice skating, playing her bass, surfboarding, and tap\\-dancing.\n* Gooble (supporting character) – voiced by Joel Fox: a white ghost who is always very sad and lives in a place known as \"Gooble Land\".\n* Super Martian Robot Girl – voiced by [Ariela Barer](/wiki/Ariela_Barer \"Ariela Barer\") in season one: a green and pink superhero who appears in her title segment from season one. She returned as a guest in season three and was voiced by Caroline Jacobs.\n* [Mark Mothersbaugh](/wiki/Mark_Mothersbaugh \"Mark Mothersbaugh\") (supporting character): a member of [Devo](/wiki/Devo \"Devo\") who draws pictures in his segment \"Mark's Magic Pictures\" that become alive.\n* [Biz Markie](/wiki/Biz_Markie \"Biz Markie\"), a rapper and DJ who makes beatboxing in his segment \"Biz's Beat of the Day\".\n\n### Guest stars\n\nYo Gabba Gabba! featured hundreds of guest stars:\n\n* [Mos Def](/wiki/Mos_Def \"Mos Def\")\n* [Bootsy Collins](/wiki/Bootsy_Collins \"Bootsy Collins\")\n* [Ladytron](/wiki/Ladytron \"Ladytron\")\n* [The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers \"The Killers\")\n* [Enon](/wiki/Enon_%28band%29 \"Enon (band)\")\n* [The Clientele](/wiki/The_Clientele \"The Clientele\")\n* [Jimmy Eat World](/wiki/Jimmy_Eat_World \"Jimmy Eat World\")\n* [Solange Knowles](/wiki/Solange_Knowles \"Solange Knowles\")\n* [Taking Back Sunday](/wiki/Taking_Back_Sunday \"Taking Back Sunday\")\n* [Datarock](/wiki/Datarock \"Datarock\")\n* [The Aquabats](/wiki/The_Aquabats \"The Aquabats\")\n* [Devo](/wiki/Devo \"Devo\")\n* [Anne Heche](/wiki/Anne_Heche \"Anne Heche\")\n* [Joy Zipper](/wiki/Joy_Zipper \"Joy Zipper\")\n* [Of Montreal](/wiki/Of_Montreal \"Of Montreal\")\n* [Chromeo](/wiki/Chromeo \"Chromeo\")\n* [My Chemical Romance](/wiki/My_Chemical_Romance \"My Chemical Romance\")\n* [Weezer](/wiki/Weezer \"Weezer\")\n* [Hot Hot Heat](/wiki/Hot_Hot_Heat \"Hot Hot Heat\")\n* [The Faint](/wiki/The_Faint \"The Faint\")\n* [The Roots](/wiki/The_Roots \"The Roots\")\n* [Paul Williams](/wiki/Paul_Williams_%28songwriter%29 \"Paul Williams (songwriter)\")\n* [Mates of State](/wiki/Mates_of_State \"Mates of State\")\n* [MGMT](/wiki/MGMT \"MGMT\")\n* [Peter Bjorn and John](/wiki/Peter_Bjorn_and_John \"Peter Bjorn and John\")\n* [Trunk Boiz](/wiki/Trunk_Boiz \"Trunk Boiz\")\n* [The Shins](/wiki/The_Shins \"The Shins\")\n* [The Aggrolites](/wiki/The_Aggrolites \"The Aggrolites\")\n* [The Flaming Lips](/wiki/The_Flaming_Lips \"The Flaming Lips\")\n* [Mýa](/wiki/Mya_%28singer%29 \"Mya (singer)\")\n* [Blitzen Trapper](/wiki/Blitzen_Trapper \"Blitzen Trapper\")\n* [The Ting Tings](/wiki/The_Ting_Tings \"The Ting Tings\")\n* [Money Mark](/wiki/Money_Mark \"Money Mark\")\n* [Mariachi El Bronx](/wiki/The_Bronx_%28band%29 \"The Bronx (band)\")\n* [\"Weird Al\" Yankovic](/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic)\n* [Erykah Badu](/wiki/Erykah_Badu \"Erykah Badu\")\n* [Sean Kingston](/wiki/Sean_Kingston \"Sean Kingston\")\n* [Rob Dyrdek](/wiki/Rob_Dyrdek \"Rob Dyrdek\")\nOther celebrities to have appeared include [Jason Bateman](/wiki/Jason_Bateman \"Jason Bateman\"), [Jack Black](/wiki/Jack_Black \"Jack Black\"), [Andy Samberg](/wiki/Andy_Samberg \"Andy Samberg\"), [Melora Hardin](/wiki/Melora_Hardin \"Melora Hardin\"), [Tony Hawk](/wiki/Tony_Hawk \"Tony Hawk\"), [Elijah Wood](/wiki/Elijah_Wood \"Elijah Wood\"), [Sarah Silverman](/wiki/Sarah_Silverman \"Sarah Silverman\"), [Laila Ali](/wiki/Laila_Ali \"Laila Ali\"), [Bill Hader](/wiki/Bill_Hader \"Bill Hader\"), and [Anthony Bourdain](/wiki/Anthony_Bourdain \"Anthony Bourdain\").\n\n",
"### Guest stars\n\nYo Gabba Gabba! featured hundreds of guest stars:\n\n* [Mos Def](/wiki/Mos_Def \"Mos Def\")\n* [Bootsy Collins](/wiki/Bootsy_Collins \"Bootsy Collins\")\n* [Ladytron](/wiki/Ladytron \"Ladytron\")\n* [The Killers](/wiki/The_Killers \"The Killers\")\n* [Enon](/wiki/Enon_%28band%29 \"Enon (band)\")\n* [The Clientele](/wiki/The_Clientele \"The Clientele\")\n* [Jimmy Eat World](/wiki/Jimmy_Eat_World \"Jimmy Eat World\")\n* [Solange Knowles](/wiki/Solange_Knowles \"Solange Knowles\")\n* [Taking Back Sunday](/wiki/Taking_Back_Sunday \"Taking Back Sunday\")\n* [Datarock](/wiki/Datarock \"Datarock\")\n* [The Aquabats](/wiki/The_Aquabats \"The Aquabats\")\n* [Devo](/wiki/Devo \"Devo\")\n* [Anne Heche](/wiki/Anne_Heche \"Anne Heche\")\n* [Joy Zipper](/wiki/Joy_Zipper \"Joy Zipper\")\n* [Of Montreal](/wiki/Of_Montreal \"Of Montreal\")\n* [Chromeo](/wiki/Chromeo \"Chromeo\")\n* [My Chemical Romance](/wiki/My_Chemical_Romance \"My Chemical Romance\")\n* [Weezer](/wiki/Weezer \"Weezer\")\n* [Hot Hot Heat](/wiki/Hot_Hot_Heat \"Hot Hot Heat\")\n* [The Faint](/wiki/The_Faint \"The Faint\")\n* [The Roots](/wiki/The_Roots \"The Roots\")\n* [Paul Williams](/wiki/Paul_Williams_%28songwriter%29 \"Paul Williams (songwriter)\")\n* [Mates of State](/wiki/Mates_of_State \"Mates of State\")\n* [MGMT](/wiki/MGMT \"MGMT\")\n* [Peter Bjorn and John](/wiki/Peter_Bjorn_and_John \"Peter Bjorn and John\")\n* [Trunk Boiz](/wiki/Trunk_Boiz \"Trunk Boiz\")\n* [The Shins](/wiki/The_Shins \"The Shins\")\n* [The Aggrolites](/wiki/The_Aggrolites \"The Aggrolites\")\n* [The Flaming Lips](/wiki/The_Flaming_Lips \"The Flaming Lips\")\n* [Mýa](/wiki/Mya_%28singer%29 \"Mya (singer)\")\n* [Blitzen Trapper](/wiki/Blitzen_Trapper \"Blitzen Trapper\")\n* [The Ting Tings](/wiki/The_Ting_Tings \"The Ting Tings\")\n* [Money Mark](/wiki/Money_Mark \"Money Mark\")\n* [Mariachi El Bronx](/wiki/The_Bronx_%28band%29 \"The Bronx (band)\")\n* [\"Weird Al\" Yankovic](/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic)\n* [Erykah Badu](/wiki/Erykah_Badu \"Erykah Badu\")\n* [Sean Kingston](/wiki/Sean_Kingston \"Sean Kingston\")\n* [Rob Dyrdek](/wiki/Rob_Dyrdek \"Rob Dyrdek\")\nOther celebrities to have appeared include [Jason Bateman](/wiki/Jason_Bateman \"Jason Bateman\"), [Jack Black](/wiki/Jack_Black \"Jack Black\"), [Andy Samberg](/wiki/Andy_Samberg \"Andy Samberg\"), [Melora Hardin](/wiki/Melora_Hardin \"Melora Hardin\"), [Tony Hawk](/wiki/Tony_Hawk \"Tony Hawk\"), [Elijah Wood](/wiki/Elijah_Wood \"Elijah Wood\"), [Sarah Silverman](/wiki/Sarah_Silverman \"Sarah Silverman\"), [Laila Ali](/wiki/Laila_Ali \"Laila Ali\"), [Bill Hader](/wiki/Bill_Hader \"Bill Hader\"), and [Anthony Bourdain](/wiki/Anthony_Bourdain \"Anthony Bourdain\").\n\n",
"Regular segments\n----------------\n\n* Jingles, each episode has animated music videos featuring music by a guest performer and animation by guest artists, designers, and animators. They often happen after the first segment in every episode.\n* Mark's Magic Pictures, starring Mark Mothersbaugh, drawing simple pictures that often come alive at the end of the segment.\n* Biz's Beat of the Day, starring [Biz Markie](/wiki/Biz_Markie \"Biz Markie\"), demonstrating new beatboxing beats.\n* The Super Music Friends Show, featuring musical guests and introduced by Matt Chapman as the announcer and [John Reis](/wiki/John_Reis \"John Reis\") as \"The Music Swami\".\n* Dancey Dance Time, featuring celebrity guests doing dance moves with the characters. It was rarely used after season 1\\.\n* Numbers, live action music video similar to the jingles, usually with counting up numbers or back.\n* Cool Tricks, in which child or an adult demonstrates a special talent.\n* Storytime, where a child narrates a story.\n* Super Martian Robot Girl, a comic book segment featuring a helpful green\\-haired superheroine who saves the day, but only solves extremely contrived misunderstandings of uninformed citizens, instead of fighting crime. This segment was used in season 1 and returned for one episode (\"Superhero\") in season 3\\.\n* Learn with Plex, a solo segment in which Plex teaches kids basic daily skills like brushing their teeth, making lemonade, putting pajamas, etc. in children's shouts, using four repeated steps. Only used in season 1\\.\n* Play Pretend with Muno, in which Muno encourages viewers to pretend along with him, as he imagines himself as different animals, even an astronaut and a Christmas tree. Only used in season 1\\.\n* Listen with Toodee, in which Toodee listens to sounds and encourages the viewer to help her identify them. Only used in season 1\\.\n* Color with Brobee, in which the viewer guesses what color Brobee is thinking of by the examples he gives. Only used in season 1\\.\n* Play Games with Foofa, in which Foofa solves simple puzzles, such as mazes and matching games, and encourages the viewer to help her find the solution. Only used in season 1\\.\n* DJ Lance Dance, in which DJ Lance teaches children doing a random dance.\n* Funny Faces, in which DJ Lance Rock encourages children to make funny faces.\n* Knock\\-Knock Joke of the Day, a segment where [Jack McBrayer](/wiki/Jack_McBrayer \"Jack McBrayer\") and [Paul Scheer](/wiki/Paul_Scheer \"Paul Scheer\") tell [knock\\-knock jokes](/wiki/Knock-knock_joke \"Knock-knock joke\"). This segment first appeared in season 2\\.\n* Look Back at Today, each episode ends with a music video recap of that episode, featuring special effects, and a remix of every song featured in that episode.\n",
"Episodes\n--------\n\n",
"Home media\n----------\n\n### Main releases\n\n| Name | Release Date | Number of Episodes | Episode Titles | Distributor |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| The Dancey Dance Bunch | October 14, 2008 | 4 | \"Friends\" \"Eat\" \"Dance\" \"Happy\" | [Paramount Home Media Distribution](/wiki/Paramount_Home_Media_Distribution \"Paramount Home Media Distribution\") |\n| New Friends | April 7, 2009 | \"New Friends\" \"Find\" \"Greetings\" \"Share\" |\n| Halloween | August 25, 2009 | \"Halloween\" \"Scary\" \"Fun\" \"Careful\" |\n| Meet My Family | October 20, 2009 | \"Family\" \"Games\" \"Together\" \"Imagine\" |\n| Birthday Boogie | February 2, 2010 | \"Birthday\" \"Dress Up\" \"Talent\" \"Ride\" |\n| Clubhouse | June 15, 2010 | \"Clubhouse\" \"Adventure\" \"Summer\" \"Animals\" |\n| Let's Visit the Doctor | January 11, 2011 | \"Doctor\" \"Teeth\" \"Clean\" \"Car\" |\n| Circus | June 14, 2011 | \"Circus\" \"Treasure\" \"Flying\" \"Fun\" |\n| Music Makes Me Move | August 9, 2011 | \"Band\" \"Move\" \"Differences\" \"Train\" |\n| Yo Gabba Gabba! Live! There's a Party in My City! | March 13, 2012 | 1 | \"Live show in Los Angeles with bonus features\" | NCircle Entertainment |\n| Super Spies | April 17, 2012 | 4 | \"Super Spies\" \"Mystery\" \"Space\" \"Big\" | Paramount Home Media Distribution |\n| A Very Awesome Christmas | October 29, 2013 | 2 | \"A Very Awesome Christmas Special\" \"Christmas\" | NCircle Entertainment |\n| A Very Awesome Holiday Show! | October 14, 2014 | 1 | \"A Very Awesome Holiday Show\" |\n\n### Episodes on Nick Jr. compilation DVDs\n\n| Name | Release Date | Number of Episodes | Episode Title |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Sleepytime Stories | April 15, 2008 | 1 | \"Sleep\" |\n| All About Fall! | July 29, 2008 | \"Halloween\" |\n| All\\-Star Sports Day | March 10, 2009 | \"Move\" |\n| Celebrate Family! | June 9, 2009 | \"Family\" |\n| Animal Friends! | September 15, 2009 | \"Animals\" |\n| We Love Our Friends | January 5, 2010 | \"Love\" |\n| Go Green! | March 30, 2010 | \"Green\" |\n| Happy Halloween | August 24, 2010 | \"Halloween\" |\n| Food with Friends! | May 17, 2011 | \"Eat\" |\n| Summer Vacation | June 21, 2011 | \"Summer\" |\n\n### Episodes on Nick Jr. iTunes compilations\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - NOTE: As of June 2019, the episodes are no longer part of the compilations due to the series being removed from Nick Jr.'s platforms.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Name | Release Date | Number of Episodes | Episode Title |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Haunted Halloween Vol. 1 | October 13, 2008 | 1 | \"Halloween\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Holly Jolly Holiday Specials | December 25, 2009 | \"Christmas\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Bundle of Love Vol. 1 | February 1, 2010 | \"Love\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Helping the Earth | April 19, 2010 | \"Green\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| We Love Our Mommies | April 26, 2010 | \"Family\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Haunted Halloween Vol. 3 | October 25, 2010 | \"Scary\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Bundle of Love Vol. 2 | January 31, 2011 | \"Together\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Fairytale Play Dates Vol. 1 | February 14, 2011 | \"Fairytale\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Move to the Music | June 6, 2011 | \"Band\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Nickelodeon in Space | October 24, 2011 | \"Space\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Let's Learn ABC's | May 28, 2012 | \"Fairytale\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Let's Learn 123's | May 28, 2012 | \"School\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Let's Learn Colors | May 28, 2012 | \"Art\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Let's Learn Music | November 12, 2012 | \"Dance\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Let's Learn Science | November 12, 2012 | \"Robot\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Let's Learn Weather | November 12, 2012 | \"Weather\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Circus | March 4, 2013 | \"Circus\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| All Aboard with Nick Jr.! | April 15, 2013 | \"Train\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Let's Drive! | April 15, 2013 | \"Car\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Super Sailors | April 15, 2013 | \"Boat\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Let's Learn Cultures | May 6, 2013 | \"Differences\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Let's Go to the Farm! | July 29, 2013 | \"Farm\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Let's Go Under the Sea! | July 29, 2013 | \"Mermaids\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Back to School | August 13, 2013 | \"School\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Birthday Playdates | August 26, 2013 | \"Birthday\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Treasure Hunt Vol. 1 | March 31, 2014 | \"Treasure\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Bedtime Stories | September 29, 2014 | \"Sleep\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Let's Visit the Dentist | November 11, 2014 | \"Teeth\" |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Let's Visit the Doctor | November 11, 2014 | \"Doctor\" |\n\n",
"### Main releases\n\n| Name | Release Date | Number of Episodes | Episode Titles | Distributor |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| The Dancey Dance Bunch | October 14, 2008 | 4 | \"Friends\" \"Eat\" \"Dance\" \"Happy\" | [Paramount Home Media Distribution](/wiki/Paramount_Home_Media_Distribution \"Paramount Home Media Distribution\") |\n| New Friends | April 7, 2009 | \"New Friends\" \"Find\" \"Greetings\" \"Share\" |\n| Halloween | August 25, 2009 | \"Halloween\" \"Scary\" \"Fun\" \"Careful\" |\n| Meet My Family | October 20, 2009 | \"Family\" \"Games\" \"Together\" \"Imagine\" |\n| Birthday Boogie | February 2, 2010 | \"Birthday\" \"Dress Up\" \"Talent\" \"Ride\" |\n| Clubhouse | June 15, 2010 | \"Clubhouse\" \"Adventure\" \"Summer\" \"Animals\" |\n| Let's Visit the Doctor | January 11, 2011 | \"Doctor\" \"Teeth\" \"Clean\" \"Car\" |\n| Circus | June 14, 2011 | \"Circus\" \"Treasure\" \"Flying\" \"Fun\" |\n| Music Makes Me Move | August 9, 2011 | \"Band\" \"Move\" \"Differences\" \"Train\" |\n| Yo Gabba Gabba! Live! There's a Party in My City! | March 13, 2012 | 1 | \"Live show in Los Angeles with bonus features\" | NCircle Entertainment |\n| Super Spies | April 17, 2012 | 4 | \"Super Spies\" \"Mystery\" \"Space\" \"Big\" | Paramount Home Media Distribution |\n| A Very Awesome Christmas | October 29, 2013 | 2 | \"A Very Awesome Christmas Special\" \"Christmas\" | NCircle Entertainment |\n| A Very Awesome Holiday Show! | October 14, 2014 | 1 | \"A Very Awesome Holiday Show\" |\n\n",
"### Episodes on Nick Jr. compilation DVDs\n\n| Name | Release Date | Number of Episodes | Episode Title |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Sleepytime Stories | April 15, 2008 | 1 | \"Sleep\" |\n| All About Fall! | July 29, 2008 | \"Halloween\" |\n| All\\-Star Sports Day | March 10, 2009 | \"Move\" |\n| Celebrate Family! | June 9, 2009 | \"Family\" |\n| Animal Friends! | September 15, 2009 | \"Animals\" |\n| We Love Our Friends | January 5, 2010 | \"Love\" |\n| Go Green! | March 30, 2010 | \"Green\" |\n| Happy Halloween | August 24, 2010 | \"Halloween\" |\n| Food with Friends! | May 17, 2011 | \"Eat\" |\n| Summer Vacation | June 21, 2011 | \"Summer\" |\n\n",
"### Episodes on Nick Jr. iTunes compilations\n\nNOTE: As of June 2019, the episodes are no longer part of the compilations due to the series being removed from Nick Jr.'s platforms.\n\n| Name | Release Date | Number of Episodes | Episode Title |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Haunted Halloween Vol. 1 | October 13, 2008 | 1 | \"Halloween\" |\n| Holly Jolly Holiday Specials | December 25, 2009 | \"Christmas\" |\n| Bundle of Love Vol. 1 | February 1, 2010 | \"Love\" |\n| Helping the Earth | April 19, 2010 | \"Green\" |\n| We Love Our Mommies | April 26, 2010 | \"Family\" |\n| Haunted Halloween Vol. 3 | October 25, 2010 | \"Scary\" |\n| Bundle of Love Vol. 2 | January 31, 2011 | \"Together\" |\n| Fairytale Play Dates Vol. 1 | February 14, 2011 | \"Fairytale\" |\n| Move to the Music | June 6, 2011 | \"Band\" |\n| Nickelodeon in Space | October 24, 2011 | \"Space\" |\n| Let's Learn ABC's | May 28, 2012 | \"Fairytale\" |\n| Let's Learn 123's | May 28, 2012 | \"School\" |\n| Let's Learn Colors | May 28, 2012 | \"Art\" |\n| Let's Learn Music | November 12, 2012 | \"Dance\" |\n| Let's Learn Science | November 12, 2012 | \"Robot\" |\n| Let's Learn Weather | November 12, 2012 | \"Weather\" |\n| Circus | March 4, 2013 | \"Circus\" |\n| All Aboard with Nick Jr.! | April 15, 2013 | \"Train\" |\n| Let's Drive! | April 15, 2013 | \"Car\" |\n| Super Sailors | April 15, 2013 | \"Boat\" |\n| Let's Learn Cultures | May 6, 2013 | \"Differences\" |\n| Let's Go to the Farm! | July 29, 2013 | \"Farm\" |\n| Let's Go Under the Sea! | July 29, 2013 | \"Mermaids\" |\n| Back to School | August 13, 2013 | \"School\" |\n| Birthday Playdates | August 26, 2013 | \"Birthday\" |\n| Treasure Hunt Vol. 1 | March 31, 2014 | \"Treasure\" |\n| Bedtime Stories | September 29, 2014 | \"Sleep\" |\n| Let's Visit the Dentist | November 11, 2014 | \"Teeth\" |\n| Let's Visit the Doctor | November 11, 2014 | \"Doctor\" |\n\n",
"Soundtrack releases\n-------------------\n\nFour albums have been released featuring songs from the show performed by the cast and the \"Super Music Friends Show\" segment.\n* *Music is. Awesome!* (2009\\)\n* *Music is. Awesome! Volume 2* (2010\\)\n* *Music is. Awesome! Volume 3* (2011\\)\n* *Music is. Awesome! Volume 4* (2012\\)\n* *Hey!* (2017\\)\n* *Fantastic Voyages* (2017\\)\n\n[ABC for Kids](/wiki/Children%27s_programming_on_ABC_Television \"Children's programming on ABC Television\") released a CD in 2014 titled *Yo Gabba Gabba! Party In My Tummy*.\n\n",
"Stage shows\n-----------\n\nThe world premiere live concert tour of *Yo Gabba Gabba!* took place in Australia in May 2009\\. DJ Lance Rock, Muno, Foofa, Brobee, Toodee, and Plex performed in Wollongong, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Sydney with an indie house\\-band and secret special guests at each show. Additional tours in the United States and other countries have been performed throughout 2013\\. Shows have been toured including three presented by Kia Motors and a special Christmas one presented by Citi, Just Dance Kids, and [Toys for Tots](/wiki/Toys_for_Tots \"Toys for Tots\").\n\n1. \"There's a Party in My City!\" (2011\\)\n2. \"It's Time to Dance!\" (2011\\)\n3. \"Get the Sillies Out!\" (early 2013\\)\n4. \"A Very Awesome Holiday Show!\" (late 2013\\)\n5. \"Music Is Awesome!\" (2014\\)\n\nNick Jr. Australia released a tour in 2009 called Yo Gabba Gabba: LIVE on Stage!\n\n",
"Critical reception\n------------------\n\nOn April 30, 2008, the television show received a [Daytime Emmy](/wiki/Daytime_Emmy \"Daytime Emmy\") nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Costume Design/Styling.\"[The National Academy of Television Arts \\& Sciences Announces 35th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations](http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/daytime_35th_nominations.html) \", April 30, 2008 The show has been nominated for a [Daytime Emmy](/wiki/Daytime_Emmy \"Daytime Emmy\") in both 2008 and 2009 for Best Costume Design. *[Time](/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 \"Time (magazine)\")* magazine's James Poniewozik, who said the show \"will convince you someone slipped something into your Fruity Pebbles\" named *Yo Gabba Gabba!* one of the Top 10 new TV series of 2007, ranking it at \\#8\\.Poniewozik, James: \"[Top 10 New TV Series](https://web.archive.org/web/20100227025859/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1686204_1686244_1691363,00.html)\", *Time*, 2007 In November 2008, the *Yo Gabba Gabba!* production team won a BAFTA Children's Award, International.BAFTA Children's Awards Winners \"\", BAFTA, 2008 The show has also become popular among some college\\-aged young adults because of the artists often featured.Friedman, Emily \"[Nickelodeon Cartoon Draws Unusual Fans](https://web.archive.org/web/20090720193818/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Story?id=4799273)\", ABC News, May 7, 2008 Due to the show's popularity amongst both adults and children, they performed at [Coachella](/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival \"Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival\") 2010 as special guests. Their live touring show also won a Creative Content Award at the 2010 [Billboard Touring Awards](/wiki/Billboard_Touring_Awards \"Billboard Touring Awards\"). The Television Critics Association Awards have nominated *Yo Gabba Gabba!* for Outstanding Achievement in Children's/Youth Programing. The years include 2008–2012\\. *Yo Gabba Gabba!* won for the year 2009 and 2010\\. In February 2013, *Yo Gabba Gabba!* won two Kidscreen Awards for \"Best Non\\-Animated or Mixed Series 2013\" and \"Best Music 2013\".\n\n",
"In other media\n--------------\n\n* In 2009, the cast was featured in their own float in the [Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade](/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade \"Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade\").\n* Muno was featured in a commercial for the [Kia Sorento](/wiki/Kia_Sorento \"Kia Sorento\") that aired during [the 2010 Super Bowl](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIV \"Super Bowl XLIV\") and other [Kia](/wiki/Kia \"Kia\") commercials in 2011\\. Also, the character Brobee appeared in a 2011 advertisement for [Wonderful Pistachios](/wiki/Wonderful_Pistachios \"Wonderful Pistachios\").\n* The cast appeared in the *[Big Time Rush](/wiki/Big_Time_Rush \"Big Time Rush\")* episode \"Big Time Cameos\".\n* *Yo Gabba Gabba!* appeared in *[True Jackson VP](/wiki/True_Jackson_VP \"True Jackson VP\")* in the episode \"Trapped in Paris\".\n* [Garry Lyon](/wiki/Garry_Lyon \"Garry Lyon\"), of *[The Footy Show](/wiki/The_Footy_Show_%28AFL%29 \"The Footy Show (AFL)\")*, an Australian Football League panel show, performed an interpretive cycle (*Yo Gabba Gazza!*) based on the *Yo Gabba Gabba!* dancing style after losing a humorous bet. The choice of the *Yo Gabba Gabba!* dance was based on a number of physical similarities to Brobee, including bushy eyebrows and excessive [androgenic hair](/wiki/Androgenic_hair \"Androgenic hair\").\n* In the *[Mad](/wiki/Mad_%28TV_series%29 \"Mad (TV series)\")* episode \"So You Think You Can Train Your Dragon How to Dance / Yo Gagga Gagga!\", [Lady Gaga](/wiki/Lady_Gaga \"Lady Gaga\") hosts *Yo Gagga Gagga!* featuring her dolls – [Taylor Swift](/wiki/Taylor_Swift \"Taylor Swift\"), [T\\-Pain](/wiki/T-Pain \"T-Pain\"), [Miley Cyrus](/wiki/Miley_Cyrus \"Miley Cyrus\"), and [Triple H](/wiki/Triple_H \"Triple H\") – and the cast is seen watching a monster movie at the end.\n* In 2011, the cast appeared in the *[Raising Hope](/wiki/Raising_Hope \"Raising Hope\")* episode \"Sabrina Has Money\".\n* The title of the *[Futurama](/wiki/Futurama \"Futurama\")* episode \"[Yo Leela Leela](/wiki/Yo_Leela_Leela \"Yo Leela Leela\")\" parodies this, as does the show [Leela](/wiki/Turanga_Leela \"Turanga Leela\") produces during the episode, known as \"Rumbledy Hump\".\n* On June 8, 2012, *[The Fresh Beat Band](/wiki/The_Fresh_Beat_Band \"The Fresh Beat Band\")*s 15th episode in season three *\"Yo! Fresh Beats Go Gabba Gabba!\"* (a [crossover](/wiki/Crossover_%28fiction%29 \"Crossover (fiction)\") episode) the \"Gabba Gang\" gets beamed into the episode by way of a malfunctioned Plex has with robotic hiccups which was caused by Gearmo: a gear who always causes trouble.\n* [Insane Clown Posse](/wiki/Insane_Clown_Posse \"Insane Clown Posse\") recorded a cover of the song \"Hold Still\" for the 2012 album *[Smothered, Covered \\& Chunked](/wiki/Smothered%2C_Covered_%26_Chunked \"Smothered, Covered & Chunked\")*.\n* The *[South Park](/wiki/South_Park \"South Park\")* episode \"[Taming Strange](/wiki/Taming_Strange \"Taming Strange\")\" features Foofa becoming a spoof of [Miley Cyrus](/wiki/Miley_Cyrus \"Miley Cyrus\") after Kyle's adopted younger brother, Ike, attends a performance and \"tames Foofa's strange\" in front of everyone seeing the show.\n* The cast appeared in a [Delta Airlines](/wiki/Delta_Airlines \"Delta Airlines\") safety video which first aired in August 2015\\.\n* In 2017, a spin\\-off called *DJ Lance and The Upbeat Retreat!*, produced by [WildBrain Studios](/wiki/WildBrain_Spark \"WildBrain Spark\") (now WildBrain Spark Studios) premiered on YouTube, featuring DJ Lance Rock with his new friends.\n* The cast appeared in *[Cupcake Wars](/wiki/Cupcake_Wars \"Cupcake Wars\")*.\n* The cast appeared in *[Top Chef Masters](/wiki/Top_Chef_Masters \"Top Chef Masters\")*\n* The series is spoofed in the *[Robot Chicken](/wiki/Robot_Chicken \"Robot Chicken\")* episode \"May Cause Light Cannibalism\".\n* The series is briefly featured in the [Marvel Cinematic Universe](/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe \"Marvel Cinematic Universe\") miniseries *[WandaVision](/wiki/WandaVision \"WandaVision\")*, appearing on Agnes' television screen in the seventh episode \"[Breaking the Fourth Wall](/wiki/Breaking_the_Fourth_Wall_%28WandaVision%29 \"Breaking the Fourth Wall (WandaVision)\")\".\n",
"*Yo Gabba Gabbaland!* 2024 revival series\n-----------------------------------------\n\nOn September 10, 2021, [WildBrain](/wiki/WildBrain \"WildBrain\") announced that the series would be revived for 20 new episodes, which will be produced in collaboration between WildBrain and Yo Gabba Gabba LLC (the co\\-owners of the *Yo Gabba Gabba!* brand).\n\nIn April 2024 it was confirmed that the revival, now titled *Yo Gabba GabbaLand!* and featuring 10 new episodes, would premiere on [Apple TV\\+](/wiki/Apple_TV%2B \"Apple TV+\") on August 9, 2024\\. The revival will feature a new host, Kammy Kam, played by 12\\-year\\-old Kamryn Smith along with all five of the original show's characters with the original voice actors reprising their roles. Much like the original series, *Yo Gabba Gabbaland!* will also feature a variety of guest celebrity stars including [Reggie Watts](/wiki/Reggie_Watts \"Reggie Watts\"), [Sam Richardson](/wiki/Sam_Richardson_%28actor%29 \"Sam Richardson (actor)\"), [Gillian Jacobs](/wiki/Gillian_Jacobs \"Gillian Jacobs\"), [Utkarsh Ambudkar](/wiki/Utkarsh_Ambudkar \"Utkarsh Ambudkar\"), [Lauren Lapkus](/wiki/Lauren_Lapkus \"Lauren Lapkus\") and [Chelsea Peretti](/wiki/Chelsea_Peretti \"Chelsea Peretti\"), as well as music stars like [Diplo](/wiki/Diplo \"Diplo\") and [Flea](/wiki/Flea_%28musician%29 \"Flea (musician)\") of the [Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers \"Red Hot Chili Peppers\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n**Official sites**\n* [Official website](http://www.yogabbagabba.com/)\n**Channels**\n* [Yo Gabba Gabba on Nick Jr. Italy](https://web.archive.org/web/20111117071058/http://www.nickjr.it/programmi/yo-gabba-gabba/)\n* [Yo Gabba Gabba on Nick Jr. (UK)](https://web.archive.org/web/20110827105844/http://www.nickjr.co.uk/shows/yo-gabba-gabba/)\n* [Yo Gabba Gabba on Nick Jr. (U.S.)](http://www.nickjr.com/yo-gabba-gabba/)\n* [Yo Gabba Gabba on ABC4Kids](http://www.abc.net.au/abcforkids/shows/s2948972.htm)\n* [Yo Gabba Gabba on Roku](https://therokuchannel.roku.com/watch/cb1fd62048065a46bb57d1ccd52c14df/yo-gabba-gabba)\n* [Yo Gabba Gabba on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/user/yogabbagabba/)\n**Others**\n[Category:2000s American animated television series](/wiki/Category:2000s_American_animated_television_series \"2000s American animated television series\")\n[Category:2010s American animated television series](/wiki/Category:2010s_American_animated_television_series \"2010s American animated television series\")\n[Category:2000s American children's comedy television series](/wiki/Category:2000s_American_children%27s_comedy_television_series \"2000s American children's comedy television series\")\n[Category:2010s American children's comedy television series](/wiki/Category:2010s_American_children%27s_comedy_television_series \"2010s American children's comedy television series\")\n[Category:2000s American musical comedy television series](/wiki/Category:2000s_American_musical_comedy_television_series \"2000s American musical comedy television series\")\n[Category:2010s American musical comedy television series](/wiki/Category:2010s_American_musical_comedy_television_series \"2010s American musical comedy television series\")\n[Category:2000s American sketch comedy television series](/wiki/Category:2000s_American_sketch_comedy_television_series \"2000s American sketch comedy television series\")\n[Category:2010s American sketch comedy television series](/wiki/Category:2010s_American_sketch_comedy_television_series \"2010s American sketch comedy television series\")\n[Category:2007 American television series debuts](/wiki/Category:2007_American_television_series_debuts \"2007 American television series debuts\")\n[Category:2007 animated television series debuts](/wiki/Category:2007_animated_television_series_debuts \"2007 animated television series debuts\")\n[Category:2015 American television series endings](/wiki/Category:2015_American_television_series_endings \"2015 American television series endings\")\n[Category:2000s Canadian animated television series](/wiki/Category:2000s_Canadian_animated_television_series \"2000s Canadian animated television series\")\n[Category:2010s Canadian animated television series](/wiki/Category:2010s_Canadian_animated_television_series \"2010s Canadian animated television series\")\n[Category:2000s Canadian children's television series](/wiki/Category:2000s_Canadian_children%27s_television_series \"2000s Canadian children's television series\")\n[Category:2010s Canadian children's television series](/wiki/Category:2010s_Canadian_children%27s_television_series \"2010s Canadian children's television series\")\n[Category:2000s Canadian music television series](/wiki/Category:2000s_Canadian_music_television_series \"2000s Canadian music television series\")\n[Category:2010s Canadian music television series](/wiki/Category:2010s_Canadian_music_television_series \"2010s Canadian music television series\")\n[Category:2000s Canadian sketch comedy television series](/wiki/Category:2000s_Canadian_sketch_comedy_television_series \"2000s Canadian sketch comedy television series\")\n[Category:2010s Canadian sketch comedy television series](/wiki/Category:2010s_Canadian_sketch_comedy_television_series \"2010s Canadian sketch comedy television series\")\n[Category:2007 Canadian television series debuts](/wiki/Category:2007_Canadian_television_series_debuts \"2007 Canadian television series debuts\")\n[Category:2015 Canadian television series endings](/wiki/Category:2015_Canadian_television_series_endings \"2015 Canadian television series endings\")\n[Category:2000s Nickelodeon original programming](/wiki/Category:2000s_Nickelodeon_original_programming \"2000s Nickelodeon original programming\")\n[Category:2010s Nickelodeon original programming](/wiki/Category:2010s_Nickelodeon_original_programming \"2010s Nickelodeon original programming\")\n[Category:2000s preschool education television series](/wiki/Category:2000s_preschool_education_television_series \"2000s preschool education television series\")\n[Category:2010s preschool education television series](/wiki/Category:2010s_preschool_education_television_series \"2010s preschool education television series\")\n[Category:American animated television series reboots](/wiki/Category:American_animated_television_series_reboots \"American animated television series reboots\")\n[Category:American children's animated comedy television series](/wiki/Category:American_children%27s_animated_comedy_television_series \"American children's animated comedy television series\")\n[Category:American children's animated musical television series](/wiki/Category:American_children%27s_animated_musical_television_series \"American children's animated musical television series\")\n[Category:American children's musical television series](/wiki/Category:American_children%27s_musical_television_series \"American children's musical television series\")\n[Category:American preschool education television series](/wiki/Category:American_preschool_education_television_series \"American preschool education television series\")\n[Category:American television shows featuring puppetry](/wiki/Category:American_television_shows_featuring_puppetry \"American television shows featuring puppetry\")\n[Category:American television series revived after cancellation](/wiki/Category:American_television_series_revived_after_cancellation \"American television series revived after cancellation\")\n[Category:American television series with live action and animation](/wiki/Category:American_television_series_with_live_action_and_animation \"American television series with live action and animation\")\n[Category:Animated preschool education television series](/wiki/Category:Animated_preschool_education_television_series \"Animated preschool education television series\")\n[Category:Canadian animated television series reboots](/wiki/Category:Canadian_animated_television_series_reboots \"Canadian animated television series reboots\")\n[Category:Canadian children's animated comedy television series](/wiki/Category:Canadian_children%27s_animated_comedy_television_series \"Canadian children's animated comedy television series\")\n[Category:Canadian children's comedy television series](/wiki/Category:Canadian_children%27s_comedy_television_series \"Canadian children's comedy television series\")\n[Category:Canadian children's animated musical television series](/wiki/Category:Canadian_children%27s_animated_musical_television_series \"Canadian children's animated musical television series\")\n[Category:Canadian preschool education television series](/wiki/Category:Canadian_preschool_education_television_series \"Canadian preschool education television series\")\n[Category:Canadian television shows featuring puppetry](/wiki/Category:Canadian_television_shows_featuring_puppetry \"Canadian television shows featuring puppetry\")\n[Category:Canadian television series revived after cancellation](/wiki/Category:Canadian_television_series_revived_after_cancellation \"Canadian television series revived after cancellation\")\n[Category:Canadian television series with live action and animation](/wiki/Category:Canadian_television_series_with_live_action_and_animation \"Canadian television series with live action and animation\")\n[Category:Children's sketch comedy](/wiki/Category:Children%27s_sketch_comedy \"Children's sketch comedy\")\n[Category:Dance television shows](/wiki/Category:Dance_television_shows \"Dance television shows\")\n[Category:American English\\-language television shows](/wiki/Category:American_English-language_television_shows \"American English-language television shows\")\n[Category:Family Jr. original programming](/wiki/Category:Family_Jr._original_programming \"Family Jr. original programming\")\n[Category:Nick Jr. original programming](/wiki/Category:Nick_Jr._original_programming \"Nick Jr. original programming\")\n[Category:Treehouse TV original programming](/wiki/Category:Treehouse_TV_original_programming \"Treehouse TV original programming\")\n[Category:Television series by WildBrain](/wiki/Category:Television_series_by_WildBrain \"Television series by WildBrain\")\n[Category:Television shows filmed in California](/wiki/Category:Television_shows_filmed_in_California \"Television shows filmed in California\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Heap (comics)
|
{
"id": [
3742946
],
"name": [
"NinjaRobotPirate"
]
}
|
ma8qwya46n7bridr7yip6la9yfvpwgf
|
2024-09-03T02:49:53Z
| 1,243,640,178 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Publication history",
"Hillman",
"Similar characters from other publishers",
"Fictional character biography",
"Hillman/Eclipse version",
"Skywald version",
"Image version",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n",
"Publication history\n-------------------\n\n### Hillman\n\nThe Heap debuted in the aviation feature \"SkyWolf\" in *Air Fighters Comics* \\#3 ([cover\\-dated](/wiki/Cover-date \"Cover-date\") Dec. 1942\\), in the story \"Wanted By the Nazis\" by writer Harry Stein and artist [Mort Leav](/wiki/Mort_Leav \"Mort Leav\"), and continued as a sporadic guest character.[*Air Fighters Comics*](http://www.comics.org/series/253/) at the [Grand Comics Database](/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database \"Grand Comics Database\") With its fifth appearance, in the by\\-then re\\-titled *[Airboy Comics](/wiki/Airboy \"Airboy\")* vol. 3, \\#9 (Oct. 1946\\), the Heap became the star of its own backup feature, which continued until the final issue, vol. 10, \\#4 (May 1953\\). Other artists associated with Hillman's Heap include [Jack Abel](/wiki/Jack_Abel \"Jack Abel\"), [Paul Reinman](/wiki/Paul_Reinman \"Paul Reinman\"), and [Ernie Schroeder](/wiki/Ernie_Schroeder \"Ernie Schroeder\").[*Airboy Comics*](http://www.comics.org/series/426/) at the Grand Comics Database\n\nIn 1986, [Eclipse Comics](/wiki/Eclipse_Comics \"Eclipse Comics\"), having acquired rights to some Hillman characters, began publishing a new *Airboy* comic with the Heap as a supporting character. The Heap also appeared in the Eclipse title *[The New Wave](/wiki/The_New_Wave_%28comics%29 \"The New Wave (comics)\")*, where the creature was considered by some members of that group to be a member. Eclipse Comics went bankrupt and ceased operations in the 1990s. [Image Comics](/wiki/Image_Comics \"Image Comics\") purchased the Eclipse assets, including the Heap.[The Heap](http://www.toonopedia.com/heap.htm) at [Don Markstein's Toonopedia](/wiki/Don_Markstein%27s_Toonopedia \"Don Markstein's Toonopedia\")\n\nA version of Baron von Emmelman also appears in the novel *[The Bloody Red Baron](/wiki/The_Bloody_Red_Baron \"The Bloody Red Baron\")*, part of the *[Anno Dracula](/wiki/Anno_Dracula_series \"Anno Dracula series\")* series by [Kim Newman](/wiki/Kim_Newman \"Kim Newman\"). Here he and the other great pilots of the First World War are [vampires](/wiki/Vampires \"Vampires\"), and his monstrous form is the result of experiments to improve his vampiric abilities.\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|[Skywald](/wiki/Skywald \"Skywald\")'s *The Heap* \\#1 (Sept. 1971\\): Cover art by [Tom Sutton](/wiki/Tom_Sutton \"Tom Sutton\") and [Jack Abel](/wiki/Jack_Abel \"Jack Abel\").](/wiki/File:SkywaldHeap.jpg \"SkywaldHeap.jpg\")\n\n### Similar characters from other publishers\n\nThe fifth issue of EC's [Mad](/wiki/Mad_%28magazine%29 \"Mad (magazine)\") included a story called \"Outer Sanctum\" (a parody of [Inner Sanctum Mystery](/wiki/Inner_Sanctum_Mystery \"Inner Sanctum Mystery\")), which featured a monster made out of garbage called \"Heap\".\n\nA similar character called The Heap, who did not share the original character's origin or identity, appeared in the publisher [Skywald](/wiki/Skywald \"Skywald\")'s black\\-and\\-white horror\\-comics magazine *Psycho*, in most issues from \\#2\\-13 (March 1971 \\- July 1973\\).[*Psycho* (Skywald, 1971 series](http://www.comics.org/series/2013/) at the Grand Comics Database This version was created by writer Charles McNaughton and the longtime penciler\\-inker team of [Ross Andru](/wiki/Ross_Andru \"Ross Andru\") \\& [Mike Esposito](/wiki/Mike_Esposito_%28comics%29 \"Mike Esposito (comics)\"). Andru quickly took over scripting as well, later teaming with penciler\\-inker [Pablo Marcos](/wiki/Pablo_Marcos \"Pablo Marcos\"), who remained after editor [Al Hewetson](/wiki/Al_Hewetson \"Al Hewetson\") took over the writing. The final two stories were drawn by Xavier G. Vilanova,[Xavier G. Vilanova](http://lambiek.net/artists/v/vilanova_xavier-g.htm) at the [Lambiek Comiclopedia](/wiki/Lambiek_Comiclopedia \"Lambiek Comiclopedia\") variously credited at Skywald and elsewhere as simply \"Vilanova\" or \"Villanova\".Arndt, Richard J. [\"The Complete Skywald Checklist\"](http://www.enjolrasworld.com/Richard%20Arndt/The%20Complete%20Skywald%20Checklist.htm) (scroll down to *Nightmare* \\#9\\)\n\nThis Heap also starred in the [one\\-shot](/wiki/One-shot_%28comics%29 \"One-shot (comics)\") comics magazine *The Heap \\#1* (Sept. 1971\\), written by [Robert Kanigher](/wiki/Robert_Kanigher \"Robert Kanigher\") and [penciled](/wiki/Penciler \"Penciler\") by [Tom Sutton](/wiki/Tom_Sutton \"Tom Sutton\").[*The Heap* (Skywald, 1971\\)](http://www.comics.org/series/2010/) at the Grand Comics Database The company went defunct later that decade, and historians are uncertain whether it had formally acquired character rights from Hillman, which had ceased publishing in the mid\\-1950s.\n\n[Marvel Comics](/wiki/Marvel_Comics \"Marvel Comics\") writer/editor [Roy Thomas](/wiki/Roy_Thomas \"Roy Thomas\"), a fan of the original Heap character and a co\\-creator of Marvel's muck monster (the [Man\\-Thing](/wiki/Man-Thing \"Man-Thing\")), said he suggested that Skywald revive the Heap:\n\nIn [DC Comics](/wiki/DC_Comics \"DC Comics\")' *[Swamp Thing](/wiki/Swamp_Thing \"Swamp Thing\")*, among the [Parliament of Trees](/wiki/Parliament_of_Trees \"Parliament of Trees\") is a former Swamp Thing who is often cited as being a Man\\-Thing cameo. This character is identified as German pilot Albert Hollerer, who became the template for a Swamp Thing in the 1940s, but whose mind was damaged by his plane's crash. A miniature of his plane hanging near him when Swamp Thing visits him suggests readers of the Heap. He appeared in issues \\#47, 65, 89, 100, 105, 106, 109, 118, and 129\\.\n\nAnother similar character debuted in Image Comics' *[Spawn](/wiki/Spawn_%28comics%29 \"Spawn (comics)\")* \\#73 (June 1998\\), reimagined by writers [Todd McFarlane](/wiki/Todd_McFarlane \"Todd McFarlane\") and [Brian Holguin](/wiki/Brian_Holguin \"Brian Holguin\") and penciler [Greg Capullo](/wiki/Greg_Capullo \"Greg Capullo\").[*Spawn* \\#73 (June 1998\\)](http://www.comics.org/issue/61831/) at the Grand Comics Database\n\nIn 2011, [Moonstone Books](/wiki/Moonstone_Books \"Moonstone Books\") published a three\\-issue miniseries starring the Heap. Though this character is described as a \"concept created by Charles Knauf\" in the credits, he shares the same origin as the Hillman version, albeit with a different look and Norse mythology elements.\n\n",
"### Hillman\n\nThe Heap debuted in the aviation feature \"SkyWolf\" in *Air Fighters Comics* \\#3 ([cover\\-dated](/wiki/Cover-date \"Cover-date\") Dec. 1942\\), in the story \"Wanted By the Nazis\" by writer Harry Stein and artist [Mort Leav](/wiki/Mort_Leav \"Mort Leav\"), and continued as a sporadic guest character.[*Air Fighters Comics*](http://www.comics.org/series/253/) at the [Grand Comics Database](/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database \"Grand Comics Database\") With its fifth appearance, in the by\\-then re\\-titled *[Airboy Comics](/wiki/Airboy \"Airboy\")* vol. 3, \\#9 (Oct. 1946\\), the Heap became the star of its own backup feature, which continued until the final issue, vol. 10, \\#4 (May 1953\\). Other artists associated with Hillman's Heap include [Jack Abel](/wiki/Jack_Abel \"Jack Abel\"), [Paul Reinman](/wiki/Paul_Reinman \"Paul Reinman\"), and [Ernie Schroeder](/wiki/Ernie_Schroeder \"Ernie Schroeder\").[*Airboy Comics*](http://www.comics.org/series/426/) at the Grand Comics Database\n\nIn 1986, [Eclipse Comics](/wiki/Eclipse_Comics \"Eclipse Comics\"), having acquired rights to some Hillman characters, began publishing a new *Airboy* comic with the Heap as a supporting character. The Heap also appeared in the Eclipse title *[The New Wave](/wiki/The_New_Wave_%28comics%29 \"The New Wave (comics)\")*, where the creature was considered by some members of that group to be a member. Eclipse Comics went bankrupt and ceased operations in the 1990s. [Image Comics](/wiki/Image_Comics \"Image Comics\") purchased the Eclipse assets, including the Heap.[The Heap](http://www.toonopedia.com/heap.htm) at [Don Markstein's Toonopedia](/wiki/Don_Markstein%27s_Toonopedia \"Don Markstein's Toonopedia\")\n\nA version of Baron von Emmelman also appears in the novel *[The Bloody Red Baron](/wiki/The_Bloody_Red_Baron \"The Bloody Red Baron\")*, part of the *[Anno Dracula](/wiki/Anno_Dracula_series \"Anno Dracula series\")* series by [Kim Newman](/wiki/Kim_Newman \"Kim Newman\"). Here he and the other great pilots of the First World War are [vampires](/wiki/Vampires \"Vampires\"), and his monstrous form is the result of experiments to improve his vampiric abilities.\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|[Skywald](/wiki/Skywald \"Skywald\")'s *The Heap* \\#1 (Sept. 1971\\): Cover art by [Tom Sutton](/wiki/Tom_Sutton \"Tom Sutton\") and [Jack Abel](/wiki/Jack_Abel \"Jack Abel\").](/wiki/File:SkywaldHeap.jpg \"SkywaldHeap.jpg\")\n\n",
"### Similar characters from other publishers\n\nThe fifth issue of EC's [Mad](/wiki/Mad_%28magazine%29 \"Mad (magazine)\") included a story called \"Outer Sanctum\" (a parody of [Inner Sanctum Mystery](/wiki/Inner_Sanctum_Mystery \"Inner Sanctum Mystery\")), which featured a monster made out of garbage called \"Heap\".\n\nA similar character called The Heap, who did not share the original character's origin or identity, appeared in the publisher [Skywald](/wiki/Skywald \"Skywald\")'s black\\-and\\-white horror\\-comics magazine *Psycho*, in most issues from \\#2\\-13 (March 1971 \\- July 1973\\).[*Psycho* (Skywald, 1971 series](http://www.comics.org/series/2013/) at the Grand Comics Database This version was created by writer Charles McNaughton and the longtime penciler\\-inker team of [Ross Andru](/wiki/Ross_Andru \"Ross Andru\") \\& [Mike Esposito](/wiki/Mike_Esposito_%28comics%29 \"Mike Esposito (comics)\"). Andru quickly took over scripting as well, later teaming with penciler\\-inker [Pablo Marcos](/wiki/Pablo_Marcos \"Pablo Marcos\"), who remained after editor [Al Hewetson](/wiki/Al_Hewetson \"Al Hewetson\") took over the writing. The final two stories were drawn by Xavier G. Vilanova,[Xavier G. Vilanova](http://lambiek.net/artists/v/vilanova_xavier-g.htm) at the [Lambiek Comiclopedia](/wiki/Lambiek_Comiclopedia \"Lambiek Comiclopedia\") variously credited at Skywald and elsewhere as simply \"Vilanova\" or \"Villanova\".Arndt, Richard J. [\"The Complete Skywald Checklist\"](http://www.enjolrasworld.com/Richard%20Arndt/The%20Complete%20Skywald%20Checklist.htm) (scroll down to *Nightmare* \\#9\\)\n\nThis Heap also starred in the [one\\-shot](/wiki/One-shot_%28comics%29 \"One-shot (comics)\") comics magazine *The Heap \\#1* (Sept. 1971\\), written by [Robert Kanigher](/wiki/Robert_Kanigher \"Robert Kanigher\") and [penciled](/wiki/Penciler \"Penciler\") by [Tom Sutton](/wiki/Tom_Sutton \"Tom Sutton\").[*The Heap* (Skywald, 1971\\)](http://www.comics.org/series/2010/) at the Grand Comics Database The company went defunct later that decade, and historians are uncertain whether it had formally acquired character rights from Hillman, which had ceased publishing in the mid\\-1950s.\n\n[Marvel Comics](/wiki/Marvel_Comics \"Marvel Comics\") writer/editor [Roy Thomas](/wiki/Roy_Thomas \"Roy Thomas\"), a fan of the original Heap character and a co\\-creator of Marvel's muck monster (the [Man\\-Thing](/wiki/Man-Thing \"Man-Thing\")), said he suggested that Skywald revive the Heap:\n\nIn [DC Comics](/wiki/DC_Comics \"DC Comics\")' *[Swamp Thing](/wiki/Swamp_Thing \"Swamp Thing\")*, among the [Parliament of Trees](/wiki/Parliament_of_Trees \"Parliament of Trees\") is a former Swamp Thing who is often cited as being a Man\\-Thing cameo. This character is identified as German pilot Albert Hollerer, who became the template for a Swamp Thing in the 1940s, but whose mind was damaged by his plane's crash. A miniature of his plane hanging near him when Swamp Thing visits him suggests readers of the Heap. He appeared in issues \\#47, 65, 89, 100, 105, 106, 109, 118, and 129\\.\n\nAnother similar character debuted in Image Comics' *[Spawn](/wiki/Spawn_%28comics%29 \"Spawn (comics)\")* \\#73 (June 1998\\), reimagined by writers [Todd McFarlane](/wiki/Todd_McFarlane \"Todd McFarlane\") and [Brian Holguin](/wiki/Brian_Holguin \"Brian Holguin\") and penciler [Greg Capullo](/wiki/Greg_Capullo \"Greg Capullo\").[*Spawn* \\#73 (June 1998\\)](http://www.comics.org/issue/61831/) at the Grand Comics Database\n\nIn 2011, [Moonstone Books](/wiki/Moonstone_Books \"Moonstone Books\") published a three\\-issue miniseries starring the Heap. Though this character is described as a \"concept created by Charles Knauf\" in the credits, he shares the same origin as the Hillman version, albeit with a different look and Norse mythology elements.\n\n",
"Fictional character biography\n-----------------------------\n\n[left\\|thumb\\|240px\\|Image Comics' reimagined Heap.](/wiki/Image:Heap.JPG \"Heap.JPG\")\n\n### Hillman/Eclipse version\n\nThe original Heap was formerly **Baron Eric von Emmelman** (his last name also sometimes spelled Emmelmann), a [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") German [flying ace](/wiki/Flying_ace \"Flying ace\") who was shot down in 1918 over a Polish swamp. Clinging to the smallest shred of life through sheer force of will (and, as it was later revealed, with the mystic help of the goddess [Ceres](/wiki/Ceres_%28mythology%29 \"Ceres (mythology)\"), later to be referred to more generically in the series as [Mother Nature](/wiki/Mother_Nature \"Mother Nature\")), through the decades his body decayed and intermingled with the vegetation around him, becoming one with the marshland itself until at last a shaggy, shambling half\\-world creature neither animal nor man*Roy Thomas Presents THE HEAP Volume One*, PS Artbooks Ltd., 2012 arose from the muck during the early years of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), a creature which would become known far and wide as The Heap.\n\nResembling a huge humanoid [haystack](/wiki/Haystack \"Haystack\") whose most visible facial feature was a dangling root\\-like snout, the mute monstrosity first battled the [lupine](/wiki/Wolf \"Wolf\")\\-cowled [Blackhawk](/wiki/Blackhawk_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Blackhawk (DC Comics)\")\\-style [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") ace SkyWolf before turning against its fellow Germans who were now fanatical followers of the evil [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi \"Nazi\") cause. Then it took to wandering the globe, helping in its semi\\-mindless and often misunderstood way those in need and battling those monsters more malevolent than itself.\n\nAccording to *Jess Nevins' Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes*, the Heap's opponents \"range from Axis agents to ordinary criminals to werewolves, disembodied murderous hands, giant lizards, voodoo houngans, sea serpents, and the Black Boar of Mongolia\".\n\nCapable of both savage violence and a surprising gentleness, for a time the Heap even had an unwilling \"[kid sidekick](/wiki/Sidekick \"Sidekick\")\" of sorts in the form of Rickie Wood, a young boy whose remote control model [biplane](/wiki/Biplane \"Biplane\") stirred murky memories of the hulking plant\\-thing's former life.Roy Thomas, \"Heaping It On: A Personal And Historical Introduction\", *Roy Thomas Presents THE HEAP Volume One*, PS Artbooks Ltd., 2012 \n\n### Skywald version\n\nThe Skywald version was pilot **Jim Roberts**, who accidentally crashed his [cropduster](/wiki/Cropduster \"Cropduster\") plane into a tank of liquid [nerve gas](/wiki/Nerve_gas \"Nerve gas\") at an Army toxic waste dump and was horribly mutated into a jagged\\-fanged, long\\-tongued and glaring\\-eyed brute whose hideous [blob](/wiki/wikt:Blob \"Blob\")\\-like body was virtually indestructible, bullets passing with a minimum of damage through the slimy [gelatinous](/wiki/Gelatinous \"Gelatinous\") green \"earth matter\" which had replaced his fleshly form and which could [regenerate](/wiki/Regeneration_%28biology%29 \"Regeneration (biology)\") against any injury up to and including near total incineration by a bolt of [lightning](/wiki/Lightning \"Lightning\").[Jeff Rovin](/wiki/Jeff_Rovin \"Jeff Rovin\"), *Encyclopedia of Monsters*, Checkmate Books, 1990 Unlike the previous incarnation, this Heap while mute was no mindless monstrosity and retained his human intelligence, allowing readers to share his every anguished thought as he wandered the world in a desperate attempt to find some method to either cure or kill himself.Roy Thomas, \"Heaping It On: A Personal And Historical Introduction\", *Roy Thomas Presents THE HEAP Volume One*, PS Artbooks Ltd., 2012\n\n### Image version\n\nThe Image Comics version in *[Spawn](/wiki/Spawn_%28comics%29 \"Spawn (comics)\")*, a series about a conflicted, mostly Earth\\-bound servant of [Hell](/wiki/Hell \"Hell\"), reimagined the Heap as a bum named **Eddie Beckett**. Beckett was murdered after finding a bag of [necroplasm](/wiki/Necroplasm \"Necroplasm\"), a supernatural substance of which Spawn's body is composed. The necroplasm reacted with his body, causing the earth and trash around him to collect and meld with his corpse. The Heap fought Spawn on at least two occasions, each time swallowing and engulfing Spawn and sending him to the mysterious Greenworld, an other\\-dimensional representation of nature. This version of heap debuted in Spawn \\#72\\.\n\n",
"### Hillman/Eclipse version\n\nThe original Heap was formerly **Baron Eric von Emmelman** (his last name also sometimes spelled Emmelmann), a [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") German [flying ace](/wiki/Flying_ace \"Flying ace\") who was shot down in 1918 over a Polish swamp. Clinging to the smallest shred of life through sheer force of will (and, as it was later revealed, with the mystic help of the goddess [Ceres](/wiki/Ceres_%28mythology%29 \"Ceres (mythology)\"), later to be referred to more generically in the series as [Mother Nature](/wiki/Mother_Nature \"Mother Nature\")), through the decades his body decayed and intermingled with the vegetation around him, becoming one with the marshland itself until at last a shaggy, shambling half\\-world creature neither animal nor man*Roy Thomas Presents THE HEAP Volume One*, PS Artbooks Ltd., 2012 arose from the muck during the early years of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), a creature which would become known far and wide as The Heap.\n\nResembling a huge humanoid [haystack](/wiki/Haystack \"Haystack\") whose most visible facial feature was a dangling root\\-like snout, the mute monstrosity first battled the [lupine](/wiki/Wolf \"Wolf\")\\-cowled [Blackhawk](/wiki/Blackhawk_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Blackhawk (DC Comics)\")\\-style [Allied](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") ace SkyWolf before turning against its fellow Germans who were now fanatical followers of the evil [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi \"Nazi\") cause. Then it took to wandering the globe, helping in its semi\\-mindless and often misunderstood way those in need and battling those monsters more malevolent than itself.\n\nAccording to *Jess Nevins' Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes*, the Heap's opponents \"range from Axis agents to ordinary criminals to werewolves, disembodied murderous hands, giant lizards, voodoo houngans, sea serpents, and the Black Boar of Mongolia\".\n\nCapable of both savage violence and a surprising gentleness, for a time the Heap even had an unwilling \"[kid sidekick](/wiki/Sidekick \"Sidekick\")\" of sorts in the form of Rickie Wood, a young boy whose remote control model [biplane](/wiki/Biplane \"Biplane\") stirred murky memories of the hulking plant\\-thing's former life.Roy Thomas, \"Heaping It On: A Personal And Historical Introduction\", *Roy Thomas Presents THE HEAP Volume One*, PS Artbooks Ltd., 2012 \n\n",
"### Skywald version\n\nThe Skywald version was pilot **Jim Roberts**, who accidentally crashed his [cropduster](/wiki/Cropduster \"Cropduster\") plane into a tank of liquid [nerve gas](/wiki/Nerve_gas \"Nerve gas\") at an Army toxic waste dump and was horribly mutated into a jagged\\-fanged, long\\-tongued and glaring\\-eyed brute whose hideous [blob](/wiki/wikt:Blob \"Blob\")\\-like body was virtually indestructible, bullets passing with a minimum of damage through the slimy [gelatinous](/wiki/Gelatinous \"Gelatinous\") green \"earth matter\" which had replaced his fleshly form and which could [regenerate](/wiki/Regeneration_%28biology%29 \"Regeneration (biology)\") against any injury up to and including near total incineration by a bolt of [lightning](/wiki/Lightning \"Lightning\").[Jeff Rovin](/wiki/Jeff_Rovin \"Jeff Rovin\"), *Encyclopedia of Monsters*, Checkmate Books, 1990 Unlike the previous incarnation, this Heap while mute was no mindless monstrosity and retained his human intelligence, allowing readers to share his every anguished thought as he wandered the world in a desperate attempt to find some method to either cure or kill himself.Roy Thomas, \"Heaping It On: A Personal And Historical Introduction\", *Roy Thomas Presents THE HEAP Volume One*, PS Artbooks Ltd., 2012\n\n",
"### Image version\n\nThe Image Comics version in *[Spawn](/wiki/Spawn_%28comics%29 \"Spawn (comics)\")*, a series about a conflicted, mostly Earth\\-bound servant of [Hell](/wiki/Hell \"Hell\"), reimagined the Heap as a bum named **Eddie Beckett**. Beckett was murdered after finding a bag of [necroplasm](/wiki/Necroplasm \"Necroplasm\"), a supernatural substance of which Spawn's body is composed. The necroplasm reacted with his body, causing the earth and trash around him to collect and meld with his corpse. The Heap fought Spawn on at least two occasions, each time swallowing and engulfing Spawn and sending him to the mysterious Greenworld, an other\\-dimensional representation of nature. This version of heap debuted in Spawn \\#72\\.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* \"[It!](/wiki/It%21_%28short_story%29 \"It! (short story)\")\"\n* [Glob](/wiki/Glob_%28comics%29 \"Glob (comics)\")\n* [Muckman](/wiki/List_of_Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_characters%23Muckman \"List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters#Muckman\")\n* [Man\\-Thing](/wiki/Man-Thing \"Man-Thing\")\n* [Sludge](/wiki/Sludge_%28comics%29 \"Sludge (comics)\")\n* [Swamp Thing](/wiki/Swamp_Thing \"Swamp Thing\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Golden Age superheroes](/wiki/Category:Golden_Age_superheroes \"Golden Age superheroes\")\n[Category:Spawn characters](/wiki/Category:Spawn_characters \"Spawn characters\")\n[Category:Plant characters](/wiki/Category:Plant_characters \"Plant characters\")\n[Category:Eclipse Comics characters](/wiki/Category:Eclipse_Comics_characters \"Eclipse Comics characters\")\n[Category:Image Comics supervillains](/wiki/Category:Image_Comics_supervillains \"Image Comics supervillains\")\n[Category:Fictional aviators](/wiki/Category:Fictional_aviators \"Fictional aviators\")\n[Category:Fictional monsters](/wiki/Category:Fictional_monsters \"Fictional monsters\")\n[Category:Comics characters introduced in 1942](/wiki/Category:Comics_characters_introduced_in_1942 \"Comics characters introduced in 1942\")\n[Category:Comics characters introduced in 1971](/wiki/Category:Comics_characters_introduced_in_1971 \"Comics characters introduced in 1971\")\n[Category:Comics characters introduced in 1998](/wiki/Category:Comics_characters_introduced_in_1998 \"Comics characters introduced in 1998\")\n[Category:Comics set in swamps](/wiki/Category:Comics_set_in_swamps \"Comics set in swamps\")\n[Category:Groups of fictional characters](/wiki/Category:Groups_of_fictional_characters \"Groups of fictional characters\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Siân James (musician)
|
{
"id": [
20318
],
"name": [
"Joy"
]
}
|
j4yd7q97oajjgc6jxdb2ugdqiqrabcd
|
2022-08-11T10:30:42Z
| 1,083,175,516 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Albums",
"Film",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|Siân James live on stage at the [Festival Interceltique de Lorient](/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient \"Festival Interceltique de Lorient\") (2002\\)](/wiki/Image:Sianjames_anoriant.jpg \"Sianjames anoriant.jpg\")\n**Siân James** (born 24 December 1961\\) is a Welsh traditional folk singer and harpist who has recorded for [Sain](/wiki/Sain_%28record_label%29 \"Sain (record label)\") and [BBC Records](/wiki/BBC_Records \"BBC Records\") as well as her own label, Bos.\n\nA native of the [Mid Wales](/wiki/Mid_Wales \"Mid Wales\") village of [Llanerfyl](/wiki/Llanerfyl \"Llanerfyl\") in [Powys](/wiki/Powys \"Powys\"), Siân James participated, from an early age, in local [eisteddfodau](/wiki/Eisteddfodau \"Eisteddfodau\"), playing the [piano](/wiki/Piano \"Piano\"), the [violin](/wiki/Violin \"Violin\") and later the [harp](/wiki/Harp \"Harp\"). While still a student at [Llanfair Caereinion](/wiki/Llanfair_Caereinion \"Llanfair Caereinion\") High School, she began composing her own songs and arranging traditional Welsh music. She went on to read music at the [University of Wales, Bangor](/wiki/University_of_Wales%2C_Bangor \"University of Wales, Bangor\"). She is also well known for her acting work on Welsh language television.\n\nHaving been a recording artist for Sain and BBC Records, James has, in the 2000s, recorded her work for Bos at her home studio in Llanerfyl.\n\nJames conducts and accompanies a Welsh men's choir called Parti Cut Lloi. In 2009, she performed several times with the choir at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\")\n\n",
"Albums\n------\n\n* *Cysgodion Karma* \\[*Karma Shadows*] (1990\\)\n* *Distaw* \\[*Silent*] (1993\\)\n* *Gweini Tymor* \\[*Serving a Term*] (1996\\)\n* *Di\\-Gwsg* \\[*Sleepless*] (1997\\)\n* *Birdman* (1999\\)\n* *Pur* \\[*Pure*] (2001\\)\n* *Y Ferch o Bedlam* \\[*The Girl from Bedlam*] (2005\\)\n* *Cymun* \\[*Communion*] (2012\\)\n* *Gosteg* \\[*Silence*] (2018\\)\n",
"Film\n----\n\n* *[Tylluan Wen](/wiki/Tylluan_Wen \"Tylluan Wen\")* (1997\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Siân James official website](http://www.sianjames.co.uk/)\n* Siân James and Parti Cut Lloi [on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hBVzzHq7wE)\n\n[Category:1961 births](/wiki/Category:1961_births \"1961 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Welsh folk harpists](/wiki/Category:Welsh_folk_harpists \"Welsh folk harpists\")\n[Category:People from Montgomeryshire](/wiki/Category:People_from_Montgomeryshire \"People from Montgomeryshire\")\n[Category:Alumni of Bangor University](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Bangor_University \"Alumni of Bangor University\")\n[Category:Welsh\\-speaking musicians](/wiki/Category:Welsh-speaking_musicians \"Welsh-speaking musicians\")\n[Category:Welsh\\-language singers](/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_singers \"Welsh-language singers\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Besalampy
|
{
"id": [
34386159
],
"name": [
"Thesmallthings123"
]
}
|
qen0ik0pwknm1u5v5r4mjtlm7y7xb3v
|
2023-09-25T00:19:18Z
| 1,169,571,831 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"River",
"Roads",
"Climate",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Besalampy** is a rural municipality on the west coast of [Madagascar](/wiki/Madagascar \"Madagascar\"). It belongs to the [district](/wiki/Districts_of_Madagascar \"Districts of Madagascar\") of [Besalampy](/wiki/Besalampy_District \"Besalampy District\"), which is a part of [Melaky Region](/wiki/Melaky_Region \"Melaky Region\"). The population of the municipality was 11331 in 2018\\.\n\nBesalampy is served by a local [Besalampy Airport](/wiki/Besalampy_Airport \"Besalampy Airport\") and maritime harbour. In addition to primary schooling the town offers secondary education at both junior and senior levels. The town has a permanent court and hospital.\n\nThe majority 65% of the population of the municipality are farmers, while an additional 30% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. Most important export product is [raffia palms](/wiki/Raffia_palm \"Raffia palm\").[France agricole \\- Le raphia, perle rare de Madagascar](https://www.lafranceagricole.fr/actualites/le-raphia-perle-rare-de-madagascar-1,0,438963984.html) Other important crops are [bananas](/wiki/Banana \"Banana\"), seeds of [catechu](/wiki/Acacia_catechu \"Acacia catechu\") and [oranges](/wiki/Orange_%28fruit%29 \"Orange (fruit)\"). Additionally fishing employs 5% of the population.\nThere is also a prawn farm in Besalampy.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nIn 2008 the municipality was destroyed by 95% by the [Cyclone Fame](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_South-West_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season%23Tropical_Cyclone_Fame \"2007–08 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Fame\")[Cyclone Fame](https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/La-ville-de-Besalampy-detruite-a,4428.html)\n\n",
"River\n-----\n\nThe [Maningoza](/wiki/Maningoza \"Maningoza\") river has its mouth near Besalampy.[Eaux et hydrographie](https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/eau/lexique_eaux.pdf)\n\n",
"Roads\n-----\n\nBemarivo is crossed by the unpaved [National road 19T](/wiki/Route_nationale_19_%28Madagascar%29 \"Route nationale 19 (Madagascar)\").\n\n",
"Climate\n-------\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Bemarivo Reserve](/wiki/Bemarivo_Reserve \"Bemarivo Reserve\") at 12 km from Besalampy.\n* the [Maningoza Reserve](/wiki/Maningoza_Reserve \"Maningoza Reserve\") is located in the district of Besalampy.\n* [Melaky](/wiki/Melaky \"Melaky\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Melaky](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Melaky \"Populated places in Melaky\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Goose Hollow, Portland, Oregon
|
{
"id": [
38000645
],
"name": [
"Jamedeus"
]
}
|
nc9hkibc6t79qd0lksq1vbi4ssj9jy4
|
2023-09-08T23:40:34Z
| 1,174,519,396 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Location",
"Points of interest",
"Buildings",
"Notable residents",
"In popular culture",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Goose Hollow** is a [neighborhood](/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Portland%2C_Oregon \"Neighborhoods of Portland, Oregon\") in southwest [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"). It acquired its distinctive name through early residents' practice of letting their [geese](/wiki/Goose \"Goose\") run free in [Tanner Creek](/wiki/Tanner_Creek \"Tanner Creek\") Gulch and near the wooded ravine in the [Tualatin Mountains](/wiki/Tualatin_Mountains \"Tualatin Mountains\") known as the Tanner Creek Canyon. Tanner Creek Gulch was a 20\\-block\\-long, gulch (or [hollow](/wiki/Valley%23Hollows \"Valley#Hollows\")) that started around SW 17th and Jefferson and carried the waters of Tanner Creek into Couch Lake (now the site of [Old Town/Chinatown](/wiki/Old_Town_Chinatown%2C_Portland%2C_Oregon \"Old Town Chinatown, Portland, Oregon\") and the [Pearl District](/wiki/Pearl_District \"Pearl District\")). Over a century ago, Tanner Creek was buried underground (where it still drains the West Hills), and the Tanner Creek Gulch was filled in. The only remaining part of the hollow is the ravine, Tanner Creek Canyon, carved out by Tanner Creek through which The Sunset Highway carrying [US\\-26](/wiki/U.S._Route_26_in_Oregon \"U.S. Route 26 in Oregon\") passes and which the [Vista Bridge](/wiki/Vista_Bridge \"Vista Bridge\") spans, also called the Vista Viaduct.\n\nThe historically important [Canyon Road](/wiki/Canyon_Road \"Canyon Road\") connects to Jefferson Street underneath the [Vista Bridge](/wiki/Vista_Bridge \"Vista Bridge\") and was also called \"The Great Plank Road.\" Canyon Road passed through Tanner Creek Canyon, which is how the road acquired its name. However, in the 1960s the section of Canyon Road that passes through the canyon was elevated (infilled with excavated dirt from Interstate 405's construction) and is now just a section of Highway 26\\. The Goose Hollow name had gone out of common usage for several decades until former mayor [Bud Clark](/wiki/Bud_Clark \"Bud Clark\") named his pub The [Goose Hollow Inn](/wiki/Goose_Hollow_Inn \"Goose Hollow Inn\") in 1967 in an effort to \"rekindle civic regard for the neighborhood.\" Clark resided in the Goose Hollow neighborhood.\n\n",
"Location\n--------\n\nGoose Hollow is adjacent to [Downtown Portland](/wiki/Downtown_Portland \"Downtown Portland\"), [Arlington Heights](/wiki/Arlington_Heights%2C_Portland%2C_Oregon \"Arlington Heights, Portland, Oregon\"), the [Pearl District](/wiki/Pearl_District \"Pearl District\"), the [Hillside neighborhood](/wiki/Hillside%2C_Portland%2C_Oregon \"Hillside, Portland, Oregon\"), [Northwest District](/wiki/Northwest_District%2C_Portland%2C_Oregon \"Northwest District, Portland, Oregon\") and [Washington Park](/wiki/Washington_Park%2C_Portland%2C_Oregon \"Washington Park, Portland, Oregon\"). [Providence Park](/wiki/Providence_Park \"Providence Park\"), the [Multnomah Athletic Club](/wiki/Multnomah_Athletic_Club \"Multnomah Athletic Club\"), and [Lincoln High School](/wiki/Lincoln_High_School_%28Portland%2C_Oregon%29 \"Lincoln High School (Portland, Oregon)\"), the oldest high school in the [Pacific Northwest](/wiki/Pacific_Northwest \"Pacific Northwest\"), are located in Goose Hollow.\n\nAreas included within the Goose Hollow neighborhood are King's Hill, Vista Ridge, Gander Ridge, and the adjacent flats near the path of Tanner Creek. King's Hill is separated from Vista Ridge by the Tanner Creek Canyon spanned by the [Vista Bridge](/wiki/Vista_Bridge \"Vista Bridge\"). Vista Ridge (where the [Vista Ridge Tunnels](/wiki/Vista_Ridge_Tunnels \"Vista Ridge Tunnels\") are located) is separated from Gander Ridge by Cable Car Canyon. From 1890 to 1905 a steep and enormous trestle bridge passed through this canyon, carrying cable cars up to Portland Heights. The neighborhood boundaries range (north/south) from Burnside Street to the low slopes of the West Hills (officially known as the [Tualatin Mountains](/wiki/Tualatin_Mountains \"Tualatin Mountains\")) and (east/west) from I\\-405 to [Washington Park](/wiki/Washington_Park%2C_Portland%2C_Oregon \"Washington Park, Portland, Oregon\").\n\n",
"Points of interest\n------------------\n\nThe [MAX Light Rail](/wiki/MAX_Light_Rail \"MAX Light Rail\") system travels through the neighborhood, stopping at [Providence Park](/wiki/Providence_Park_MAX_Station \"Providence Park MAX Station\") and [Goose Hollow/SW Jefferson St](/wiki/Goose_Hollow/SW_Jefferson_St_MAX_Station \"Goose Hollow/SW Jefferson St MAX Station\") stations. Goose Hollow is also served by two major freeways: [Interstate 405](/wiki/Interstate_405_%28Oregon%29 \"Interstate 405 (Oregon)\"), which divides it from Downtown Portland, and [U.S. Route 26](/wiki/U.S._Route_26_%28Oregon%29 \"U.S. Route 26 (Oregon)\"), which passes under and through part of the neighborhood through the [Vista Ridge Tunnels](/wiki/Vista_Ridge_Tunnels \"Vista Ridge Tunnels\").\n\nThe Goose Hollow Inn, a tavern on SW Jefferson, was owned by former mayor [Bud Clark](/wiki/Bud_Clark \"Bud Clark\").\n\n",
"Buildings\n---------\n\n* [Civic Tower](/wiki/Civic_Tower_%28Portland%2C_Oregon%29 \"Civic Tower (Portland, Oregon)\") \\- 1926 West Burnside St.\n",
"Notable residents\n-----------------\n\nNotable residents of Goose Hollow have included: [Daniel H. Lownsdale](/wiki/Daniel_H._Lownsdale \"Daniel H. Lownsdale\"), [Charles Erskine Scott Wood](/wiki/Charles_Erskine_Scott_Wood \"Charles Erskine Scott Wood\"), Congresswoman [Nan Wood Honeyman](/wiki/Nan_Wood_Honeyman \"Nan Wood Honeyman\"), Erskine Wood, Dr. [Marie Equi](/wiki/Marie_Equi \"Marie Equi\"), [John Reed](/wiki/John_Reed_%28journalist%29 \"John Reed (journalist)\"), [Abigail Scott Duniway](/wiki/Abigail_Scott_Duniway \"Abigail Scott Duniway\"), [Julius Meier](/wiki/Julius_Meier \"Julius Meier\"), Dr. [Lendon Smith](/wiki/Lendon_Smith \"Lendon Smith\"), [Pietro Belluschi](/wiki/Pietro_Belluschi \"Pietro Belluschi\"), [Minor White](/wiki/Minor_White \"Minor White\"), Milton Wilson, [Chuck Palahniuk](/wiki/Chuck_Palahniuk \"Chuck Palahniuk\"), former Mayor [Bud Clark](/wiki/Bud_Clark \"Bud Clark\"), Ken Shores, George Johanson, and [Jean Auel](/wiki/Jean_Auel \"Jean Auel\"). \n\n",
"In popular culture\n------------------\n\nThe opening scenes for the 2004 film *[What the Bleep Do We Know!?](/wiki/What_the_Bleep_Do_We_Know%21%3F \"What the Bleep Do We Know!?\")* were filmed in Goose Hollow and included views of the [Vista Bridge](/wiki/Vista_Bridge \"Vista Bridge\") and the [Goose Hollow/SW Jefferson St (MAX station)](/wiki/Goose_Hollow/SW_Jefferson_St_%28MAX_station%29 \"Goose Hollow/SW Jefferson St (MAX station)\"). In 2010, the title shot for *[Portlandia](/wiki/Portlandia_%28TV_series%29 \"Portlandia (TV series)\")* was photographed from Goose Hollow's [Vista Bridge](/wiki/Vista_Bridge \"Vista Bridge\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n**Notes**\n\n**Bibliography**\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Map, Goose Hollow neighborhood association](http://www.portlandonline.com/oni/index.cfm?c=35281&a=58379)\n* [Guide to Goose Hollow Neighborhood](http://www.portlandneighborhood.com/goosehollow.html) (PortlandNeighborhood.com)\n* [Jefferson Street Property](http://www.portlandonline.com/parks/finder/index.cfm?action=ViewPark&PropertyID=900) \\- natural area, acquired by [Portland Parks \\& Recreation](/wiki/Portland_Parks_%26_Recreation \"Portland Parks & Recreation\") in 1995\n* [Goose Hollow Light Rail Station Community: Urban Design Plan and Comprehensive Plan](http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=89750) (PDF maps, 1996\\)\n* [Goose Hollow Street Tree Inventory Report](https://www.portlandoregon.gov/parks/article/594942)\n\n[Category:Neighborhoods in Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Category:Neighborhoods_in_Portland%2C_Oregon \"Neighborhoods in Portland, Oregon\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Anne Ottenbrite
|
{
"id": [
2842084
],
"name": [
"Jevansen"
]
}
|
argn1sdovx8hnm60otzjgvymjuimmab
|
2024-04-23T11:18:49Z
| 1,220,368,055 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Anne Ottenbrite** (born May 12, 1966\\) is a Canadian former [breaststroke](/wiki/Breaststroke \"Breaststroke\") swimmer, who won three medals at the [1984 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics \"1984 Summer Olympics\") in Los Angeles: gold (200\\-metre breaststroke), silver (100\\-metre breaststroke), and bronze (4×100\\-metre medley relay). In the last event she was accompanied by [Reema Abdo](/wiki/Reema_Abdo \"Reema Abdo\"), [Michelle MacPherson](/wiki/Michelle_MacPherson \"Michelle MacPherson\") and [Pamela Rai](/wiki/Pamela_Rai \"Pamela Rai\").\n\nOttenbrite attended the [University of Southern California](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California \"University of Southern California\"), and swam or the [USC Trojans](/wiki/USC_Trojans \"USC Trojans\") swimming and diving team.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame](/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_International_Swimming_Hall_of_Fame \"List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame\")\n* [List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)](/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_swimming_%28women%29 \"List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1966 births](/wiki/Category:1966_births \"1966 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Olympic swimmers for Canada](/wiki/Category:Olympic_swimmers_for_Canada \"Olympic swimmers for Canada\")\n[Category:Swimmers at the 1982 Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Category:Swimmers_at_the_1982_Commonwealth_Games \"Swimmers at the 1982 Commonwealth Games\")\n[Category:Swimmers at the 1983 Pan American Games](/wiki/Category:Swimmers_at_the_1983_Pan_American_Games \"Swimmers at the 1983 Pan American Games\")\n[Category:Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Swimmers_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics \"Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Swimmers from Ontario](/wiki/Category:Swimmers_from_Ontario \"Swimmers from Ontario\")\n[Category:Olympic gold medalists for Canada](/wiki/Category:Olympic_gold_medalists_for_Canada \"Olympic gold medalists for Canada\")\n[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Canada](/wiki/Category:Olympic_silver_medalists_for_Canada \"Olympic silver medalists for Canada\")\n[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Canada](/wiki/Category:Olympic_bronze_medalists_for_Canada \"Olympic bronze medalists for Canada\")\n[Category:USC Trojans women's swimmers](/wiki/Category:USC_Trojans_women%27s_swimmers \"USC Trojans women's swimmers\")\n[Category:Canadian expatriate swimmers in the United States](/wiki/Category:Canadian_expatriate_swimmers_in_the_United_States \"Canadian expatriate swimmers in the United States\")\n[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Canada](/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_Games_gold_medallists_for_Canada \"Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Canada\")\n[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Canada](/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_Games_silver_medallists_for_Canada \"Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Canada\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from Clarington](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_Clarington \"Sportspeople from Clarington\")\n[Category:Olympic bronze medalists in swimming](/wiki/Category:Olympic_bronze_medalists_in_swimming \"Olympic bronze medalists in swimming\")\n[Category:World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming](/wiki/Category:World_Aquatics_Championships_medalists_in_swimming \"World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming\")\n[Category:Canadian female breaststroke swimmers](/wiki/Category:Canadian_female_breaststroke_swimmers \"Canadian female breaststroke swimmers\")\n[Category:Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada](/wiki/Category:Pan_American_Games_gold_medalists_for_Canada \"Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada\")\n[Category:Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada](/wiki/Category:Pan_American_Games_silver_medalists_for_Canada \"Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada\")\n[Category:Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Medalists_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics \"Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Olympic gold medalists in swimming](/wiki/Category:Olympic_gold_medalists_in_swimming \"Olympic gold medalists in swimming\")\n[Category:Olympic silver medalists in swimming](/wiki/Category:Olympic_silver_medalists_in_swimming \"Olympic silver medalists in swimming\")\n[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming](/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_Games_medallists_in_swimming \"Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming\")\n[Category:Pan American Games medalists in swimming](/wiki/Category:Pan_American_Games_medalists_in_swimming \"Pan American Games medalists in swimming\")\n[Category:Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games](/wiki/Category:Medalists_at_the_1983_Pan_American_Games \"Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Canadian women](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Canadian_women \"20th-century Canadian women\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Canadian women](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Canadian_women \"21st-century Canadian women\")\n[Category:Medallists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Category:Medallists_at_the_1982_Commonwealth_Games \"Medallists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Secret Love (Lorrie Morgan album)
|
{
"id": [
2842084
],
"name": [
"Jevansen"
]
}
|
590qa92wzda5y7smxxva15b9m2f6921
|
2024-07-21T02:04:33Z
| 1,233,732,448 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Critical reception",
"Track listing",
"Personnel",
"Chart performance",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Secret Love** is the seventh studio album by [Lorrie Morgan](/wiki/Lorrie_Morgan \"Lorrie Morgan\"), released in 1998\\. She dedicated this album to her late father, [George Morgan](/wiki/George_Morgan_%28singer%29 \"George Morgan (singer)\"). The album includes [cover versions](/wiki/Cover_version \"Cover version\") of pop standards. It peaked at number 36 on the Billboard Country Album chart.\n\n",
"Critical reception\n------------------\n\nCharlotte Dillon of [AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic \"AllMusic\") praised Morgan's vocal delivery and the instrumentation. Giving it a B−, [Alanna Nash](/wiki/Alanna_Nash \"Alanna Nash\") of *[Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly \"Entertainment Weekly\")* wrote that \"Although Lorrie displays some aptitude for the genre, her reading of the lyrics…is overly melodramatic and she fails to give the material the shading and nuance that could make this brave outing more than a vanity recording. \"\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n1. \"[Once Upon a Time](/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_%28Charles_Strouse_and_Lee_Adams_song%29 \"Once Upon a Time (Charles Strouse and Lee Adams song)\")\" ([Lee Adams](/wiki/Lee_Adams \"Lee Adams\"), [Charles Strouse](/wiki/Charles_Strouse \"Charles Strouse\")) – 4:46\n2. \"[Here's That Rainy Day](/wiki/Here%27s_That_Rainy_Day \"Here's That Rainy Day\")\" ([Johnny Burke](/wiki/Johnny_Burke_%28lyricist%29 \"Johnny Burke (lyricist)\"), [Jimmy Van Heusen](/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Heusen \"Jimmy Van Heusen\")) – 4:13\n3. \"[Good Morning Heartache](/wiki/Good_Morning_Heartache \"Good Morning Heartache\")\" ([Ervin Drake](/wiki/Ervin_Drake \"Ervin Drake\"), Dan Fisher, [Irene Higginbotham](/wiki/Irene_Higginbotham \"Irene Higginbotham\")) – 4:43\n4. \"[I've Got the World on a String](/wiki/I%27ve_Got_the_World_on_a_String \"I've Got the World on a String\")\" ([Harold Arlen](/wiki/Harold_Arlen \"Harold Arlen\"), [Ted Koehler](/wiki/Ted_Koehler \"Ted Koehler\")) – 2:39\n5. \"[Secret Love](/wiki/Secret_Love_%28Doris_Day_song%29 \"Secret Love (Doris Day song)\")\" ([Sammy Fain](/wiki/Sammy_Fain \"Sammy Fain\"), [Paul Francis Webster](/wiki/Paul_Francis_Webster \"Paul Francis Webster\")) – 4:49\n6. \"[My Foolish Heart](/wiki/My_Foolish_Heart_%28song%29 \"My Foolish Heart (song)\")\" ([Victor Young](/wiki/Victor_Young \"Victor Young\"), [Ned Washington](/wiki/Ned_Washington \"Ned Washington\")) – 4:07\n7. \"Summer of '42 (The Summer Knows)\" ([Alan Bergman](/wiki/Alan_Bergman \"Alan Bergman\"), [Marilyn Bergman](/wiki/Marilyn_Bergman \"Marilyn Bergman\"), [Michel Legrand](/wiki/Michel_Legrand \"Michel Legrand\")) – 3:58\n8. \"[They Can't Take That Away from Me](/wiki/They_Can%27t_Take_That_Away_from_Me \"They Can't Take That Away from Me\")\" ([George Gershwin](/wiki/George_Gershwin \"George Gershwin\"), [Ira Gershwin](/wiki/Ira_Gershwin \"Ira Gershwin\")) – 3:04\n9. \"[I Wish You Love](/wiki/I_Wish_You_Love_%28song%29 \"I Wish You Love (song)\")\" (Albert Beach, [Charles Trenet](/wiki/Charles_Trenet \"Charles Trenet\")) – 4:40\n10. \"[Fly Me to the Moon](/wiki/Fly_Me_to_the_Moon \"Fly Me to the Moon\")\" ([Bart Howard](/wiki/Bart_Howard \"Bart Howard\")) – 3:34\n11. \"[An Affair to Remember (Our Love Affair)](/wiki/An_Affair_to_Remember_%28Our_Love_Affair%29 \"An Affair to Remember (Our Love Affair)\")\" ([Harold Adamson](/wiki/Harold_Adamson \"Harold Adamson\"), [Leo McCarey](/wiki/Leo_McCarey \"Leo McCarey\"), [Harry Warren](/wiki/Harry_Warren \"Harry Warren\")) – 4:39\n",
"Personnel\n---------\n\nCompiled from liner notes.\n\nMusicians\n* [Beegie Adair](/wiki/Beegie_Adair \"Beegie Adair\") \\- [piano](/wiki/Piano \"Piano\")\n* Tom Bruner \\- [guitar](/wiki/Guitar \"Guitar\") on \"Fly Me to the Moon\"\n* Jim Ferguson \\- [bass guitar](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\")\n* Barry Green \\- [trombone](/wiki/Trombone \"Trombone\") on \"Here's That Rainy Day\", \"They Can't Take That Away from Me\", and \"Secret Love\"\n* [David Hungate](/wiki/David_Hungate \"David Hungate\") \\- guitar\n* [Nashville String Machine](/wiki/Nashville_String_Machine \"Nashville String Machine\") \\- [strings](/wiki/String_section \"String section\")\n* Dennis Solee \\- [tenor saxophone](/wiki/Tenor_saxophone \"Tenor saxophone\") on \"Good Morning Heartache\" and \"Fly Me to the Moon\"\n* Jim White \\- [drums](/wiki/Drum_kit \"Drum kit\")\n\nTechnical\n* Tom Bruner \\- conduction, arrangement\n* Ricky Cobble \\- recording\n* John Guess \\- recording, mixing\n* [Richard Landis](/wiki/Richard_Landis \"Richard Landis\") \\- [production](/wiki/Record_producer \"Record producer\")\n* Bob Ludwig \\- mastering\n",
"Chart performance\n-----------------\n\n| Chart (1998\\) | Peakposition |\n| --- | --- |\n| U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums | 36 |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1998 albums](/wiki/Category:1998_albums \"1998 albums\")\n[Category:BNA Records albums](/wiki/Category:BNA_Records_albums \"BNA Records albums\")\n[Category:Lorrie Morgan albums](/wiki/Category:Lorrie_Morgan_albums \"Lorrie Morgan albums\")\n[Category:Albums produced by Richard Landis](/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_Richard_Landis \"Albums produced by Richard Landis\")\n[Category:1990s covers albums](/wiki/Category:1990s_covers_albums \"1990s covers albums\")\n[Category:Traditional pop albums](/wiki/Category:Traditional_pop_albums \"Traditional pop albums\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Energy in Thailand
|
{
"id": [
5846
],
"name": [
"Kku"
]
}
|
gbmpb9auaz88jog692phz6p2bcpxf1p
|
2024-06-26T07:28:11Z
| 1,230,375,645 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Overview",
"Oil",
"Gas",
"Coal",
"Renewables",
"Nuclear",
"Carbon emissions",
"Electricity",
"History of the electricity sector",
"Anand Panyarachun government",
"Chuan Leekpai government",
"[[Thaksin Shinawatra]] government",
"Refining and pipelines",
"Electricity generation and transmission",
"International Electricity Exchanges",
"Thailand's Power Development Plan, 2015-2036",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
4,
4,
4,
5,
5,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
" \n\n[thumb\\|Growing cities like [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok \"Bangkok\") (pictured) are seeing increased energy consumption\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:Bangkok_skytrain_sunset.jpg \"Bangkok skytrain sunset.jpg\")\n**Energy in Thailand** refers to the production, storage, import and export, and use of [energy](/wiki/Energy \"Energy\") in the [Southeast Asian](/wiki/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\") nation of [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\"). Thailand's energy resources are modest and being depleted. The nation imports most of its [oil](/wiki/Petroleum \"Petroleum\") and significant quantities of [natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas \"Natural gas\") and [coal](/wiki/Coal \"Coal\"). Its energy consumption has grown at an average rate of 3\\.3% from 2007 to 2017\\. Energy from renewables has only recently begun to contribute significant energy. \n\nIn 2023, [natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas \"Natural gas\") accounted for the highest total power generation capacity, followed by [coal](/wiki/Coal \"Coal\") and [lignite](/wiki/Lignite \"Lignite\"), with a significant presence of 13 natural gas production facilities, primarily in the Gulf of Thailand. From January to November 2023, the value of energy imports and exports amounted to almost 1\\.89 trillion [Thai baht](/wiki/Thai_baht \"Thai baht\"). Energy consumption that year was around two million barrels worth of commercial primary energy oil equivalent, mainly from petroleum products and natural gas. The [Thai government](/wiki/Government_of_Thailand \"Government of Thailand\") is actively promoting renewable energy to reduce fossil fuel dependency and has seen a year\\-on\\-year increase in the usage of renewables.\n\nThere is some disparity in published figures: according to the [Ministry of Energy](/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_%28Thailand%29 \"Ministry of Energy (Thailand)\"), the country's [primary energy](/wiki/Primary_energy \"Primary energy\") consumption was 75\\.2 [Mtoe](/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalent \"Tonne of oil equivalent\") (million tonnes of oil equivalent, equalling around 875 TWh) in 2013\\. According to [BP](/wiki/BP \"BP\"), primary energy consumption in 2013 was 118\\.3 Mtoe, rising to 133 Mtoe in 2018\\.\n\nThe [energy policy](/wiki/Energy_policy \"Energy policy\") of Thailand is characterized by 1\\) increasing energy consumption efficiency, 2\\) increasing domestic energy production, 3\\) increasing the [private sector](/wiki/Private_sector \"Private sector\")'s role in the energy sector, 4\\) increasing the role of market mechanisms in setting energy prices. These policies have been consistent since the 1990s, despite various changes in governments. The pace and form of industry liberalization and privatization has been highly controversial.\n\n[thumb\\|[Rasi Salai Dam](/wiki/Rasi_Salai_Dam \"Rasi Salai Dam\")](/wiki/File:Rasisalai_dam.jpg \"Rasisalai dam.jpg\")\n\n",
"Overview\n--------\n\nThailand produces roughly one\\-third of the oil it consumes. It is the second largest importer of oil in SE Asia. Thailand is a producer of natural gas, with proved, but limited, reserves of at least 0\\.2 trillion [cubic metres](/wiki/Cubic_metre \"Cubic metre\") . Thailand trails Indonesia and Vietnam in coal production, and the coal it produces is of mediocre quality. It must import coal to meet domestic demand, primarily electricity generation.\n\n",
"Oil\n---\n\n[thumb\\|Offshore production wasn't enough to bring the country close to self\\-reliance.](/wiki/File:Oil_Balance_Thailand.svg \"Oil Balance Thailand.svg\")\n\n* Production: Thailand first began producing oilIncludes crude oil, tight oil, oil sands, NGLs (natural gas liquids). Excludes liquid fuels from biomass and coal/NG derivatives. in 1981, when it started producing 2,000 [barrels](/wiki/Barrel_%28unit%29%23Oil_barrel \"Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel\") (84,000 US gallons) per day. By 2013, daily production had increased to 459,000 barrels. Proved oil reserves are estimated at 0\\.3 thousand million barrels, giving it a [reserves\\-to\\-production ratio](/wiki/Reserves-to-production_ratio \"Reserves-to-production ratio\") (R/P) of 1\\.8\\. meaning that its oil is virtually exhausted. Indications are that Thai oil peaked in 2016 at 486,000 barrels per day.\n* Consumption: Thailand's consumption in 2018 was 65\\.8 Mtoe, up 2\\.2% over the previous year.\n",
"Gas\n---\n\n[thumb\\|Much of the country's gas is imported.](/wiki/File:Gas_Balance_Thailand.svg \"Gas Balance Thailand.svg\")\n\nThailand's proved natural gas reserves amount to 0\\.2 trillion m3. Its production in 2018 was 37\\.7 billion m3 (32\\.4 Mtoe) giving it an R/P ratio of only five years. It consumed 49\\.9 billion m3, making up the shortfall with 6\\.2 billion m3 in [liquid natural gas](/wiki/Liquid_natural_gas \"Liquid natural gas\") (LNG) imports and 7\\.8 billion m3 via pipeline from [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar \"Myanmar\"). \n\nNatural gas fuels approximately 60–65% of Thailand's electrical power generation. The Erawan gas field in the [Gulf of Thailand](/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand \"Gulf of Thailand\") supplies about 20% of Thailand's gas production. The field is estimated to have a capacity of 885 million [cubic feet](/wiki/Standard_cubic_foot \"Standard cubic foot\") (c. 25 million m3) per day.\n\n",
"Coal\n----\n\n[thumb\\|[Coal burner](/wiki/Coal_burner \"Coal burner\") in Thailand](/wiki/File:Coal_burner_in_Thailand.jpg \"Coal burner in Thailand.jpg\")\n\n, Thailand had proved reserves of 1,063 million tonnes of [sub\\-bituminous coal](/wiki/Sub-bituminous_coal \"Sub-bituminous coal\") and [lignite](/wiki/Lignite \"Lignite\"). In 2018, it produced 3\\.8 Mtoe, down 8\\.5% from 2017\\. It consumed 18\\.5 Mtoe in 2018, meaning it imported approximately 15 Mtoe. Its reserves\\-to\\-production ratio is 72 (years).\n\n",
"Renewables\n----------\n\nThailand's consumption of renewable energy in 2018 was 4 Mtoe, with a compound annual growth rate of 0\\.7% during the period 2008–2017\\. [Biomass](/wiki/Biomass \"Biomass\") was the leading contributor of renewable energy, solar second, and wind third. [Biofuels](/wiki/Biofuels \"Biofuels\") contributed 2119 Ktoe in 2018\\. The government is promoting the production of [biodiesel](/wiki/Biodiesel \"Biodiesel\") from palm oil to be blended with conventional diesel with the aim of reducing [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum \"Petroleum\") imports. The production goal is 5\\.97 million liters per day in 2021\\.\n\n| \\+ Total renewable energy capacity 2014–2023 (MW) |\n| --- |\n| **2014** | **2015** | **2016** | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | **2021** | **2022** | **2023** |\n| 7,373 | 7,902 | 9,369 | 10,147 | 11,215 | 11,700 | 11,843 | 12,197 | 12,444 | 12,547 |\n\nIn March 2016, the Thai government gave approval for homes and commercial buildings to install solar panels. Each house will be permitted to generate 10 kW and each factory 40 kW. The private sector, despite Thailand's ample solar resources, previously had no right to install power\\-generation equipment. As of 2021, Thailand is considered as one of the most successful [ASEAN](/wiki/ASEAN \"ASEAN\") countries in promoting and deploying solar energy. The Thai government wants all new cars sold to be electric by the year 2035\\. Despite progress and ambitious targets, improving renewable energy governance in Thailand is viewed as an important measure to attract more investment in renewable energy sources.Vakulchuk, R., Chan, H.Y., Kresnawan, M.R., Merdekawati, M., Overland, I., Sagbakken, H.F., Suryadi, B., Utama, N.A. and Yurnaidi, Z. 2020\\. Thailand: Improving the Business Climate for Renewable Energy Investment, ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) Policy Brief Series, No 12\\. <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341794262> \n\n| \\+ Wind power generation 2011–2020 |\n\n| **Year** | **Production(GWh)** | **Increase** | **Electricproduction share** |\n| 2011 | 5 | | 0,003% |\n| 2012 | 141 | \\+2720% | 0,08% |\n| 2013 | 305 | \\+116% | 0,18% |\n| 2014 | 305 | 0% | 0,18% |\n| 2015 | 329 | \\+8% | 0,19% |\n| 2016 | 345 | \\+5% | 0,18% |\n| 2017 | | \\+221% | 0,61% |\n| 2018 | | \\+48% | 0,90% |\n| 2019 | | \\+123% | 1,92% |\n| 2020 | | \\-12% | 1,80% |\n\n",
"Nuclear\n-------\n\nThailand has no nuclear power plants. Earlier plans to produce five [gigawatts](/wiki/Watt%23Gigawatt \"Watt#Gigawatt\") of electricity by 2025 using nuclear technology were scaled back to 2 GW in the aftermath of the [Fukushima disaster](/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster \"Fukushima nuclear disaster\").\n\nAs memories of Fukushima recede, interest in nuclear power has revived. Seven ASEAN nations, including Thailand, have signed cooperation agreements with [Rosatom](/wiki/Rosatom \"Rosatom\"), Russia's state nuclear energy agency. [EGAT](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") is working with China, Japan, and South Korea on nuclear power generation technology and has sent 100 specialists to train for nuclear power plant projects. EGAT plans for up to five percent of the country's power generation to be generated from nuclear by 2036\\.\n\n",
"Carbon emissions\n----------------\n\nIn 2018, Thailand emitted 302\\.4 Mt of CO2, up 0\\.8% over 2017, but down from its [compound annual growth rate](/wiki/Compound_annual_growth_rate \"Compound annual growth rate\") of 2\\.4% during the period 2007–2017\\.\n\n| \\+ Carbon dioxide emissions from energy, 2011–2021 (MtCO2) | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 249\\.3 | 266\\.7 | 265\\.8 | 273\\.7 | 281\\.1 | 286\\.8 | 287\\.5 | 293\\.2 | 288\\.4 | 270\\.0 | 269\\.4 |\n\nIn a report issued by the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") in December 2023, Thailand's commitment to environmental sustainability was brought into focus, with the country setting ambitious targets to reach [net\\-zero emissions](/wiki/Net-zero_emissions \"Net-zero emissions\") by 2065 and a 30% reduction in [greenhouse gas emissions](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions \"Greenhouse gas emissions\") by 2030\\. The Thai government has begun to implement a carbon pricing mechanism, encompassing [carbon taxes](/wiki/Carbon_tax \"Carbon tax\") and [Emission Trading Schemes](/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading \"Carbon emission trading\") (ETS), as a pivotal element of its climate policy. These efforts are complemented by a phased withdrawal of [fossil fuel subsidies](/wiki/Fossil_fuel_subsidies \"Fossil fuel subsidies\") and the introduction of supportive policies aimed at reducing the nation's carbon footprint. The World Bank report underscored the dual benefits of such policies, not only in mitigating climate change but also in reducing the financial and health impacts of air pollution, as evidenced by the substantial costs associated with [PM2\\.5](/wiki/Particulates \"Particulates\") exposure in Thailand. The report concluded that while the initial steps towards [carbon pricing](/wiki/Carbon_price \"Carbon price\") are critical, they would need to be significantly bolstered after 2030, alongside the adoption of additional measures such as the expansion of [electric vehicle](/wiki/Electric_vehicle \"Electric vehicle\") infrastructure and [renewable energy](/wiki/Renewable_energy \"Renewable energy\") skills development, to achieve the deep emission cuts required for Thailand to meet its climate objectives.\n\n",
"Electricity\n-----------\n\n[thumb\\|[Transmission tower](/wiki/Transmission_tower \"Transmission tower\") in [Samut Prakan Province](/wiki/Samut_Prakan_Province \"Samut Prakan Province\")](/wiki/File:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87_-_panoramio.jpg \"เสาไฟฟ้าแรงสูง - panoramio.jpg\")\n\nNinety percent of Thai electrical generating capacity is conventional thermal. Oil\\-fired plants have been replaced by natural gas, which in 2018 generated 65% of Thailand's electricity. Coal\\-fired plants produce an additional 20%, with the remainder from biomass, hydro, and biogas.\n\n the [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") (EGAT) produces 37% of Thailand's electricity; independent power producers, 35%; small power producers, 19%; and electricity imports, 9%. Electricity is distributed by the [Metropolitan Electricity Authority](/wiki/Metropolitan_Electricity_Authority \"Metropolitan Electricity Authority\") for Bangkok, [Nonthaburi](/wiki/Nonthaburi_province \"Nonthaburi province\") and [Samut Prakan](/wiki/Samut_Prakan_province \"Samut Prakan province\"), and the [Provincial Electricity Authority](/wiki/Provincial_Electricity_Authority \"Provincial Electricity Authority\") for the remaining 74 provinces.\n\n| \\+ Electricity generation by fuel, 2018–2021 ([Terawatt\\-hours](/wiki/Terawatt-hour \"Terawatt-hour\")) | Year | Oil | Natural Gas | Coal | Nuclear | Hydro | Renewables | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **2018** | 0\\.2 | 116\\.3 | 35\\.8 | 0 | 7\\.6 | 17\\.8 | 177\\.6 |\n| **2019** | 1\\.1 | 121\\.8 | 35\\.8 | 0 | 6\\.3 | 21\\.4 | 186\\.5 |\n| **2020** | 0\\.7 | 113\\.9 | 36\\.8 | 0 | 4\\.5 | 20\\.5 | 176\\.4 |\n| **2021** | 0\\.7 | 113\\.1 | 36\\.1 | 0 | 4\\.5 | 21\\.9 | 176\\.3 |\n\nEnergy experts working for the [World Wildlife Fund](/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund \"World Wildlife Fund\") have calculated that Thailand and four [Mekong Region](/wiki/Greater_Mekong_Subregion \"Greater Mekong Subregion\") neighbours could achieve [100% renewable energy](/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy \"100% renewable energy\") [electricity generation](/wiki/Electricity_generation \"Electricity generation\") by 2050\\. Their study showed that these countries can produce and use electricity from solar power, wind power, [biogas](/wiki/Biogas \"Biogas\"), and small run\\-of\\-the\\-river hydroelectricity. The findings conflict with government plans that discount renewables.\n\nRising temperatures increase electricity demand. It is estimated that cities the size of Bangkok may require as much as 2 gigawatts of additional electricity for each increase of 1 degree Celsius in temperature due to increased demand for air conditioning.\n\nAs the April 2024 report highlights, Thailand is facing an extraordinary increase in electricity consumption due to an ongoing severe heat wave. The country recorded a historic peak in electricity usage at 34,443\\.1 megawatts, surpassing the previous record of 34,130\\.5 megawatts set in May 2023\\. This significant spike in power usage is primarily driven by the revival of key sectors such as business and tourism, which are still rebounding alongside the extreme temperatures. The [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") (EGAT) has acknowledged this trend and now anticipates that electricity demand may further escalate, potentially exceeding 35,000 megawatts in the near future.\n\n### History of the electricity sector\n\n#### Anand Panyarachun government\n\nThe government of [Anand Panyarachun](/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun \"Anand Panyarachun\") (1991\\-1992\\) began the process of [energy industry](/wiki/Energy_industry \"Energy industry\") liberalisation. Its reforms included:\n* Allowing private companies, independent power producers (IPPs), to build and operate power generation plants, selling all of their output to the [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") (EGAT)\n* Allowing smaller private companies, SPPs or small power producers, to build and operate small power generation plants (mostly co\\-generation plants), selling a portion of their output to EGAT\n* Delegating to the National Energy Policy Organisation (NEPO) the task of developing a master plan for the privatisation of EGAT. [Piyasawat Amranand](/wiki/Piyasawat_Amranand \"Piyasawat Amranand\"), head of NEPO, designed a plan which would closely replicate the English [power pool](/wiki/Power_pool \"Power pool\"), break EGAT up into several smaller companies, and privatise the smaller companies.\n\n#### Chuan Leekpai government\n\nThe subsequent government of [Chuan Leekpai](/wiki/Chuan_Leekpai \"Chuan Leekpai\") (1992\\-1995, 1997\\-2001\\) continued Anand's policies, with Sawit Bhodivihok taking a leading role in industry reform. The reforms were fiercely attacked by members of the EGAT, [Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA)](/wiki/Metropolitan_Electricity_Authority \"Metropolitan Electricity Authority\"), and [Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA)](/wiki/Provincial_Electricity_Authority \"Provincial Electricity Authority\") unions. As a result, no significant changes in industry structure or ownership occurred during Chuan's term.\n\n#### [Thaksin Shinawatra](/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra \"Thaksin Shinawatra\") government\n\n##### Refining and pipelines\n\nIn September 2001, the National Energy Policy Office approved the partial listing of PTT, the state\\-owned oil and gas company.\n\nPTT swiftly became the largest company by market capitalisation upon listing in the [Stock Exchange of Thailand](/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand \"Stock Exchange of Thailand\") (SET). [PTT](/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited \"PTT Public Company Limited\") greatly profited from the global increase in worldwide oil prices following the [2003 invasion of Iraq](/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq \"2003 invasion of Iraq\"), and the rise in its stock price helped propel the SET to a boom. However, anti\\-Thaksin critics have claimed that PTT's bull run was due to manipulation by Thaksin.\n\n##### Electricity generation and transmission\n\n[thumb\\|Electrical power grid with 500 kV (brown), 225 kV (green) and 110 kV (blue) lines in 2022](/wiki/File:Electrical_Power_Grid_-_Thailand.png \"Electrical Power Grid - Thailand.png\")\nLike Chuan, Thaksin repeatedly attempted to privatise the [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") (EGAT). One of the goals of the privatisation was to raise 42 billion [baht](/wiki/Thai_baht \"Thai baht\") from the IPO and use the funds to invest in three new natural\\-gas powered power plants.\n\nIn early 2004, massive employee protests forced the EGAT governor to resign, thus delaying the planned privatisation of the state enterprise. Governor Kraisri Karnasuta worked with employees to address their concerns about the privatisation, and by December 2004, it was claimed that approximately 80% of employees supported privatisation. Permanent protest stages and tents at the EGAT headquarters were taken down as the state enterprise returned to normal. After the [Mahachon Party](/wiki/Mahachon_Party \"Mahachon Party\") (the only party that was officially against privatisation of state enterprises) won only two seats in the February 2005 parliamentary elections, the process of EGAT's privatisation was restarted. The agency was corporatized in June 2005, transforming it from the [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") to EGAT PLC. However, EGAT's privatisation was abruptly delayed when some NGOs and some union members filed a petition with the Supreme Court a few days before the scheduled listing on the [Stock Exchange of Thailand](/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand \"Stock Exchange of Thailand\") (SET).\n\nOn 23 March 2006, the Supreme Administrative Court ruled against the privatisation of EGAT PLC, citing conflicts of interest, public hearing irregularities, and the continued right of expropriation. The court said that Olarn Chaipravat, a board member of [PTT](/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited \"PTT Public Company Limited\") and [Shin Corporation](/wiki/Shin_Corporation \"Shin Corporation\") (both business partners of EGAT), was on a committee involved in the legal preparation of Egat's privatisation. The court questioned the neutrality of Parinya Nutalai, chair of the public hearing panel on the EGAT listing, because he was Vice Minister of Natural Resources and the Environment.\n\nIt also ruled that insufficient opportunities were given to EGAT employees to make themselves heard. There was only one public hearing for employees, which only 1,057 attended. Lastly, EGAT PLC continued to have the right to expropriate public land to build power plants and transmission lines, a right reserved for the state. Two decrees were nullified: one ordering the dissolution of the status of EGAT as a state enterprise, and the other serving as a new charter for EGAT PLC.\n\nUnion leaders and anti\\-Thaksin protesters cheered the ruling, and called for the denationalisation of other privatised state enterprises, such as [PTT Exploration and Production](/wiki/PTT_Exploration_and_Production \"PTT Exploration and Production\") (PTTEP) and [Thai Airways International](/wiki/Thai_Airways_International \"Thai Airways International\") (both privatized in 1992\\), [PTT PCL](/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited \"PTT Public Company Limited\"), TOT PCL, MCOT PCL, Thailand Post Co Ltd, and [CAT Telecom](/wiki/CAT_Telecom \"CAT Telecom\") PCL. Like [EGAT](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\"), PTT also retained land expropriation rights after it was privatised. However, this was one of the grounds for the nullification of the EGAT privatisation. Caretaker Finance Minister [Thanong Bidaya](/wiki/Thanong_Bidaya \"Thanong Bidaya\") has noted that the delisting and denationalisation of PTT could force the government to borrow massively from foreign institutions.\n\nSome criticised that the listing of PTT on the SET on the grounds that it represented a massive transfer of public assets for the benefit of few people. Though the government initially accepted over 100,000 first\\-time investors, there were reports that the majority of the shares for sale to retail investors had been reserved for politicians, the banks' preferred clients, and journalists, leaving many retail investors, who stood in long lines to wait, to return home empty\\-handed. A nephew of Suriya Juengrungruangkit, the minister of Industry overseeing PTT and [TRT Party](/wiki/Thai_Rak_Thai_Party \"Thai Rak Thai Party\") secretary general, for example, was reported to have acquired 22 times the maximum number of PTT shares distributed to retail investors.[Thailand's Electricity Reforms: Privatisation of Benefits and Socialization of Costs and Risks](https://web.archive.org/web/20060525105700/http://palangthai.org/docs/PA77.3Thailand.pdf)\n\nFears of this being repeated were often cited as the reason why EGAT's privatisation was delayed indefinitely. Another key argument for delaying privatisation was that privatisation preceded the establishment of an independent energy regulatory authority. In international experience, there are no examples of successful monopoly utility privatisation without regulatory oversight. Under pressure, Thaksin's government formed an interim electricity regulatory body, but some charged that it lacked authority to force compliance, levy fines, or punish defaulters. EGAT employee concerns about employment security were also common. Some expressed concern that partial ownership of Thailand's largest electricity producer by foreign shareholders would impact national security and cause conflicts of interest.\n\nAnti\\-privatisation petitioners (including the Confederation of Consumer Organisations, People Living with HIV/Aids, Alternative Energy Project for Sustainability, [Free Trade Area](/wiki/Free_Trade_Area \"Free Trade Area\") Watch, and the Four Region Slum Network) were harshly criticised by both Thai and international investors, who accused them of using corrupt tactics in delaying the listing. They also pointed to the public mandate of the 2005 election, during which the only anti\\-privatisation party suffered a near complete loss. International power sector governance experts from Harvard University, University of Delaware, and the [World Resources Institute](/wiki/World_Resources_Institute \"World Resources Institute\") lauded the successful repeal of EGAT privatisation as an important step towards increased accountability and transparency in the Thai energy industry.\n\n### International Electricity Exchanges\n\nIn 2020, Thailand imported 29\\.55 TWh of electricity and exported 2\\.62 TWh. With an import balance of 26\\.93 TWh, it ranks third globally among electricity importers, behind the United States (47\\.3 TWh) and Italy (32\\.2 TWh). [Energy Statistics Data Browser : Thailand Electricity 2020](https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=THAILAND&energy=Electricity&year=2020), [Agence internationale de l'énergie](/wiki/Agence_internationale_de_l%27%C3%A9nergie \"Agence internationale de l'énergie\"), 2 décembre 2022\\.\n\nIn 2021, eight Laotian power plants, with a combined generation capacity of 5,420 MW, are committed to exporting their production to Thailand. Among these, seven are hydroelectric plants (3,947 MW) and one is a coal\\-fired plant (1,473 MW). In August 2021, the [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") (EGAT), the Thai state\\-owned electricity company, plans to import an additional 1,200 MW from Laos' hydropower plants under a long\\-term purchase contract, bringing the total purchases to 10,200 MW21\\.[Thaïlande \\- EGAT importe 1 200 MW supplémentaires depuis le Laos dans le cadre d’un accord à long terme](https://www.businessfrance.fr/thailande-egat-importe-1-200-mw-supplementaires-depuis-le-laos-dans-le-cadre-d-un-accord-a-long-terme), [Business France](/wiki/Business_France \"Business France\"), 13 août 2021\\.\n\n",
"### History of the electricity sector\n\n#### Anand Panyarachun government\n\nThe government of [Anand Panyarachun](/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun \"Anand Panyarachun\") (1991\\-1992\\) began the process of [energy industry](/wiki/Energy_industry \"Energy industry\") liberalisation. Its reforms included:\n* Allowing private companies, independent power producers (IPPs), to build and operate power generation plants, selling all of their output to the [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") (EGAT)\n* Allowing smaller private companies, SPPs or small power producers, to build and operate small power generation plants (mostly co\\-generation plants), selling a portion of their output to EGAT\n* Delegating to the National Energy Policy Organisation (NEPO) the task of developing a master plan for the privatisation of EGAT. [Piyasawat Amranand](/wiki/Piyasawat_Amranand \"Piyasawat Amranand\"), head of NEPO, designed a plan which would closely replicate the English [power pool](/wiki/Power_pool \"Power pool\"), break EGAT up into several smaller companies, and privatise the smaller companies.\n\n#### Chuan Leekpai government\n\nThe subsequent government of [Chuan Leekpai](/wiki/Chuan_Leekpai \"Chuan Leekpai\") (1992\\-1995, 1997\\-2001\\) continued Anand's policies, with Sawit Bhodivihok taking a leading role in industry reform. The reforms were fiercely attacked by members of the EGAT, [Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA)](/wiki/Metropolitan_Electricity_Authority \"Metropolitan Electricity Authority\"), and [Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA)](/wiki/Provincial_Electricity_Authority \"Provincial Electricity Authority\") unions. As a result, no significant changes in industry structure or ownership occurred during Chuan's term.\n\n#### [Thaksin Shinawatra](/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra \"Thaksin Shinawatra\") government\n\n##### Refining and pipelines\n\nIn September 2001, the National Energy Policy Office approved the partial listing of PTT, the state\\-owned oil and gas company.\n\nPTT swiftly became the largest company by market capitalisation upon listing in the [Stock Exchange of Thailand](/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand \"Stock Exchange of Thailand\") (SET). [PTT](/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited \"PTT Public Company Limited\") greatly profited from the global increase in worldwide oil prices following the [2003 invasion of Iraq](/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq \"2003 invasion of Iraq\"), and the rise in its stock price helped propel the SET to a boom. However, anti\\-Thaksin critics have claimed that PTT's bull run was due to manipulation by Thaksin.\n\n##### Electricity generation and transmission\n\n[thumb\\|Electrical power grid with 500 kV (brown), 225 kV (green) and 110 kV (blue) lines in 2022](/wiki/File:Electrical_Power_Grid_-_Thailand.png \"Electrical Power Grid - Thailand.png\")\nLike Chuan, Thaksin repeatedly attempted to privatise the [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") (EGAT). One of the goals of the privatisation was to raise 42 billion [baht](/wiki/Thai_baht \"Thai baht\") from the IPO and use the funds to invest in three new natural\\-gas powered power plants.\n\nIn early 2004, massive employee protests forced the EGAT governor to resign, thus delaying the planned privatisation of the state enterprise. Governor Kraisri Karnasuta worked with employees to address their concerns about the privatisation, and by December 2004, it was claimed that approximately 80% of employees supported privatisation. Permanent protest stages and tents at the EGAT headquarters were taken down as the state enterprise returned to normal. After the [Mahachon Party](/wiki/Mahachon_Party \"Mahachon Party\") (the only party that was officially against privatisation of state enterprises) won only two seats in the February 2005 parliamentary elections, the process of EGAT's privatisation was restarted. The agency was corporatized in June 2005, transforming it from the [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") to EGAT PLC. However, EGAT's privatisation was abruptly delayed when some NGOs and some union members filed a petition with the Supreme Court a few days before the scheduled listing on the [Stock Exchange of Thailand](/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand \"Stock Exchange of Thailand\") (SET).\n\nOn 23 March 2006, the Supreme Administrative Court ruled against the privatisation of EGAT PLC, citing conflicts of interest, public hearing irregularities, and the continued right of expropriation. The court said that Olarn Chaipravat, a board member of [PTT](/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited \"PTT Public Company Limited\") and [Shin Corporation](/wiki/Shin_Corporation \"Shin Corporation\") (both business partners of EGAT), was on a committee involved in the legal preparation of Egat's privatisation. The court questioned the neutrality of Parinya Nutalai, chair of the public hearing panel on the EGAT listing, because he was Vice Minister of Natural Resources and the Environment.\n\nIt also ruled that insufficient opportunities were given to EGAT employees to make themselves heard. There was only one public hearing for employees, which only 1,057 attended. Lastly, EGAT PLC continued to have the right to expropriate public land to build power plants and transmission lines, a right reserved for the state. Two decrees were nullified: one ordering the dissolution of the status of EGAT as a state enterprise, and the other serving as a new charter for EGAT PLC.\n\nUnion leaders and anti\\-Thaksin protesters cheered the ruling, and called for the denationalisation of other privatised state enterprises, such as [PTT Exploration and Production](/wiki/PTT_Exploration_and_Production \"PTT Exploration and Production\") (PTTEP) and [Thai Airways International](/wiki/Thai_Airways_International \"Thai Airways International\") (both privatized in 1992\\), [PTT PCL](/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited \"PTT Public Company Limited\"), TOT PCL, MCOT PCL, Thailand Post Co Ltd, and [CAT Telecom](/wiki/CAT_Telecom \"CAT Telecom\") PCL. Like [EGAT](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\"), PTT also retained land expropriation rights after it was privatised. However, this was one of the grounds for the nullification of the EGAT privatisation. Caretaker Finance Minister [Thanong Bidaya](/wiki/Thanong_Bidaya \"Thanong Bidaya\") has noted that the delisting and denationalisation of PTT could force the government to borrow massively from foreign institutions.\n\nSome criticised that the listing of PTT on the SET on the grounds that it represented a massive transfer of public assets for the benefit of few people. Though the government initially accepted over 100,000 first\\-time investors, there were reports that the majority of the shares for sale to retail investors had been reserved for politicians, the banks' preferred clients, and journalists, leaving many retail investors, who stood in long lines to wait, to return home empty\\-handed. A nephew of Suriya Juengrungruangkit, the minister of Industry overseeing PTT and [TRT Party](/wiki/Thai_Rak_Thai_Party \"Thai Rak Thai Party\") secretary general, for example, was reported to have acquired 22 times the maximum number of PTT shares distributed to retail investors.[Thailand's Electricity Reforms: Privatisation of Benefits and Socialization of Costs and Risks](https://web.archive.org/web/20060525105700/http://palangthai.org/docs/PA77.3Thailand.pdf)\n\nFears of this being repeated were often cited as the reason why EGAT's privatisation was delayed indefinitely. Another key argument for delaying privatisation was that privatisation preceded the establishment of an independent energy regulatory authority. In international experience, there are no examples of successful monopoly utility privatisation without regulatory oversight. Under pressure, Thaksin's government formed an interim electricity regulatory body, but some charged that it lacked authority to force compliance, levy fines, or punish defaulters. EGAT employee concerns about employment security were also common. Some expressed concern that partial ownership of Thailand's largest electricity producer by foreign shareholders would impact national security and cause conflicts of interest.\n\nAnti\\-privatisation petitioners (including the Confederation of Consumer Organisations, People Living with HIV/Aids, Alternative Energy Project for Sustainability, [Free Trade Area](/wiki/Free_Trade_Area \"Free Trade Area\") Watch, and the Four Region Slum Network) were harshly criticised by both Thai and international investors, who accused them of using corrupt tactics in delaying the listing. They also pointed to the public mandate of the 2005 election, during which the only anti\\-privatisation party suffered a near complete loss. International power sector governance experts from Harvard University, University of Delaware, and the [World Resources Institute](/wiki/World_Resources_Institute \"World Resources Institute\") lauded the successful repeal of EGAT privatisation as an important step towards increased accountability and transparency in the Thai energy industry.\n\n",
"#### Anand Panyarachun government\n\nThe government of [Anand Panyarachun](/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun \"Anand Panyarachun\") (1991\\-1992\\) began the process of [energy industry](/wiki/Energy_industry \"Energy industry\") liberalisation. Its reforms included:\n* Allowing private companies, independent power producers (IPPs), to build and operate power generation plants, selling all of their output to the [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") (EGAT)\n* Allowing smaller private companies, SPPs or small power producers, to build and operate small power generation plants (mostly co\\-generation plants), selling a portion of their output to EGAT\n* Delegating to the National Energy Policy Organisation (NEPO) the task of developing a master plan for the privatisation of EGAT. [Piyasawat Amranand](/wiki/Piyasawat_Amranand \"Piyasawat Amranand\"), head of NEPO, designed a plan which would closely replicate the English [power pool](/wiki/Power_pool \"Power pool\"), break EGAT up into several smaller companies, and privatise the smaller companies.\n\n",
"#### Chuan Leekpai government\n\nThe subsequent government of [Chuan Leekpai](/wiki/Chuan_Leekpai \"Chuan Leekpai\") (1992\\-1995, 1997\\-2001\\) continued Anand's policies, with Sawit Bhodivihok taking a leading role in industry reform. The reforms were fiercely attacked by members of the EGAT, [Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA)](/wiki/Metropolitan_Electricity_Authority \"Metropolitan Electricity Authority\"), and [Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA)](/wiki/Provincial_Electricity_Authority \"Provincial Electricity Authority\") unions. As a result, no significant changes in industry structure or ownership occurred during Chuan's term.\n\n",
"#### [Thaksin Shinawatra](/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra \"Thaksin Shinawatra\") government\n\n##### Refining and pipelines\n\nIn September 2001, the National Energy Policy Office approved the partial listing of PTT, the state\\-owned oil and gas company.\n\nPTT swiftly became the largest company by market capitalisation upon listing in the [Stock Exchange of Thailand](/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand \"Stock Exchange of Thailand\") (SET). [PTT](/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited \"PTT Public Company Limited\") greatly profited from the global increase in worldwide oil prices following the [2003 invasion of Iraq](/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq \"2003 invasion of Iraq\"), and the rise in its stock price helped propel the SET to a boom. However, anti\\-Thaksin critics have claimed that PTT's bull run was due to manipulation by Thaksin.\n\n##### Electricity generation and transmission\n\n[thumb\\|Electrical power grid with 500 kV (brown), 225 kV (green) and 110 kV (blue) lines in 2022](/wiki/File:Electrical_Power_Grid_-_Thailand.png \"Electrical Power Grid - Thailand.png\")\nLike Chuan, Thaksin repeatedly attempted to privatise the [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") (EGAT). One of the goals of the privatisation was to raise 42 billion [baht](/wiki/Thai_baht \"Thai baht\") from the IPO and use the funds to invest in three new natural\\-gas powered power plants.\n\nIn early 2004, massive employee protests forced the EGAT governor to resign, thus delaying the planned privatisation of the state enterprise. Governor Kraisri Karnasuta worked with employees to address their concerns about the privatisation, and by December 2004, it was claimed that approximately 80% of employees supported privatisation. Permanent protest stages and tents at the EGAT headquarters were taken down as the state enterprise returned to normal. After the [Mahachon Party](/wiki/Mahachon_Party \"Mahachon Party\") (the only party that was officially against privatisation of state enterprises) won only two seats in the February 2005 parliamentary elections, the process of EGAT's privatisation was restarted. The agency was corporatized in June 2005, transforming it from the [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") to EGAT PLC. However, EGAT's privatisation was abruptly delayed when some NGOs and some union members filed a petition with the Supreme Court a few days before the scheduled listing on the [Stock Exchange of Thailand](/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand \"Stock Exchange of Thailand\") (SET).\n\nOn 23 March 2006, the Supreme Administrative Court ruled against the privatisation of EGAT PLC, citing conflicts of interest, public hearing irregularities, and the continued right of expropriation. The court said that Olarn Chaipravat, a board member of [PTT](/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited \"PTT Public Company Limited\") and [Shin Corporation](/wiki/Shin_Corporation \"Shin Corporation\") (both business partners of EGAT), was on a committee involved in the legal preparation of Egat's privatisation. The court questioned the neutrality of Parinya Nutalai, chair of the public hearing panel on the EGAT listing, because he was Vice Minister of Natural Resources and the Environment.\n\nIt also ruled that insufficient opportunities were given to EGAT employees to make themselves heard. There was only one public hearing for employees, which only 1,057 attended. Lastly, EGAT PLC continued to have the right to expropriate public land to build power plants and transmission lines, a right reserved for the state. Two decrees were nullified: one ordering the dissolution of the status of EGAT as a state enterprise, and the other serving as a new charter for EGAT PLC.\n\nUnion leaders and anti\\-Thaksin protesters cheered the ruling, and called for the denationalisation of other privatised state enterprises, such as [PTT Exploration and Production](/wiki/PTT_Exploration_and_Production \"PTT Exploration and Production\") (PTTEP) and [Thai Airways International](/wiki/Thai_Airways_International \"Thai Airways International\") (both privatized in 1992\\), [PTT PCL](/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited \"PTT Public Company Limited\"), TOT PCL, MCOT PCL, Thailand Post Co Ltd, and [CAT Telecom](/wiki/CAT_Telecom \"CAT Telecom\") PCL. Like [EGAT](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\"), PTT also retained land expropriation rights after it was privatised. However, this was one of the grounds for the nullification of the EGAT privatisation. Caretaker Finance Minister [Thanong Bidaya](/wiki/Thanong_Bidaya \"Thanong Bidaya\") has noted that the delisting and denationalisation of PTT could force the government to borrow massively from foreign institutions.\n\nSome criticised that the listing of PTT on the SET on the grounds that it represented a massive transfer of public assets for the benefit of few people. Though the government initially accepted over 100,000 first\\-time investors, there were reports that the majority of the shares for sale to retail investors had been reserved for politicians, the banks' preferred clients, and journalists, leaving many retail investors, who stood in long lines to wait, to return home empty\\-handed. A nephew of Suriya Juengrungruangkit, the minister of Industry overseeing PTT and [TRT Party](/wiki/Thai_Rak_Thai_Party \"Thai Rak Thai Party\") secretary general, for example, was reported to have acquired 22 times the maximum number of PTT shares distributed to retail investors.[Thailand's Electricity Reforms: Privatisation of Benefits and Socialization of Costs and Risks](https://web.archive.org/web/20060525105700/http://palangthai.org/docs/PA77.3Thailand.pdf)\n\nFears of this being repeated were often cited as the reason why EGAT's privatisation was delayed indefinitely. Another key argument for delaying privatisation was that privatisation preceded the establishment of an independent energy regulatory authority. In international experience, there are no examples of successful monopoly utility privatisation without regulatory oversight. Under pressure, Thaksin's government formed an interim electricity regulatory body, but some charged that it lacked authority to force compliance, levy fines, or punish defaulters. EGAT employee concerns about employment security were also common. Some expressed concern that partial ownership of Thailand's largest electricity producer by foreign shareholders would impact national security and cause conflicts of interest.\n\nAnti\\-privatisation petitioners (including the Confederation of Consumer Organisations, People Living with HIV/Aids, Alternative Energy Project for Sustainability, [Free Trade Area](/wiki/Free_Trade_Area \"Free Trade Area\") Watch, and the Four Region Slum Network) were harshly criticised by both Thai and international investors, who accused them of using corrupt tactics in delaying the listing. They also pointed to the public mandate of the 2005 election, during which the only anti\\-privatisation party suffered a near complete loss. International power sector governance experts from Harvard University, University of Delaware, and the [World Resources Institute](/wiki/World_Resources_Institute \"World Resources Institute\") lauded the successful repeal of EGAT privatisation as an important step towards increased accountability and transparency in the Thai energy industry.\n\n",
"##### Refining and pipelines\n\nIn September 2001, the National Energy Policy Office approved the partial listing of PTT, the state\\-owned oil and gas company.\n\nPTT swiftly became the largest company by market capitalisation upon listing in the [Stock Exchange of Thailand](/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand \"Stock Exchange of Thailand\") (SET). [PTT](/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited \"PTT Public Company Limited\") greatly profited from the global increase in worldwide oil prices following the [2003 invasion of Iraq](/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq \"2003 invasion of Iraq\"), and the rise in its stock price helped propel the SET to a boom. However, anti\\-Thaksin critics have claimed that PTT's bull run was due to manipulation by Thaksin.\n\n",
"##### Electricity generation and transmission\n\n[thumb\\|Electrical power grid with 500 kV (brown), 225 kV (green) and 110 kV (blue) lines in 2022](/wiki/File:Electrical_Power_Grid_-_Thailand.png \"Electrical Power Grid - Thailand.png\")\nLike Chuan, Thaksin repeatedly attempted to privatise the [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") (EGAT). One of the goals of the privatisation was to raise 42 billion [baht](/wiki/Thai_baht \"Thai baht\") from the IPO and use the funds to invest in three new natural\\-gas powered power plants.\n\nIn early 2004, massive employee protests forced the EGAT governor to resign, thus delaying the planned privatisation of the state enterprise. Governor Kraisri Karnasuta worked with employees to address their concerns about the privatisation, and by December 2004, it was claimed that approximately 80% of employees supported privatisation. Permanent protest stages and tents at the EGAT headquarters were taken down as the state enterprise returned to normal. After the [Mahachon Party](/wiki/Mahachon_Party \"Mahachon Party\") (the only party that was officially against privatisation of state enterprises) won only two seats in the February 2005 parliamentary elections, the process of EGAT's privatisation was restarted. The agency was corporatized in June 2005, transforming it from the [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") to EGAT PLC. However, EGAT's privatisation was abruptly delayed when some NGOs and some union members filed a petition with the Supreme Court a few days before the scheduled listing on the [Stock Exchange of Thailand](/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand \"Stock Exchange of Thailand\") (SET).\n\nOn 23 March 2006, the Supreme Administrative Court ruled against the privatisation of EGAT PLC, citing conflicts of interest, public hearing irregularities, and the continued right of expropriation. The court said that Olarn Chaipravat, a board member of [PTT](/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited \"PTT Public Company Limited\") and [Shin Corporation](/wiki/Shin_Corporation \"Shin Corporation\") (both business partners of EGAT), was on a committee involved in the legal preparation of Egat's privatisation. The court questioned the neutrality of Parinya Nutalai, chair of the public hearing panel on the EGAT listing, because he was Vice Minister of Natural Resources and the Environment.\n\nIt also ruled that insufficient opportunities were given to EGAT employees to make themselves heard. There was only one public hearing for employees, which only 1,057 attended. Lastly, EGAT PLC continued to have the right to expropriate public land to build power plants and transmission lines, a right reserved for the state. Two decrees were nullified: one ordering the dissolution of the status of EGAT as a state enterprise, and the other serving as a new charter for EGAT PLC.\n\nUnion leaders and anti\\-Thaksin protesters cheered the ruling, and called for the denationalisation of other privatised state enterprises, such as [PTT Exploration and Production](/wiki/PTT_Exploration_and_Production \"PTT Exploration and Production\") (PTTEP) and [Thai Airways International](/wiki/Thai_Airways_International \"Thai Airways International\") (both privatized in 1992\\), [PTT PCL](/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited \"PTT Public Company Limited\"), TOT PCL, MCOT PCL, Thailand Post Co Ltd, and [CAT Telecom](/wiki/CAT_Telecom \"CAT Telecom\") PCL. Like [EGAT](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\"), PTT also retained land expropriation rights after it was privatised. However, this was one of the grounds for the nullification of the EGAT privatisation. Caretaker Finance Minister [Thanong Bidaya](/wiki/Thanong_Bidaya \"Thanong Bidaya\") has noted that the delisting and denationalisation of PTT could force the government to borrow massively from foreign institutions.\n\nSome criticised that the listing of PTT on the SET on the grounds that it represented a massive transfer of public assets for the benefit of few people. Though the government initially accepted over 100,000 first\\-time investors, there were reports that the majority of the shares for sale to retail investors had been reserved for politicians, the banks' preferred clients, and journalists, leaving many retail investors, who stood in long lines to wait, to return home empty\\-handed. A nephew of Suriya Juengrungruangkit, the minister of Industry overseeing PTT and [TRT Party](/wiki/Thai_Rak_Thai_Party \"Thai Rak Thai Party\") secretary general, for example, was reported to have acquired 22 times the maximum number of PTT shares distributed to retail investors.[Thailand's Electricity Reforms: Privatisation of Benefits and Socialization of Costs and Risks](https://web.archive.org/web/20060525105700/http://palangthai.org/docs/PA77.3Thailand.pdf)\n\nFears of this being repeated were often cited as the reason why EGAT's privatisation was delayed indefinitely. Another key argument for delaying privatisation was that privatisation preceded the establishment of an independent energy regulatory authority. In international experience, there are no examples of successful monopoly utility privatisation without regulatory oversight. Under pressure, Thaksin's government formed an interim electricity regulatory body, but some charged that it lacked authority to force compliance, levy fines, or punish defaulters. EGAT employee concerns about employment security were also common. Some expressed concern that partial ownership of Thailand's largest electricity producer by foreign shareholders would impact national security and cause conflicts of interest.\n\nAnti\\-privatisation petitioners (including the Confederation of Consumer Organisations, People Living with HIV/Aids, Alternative Energy Project for Sustainability, [Free Trade Area](/wiki/Free_Trade_Area \"Free Trade Area\") Watch, and the Four Region Slum Network) were harshly criticised by both Thai and international investors, who accused them of using corrupt tactics in delaying the listing. They also pointed to the public mandate of the 2005 election, during which the only anti\\-privatisation party suffered a near complete loss. International power sector governance experts from Harvard University, University of Delaware, and the [World Resources Institute](/wiki/World_Resources_Institute \"World Resources Institute\") lauded the successful repeal of EGAT privatisation as an important step towards increased accountability and transparency in the Thai energy industry.\n\n",
"### International Electricity Exchanges\n\nIn 2020, Thailand imported 29\\.55 TWh of electricity and exported 2\\.62 TWh. With an import balance of 26\\.93 TWh, it ranks third globally among electricity importers, behind the United States (47\\.3 TWh) and Italy (32\\.2 TWh). [Energy Statistics Data Browser : Thailand Electricity 2020](https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=THAILAND&energy=Electricity&year=2020), [Agence internationale de l'énergie](/wiki/Agence_internationale_de_l%27%C3%A9nergie \"Agence internationale de l'énergie\"), 2 décembre 2022\\.\n\nIn 2021, eight Laotian power plants, with a combined generation capacity of 5,420 MW, are committed to exporting their production to Thailand. Among these, seven are hydroelectric plants (3,947 MW) and one is a coal\\-fired plant (1,473 MW). In August 2021, the [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\") (EGAT), the Thai state\\-owned electricity company, plans to import an additional 1,200 MW from Laos' hydropower plants under a long\\-term purchase contract, bringing the total purchases to 10,200 MW21\\.[Thaïlande \\- EGAT importe 1 200 MW supplémentaires depuis le Laos dans le cadre d’un accord à long terme](https://www.businessfrance.fr/thailande-egat-importe-1-200-mw-supplementaires-depuis-le-laos-dans-le-cadre-d-un-accord-a-long-terme), [Business France](/wiki/Business_France \"Business France\"), 13 août 2021\\.\n\n",
"Thailand's Power Development Plan, 2015\\-2036\n---------------------------------------------\n\nAccording to Thailand's *Power Development Plan for 2015\\-2036*, the country intends to build 20 additional gas\\-powered electrical generating stations (17,728 MWe), nine \"clean coal\" power stations (7,390 MWe), and 14,206 MW of renewable energy, including hydro, a large proportion of which will be imported from Laos or Myanmar. Up to two nuclear plants are also in the plans.\n\nCritics charge that power needs are overstated. Thailand plans for a reserve margin—the amount of energy available over that used at peak demand—of 15%. However, the plan identifies reserve margins as high as 39% in some years. The root cause is that Thailand regularly overestimates its economic growth, assuming it to be over four percent when it is historically around three percent.\n\nThe role of imported hydro is also at issue. In 2015, hydro accounted for approximately seven percent of Thailand's power output. Under the plan, it will rise to 15\\-20% by 2036, and additional hydro will be imported from the [Xayaburi Dam](/wiki/Xayaburi_Dam \"Xayaburi Dam\") in Laos on the Mekong River and from the Hat Gyi and Mong Ton dams in Myanmar. While these sources may look clean on Thailand's balance sheets, the devastating environmental impacts to locals are simply outsourced.\n\nMany have asked why Thailand pursues a few very large coal power plants when it could be adopting safer, possibly cheaper routes, such as biomass reactors, like the 40 MWe plant operated by Double A in [Prachinburi](/wiki/Prachinburi \"Prachinburi\") using wood and offcuts. The answer may lie in the fact that large, centralised mega\\-projects benefit the centralised system of project approval. With a public sector corruption rate of 25%, according to the Thai Chamber of Commerce, they can be very beneficial for unscrupulous officials. One reason, however, is the required [base load](/wiki/Base_load \"Base load\") of electricity.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Economy of Thailand\\#Energy](/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand%23Energy \"Economy of Thailand#Energy\")\n* [Nuclear power in Thailand](/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Thailand \"Nuclear power in Thailand\")\n* [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand](/wiki/Electricity_Generating_Authority_of_Thailand \"Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand\")\n* [Metropolitan Electricity Authority](/wiki/Metropolitan_Electricity_Authority \"Metropolitan Electricity Authority\")\n* [Provincial Electricity Authority](/wiki/Provincial_Electricity_Authority \"Provincial Electricity Authority\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT)](http://www.egat.co.th/en/) \n* [Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO)](https://web.archive.org/web/20140824052941/http://www.eppo.go.th/index-E.html)\n* [National Energy Policy Office (NEPO)](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212819/http://www.eppo.go.th/admin/nepo-roles-e.html)\n* [Google Earth Map of the oil and gas infrastructure in Thailand](http://www.oilandgasinfrastructure.com/home/oilandgasasia/thailand)\n* [Thailand Electricity Security Assessment, 2016](https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Partner_Country_Series_Thailand_Electricity_Security_2016.pdf)\n\n"
]
}
|
The Living Word Fellowship
|
{
"id": [
244946
],
"name": [
"Str1977"
]
}
|
7siovfgr3wfcqdt34uhv3f0zu2rx8wc
|
2024-08-04T17:03:29Z
| 1,208,642,710 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Notable members",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**The Living Word Fellowship** is a [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") cultGeorge D. Chryssides, *Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements*, Second Edition (Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press, 2011\\), 93\\. that at various times was located in [the United States](/wiki/The_United_States \"The United States\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\"), and [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\").[Churches in The Living Word Fellowship](http://www.thelivingword.org/tlwf/churches.shtml), Living Word Fellowship website\n\nThe group was founded in [South Gate, California](/wiki/South_Gate%2C_California \"South Gate, California\"), by [John Robert Stevens](/wiki/John_Robert_Stevens \"John Robert Stevens\") in 1951\\.[A Brief History of the Living Word Fellowship](http://www.thelivingword.org/tlwf/history.shtml), Living Word Fellowship website It has been known in the past informally as \"The Walk\" or \"This Walk,\" referencing the biblical view that every Christian should have a personal walk with Jesus Christ, from 1 John 1:6–7\\. The fellowship celebrated the Jewish Old Testament festivals, and \"It believes in the inerrancy of the Scripture, in the Trinity, in Christ's saving work, and in the various gifts and ministries of the Spirit as taught by the apostle Paul.\"\n\nAt its peak in the 1970s, the fellowship had about 100 member congregations. Its oversight was centered at Shiloh, a farm and retreat site near [Kalona, Iowa](/wiki/Kalona%2C_Iowa \"Kalona, Iowa\"). Membership declined after founder Stevens's death in 1983 and the fellowship continued to close churches throughout the 1990s. As of early 2018, it comprised around ten primary churches.\n\nIn late November 2018, in the wake of a sexual misconduct scandal within its branches, The Living Word Fellowship closed down the organization and its central governing body. Gary Hargrave resigned as head of the organization. He has since founded a new organization known as Hargrave Ministries. On December 21, 2018, Shiloh, which served as the headquarters of the fellowship since the 1970s, ended its affiliation with group. Shiloh is currently in discussion with the city of Kalona about a possible annexation of the more than of church property south of the city limits.\n\n, five women have filed lawsuits against the Living Word Fellowship. The lawsuits claim that Living Word employees and officials sexually abused these women when they were minors.\n\nIn October 2020, the former Shiloh Facilities were burned to the ground by the Kalona Volunteer Fire Department. This was done as a practice burn.\n\n",
"Notable members\n---------------\n\n* [Anthony Cox (producer)](/wiki/Anthony_Cox_%28producer%29 \"Anthony Cox (producer)\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [John Robert Stevens Official website](http://www.johnrobertstevens.com)\n* [Let's Talk About Sects](https://www.ltaspod.com/23)\n[Category:Christian new religious movements](/wiki/Category:Christian_new_religious_movements \"Christian new religious movements\")\n[Category:Christian organizations established in 1951](/wiki/Category:Christian_organizations_established_in_1951 \"Christian organizations established in 1951\")\n[Category:1951 establishments in California](/wiki/Category:1951_establishments_in_California \"1951 establishments in California\")\n[Category:Cults](/wiki/Category:Cults \"Cults\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Religara
|
{
"id": [
38778769
],
"name": [
"MT731"
]
}
|
jhxs9n4vwnwzccqsrcz9uztdt94x7w5
|
2023-12-19T12:14:35Z
| 1,066,262,555 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Geography",
"Location",
"Area overview",
"Demographics",
"Infrastructure",
"Economy",
"Transport",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Religara**, also called **Pachhiari**, is a [census town](/wiki/Census_town \"Census town\") in the [Dadi](/wiki/Dadi_%28community_development_block%29 \"Dadi (community development block)\") [CD block](/wiki/Community_development_block_in_India \"Community development block in India\") in the [Hazaribagh Sadar subdivision](/wiki/Hazaribagh_Sadar_subdivision \"Hazaribagh Sadar subdivision\") of the [Hazaribagh district](/wiki/Hazaribagh_district \"Hazaribagh district\") in the [Indian](/wiki/India \"India\") [state](/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India \"States and territories of India\") of [Jharkhand](/wiki/Jharkhand \"Jharkhand\").\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\n### Location\n\nReligara is located at .\n\n### Area overview\n\nHazaribagh district is a [plateau](/wiki/Plateau \"Plateau\") area and forests occupy around about 45% of the total area. It is a predominantly rural area with 92\\.34% of the population living in rural areas against 7\\.66% in the urban areas. There are many [census towns](/wiki/Census_towns \"Census towns\") in the district, as can be seen in the map alongside. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people but with the extension of coal mines, particularly in the southern part of the district, employment in coal mines is increasing. However, it has to be borne in mind that modern mining operations are highly mechanised. Four operational areas of [Central Coalfields](/wiki/Central_Coalfields \"Central Coalfields\") are marked on the map. All these areas are spread across partly this district and partly the neighbouring districts.\n\nNote: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. Urbanisation data calculated on the basis of census data for CD blocks and may vary a little against unpublished official data.\n\n",
"### Location\n\nReligara is located at .\n\n",
"### Area overview\n\nHazaribagh district is a [plateau](/wiki/Plateau \"Plateau\") area and forests occupy around about 45% of the total area. It is a predominantly rural area with 92\\.34% of the population living in rural areas against 7\\.66% in the urban areas. There are many [census towns](/wiki/Census_towns \"Census towns\") in the district, as can be seen in the map alongside. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people but with the extension of coal mines, particularly in the southern part of the district, employment in coal mines is increasing. However, it has to be borne in mind that modern mining operations are highly mechanised. Four operational areas of [Central Coalfields](/wiki/Central_Coalfields \"Central Coalfields\") are marked on the map. All these areas are spread across partly this district and partly the neighbouring districts.\n\nNote: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. Urbanisation data calculated on the basis of census data for CD blocks and may vary a little against unpublished official data.\n\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\nAccording to the [2011 Census of India](/wiki/2011_Census_of_India \"2011 Census of India\"), Religara had a total population of 8,239, of which 4,270 (52%) were males and 3,969 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 996\\. The total number of literate persons in Religara was 5,547 (76\\.58% of the population over 6 years).\n\n India [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"), Religara alias Pachhiari had a population of 7,470\\. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Religara alias Pachhiari has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59\\.5%: male literacy is 69%, and female literacy is 51%. In Religara alias Pachhiari, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.\n\n",
"Infrastructure\n--------------\n\nAccording to the *District Census Handbook 2011, Hazaribagh*, Religara covered an area of 3\\.33 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 13 km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved uncovered well, tapwater from untreated sources and service reservoir. It had 1,563 domestic electric connections, 186 road lighting points. Among the educational facilities it had 5 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school. The nearest general degree college at [Ramgarh](/wiki/Ramgarh_Cantonment \"Ramgarh Cantonment\"), 33 km away. Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities, it had 1 stadium, 1 auditorium/ community hall. Three important commodities it manufactured were gate/ grill, furniture, soil item. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 agricultural credit society, 1 non\\-agricultural credit society.\n\n",
"Economy\n-------\n\nProjects in the [Argada Area](/wiki/Argada_Area \"Argada Area\") of [Central Coalfields](/wiki/Central_Coalfields \"Central Coalfields\") are: Gidi A O/C, Gidi C O/C, Religara O/C, U/G, Sirka O/C, Sirka U/G, Argada UG and Gidi Washery.\n\n",
"Transport\n---------\n\n[Patratu railway station](/wiki/Patratu_railway_station \"Patratu railway station\"), on the [Barkakana\\-Son Nagar line](/wiki/Barkakana-Son_Nagar_line \"Barkakana-Son Nagar line\"), serves this area. Religara is easily accessible by local buses and taxis from Patratu. The nearest airport is Ranchi Airport.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Cities and towns in Hazaribagh district](/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Hazaribagh_district \"Cities and towns in Hazaribagh district\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Book of Mormon and the King James Bible
|
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7611264
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q81ast4uwi8l4efrh9fmo9r9falao46
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2024-03-18T01:22:05Z
| 1,214,284,299 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Miraculous origin story",
"Quotation of ancient sources",
"KJV as a source for Book of Mormon",
"Quotation of KJV in the Book of Mormon",
"Perpetuation of KJV translation variations",
"Use of English homophones",
"Unique words and phrases",
"Archaic language",
"Example parallels",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References",
"External links"
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"\n\n**The [Book of Mormon](/wiki/Book_of_Mormon \"Book of Mormon\")** contains many linguistic similarities to the **[King James Bible](/wiki/King_James_Bible \"King James Bible\")** (KJV). In some cases, entire passages are duplicated in the Book of Mormon. Sometimes the quotation is explicit, as in the [Second Book of Nephi](/wiki/Second_Book_of_Nephi \"Second Book of Nephi\"), which contains 18 quoted chapters of the [Book of Isaiah](/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah \"Book of Isaiah\").\n\nOther significant connections between the two books include Book of Mormon words and phrases that only appear in their KJV usage, perpetuation of Bible passages considered by some scholars to have been mistranslated in the KJV, and the possible presence of English homophones.\n\nMost Mormons accept the miraculous origin theory of the Book of Mormon and deny that the KJV was a source for it, arguing that the alleged similarities between the two are artifacts of the divine nature of the creation of the work. In contrast, those who reject the miraculous origin of the Book of Mormon view the KJV as a major source for the Book of Mormon.\n\nMembers of [the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter\\-day Saints](/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints \"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\") (LDS Church) identify the Book of Mormon as the \"stick of Joseph\" and the Bible as the \"stick of Judah\" in Ezekiel 37:19:\n\n> Say unto them, Thus saith the Lord God; Behold, I will take the stick of Joseph, which is in the hand of Ephraim, and the tribes of Israel his fellows, and will put them with him, even with the stick of Judah, and make them one stick, and they shall be one in mine hand.\n\nThis link comes from revelation written in [Doctrine and Covenants](/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants \"Doctrine and Covenants\") 27:5:\n\n> Behold, this is wisdom in me; wherefore, marvel not, for the hour cometh that I will drink of the fruit of the vine with you on the earth, and with Moroni, whom I have sent unto you to reveal the Book of Mormon, containing the fulness of my everlasting gospel, to whom I have committed the keys of the record of the stick of Ephraim.\n\n",
"Miraculous origin story\n-----------------------\n\nAdherents of [Latter Day Saint movement](/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement \"Latter Day Saint movement\") generally believe the Book of Mormon has a miraculous origin. While [Joseph Smith](/wiki/Joseph_Smith \"Joseph Smith\") described the Book of Mormon as a \"translation\" of text written on [golden plates](/wiki/Golden_plates \"Golden plates\"), Smith had not studied ancient languages and did not \"translate\" in the traditional sense of the word. Smith claimed a divine origin for his ability to translate.\n\nThe existence of biblical passages in the Book of Mormon is explained in the text as being the result of [Lehi's](/wiki/Lehi_%28Book_of_Mormon%29 \"Lehi (Book of Mormon)\") family bringing with them a set of [brass plates](/wiki/Brass_plates \"Brass plates\") from Jerusalem which containing the writings of Moses, Isaiah, and several prophets not mentioned in the Bible. Regarding this record, 1 Nephi 5:11 states:\n\n> And he beheld that they did contain the five books of Moses, which gave an account of the creation of the world, and also of Adam and Eve, who were our first parents;\n\nWhile most contemporary secular and religious biblical scholars dates the completion of the [Pentateuch](/wiki/Pentateuch \"Pentateuch\") to no earlier than the Persian period (538–323 B.C.), those who accept the miraculous origin theory generally subscribe to the tradition of [Mosaic authorship](/wiki/Mosaic_authorship \"Mosaic authorship\") circa 1280 B.C.*Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations*, Ed. [Shalom Carmy](/wiki/Shalom_Carmy \"Shalom Carmy\"), and *Handbook of Jewish Thought*, Volume I, by [Aryeh Kaplan](/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan \"Aryeh Kaplan\").\n\nMormon writers have noted that although the portions of the Book of Mormon that quote from the Bible are very similar to the KJV text, they are not identical. Mormon scholars have also noted that at least sevenOut of some twenty\\-five thousand—see [Majority text](/wiki/Majority_text \"Majority text\"), [Textus Receptus](/wiki/Textus_Receptus \"Textus Receptus\"), [Codex Sinaiticus](/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus \"Codex Sinaiticus\"), [Codex Alexandrinus](/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus \"Codex Alexandrinus\"), [Codex Vaticanus](/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus \"Codex Vaticanus\"), [Codex Bezae](/wiki/Codex_Bezae \"Codex Bezae\"), [Alexandrian text\\-type](/wiki/Alexandrian_text-type \"Alexandrian text-type\"), [Byzantine text\\-type](/wiki/Byzantine_text-type \"Byzantine text-type\"), [Western text\\-type](/wiki/Western_text-type \"Western text-type\") and [Caesarean text\\-type](/wiki/Caesarean_text-type \"Caesarean text-type\")—most of which are minor, which distinguish the basis of the KJV and its version of the Sermon on the Mount (from a mistranslation of [Desiderius Erasmus](/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus \"Desiderius Erasmus\")'s Textus Receptus of the 15th century) from more ancient and correct manuscripts. of \"the ancient textual variants in question are not significantly different in meaning.\"\n\nThe text of the Book of Mormon is written in an archaic style, and some Latter Day Saints have argued that one would expect a more modern 19th\\-century vocabulary if Smith had authored the book. The Book of Mormon also appears, according to Skousen, to use archaic phrases that are not found in the KJV but were in current usage at or around the time of its first publication in 1611\\. For example, in the 1830 edition of the Book of Mormon, the original text of what is now Alma 37:37 reads:\n\n> counsel the Lord in all thy doings, and he will direct thee for good;Book of Mormon, 1830 Edition, p. 330\\.\n\nusing the word \"counsel\" to mean \"counsel with.\" When read in modern English, the text as originally written makes it sound as if \"the Lord\" was to be the one to be counseled. When the 1920 edition of the Book of Mormon was being prepared, the preposition \"with\" was added in this passage \"so that readers would not misinterpret the language.\" The text of Alma 37:37 now reads:\n\n> Counsel with the Lord in all thy doings, and he will direct thee for good;\n\nThe older sense of the word \"counsel\" became obsolete about 250 years prior to Smith's birth.\n\nAnother example is \"but if\" in the original text of Mosiah 3:19: \"but if he yieldeth\", compared to the current reading; \"unless he yieldeth.\" The use of \"but if\" to mean \"unless\" ended around the beginning of the 17th century, predating Smith by 200 years \n\n### Quotation of ancient sources\n\nThe quotation of by , \"And upon all the ships of the sea, and upon all the ships of Tarshish, and upon all pleasant pictures\" is sometimes used as evidence of an ancient source for the Book of Mormon. The KJV contains only half the phrase, while the [Septuagint](/wiki/Septuagint \"Septuagint\") contains the other half. The scholarly consensus is that the Septuagint is a mistranslation of the original Hebrew.Ronald V. Huggins; \"Without a Cause\" and \"Ships of Tarshish\": A Possible Contemporary Source for Two Unexplained Readings from Joseph Smith. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 1 April 2003; 36 (1\\): 157–179\\. doi: [https://doi.org/10\\.2307/45226934](https://doi.org/10.2307/45226934) Isaiah 2:16 is part of a poetic section and is a rhyming couplet; the Book of Mormon contains three phrases at this section where the meter dictates there should be only two.Pike, Dana M. and Seely, David R. (2005\\) \"[Upon All the Ships of the Sea, and Upon All the Ships of Tarshish](https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms/vol14/iss2/4)\": Revisiting 2 Nephi 12:16 and Isaiah 2:16,\" Journal of Book of Mormon Studies: Vol. 14: No. 2, Article 4\\.David P. Wright, \"Joseph Smith's Interpretations of Isaiah in the Book of Mormon,\" Dialogue 31, no. 4 (Winter 1998\\): 182\\-206; and Wright, \"Isaiah in the Book of Mormon,\" 157\\-234 Numerous readily available bible commentaries in the early 1800s mentioned the Septaugint translation, including ones by [John Wesley](/wiki/John_Wesley \"John Wesley\") and [Adam Clarke](/wiki/Adam_Clarke \"Adam Clarke\").\n\nOne [FARMS](/wiki/FARMS \"FARMS\") researcher, John A. Tvedtnes, performed comparisons of the Isaiah variants found in the Book of Mormon with the following versions of the Book of Isaiah: the Hebrew Massoretic text, the [Dead Sea scrolls](/wiki/Dead_Sea_scrolls \"Dead Sea scrolls\") found at Qumran, the Aramaic Targumim, the Peshitta, the Septuagint, the Old Latin and Vulgate, and the Isaiah passages which are quoted in the New Testament. He argues that some of these comparisons show support for the Book of Mormon passages as having been derived from an ancient text. A rebuttal to Tvedtnes's conclusions was given by David P. Wright.. \nThis paper, in slightly revised form, is available online at: In an analysis of each of the examples that Tvedtnes presented, Wright argues that the support given by Tvedtnes was \"problematic as proof\" and that in some cases Tvedtnes's analysis and evidence was \"highly ambiguous, substantially incomplete, strained, or simply in error.\"\n\n",
"### Quotation of ancient sources\n\nThe quotation of by , \"And upon all the ships of the sea, and upon all the ships of Tarshish, and upon all pleasant pictures\" is sometimes used as evidence of an ancient source for the Book of Mormon. The KJV contains only half the phrase, while the [Septuagint](/wiki/Septuagint \"Septuagint\") contains the other half. The scholarly consensus is that the Septuagint is a mistranslation of the original Hebrew.Ronald V. Huggins; \"Without a Cause\" and \"Ships of Tarshish\": A Possible Contemporary Source for Two Unexplained Readings from Joseph Smith. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 1 April 2003; 36 (1\\): 157–179\\. doi: [https://doi.org/10\\.2307/45226934](https://doi.org/10.2307/45226934) Isaiah 2:16 is part of a poetic section and is a rhyming couplet; the Book of Mormon contains three phrases at this section where the meter dictates there should be only two.Pike, Dana M. and Seely, David R. (2005\\) \"[Upon All the Ships of the Sea, and Upon All the Ships of Tarshish](https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jbms/vol14/iss2/4)\": Revisiting 2 Nephi 12:16 and Isaiah 2:16,\" Journal of Book of Mormon Studies: Vol. 14: No. 2, Article 4\\.David P. Wright, \"Joseph Smith's Interpretations of Isaiah in the Book of Mormon,\" Dialogue 31, no. 4 (Winter 1998\\): 182\\-206; and Wright, \"Isaiah in the Book of Mormon,\" 157\\-234 Numerous readily available bible commentaries in the early 1800s mentioned the Septaugint translation, including ones by [John Wesley](/wiki/John_Wesley \"John Wesley\") and [Adam Clarke](/wiki/Adam_Clarke \"Adam Clarke\").\n\nOne [FARMS](/wiki/FARMS \"FARMS\") researcher, John A. Tvedtnes, performed comparisons of the Isaiah variants found in the Book of Mormon with the following versions of the Book of Isaiah: the Hebrew Massoretic text, the [Dead Sea scrolls](/wiki/Dead_Sea_scrolls \"Dead Sea scrolls\") found at Qumran, the Aramaic Targumim, the Peshitta, the Septuagint, the Old Latin and Vulgate, and the Isaiah passages which are quoted in the New Testament. He argues that some of these comparisons show support for the Book of Mormon passages as having been derived from an ancient text. A rebuttal to Tvedtnes's conclusions was given by David P. Wright.. \nThis paper, in slightly revised form, is available online at: In an analysis of each of the examples that Tvedtnes presented, Wright argues that the support given by Tvedtnes was \"problematic as proof\" and that in some cases Tvedtnes's analysis and evidence was \"highly ambiguous, substantially incomplete, strained, or simply in error.\"\n\n",
"",
"### Quotation of KJV in the Book of Mormon\n\nThe Book of Mormon explicitly quotes the prophet Isaiah, containing 19 chapters of the KJV of Isaiah in their entirety, along with parts of a few other chapters.Specifically, chapters 2–14, 48–51, 53, and 54 of Isaiah are quoted in the Book of Mormon. Most of Isaiah 52 is also contained in the Book of Mormon. In total, approximately 30 percent of the Book of Isaiah is quoted in the Book of Mormon (Tvedtnes counts 478 verses in the Book of Mormon that are quoted from Isaiah, but notes that 207 show variations).\n\nThe Book of Mormon also quotes from the KJV of other books. \n\n| | Charity suffereth long, and is kind; charity envieth not; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up, Doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil; Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth; Beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things. |\n| --- | --- |\n| | And charity suffereth long, and is kind, and envieth not, and is not puffed up, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil, and rejoiceth not in iniquity but rejoiceth in the truth, beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things. |\n\nThe Book of Mormon contains a version of the [Sermon on the Mount](/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount \"Sermon on the Mount\"), which some authors have claimed to be \"the Achilles heel of the Book of Mormon.\" One author makes the point that certain portions of the Greek manuscripts of Matthew 5–7 do not agree with the KJV of the text, and concludes that the Book of Mormon version of the sermon should not contain text similar to the KJV.\n\n",
"",
"### Use of English homophones\n\n **Hebrew** |\n **Greek** |\n **Latin** |\n **English** || שֶׁמֶשׁshemesh | ἨέλιοςHelios | Sol | Sun |\n| בֵּןben | υἱόςhuios | Filius | Son |\n\nSome examples of [homophones](/wiki/Homophones \"Homophones\") found in the English Book of Mormon are the words *strait* and *straight*, and the words *sun* and *son*.\n\nA few passages in the Book of Mormon appear to use phrases from the KJV, but with certain words changed to English homophones. For example, reads, \"But unto you that fear my name, shall the Son of Righteousness arise with healing in his wings; and ye shall go forth and grow up as calves in the stall.\" This is identical to , except that the word \"Son\" is used in place of \"Sun\". The two words are homophones in English but dissimilar in Hebrew and in Egyptian.\n\n",
"### Unique words and phrases\n\nThere are many words and phrases which, when found in the Book of Mormon, exist *only* in a KJV context, suggesting that the words were not part of the author's daily vocabulary, but were used only in borrowings from the KJV. For example, \"fervent\" and \"elements\" each appear twice, both times together in the same phrase, and in the same context as (, ). Also, \"talent\" is used only once, in the same context as ().\n\n",
"### Archaic language\n\nThe Book of Mormon uses an archaic vocabulary and grammar that reflects 16th\\- and 17th\\-century usage ([Jacobean English](/wiki/Jacobean_English \"Jacobean English\")) as opposed to the 19th\\-century American English. Examples include the use of the word \"require\" to mean \"to request\" in Enos 1:18 (compare to KJV Ezra 8:22\\) and use of \"to cast arrows\" to mean \"to shoot arrows\" in Alma 49:4 (compare to KJV Proverbs 26:18\\).\n\n",
"Example parallels\n-----------------\n\nExample parallels include:Grant Palmer, Insider's View\n\n| **BOM** | **KJV** |\n| --- | --- |\n| I am in the Father, and the Father in me; and in me hath the Father glorified his name. I came unto my own, and my own received me not. And the scriptures, concerning my coming are fulfilled. And as many as have received me, to them have I given to become the Sons of God; and even so will I to as many as shall believe on my name: for behold, by me redemption cometh, and in me is the law of Moses fulfilled. I am the light and the life of the world. I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end.3 Nephi 9 | Believest thou not that I am in the Father, and the Father in me?John 14 He came unto his own, and his own received him not. But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his nameJohn 1 I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last.Rev 22 |\n| And whoso believeth in me, and is baptized, the same shall be saved; and they are they who shall inherit the kingdom of God. And whoso believeth not in me, and is not baptized, shall be damned.3 Nephi 11 | He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned.Mark 16 |\n| That other sheep I have which are not of this fold; them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd.3 Nephi 15 | And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd.John 10 |\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Linguistics and the Book of Mormon](/wiki/Linguistics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon \"Linguistics and the Book of Mormon\")\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* .\n* .\n* .\n* .\n* .\n* .\n* .\n* .\n* .\n* .\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Bible References about The Book of Mormon (Mormon Source)](https://web.archive.org/web/20100218003854/http://www.moroni10.com/Mormon/Bible_References/Book-of-Mormon.html) from \"Moroni's Latter\\-Day Saint Page\" at Moroni10\\.com\n* [Origins of the Book of Mormon (Non\\-Mormon Source)](http://www.mrm.org/origins-of-the-book-of-mormon) from \"Joseph Smith and the Origins of The Book of Mormon\" at mrm.org\n\n[King James Bible](/wiki/Category:Book_of_Mormon_studies \"Book of Mormon studies\")\n[Category:Criticism of Mormonism](/wiki/Category:Criticism_of_Mormonism \"Criticism of Mormonism\")\n[Book of Mormon](/wiki/Category:King_James_Version \"King James Version\")\n[Category:Mormonism and the Bible](/wiki/Category:Mormonism_and_the_Bible \"Mormonism and the Bible\")\n[Category:Mormonism\\-related controversies](/wiki/Category:Mormonism-related_controversies \"Mormonism-related controversies\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Voice inversion
|
{
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37978251
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|
7gx1usyzri9o92irt0mwt0z7m9f8n17
|
2024-08-19T08:25:47Z
| 1,192,153,924 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Forms and details",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
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"\n\n**Voice inversion** [scrambling](/wiki/Scrambler \"Scrambler\") is an analog method of obscuring the content of a transmission. It is sometimes used in public service radio, automobile racing, cordless telephones and the [Family Radio Service](/wiki/Family_Radio_Service \"Family Radio Service\"). Without a descrambler, the transmission makes the speaker \"sound like [Donald Duck](/wiki/Donald_Duck \"Donald Duck\")\". Despite the term, the technique operates on the passband of the information and so can be applied to any information being transmitted.\n\n",
"Forms and details\n-----------------\n\nThere are various forms of voice inversion which offer differing levels of security. Overall, voice inversion scrambling offers little true security as software and even hobbyist kits are available from kit makers for scrambling and descrambling. The cadence of the speech is not changed. It is often easy to guess what is happening in the conversation by listening for other audio cues like questions, short responses and other language cadences.\n\nIn the simplest form of voice inversion, the frequency p of each component is replaced with s\\-p, where s is the frequency of a [carrier wave](/wiki/Carrier_wave \"Carrier wave\"). This can be done by [amplitude modulating](/wiki/Amplitude_modulation \"Amplitude modulation\") the speech signal with the carrier, then applying a [low\\-pass filter](/wiki/Low-pass_filter \"Low-pass filter\") to select the lower [sideband](/wiki/Sideband \"Sideband\").Hendrick J van der Bijl, \"Method and system for radiosignalling.\" United States patent 1 502 889, issued 29 July 1924\\. This will make the low tones of the voice sound like high ones and vice versa. This process also occurs naturally if a radio receiver is tuned to a [single sideband](/wiki/Single_sideband \"Single sideband\") transmission but set to decode the wrong sideband.\n\nThere are more advanced forms of voice inversion which are more complex and require more effort to descramble. One method is to use a random code to choose the [carrier frequency](/wiki/Carrier_frequency \"Carrier frequency\") and then change this code in real time. This is called *Rolling Code voice inversion* and one can often hear the \"ticks\" in the transmission which signal the changing of the inversion point.\n\nAnother method is *split band voice inversion*. This is where the band is split and then each band is inverted separately. A rolling code can also be added to this method for variable split band inversion (VSB).\n\nCommon carrier frequencies are: 2\\.632 kHz, 2\\.718 kHz, 2\\.868 kHz, 3\\.023 kHz, 3\\.107 kHz, 3\\.196 kHz, 3\\.333 kHz, 3\\.339 kHz, 3\\.496 kHz, 3\\.729 kHz and 4\\.096 kHz.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Encryption](/wiki/Encryption \"Encryption\")\n* [Scrambler](/wiki/Scrambler \"Scrambler\")\n* [Secure communication](/wiki/Secure_communication \"Secure communication\") – Scrambling and key distribution scheme for digital television\n* [Secure voice](/wiki/Secure_voice \"Secure voice\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Audio clips of various radio scrambling and signaling types](http://www.kb9ukd.com/digital/)\n* <https://archive.today/20130209192320/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/voice_encryption_and_scrambling/>\n* <http://www.receptionunlimited.com>\n\n[Category:Cryptography](/wiki/Category:Cryptography \"Cryptography\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi
|
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55217sx2xppdqpeweibg40sldyeox2j
|
2024-09-19T23:48:41Z
| 1,241,013,597 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History and construction",
"Architecture",
"Historic events",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
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1,
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"content": [
"\n\nThe **Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi** ( *Tbilisis tsminda samebis sakatedro tadzari*), commonly known as **Sameba** ( for [Trinity](/wiki/Holy_Trinity \"Holy Trinity\")), is the main [cathedral](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture \"Eastern Orthodox church architecture\") of the [Georgian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church \"Georgian Orthodox Church\") located in [Tbilisi](/wiki/Tbilisi \"Tbilisi\"), the capital of [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 \"Georgia (country)\"). Constructed between 1995 and 2004, it is the [third\\-tallest](/wiki/List_of_tallest_Orthodox_churches \"List of tallest Orthodox churches\") Eastern Orthodox cathedral in the world and one of the [largest religious buildings](/wiki/List_of_largest_church_buildings_in_the_world \"List of largest church buildings in the world\") in the world by total area. Sameba is a synthesis of traditional styles dominating the Georgian church architecture at various stages in history and has some [Byzantine undertones](/wiki/Byzantine_architecture \"Byzantine architecture\").\n\n",
"History and construction\n------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|Sameba seen in the Elia neighbourhood along with the [Ceremonial Palace of Georgia](/wiki/Ceremonial_Palace_of_Georgia \"Ceremonial Palace of Georgia\")](/wiki/File:Tbilisi_Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_%28Sameba%29_and_Presidential_Palace_IMG_8995_1920.jpg \"Tbilisi Holy Trinity Cathedral (Sameba) and Presidential Palace IMG 8995 1920.jpg\")\n\nThe idea to build a new cathedral to commemorate 1,500 years of [autocephaly](/wiki/Autocephaly \"Autocephaly\") of the [Georgian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church \"Georgian Orthodox Church\") and 2,000 years from the birth of [Jesus](/wiki/Jesus \"Jesus\") emerged as early as 1989, a crucial year for the national awakening of the then\\-[Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") [republic of Georgia](/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic\"). In May 1989, the Georgian Orthodox Patriarchate and the authorities of Tbilisi announced an international contest for the \"Holy Trinity Cathedral\" project. No winner was chosen at the first round of the contest when more than a hundred projects were submitted. Finally the design by architect [Archil Mindiashvili](/wiki/Archil_Mindiashvili \"Archil Mindiashvili\") won. The subsequent turbulent years of [civil unrest](/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War \"Georgian Civil War\") in Georgia deferred this grandiose plan for six years, and it was not until 23 November 1995, that the foundation of the new cathedral was laid.\n\nThe construction of the church was proclaimed as a \"symbol of the Georgian national and spiritual revival\" and was sponsored mostly by anonymous donations from several businessmen and common citizens. On 23 November 2004, on [St. George's Day](/wiki/St_George%27s_Day \"St George's Day\"), the cathedral was consecrated by [Catholicos Patriarch of Georgia](/wiki/Catholicos-Patriarch_of_All_Georgia \"Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia\") [Ilia II](/wiki/Ilia_II \"Ilia II\") and high\\-ranking representatives of fellow Orthodox Churches of the world. The ceremony was also attended by leaders of other religious and confessional communities in Georgia as well as by political leaders.\n\nAt least part of the site chosen for the new cathedral complex included land within what had once been an old Armenian cemetery called [Khojavank](/wiki/Armenian_Pantheon_of_Tbilisi \"Armenian Pantheon of Tbilisi\"). The cemetery once had an Armenian church destroyed during the Soviet period by the orders of [Lavrenti Beria](/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria \"Lavrenti Beria\"). Most of the cemetery's gravestones and monuments were also destroyed and the cemetery turned into a recreational park. However, the cemetery still contained many of its graves when construction of the Sameba Cathedral commenced. The cemetery was treated with a \"scandalous lack of respect\" according to one author, after bones and gravestones appeared scattered all over the construction site.\n\n",
"Architecture\n------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Cathedral interior](/wiki/File:Catedral_de_la_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad%2C_Tiflis%2C_Georgia%2C_2016-09-29%2C_DD_133-135_HDR.jpg \"Catedral de la Santísima Trinidad, Tiflis, Georgia, 2016-09-29, DD 133-135 HDR.jpg\")\nThe Sameba Cathedral is erected on the [Elia](/wiki/Elijah \"Elijah\") Hill, which rises above the left bank of the [Kura River](/wiki/Kura_%28Caspian_Sea%29 \"Kura (Caspian Sea)\") (Mtkvari) in the historic neighborhood of [Avlabari](/wiki/Avlabari \"Avlabari\") in [Old Tbilisi](/wiki/Old_Tbilisi \"Old Tbilisi\").\n\nDesigned in a traditional Georgian style but with a greater vertical emphasis, and \"regarded as an eyesore by many people, it is equally venerated by as many others\".Tim Buford, \"Georgia \\- 2015 edition, Bradt Travel Guides\", p128\\. The cathedral has a [cruciform](/wiki/Cruciform \"Cruciform\") plan with a [dome](/wiki/Dome \"Dome\") over a [crossing](/wiki/Crossing_%28architecture%29 \"Crossing (architecture)\") resting on eight columns. At the same time, the parameters of the dome is independent from the [apses](/wiki/Apse \"Apse\"), imparting a more monumental look to the dome and the church in general. The dome is surmounted by a 7\\.5 meter tall gilded gold cross.\n\n[thumb\\|250px\\|[Iconostasis](/wiki/Iconostasis \"Iconostasis\") at the Holy Trinity Cathedral](/wiki/File:Sameba_cathedral%2C_iconostasis_01.jpg \"Sameba cathedral, iconostasis 01.jpg\")\n\nThe cathedral consists of nine [chapels](/wiki/Chapel \"Chapel\") (chapels of the [Archangels](/wiki/Archangel \"Archangel\"), [John the Baptist](/wiki/John_the_Baptist \"John the Baptist\"), [Saint Nino](/wiki/Saint_Nino \"Saint Nino\"), [Saint George](/wiki/Saint_George \"Saint George\"), [Saint Nicholas](/wiki/Saint_Nicholas \"Saint Nicholas\"), the [Twelve Apostles](/wiki/Twelve_Apostles \"Twelve Apostles\"), and [All Saints](/wiki/Glorification%23Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Glorification#Eastern Orthodox Church\")); five of them are situated in a large, underground compartment. The overall area of the cathedral, including its large [narthex](/wiki/Narthex \"Narthex\"), is 3,000 square meters and the volume it occupies is 137,000 cubic meters. The interior of the church (nave) measures 56 metres by 44 metres, with an interior area of 2,380 square metres. The height of the cathedral from the ground to the top of the cross is 87\\.1 metres (height of stairs 1 metre). The underground chapel occupies 35,550 cubic metres and the height is 13\\.1 metres.\n\nNatural materials are used for construction. The floor is made of marble tiles and the [altar](/wiki/Altar \"Altar\") will also be decorated with [mosaic](/wiki/Mosaic \"Mosaic\"). The painting of the murals is being executed by a group of artists guided by [Amiran Goglidze](/wiki/Amiran_Goglidze \"Amiran Goglidze\").\n\nThe Sameba complex, the construction of which is already completed, consists of the main cathedral church, a free\\-standing bell\\-tower, the residence of the Patriarch, a monastery, a clerical [seminary](/wiki/Seminary \"Seminary\") and theological academy, several workshops, places for rest, etc.\n\n",
"Historic events\n---------------\n\n \nIn early January 2024, the discovery of Joseph Stalin on an icon drew national and international attention. The presence of Stalin on an icon has been described as unusual by theologians. The icon featuring Stalin has been donated by members of the conservative Alliance of Patriots party. On 10 January, the icon featuring Stalin was defaced with blue paint, in an incident that drew press attention, and subsequent protests.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n[thumb\\|Sameba Cathedra at dusk](/wiki/File:Sameba_Cathedral%2C_Holy_Trinity_Cathedral%2C_Dusk%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg \"Sameba Cathedral, Holy Trinity Cathedral, Dusk, Tbilisi, Georgia.jpg\")\n* [Tbilisi Sioni Cathedral](/wiki/Tbilisi_Sioni_Cathedral \"Tbilisi Sioni Cathedral\")\n* [List of tallest church buildings](/wiki/List_of_tallest_church_buildings \"List of tallest church buildings\")\n* [List of largest Eastern Orthodox church buildings](/wiki/List_of_largest_Eastern_Orthodox_church_buildings \"List of largest Eastern Orthodox church buildings\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Georgian Orthodox cathedrals in Georgia (country)](/wiki/Category:Georgian_Orthodox_cathedrals_in_Georgia_%28country%29 \"Georgian Orthodox cathedrals in Georgia (country)\")\n[Category:Georgian Orthodox churches in Tbilisi](/wiki/Category:Georgian_Orthodox_churches_in_Tbilisi \"Georgian Orthodox churches in Tbilisi\")\n[Category:Churches completed in 2004](/wiki/Category:Churches_completed_in_2004 \"Churches completed in 2004\")\n[Category:2004 establishments in Georgia (country)](/wiki/Category:2004_establishments_in_Georgia_%28country%29 \"2004 establishments in Georgia (country)\")\n[Category:Tourist attractions in Tbilisi](/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Tbilisi \"Tourist attractions in Tbilisi\")\n[Category:Church buildings with domes](/wiki/Category:Church_buildings_with_domes \"Church buildings with domes\")\n[Category:Byzantine Revival architecture in Georgia (country)](/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Revival_architecture_in_Georgia_%28country%29 \"Byzantine Revival architecture in Georgia (country)\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery
|
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4904587
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"name": [
"Revirvlkodlaku"
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fe8ukhtdp3zh88vd233py4sp2e9uy6t
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2021-11-03T07:21:25Z
| 955,313,823 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Development",
"Sections",
"Uses",
"Program placement",
"Program assessment and planning",
"Diagnosis of learning abilities",
"Issues of debate",
"Resources",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
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"\n\nThe **Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery** (**PLAB**) was developed to predict student success in foreign language learning, or [language learning aptitude](/wiki/Language_learning_aptitude \"Language learning aptitude\"), and for diagnosing [language learning disabilities](/wiki/Language_learning_aptitude%23Language_learning_disability \"Language learning aptitude#Language learning disability\"). It is published by the Language Learning and Testing Foundation.\n\nThe Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery (PLAB) measures [language learning aptitude](/wiki/Language_learning_aptitude \"Language learning aptitude\"). Language learning aptitude does not refer to whether or not an individual can or cannot learn a foreign language (it is assumed that virtually everyone can learn a foreign language given an unlimited amount of time). According to John Carroll and Stanley Sapon, the authors of the [Modern Language Aptitude Test](/wiki/Modern_Language_Aptitude_Test \"Modern Language Aptitude Test\") (a similar language aptitude test intended for older learners), language learning aptitude does refer to the \"prediction of how well, relative to other individuals, an individual can learn a foreign language in a given amount of time and under given conditions\". The PLAB is intended for use with native English speaking students in grades 7 through 12, although it is sometimes used with students as old as 20 years.\n\n",
"Development\n-----------\n\nThe Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery was developed by Dr. [Paul Pimsleur](/wiki/Paul_Pimsleur \"Paul Pimsleur\"), also known for the [Pimsleur language learning system](/wiki/Pimsleur_language_learning_system \"Pimsleur language learning system\"). The PLAB is the culmination of eight years of research by Pimsleur and his associates from 1958 to 1966, which involved the review of 30 years of published studies regarding a variety of linguistic and psychological factors involved in language learning. Pimsleur and his colleagues grouped these studies into seven research topics: intelligence, verbal ability, pitch discrimination, order of language study and bilingualism, study habits, motivation and attitudes, and personality factors. Of the seven, motivation and verbal intelligence were the clearest factors contributing to success at learning a foreign language.\n\nSubsequent research involving students learning French at the college level, taking several different tests and subjecting the resulting data to factor analysis and multiple correlation analysis also showed motivation and verbal intelligence to be primary factors in language learning success. After field testing a preliminary version of the Aptitude Battery on secondary school students of French and Spanish, Pimsleur and his associates identified verbal intelligence, motivation and auditory ability as the three most significant factors in predicting success at learning a foreign language. They developed seven subtests that would measure these three factors.\n\nAfter testing the seven subtests, with the support of the Ohio State University Research Foundation, the PLAB was finalized by adding a part where the examinee indicates his or her grade point average in four core subjects. Thus, Pimsleur used GPA as a measure of study habits, which can be very important in foreign language learning, and a good predictor of success. Thus, the four final factors contributing to language learning aptitude measured on the PLAB are verbal ability, auditory ability, motivation and study habits.\n\n1965–66, a study was conducted to calculate the predictive validity of the PLAB. Forty\\-one schools in thirteen different states participated in the study, which administered the PLAB to students in grades 7, 8, and 9 at the beginning of the school year. The students' final grades in a beginning language course were used to calculate the validity of the PLAB and provide statistical norms and expectancy tables.\n\n",
"Sections\n--------\n\nThe final version of the PLAB contains six parts (Pimsleur, et al. 2004\\), each one testing different aspects of the four predictive factors (verbal ability, auditory ability, motivation and grade point average):\n* Part 1 – Grade Point Average – calculates the student's grade point average in areas other than language learning\n* Part 2 – Interest – measures the student's interest in learning a foreign language and is a measure of motivation\n* Part 3 – Vocabulary – tests word knowledge in English and is a measure of verbal ability\n* Part 4 – Language Analysis – tests the student's ability to reason logically in terms of a foreign language and is another aspect of verbal ability\n* Part 5 – Sound Discrimination – tests the ability to learn new phonetic distinctions and to recognize them in different contexts and is a measure of auditory ability\n* Part 6 – Sound\\-Symbol Association – tests the ability to associate sounds with written symbols and is another measure of auditory ability\n\nParts 1 and 2 are not aptitude measures. Part 1 is a measure of study habits and Part 2 is measure of motivation. Both study habits and motivation correlate with success in foreign language study. Depending on the teacher's motive in testing language aptitude, these parts could be deleted, or they could be translated to the student's native language. Therefore, the PLAB could be used with students whose mother tongue is not English but whose proficiency in English is high enough to take the test.\n\nPart 3 is a short test of student's vocabulary in English. The grade level of the vocabulary is approximately grade 9\\-12\\. This part exists because breadth of native language vocabulary is related to success in learning a FL. This part could be either translated or not included for students who have limited proficiency in English.\n\nPart 4, language analysis, is a test of the aptitude for learning the grammar of a foreign language. If needed, it could be translated to the student's native language. Otherwise, the English required to understand handle these items is not at a high level.\n\nPart 5 is a sound discrimination test involving a tonal language. No translation is needed. One only has to understand the instructions. English proficiency plays no role in the score on this part.\n\nPart 6 is a sound\\-symbol association test using nonsense words created from English sounds. Since these are nonsense words, English proficiency is not involved. This part is a test of phonetic coding ability as described by Carroll.\n\nIn summary, only part 3 requires a substantial level of English. Parts 1, 2, and 4 could be translated or adapted to the students native language for students with no or a low level of English proficiency. Part 4 for requires an Intermediate level of English proficiency. Parts 5 and 6 test auditory abilities but do not require English proficiency, beyond the comprehension of the directions to each part.\n\nEarlier versions of the PLAB also included a twenty question test measuring a student's motivation for learning a foreign language and a section on rhyming, which was another measure of auditory ability. After field testing with the Ohio State University Research Foundation, Pimsleur and his associates found that these sections could be taken out of the test without affecting the predictive ability of the PLAB.\n\nIn a discussion of the MLAT and PLAB, Wesche (1981\\) Wesche, M.B. (1981\\). Language aptitude measures in streaming, matching students with methods, and diagnosis of learning problems. In: *Individual differences and universals in language learning aptitude*. K.C. Diller, Editor. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers, pp. 119\\-154\\. noted that PLAB part 4 is a measure of inductive learning of foreign language grammar, while the MLAT (mentioned above) does not include a direct measure of inductive learning. She further notes that PLAB part 5 also measures the inductive learning of foreign language tones in different contexts. She states that low PLAB scores on parts 5 and 6 are often reflective of hearing problems and that PLAB Part 6 (Sound\\-Symbol Association) measures the phonetic coding ability described by Carroll in his description of the components of foreign language aptitude.\n\n",
"Uses\n----\n\nThe uses of the Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery include program placement, program assessment and planning, and diagnosis of learning abilities and diagnosis of a foreign language learning disability. Current users include private and public secondary schools and learning disabilities specialists. The test is also used in research on foreign language teaching or learning, when a measure of language aptitude is needed as part of the research design. One advantage that the PLAB offers to researchers on second language learning is its availability to them.\n\n### Program placement\n\nThe PLAB can be used to assess which students may be cognitively ready to study a foreign language in grades 7 and 8 and those students who would benefit from waiting until a later grade to begin foreign language study. It can also be used to place students in the classroom that teaches at the most appropriate pace for them when there is more than one language class.\n\n### Program assessment and planning\n\nThe PLAB can be used to calculate local language aptitude norms. Using this information, schools or districts can assess the effectiveness of their current foreign language programs and use the PLAB to develop their language program. For example, a school may divide their language program into three zones, each using an appropriate textbook and moving at an appropriate pace.\n\n### Diagnosis of learning abilities\n\nPimsleur says that a language aptitude test may be used to identify the underachiever before the course starts. He defines underachievers as students who have significantly less success in language study than in their other courses.Pimsleur, P. (1966\\). Testing foreign language learning. In: Valdman, A., Editor, *Trends in language teaching*. New York: McGraw Hill, pp. 175\\-186\\. \nPimsleur gave students in his study a sound\\-symbol test and a Chinese pitch test. In the sound\\-symbol association test the student hears a nonsense syllable and must match it with its correct spelling in the test booklet. The Chinese pitch test was a 30\\-item test of auditory discrimination in which the student must distinguish Chinese tones. Pimsleur found that among students with similar overall GPAs, those with lower scores in these two tests received lower grades in foreign languages. From this finding, Pimsleur concluded that the auditory component of language aptitude is the main factor that accounts for differences in language learning ability that are not explained by general intelligence, interest in learning a foreign language or general study habits.Pimsleur, P. Sundland, D.M. \\& McIntyre, R.D. (1963\\) *Under\\-achievement in foreign language learning*. Eric Document Reproduction Service ED 018160\\. \nThe PLAB can be used to identify students with a [language learning disability](/wiki/Language_learning_aptitude%23Language_learning_disability \"Language learning aptitude#Language learning disability\") when used in conjunction with other forms of evidence. He also stated that looking at the individual's score on the different parts of the test can be of help in matching students' learning preferences with instructional techniques.\n\n",
"### Program placement\n\nThe PLAB can be used to assess which students may be cognitively ready to study a foreign language in grades 7 and 8 and those students who would benefit from waiting until a later grade to begin foreign language study. It can also be used to place students in the classroom that teaches at the most appropriate pace for them when there is more than one language class.\n\n",
"### Program assessment and planning\n\nThe PLAB can be used to calculate local language aptitude norms. Using this information, schools or districts can assess the effectiveness of their current foreign language programs and use the PLAB to develop their language program. For example, a school may divide their language program into three zones, each using an appropriate textbook and moving at an appropriate pace.\n\n",
"### Diagnosis of learning abilities\n\nPimsleur says that a language aptitude test may be used to identify the underachiever before the course starts. He defines underachievers as students who have significantly less success in language study than in their other courses.Pimsleur, P. (1966\\). Testing foreign language learning. In: Valdman, A., Editor, *Trends in language teaching*. New York: McGraw Hill, pp. 175\\-186\\. \nPimsleur gave students in his study a sound\\-symbol test and a Chinese pitch test. In the sound\\-symbol association test the student hears a nonsense syllable and must match it with its correct spelling in the test booklet. The Chinese pitch test was a 30\\-item test of auditory discrimination in which the student must distinguish Chinese tones. Pimsleur found that among students with similar overall GPAs, those with lower scores in these two tests received lower grades in foreign languages. From this finding, Pimsleur concluded that the auditory component of language aptitude is the main factor that accounts for differences in language learning ability that are not explained by general intelligence, interest in learning a foreign language or general study habits.Pimsleur, P. Sundland, D.M. \\& McIntyre, R.D. (1963\\) *Under\\-achievement in foreign language learning*. Eric Document Reproduction Service ED 018160\\. \nThe PLAB can be used to identify students with a [language learning disability](/wiki/Language_learning_aptitude%23Language_learning_disability \"Language learning aptitude#Language learning disability\") when used in conjunction with other forms of evidence. He also stated that looking at the individual's score on the different parts of the test can be of help in matching students' learning preferences with instructional techniques.\n\n",
"Issues of debate\n----------------\n\nWhile language learning aptitude is relatively stable among adults, among adolescents it continues to grow as the child reaches adulthood. Thus, scores should be compared to age/grade norms in the test manual or to locally developed norms. It has been said that [language aptitude](/wiki/Second_language_acquisition%23Language_aptitude \"Second language acquisition#Language aptitude\") tests like the PLAB are not directly helpful to individuals who are required to learn a language regardless of their language learning abilities. However, language aptitude tests can be helpful as an indicator of the amount of time that will be needed to learn the language relative to others with higher or lower scores. The PLAB can also assist teachers by identifying the learning modalities through which the student may best be able to learn a foreign language.\n\nAnother point to take into account is the fact that the PLAB results could depend on the degree of English proficiency required by test tasks and items. Thus, language teachers who might want to use the PLAB should be aware that the students PLAB score could be influenced by their degree of English proficiency. Although only part 3 is a measure of native English skills, the other parts do assume some English skills on the part of the examinee. Consequently, teachers of foreign languages who want to use the PLAB to get a better understanding of the language aptitude profile of their students should also consider the English proficiency of each student when interpreting test scores. Teachers may also need to translate the directions and some items, so that the test remains essentially a measure of language aptitude, not English language proficiency. For students with advanced English proficiency, no translation would be necessary and the level of English required by each part could be considered simultaneously along with the student's proficiency in interpreting the scores.\n\n",
"Resources\n---------\n\n* Carroll, John B. and Stanley Sapon. *Modern Language Aptitude Test: Manual 2010 Edition*. Rockville, MD: Language Learning and Testing Foundation, 2010\\.\n* Pimsleur, Paul, Daniel J. Reed and Charles W. Stansfield. *Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery: Manual 2004 Edition*. Rockville, MD: Language Learning and Testing Foundation, 2004\\.\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Center for Applied Linguistics – Foreign Language Test Database](https://web.archive.org/web/20071229122953/http://www.cal.org/resources/databases.html)\n* [Language Learning and Testing Foundation](http://www.LLTF.net)\n\n[Category:Cognitive tests](/wiki/Category:Cognitive_tests \"Cognitive tests\")\n[Category:Language aptitude tests](/wiki/Category:Language_aptitude_tests \"Language aptitude tests\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Joseph Carlebach
|
{
"id": [
48568439
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"name": [
"EzriCarlebach"
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}
|
oy53q9p22x8o5cl5kj84mhewvq8pq4r
|
2024-10-10T12:43:03Z
| 1,244,416,928 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and family",
"Education and early career",
"World War I service",
"Persecution and murder under the Nazi regime",
"Commemoration and legacy",
"Works",
"Notes",
"External links"
],
"level": [
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"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|Joseph Carlebach](/wiki/File:WP_Joseph_Zwi_Carlebach.jpg \"WP Joseph Zwi Carlebach.jpg\")\n**Joseph Hirsch (Tzvi) Carlebach** (January 30, 1883, [Lübeck](/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck \"Lübeck\"), [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\") – March 26, 1942, Biķerniecki forest, near [Riga](/wiki/Riga \"Riga\"), [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia \"Latvia\")) was a German [Orthodox](/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism \"Orthodox Judaism\") [rabbi](/wiki/Rabbi \"Rabbi\"), [natural scientist](/wiki/Natural_scientist \"Natural scientist\"), and\nscholar of the [history of the Jews in Germany](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany \"History of the Jews in Germany\").\n\n",
"Early life and family\n---------------------\n\nCarlebach was the eighth child of Esther Adler (1853–1920\\), daughter of the former rabbi of [Lübeck](/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck \"Lübeck\"), Rabbi Alexander Sussmann Adler (1816–1869\\), and Lübeck's then\\-Rabbi Salomon Carlebach (1845–1919\\). \n\nIn 1919, Joseph Carlebach and his former pupil Charlotte Preuss (1900–1942\\) married. They had nine children. One of them is rabbi [Shlomo Carlebach](/wiki/Shlomo_Carlebach_%28scholar%29 \"Shlomo Carlebach (scholar)\").\n\n",
"Education and early career\n--------------------------\n\nJoseph Carlebach became a rabbi, as did several of his brothers, to wit David Carlebach, Emanuel Carlebach (rabbi in [Memel](/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da \"Klaipėda\") and Cologne), [Hartwig Naftali Carlebach](/wiki/Hartwig_Naftali_Carlebach \"Hartwig Naftali Carlebach\") (rabbi in Berlin, [Baden](/wiki/Baden_%28Austria%29 \"Baden (Austria)\") near Vienna and New York), and [Ephraim Carlebach](/wiki/Ephraim_Carlebach \"Ephraim Carlebach\") (rabbi in Leipzig). Initially, however, Joseph Carlebach completed extensive studies in natural sciences. From 1901 on he studied at [Friedrich\\-Wilhelms\\-Universität](/wiki/University_of_Berlin \"University of Berlin\") in Berlin natural sciences, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy and history of art. The quantum physicist [Max Planck](/wiki/Max_Planck \"Max Planck\") and the philosopher [Wilhelm Dilthey](/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey \"Wilhelm Dilthey\") ([hermeneutics](/wiki/Hermeneutics \"Hermeneutics\")) were among his teachers. In 1908 he graduated as high\\-school teacher (Oberlehrer\\-Examen) of natural sciences (at *summa cum laude*). In the same time Carlebach attended the orthodox [Rabbinical Seminary](/wiki/Hildesheimer_Rabbinical_Seminary \"Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary\") in Berlin. In 1905 to 1907 Carlebach interrupted his studies in Germany and taught at the [Lämel\\-School](/wiki/L%C3%A4mel_School \"Lämel School\") in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"). There Carlebach made the acquaintance of a number of eminent rabbis.\n\nIn 1909 Carlebach obtained degrees in mathematics, physics and Hebrew at [Ruprecht\\-Karls\\-Universität](/wiki/Heidelberg_University \"Heidelberg University\") in Heidelberg. There he also was awarded his doctorate on the mathematician [Levi ben Gershon](/wiki/Levi_ben_Gershon \"Levi ben Gershon\") (*Lewi ben Gerson als Mathematiker*). Carlebach gained an academic reputation by books on Levi ben Gershon as well as on [Albert Einstein](/wiki/Albert_Einstein \"Albert Einstein\")'s relativity theory in 1912\\. From 1910 to 1914 Carlebach enrolled in the rabbinical seminary under Rabbi [David Zvi Hoffmann](/wiki/David_Zvi_Hoffmann \"David Zvi Hoffmann\"), receiving his *[semikhah](/wiki/Semikhah \"Semikhah\")* (rabbinic ordination) in 1914\\.\n\n",
"World War I service\n-------------------\n\nDuring World War I Carlebach served in the [imperial German Army](/wiki/German_Army_%28German_Empire%29 \"German Army (German Empire)\"), at the beginning as telegraphist. In 1915 he was assigned as educator \\- after recommendation by his brother\\-in\\-law Leopold Rosenak, a German Army [Field Rabbi](/wiki/Military_Chaplain \"Military Chaplain\") active in promoting German culture among the Jews of Lithuania and Poland during the German occupation (1915–1918\\). \n\n[Erich Ludendorff](/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff \"Erich Ludendorff\")'s intention was to evoke pro\\-German attitudes among Jews and other Poles and Lithuanians, in order to prepare the installation of a Polish and a Lithuanian state dependent on Germany. Part of the effort was the establishment of Jewish newspapers (e.g. the [folkist](/wiki/Folkspartei \"Folkspartei\") *Warszawer Togblat, וואַרשעווער טאָגבלאַט*), of Jewish organisations (e.g. Joseph's brother German Army Field Rabbi Emanuel Carlebach (1874\\-1927\\) initiated in [Łomża](/wiki/%C5%81om%C5%BCa \"Łomża\") the foundation of the [hassidic](/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism \"Hasidic Judaism\") umbrella organisation [Agudas Yisroel](/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel \"World Agudath Israel\") of Poland, part of a non\\-Zionist movement founded in Germany in 1912\\) and of modern educational institutions of Jewish alignment. Joseph Carlebach founded the partly German\\-language *Jüdisches Real[gymnasium](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 \"Gymnasium (school)\") גימנזיום עברי* (academic high school) in [Kaunas](/wiki/Kaunas \"Kaunas\") (Kovno; the interwar capital of [Lithuania](/wiki/Lithuania \"Lithuania\")) and directed it until 1919\\. The school was based on the German [Torah im Derech Eretz](/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz \"Torah im Derech Eretz\") model. The school provided both Jewish and secular studies both for men and women (separately) and was the model for the *Yavneh* network that Carlebach later founded in collaboration with Leo Deutschlander. In 1925, *Yavneh* was taken over by Joseph Leib Bloch (1860\\-1930\\), who relocated it to [Telšiai](/wiki/Tel%C5%A1iai \"Telšiai\") (Russ.: Telshe, Yidd.: Telz טעלז) and incorporated it into the [Rabbinical College of Telshe](/wiki/Rabbinical_College_of_Telshe \"Rabbinical College of Telshe\"), which managed to re\\-establish in 1942 in the USA. \n\nFrom 1919 to 1921 he was rabbi of his native home town [Lübeck](/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck \"Lübeck\"). In 1921, Carlebach became headmaster of the [Talmud Torah](/wiki/Talmud_Torah \"Talmud Torah\") high school in [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\"). Between 1925 and 1936 he served as [chief rabbi](/wiki/Chief_rabbi \"Chief rabbi\") of the *Hochdeutsche Israeliten\\-Gemeinde zu [Altona](/wiki/Altona%2C_Hamburg \"Altona, Hamburg\")*, after which he changed as chief rabbi to the *Deutsch\\-Israelitische Gemeinde zu Hamburg*, where he served until his deportation into death in 1941\\. Israeli jurist [Haim Cohn](/wiki/Haim_Cohn \"Haim Cohn\") described the effect Carlebach had on his students (as well as illustrating Carlebach's fairly unusual position that Orthodox Jews may visit churches): \n\n> He spent a full day with the boys in the [Cologne Cathedral](/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral \"Cologne Cathedral\"), expertly explaining every detail of the statues, the glass windows, the ornaments, and the intricacies of the Catholic faith and ritual; but I was not allowed to participate, being a [Cohen](/wiki/Kohen \"Kohen\") who may not be under the same roof with a corpse or with tombs, lest he become impure; and although, according to the letter of the Law, it is only the Jewish dead the contact with whom renders impure, and not the non\\-Jewish dead, still Carlebach held that the least possibility that among the dead buried in the cathedral may have been a person of Jewish origin (even though ultimately converted to Christianity), sufficed to make the place taboo to me.Haim H. Cohn, \"Joseph Carlebach,\" Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 5 (1960\\), pg. 66\\.\n\n",
"Persecution and murder under the Nazi regime\n--------------------------------------------\n\nAfter [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") banned Jewish students from attending German schools together with \"Aryan\" German children, Rabbi Carlebach set up a number of schools throughout Germany to educate Jewish children. His schools bore his name and were known as *Carlebach\\-Schulen*.\n\nHe was deported to the [Nazi concentration camp](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps \"Nazi concentration camps\") [Jungfernhof](/wiki/Jungfernhof_concentration_camp \"Jungfernhof concentration camp\") by the Nazis, where he was murdered on March 23, 1943 during the mass shooting of approximately 1600 Jews, mostly older people and children, that became known as the [Dünamünde Action](/wiki/D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action \"Dünamünde Action\"). Sabine Niemann (Redaktion): *Die Carlebachs, eine Rabbinerfamilie aus Deutschland*, Ephraim\\-Carlebach\\-Stiftung (Hrsg). Dölling und Galitz. Hamburg 1995, S. 83\\. This occurred in the Biķerniecki forest, near [Riga](/wiki/Riga \"Riga\"), [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia \"Latvia\"), which was the site of numerous other shootings perpetrated by the Nazis and their Latvian collaborators, in particular, the [Arajs Kommando](/wiki/Arajs_Kommando \"Arajs Kommando\").\n\nHis wife and younger children were also killed during [the Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust \"The Holocaust\"). Of his surviving children, Rabbi [Shlomo Carlebach](/wiki/Shlomo_Carlebach_%28mashgiach_ruchani%29 \"Shlomo Carlebach (mashgiach ruchani)\") became the *[mashgiach ruchani](/wiki/Mashgiach_ruchani \"Mashgiach ruchani\")* (\"spiritual supervisor\" \\[of students]) at the [Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin](/wiki/Yeshiva_Rabbi_Chaim_Berlin \"Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin\") in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\"), [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") after the war. Joseph Carlebach's other son, [Julius Carlebach](/wiki/Julius_Carlebach \"Julius Carlebach\"), became a renowned academic and Jewish communal leader in the UK, and was the author of *Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Judaism* (London: Routledge \\& Kegan Paul, 1978\\), among other books, while his third daughter became Professor Miriam Gillis\\-Carlebach, who emigrated to Israel in October 1938\\. She taught Education and Hebrew reading at Bar\\-Ilan University, in Ramat Gan. In 1992, she became the head of the Joseph Carlebach Institute at Bar\\-Ilan University and has dedicated herself to researching her father's writings as well as the writing of other Jewish leaders of the same time period. Sabine Niemann (Redaktion): *Die Carlebachs, eine Rabbinerfamilie aus Deutschland*, Ephraim\\-Carlebach\\-Stiftung (Hrsg). Dölling und Galitz. Hamburg 1995, S. 92\\-3\n\nRabbi Joseph Carlebach's wife managed to send her elder children to England, and they survived the war.\n[thumb\\|right\\|150px](/wiki/Image:Carlebach-Platz.JPG \"Carlebach-Platz.JPG\")\n\n",
"Commemoration and legacy\n------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Commemorative tablet in Hamburg\\-Altona with a portrait of Carlebach](/wiki/Image:Carlebach_in_Altona.jpeg \"Carlebach in Altona.jpeg\")\nOn 18 August 1954 Jerusalem honoured Carlebach's work, among others at the local *[Lämel](/wiki/Simon_von_L%C3%A4mel \"Simon von Lämel\")\\-School*, by naming a street, Rekhov Carlebach/Karlibakh רחוב קרליבך, after him in the neighbourhood of [Talpiot](/wiki/Talpiot \"Talpiot\").\n\nThe memory of Joseph Carlebach is held in great honor by the City of Hamburg and its Jewish community. In 1990, part of the University Campus, the [Bornplatz Synagogue](/wiki/Bornplatz_Synagogue \"Bornplatz Synagogue\"), the former location of the Main Synagogue of Hamburg and Carlebach's last pulpit, was named as the \"Joseph\\-Carlebach\\-Platz\". In honor of his 120th Birthday in 2003, the \"Joseph\\-Carlebach\\-Preis\" (Joseph Carlebach prize) for Jewish studies was established, awarded every two years, by the [State University](/wiki/University_of_Hamburg \"University of Hamburg\") of Hamburg.\n\n",
"Works\n-----\n\n* Carlebach, Joseph. *Die drei grossen Propheten Jesajas, Jirmija und Jecheskel; eine Studie*. Pp. 133\\. Frankfurt am Main: Hermon\\-Verlag, 1932\n* Carlebach, Joseph. *Les trois grands prophetes, Isaie, Jeremie, Ezechiel. Traduit de l'allemand par Henri Schilli.* Pp. 141\\. Paris: Editions A. Michel, 1959\n* Carlebach, Joseph. *Moderne paedagogische Bestrebungen und ihre Beziehungen zum Judentum*. Pp. 19\\. Berlin, Hebraeischer Verlag \"Menorah\", 1925\n* Carlebach, Joseph. *Mikhtavim mi\\-Yerushalayim (1905–1906\\): Erets Yi'sra'el be\\-reshit ha\\-me'ah be\\-\\`ene moreh tsa\\`ir, ma'skil\\-dati mi\\-Germanyah*. (Ed. and transl. Miryam Gilis\\-Karlibakh). Pp. 141, ill. [Ramat\\-Gan](/wiki/Ramat-Gan \"Ramat-Gan\"): *Orah, mi\\-pirsume Mekhon Yosef Karlibakh*; Yerushalayim: Ariel, c1996\n* Carlebach, Joseph. *Ausgewaehlte Schriften mit einem Vorwort von Haim H. Cohn*; herausgegeben von Miriam Gillis\\-Carlebach. 2 vols. Hildesheim; New York: G. Olms Verlag, 1982\n* Carlebach, Joseph. *Lewi ben Gerson als Mathematiker; ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Mathematik bei den Juden*. Von Dr. phil. 238, \\[2]. Berlin: L. Lamm, 1910\n* Carlebach, Joseph. *Das gesetzestreue Judentum*. Pp. 53\\. Berlin: Im [Schocken Verlag](/wiki/Schocken_Verlag \"Schocken Verlag\"), 1936\\.\n* Carlebach, Joseph. *Juedischer Alltag als humaner Widerstand: Dokumente des Hamburger Oberrabiners Dr. Joseph Carlebach aus den Jahren 1939\\-1942\\.* Ed. Miriam Gillis\\-Carlebach. Pp. 118, ill. Hamburg: Verlag Verein fuer Hamburgische Geschichte, 1990\n* Gerhard Paul; Miriam Gillis\\-Carlebach (Eds.). *Menora und Hakenkreuz: zur Geschichte der Juden in und aus Schleswig\\-Holstein, Luebeck und Altona (1918–1998\\)*. Pp. 943, ill. Neumuenster: Wachholtz Verlag, 1998\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Joseph Carlebach Institute](http://www.jci.co.il)\n* [Personality of the Week \\- Carlebach](https://web.archive.org/web/20050907080207/http://www.bh.org.il/NAMES/POW/Carlebach.asp) at www.bh.org.il\n* Review of the book: [Ish Yehudi: The Life and the Legacy of a Torah Great, Rav Joseph Tzvi Carebach](http://www.stevens.edu/golem/llevine/rsrh/carlebach/east_meets_west.pdf)\n[Joseph](/wiki/Category:Carlebach_family \"Carlebach family\")\n[Category:1883 births](/wiki/Category:1883_births \"1883 births\")\n[Category:1942 deaths](/wiki/Category:1942_deaths \"1942 deaths\")\n[Category:Scientists from Lübeck](/wiki/Category:Scientists_from_L%C3%BCbeck \"Scientists from Lübeck\")\n[Category:German Orthodox rabbis](/wiki/Category:German_Orthodox_rabbis \"German Orthodox rabbis\")\n[Category:German Army personnel of World War I](/wiki/Category:German_Army_personnel_of_World_War_I \"German Army personnel of World War I\")\n[Category:German Jewish military personnel of World War I who died in the Holocaust](/wiki/Category:German_Jewish_military_personnel_of_World_War_I_who_died_in_the_Holocaust \"German Jewish military personnel of World War I who died in the Holocaust\")\n[Category:People who died in Jungfernhof concentration camp](/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Jungfernhof_concentration_camp \"People who died in Jungfernhof concentration camp\")\n[Category:The Holocaust in Latvia](/wiki/Category:The_Holocaust_in_Latvia \"The Holocaust in Latvia\")\n[Category:People from Schleswig\\-Holstein executed in Nazi concentration camps](/wiki/Category:People_from_Schleswig-Holstein_executed_in_Nazi_concentration_camps \"People from Schleswig-Holstein executed in Nazi concentration camps\")\n[Category:Jewish scientists](/wiki/Category:Jewish_scientists \"Jewish scientists\")\n[Category:Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary alumni](/wiki/Category:Hildesheimer_Rabbinical_Seminary_alumni \"Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary alumni\")\n[Category:Clergy from Lübeck](/wiki/Category:Clergy_from_L%C3%BCbeck \"Clergy from Lübeck\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Jiyeh Power Station oil spill
|
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7dvuai7fg69fehgwpvg1185wqpe8n5o
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2024-08-03T18:38:11Z
| 1,235,027,016 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Effects",
"International response",
"United Nations",
"Media awareness",
"Clean-up effort",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
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"content": [
"[thumb\\|200px\\|Nasa image of spill, taken August 10, 2006\\. Oil slick in darker blue.](/wiki/Image:Jiyyeh_oil_spill_2006_NASA_ASTER.jpg \"Jiyyeh oil spill 2006 NASA ASTER.jpg\")\n[200px\\|thumb\\|right\\|The oil\\-polluted water washing into the [harbour](/wiki/Harbour \"Harbour\") of [Byblos](/wiki/Byblos \"Byblos\").](/wiki/Image:Boats_on_oil-polluted_water_at_the_harbour_of_Byblos.jpg \"Boats on oil-polluted water at the harbour of Byblos.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|The [oil spillage](/wiki/Oil_spill \"Oil spill\") caused by the Jiyeh bombings in mid July, had by 29 July coated the whole water surface in [Byblos](/wiki/Byblos \"Byblos\") harbour, some 60 km north of Jiyeh.](/wiki/Image:Byblos_harbour_oil-polluted.jpg \"Byblos harbour oil-polluted.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Oil from the bombed power plant of Jieh contaminating the beaches of Beirut](/wiki/Image:Lebanon_oil_beach.jpg \"Lebanon oil beach.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Workers clean up [oil spill](/wiki/Oil_spill \"Oil spill\") in 2006](/wiki/File:Jiyeh_Power_Station_oil_spill_cleanup%2C_USAID_2006.jpg \"Jiyeh Power Station oil spill cleanup, USAID 2006.jpg\")\n\nThe **Jiyeh Power Station oil spill** is an [environmental disaster](/wiki/Environmental_disaster \"Environmental disaster\") caused by the release of [heavy fuel oil](/wiki/Fuel_oil \"Fuel oil\") into the eastern [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\") after storage tanks at the [thermal power station](/wiki/Thermal_power_station \"Thermal power station\") in [Jiyeh](/wiki/Jieh \"Jieh\"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"), south of [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\"), were bombed by the Israeli Air force on July 14 and July 15, 2006 during the [2006 Israel\\-Lebanon conflict](/wiki/2006_Israel-Lebanon_conflict \"2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict\"). The plant's damaged tanks leaked up to 30,000 tonnes of oil into the eastern [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\"), A 10 km wide oil slick covered 170 km of coastline,[DLR: Oil Spill at the Lebanese Coast](http://www.zki.dlr.de/applications/2006/lebanon/lebanon_2006_en.html)\nand threatened Turkey and Cyprus. The slick killed fish, threatened the habitat of endangered green sea turtles, and potentially increased the risk of cancer.\n\nAlthough [Al Jazeera](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network \"Al Jazeera Media Network\") compared the scale of the oil spill to that of the [Exxon Valdez oil spill](/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill \"Exxon Valdez oil spill\"), later assessment found that the volume spilled was 15 000 \\- 30 000 tonnes compared to 42 000 tonnes for the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The coastline affected was between 150–170 km, while the Exxon Valdez oil spill affected 2,100 km of coastline.\n\nAccording to Lebanon's Environment Minister [Yacoub Sarraf](/wiki/Yacoub_Sarraf \"Yacoub Sarraf\"), Israeli jets deterred firemen from putting out the fire at the storage units, which continued for 10 days, and the Israeli Navy [blockade](/wiki/Blockade \"Blockade\") stopped Lebanese and foreign officials from surveying the damage of the spill.\n\n",
"Effects\n-------\n\nThe spill affected one\\-third of Lebanon's coastline. Beaches and rocks were covered in a black [sludge](/wiki/Oil_sludge \"Oil sludge\") up to [Byblos](/wiki/Byblos \"Byblos\"), north of Beirut and extended into the southern parts of [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\"). The slick killed fish, and threatens the habitat of the endangered green sea turtle as well as the endangered logger head sea turtle.\n\n* On 31 July the [United Nations Environment Programme](/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme \"United Nations Environment Programme\") (UNEP) expressed its \"grave concern\" about oil pollution in Lebanese coastal waters. The oil slick was at the time reported to cover one third of the coastline (10 miles) and it was considered possible that the eventual slick could reach 35,000 tons of oil. [Malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\")\\-based Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre (REMPEC) for the Mediterranean, which advised the Lebanese government, reportedly said \"a very small quantity of tar balls\" also reached the Syrian coast in the north. The UNEP later revised those concerns and has stated that long\\-term damage from this incident has been avoided. Already in 2007, one year after the spill, the UNEP published a report that indicated that the regularly occurring anthropogenic stress from untreated sewage, boating and other activities is a greater stress on the Lebanese marine environment than the oil spill. The report indicated that the disposal of the waste from the temporary storage during the cleanup was only major issue remaining. \n* The Lebanese Environment Minister said, \"Up until now 20,000 to 30,000 tons heavy fuel oil have spilled out into the sea,\" \"Until now, the worst ecological disasters have taken place in the oceans and it's the first time that an oil spill has happened outside the open sea,\" \"We can have no illusions.\" \"If nothing is done, not only will currents flowing towards the north mean that one third of Lebanon's coastline be hit, but also [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus \"Cyprus\"), [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\"), [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\") and even [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"),\" \"The fauna and the Mediterranean ecosystem risk suffering badly and certain species are threatened with extinction,\" \"I have appealed to [Britain](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), all the countries which have already suffered oil slicks to ask for technical assistance as we cannot act on our own,\" Lebanese Environment Minister [Yacub Sarraf](/wiki/Yacub_Sarraf \"Yacub Sarraf\") said.\n",
"International response\n----------------------\n\n* \\- They have sent 40 tons of material to thicken the [oil](/wiki/Oil \"Oil\") and oil absorbing products.\n* \\- Damage assessment and cleanup operations were delayed by four weeks while Israel continued its bombing campaign. \n\n### United Nations\n\nThe [United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly \"United Nations General Assembly\") passed a resolution by 170 votes to 6 ([Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\"), [Palau](/wiki/Palau \"Palau\"), and [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") voting against) calling upon Israel to assume responsibility for compensation for the costs of repairing the environmental damage and restoration of the marine environment.\n\nIn the [United Nations Second Committee](/wiki/United_Nations_Second_Committee \"United Nations Second Committee\") where the draft resolution was discussed, the United States explained its opposition in terms of its one\\-sided and inappropriate nature, while Canada felt that \"the General Assembly was not the appropriate forum to address questions of legal liability or compensation of the cost of repairing environmental damage\". Israel objected to the omission of any mention of \"the entire reason for the conflict\", namely that \"Hizbollah terrorists had crossed an internationally recognized border into Israel and kidnapped and killed Israeli soldiers\", as well as the lack of concern for the \"half a million trees and 52,000 [dunams](/wiki/Dunam \"Dunam\") of forest that had burnt down in Israel as a result of fires caused by Hizbollah rockets; the 25 Israeli cement and asbestos buildings that had been damaged, polluting an area of 20,000 square metres; or the direct hit by a [Katyusha rocket](/wiki/Katyusha_rocket \"Katyusha rocket\") on a sludge\\-thickening plant in Tzafat.\"\n\nThe estimate by the UN of the cost of the oil spill in terms of harm to the Lebanese economy and cleaning up operations is $203 million. Israel has refused to answer any request for compensation.\n\nFollowing this there was a precise rerun of the discussion and vote in December 2007, with the Australia, Canada, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau and the United States coming out again against a General Assembly Resolution requesting Israel to take responsibility. In its defence the ambassador from Israel said the failure to mention the environmental catastrophes in Israel (half a million trees on fire), as well as the entire cause of the conflict (Hizbollah crossing the southern border of Lebanon to kidnap Israeli soldiers) proved that the resolution was an act of political demonization.\n\n",
"### United Nations\n\nThe [United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly \"United Nations General Assembly\") passed a resolution by 170 votes to 6 ([Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\"), [Palau](/wiki/Palau \"Palau\"), and [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") voting against) calling upon Israel to assume responsibility for compensation for the costs of repairing the environmental damage and restoration of the marine environment.\n\nIn the [United Nations Second Committee](/wiki/United_Nations_Second_Committee \"United Nations Second Committee\") where the draft resolution was discussed, the United States explained its opposition in terms of its one\\-sided and inappropriate nature, while Canada felt that \"the General Assembly was not the appropriate forum to address questions of legal liability or compensation of the cost of repairing environmental damage\". Israel objected to the omission of any mention of \"the entire reason for the conflict\", namely that \"Hizbollah terrorists had crossed an internationally recognized border into Israel and kidnapped and killed Israeli soldiers\", as well as the lack of concern for the \"half a million trees and 52,000 [dunams](/wiki/Dunam \"Dunam\") of forest that had burnt down in Israel as a result of fires caused by Hizbollah rockets; the 25 Israeli cement and asbestos buildings that had been damaged, polluting an area of 20,000 square metres; or the direct hit by a [Katyusha rocket](/wiki/Katyusha_rocket \"Katyusha rocket\") on a sludge\\-thickening plant in Tzafat.\"\n\nThe estimate by the UN of the cost of the oil spill in terms of harm to the Lebanese economy and cleaning up operations is $203 million. Israel has refused to answer any request for compensation.\n\nFollowing this there was a precise rerun of the discussion and vote in December 2007, with the Australia, Canada, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau and the United States coming out again against a General Assembly Resolution requesting Israel to take responsibility. In its defence the ambassador from Israel said the failure to mention the environmental catastrophes in Israel (half a million trees on fire), as well as the entire cause of the conflict (Hizbollah crossing the southern border of Lebanon to kidnap Israeli soldiers) proved that the resolution was an act of political demonization.\n\n",
"Media awareness\n---------------\n\nA documentary by [Hady Zaccak](/wiki/Hady_Zaccak \"Hady Zaccak\") called *The Oil Spill in Lebanon* won first prize at the *European and Mediterranean Film Festival on the TV of the Sea*\n\n",
"Clean\\-up effort\n----------------\n\nThe Lebanon Ministry of Environment, with the help of many donor countries and non\\-profit organizations, has been working on the clean\\-up effort. This includes legal issues, such as compensation, which is being dealt\nwith through the [United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly \"United Nations General Assembly\"). The government of Israel has still, to this day, not compensated the government of Lebanon for the damage that was done. The requests of compensation from the United Nations to the government of Israel went unanswered. The objective of the entire project is to manage the environmental catastrophe by attaining funds to complete the clean\\-up.Moussalem, Manal. (2008, November 13\\). Post\\-conflict oil spill clean\\-up project. Retrieved from [http://www.undp.org.lb/ProjectFactSheet/projectDetail.cfm?projectId\\=54](http://www.undp.org.lb/ProjectFactSheet/projectDetail.cfm?projectId=54) \nThe total amount that was raised by donor countries and organizations was $2,919,400\\. Cleanup work was funded by the country of Japan through the [UNDP](/wiki/UNDP \"UNDP\") and by the country of Norway through the Higher Relief Commission in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\").General Assembly, United Nations. (2009\\). Oil slick on lebanese shores. UNSG Report, A64(259\\), Retrieved from [http://www.moe.gov.lb/oilspill2006/docs/UN%20SG%20report%20A%2064%20259\\-2009%20english.pdf](http://www.moe.gov.lb/oilspill2006/docs/UN%20SG%20report%20A%2064%20259-2009%20english.pdf) Expenditures between the years of 2006 and 2007 where estimated to be around $1,835,587\\.\nThe clean\\-up effort included the Dalieh Fishermen's wharf and three sites between Jadra and Ras al Saadiyat and three sites between [Jieh](/wiki/Jieh \"Jieh\") and [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\"). Surveys of the coasts from Southern to Northern Lebanon\ntook place in coordination with surveys of the underwater shorelines. A comprehensive shoreline survey of the catastrophic oil spill was put into action from the southern city of Tyre to the northern border of Lebanon, and it was undertaken between the months of November and December 2008, with funding from the International Development Agency of the Canadian government through [UNDP](/wiki/UNDP \"UNDP\") in coordination with the Ministry of the Environment of [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\") and under its technical supervision. The findings were finally, and with long anticipation, published by the United Nations in September 2009\\. Minor and pre\\-final clean\\-up activities at about 12 sites along the Lebanese coast, with a total length of approximately 7\\.5 kilometers, were quickly put into play and monitored by the Ministry of the Environment of the government of [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\").\n\nA waste management project was also put in place in order to safely collect and transport the polluting material from the shorelines to temporary storage sites. The most recent United Nations report was published on August 7, 2009\\. This was the final report made by the [United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly \"United Nations General Assembly\"). The General Assembly decided to establish an Eastern Mediterranean Oil Spill Restoration [Trust Fund](/wiki/Trust_fund \"Trust fund\"), based on contributions from donor countries and organizations, to provide assistance and support to the States directly and adversely affected in their management of an environmentally sound sea and wildlife, from clean\\-up process to safe disposal of the oily waste that is on the shorelines, of this environmental disaster caused by the destruction of the oil storage tanks at the [Jieh](/wiki/Jieh \"Jieh\") electric power plant in Lebanon.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [DLR](http://www.zki.dlr.de/applications/2006/lebanon/lebanon_2006_en.html) Satellite images of the spill.\n* [United Nations Environment Program Post\\-Conflict Environmental Assessment](http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Lebanon.pdf) \n* [Jiyeh oil spill](http://coordination-maree-noire.eu/spip.php?rubrique400) \n* [Lebanese Ministry of Environment official website for the oil spill](http://www.moe.gov.lb/oilspill2006/index.htm) \n\n[Category:2006 Lebanon War](/wiki/Category:2006_Lebanon_War \"2006 Lebanon War\")\n[Category:Environment of Lebanon](/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Lebanon \"Environment of Lebanon\")\n[Category:Health in Lebanon](/wiki/Category:Health_in_Lebanon \"Health in Lebanon\")\n[Category:Man\\-made disasters in Lebanon](/wiki/Category:Man-made_disasters_in_Lebanon \"Man-made disasters in Lebanon\")\n[Category:2006 disasters in Lebanon](/wiki/Category:2006_disasters_in_Lebanon \"2006 disasters in Lebanon\")\n[Category:2006 in Lebanon](/wiki/Category:2006_in_Lebanon \"2006 in Lebanon\")\n[Category:2006 in the environment](/wiki/Category:2006_in_the_environment \"2006 in the environment\")\n[Category:July 2006 events in Lebanon](/wiki/Category:July_2006_events_in_Lebanon \"July 2006 events in Lebanon\")\n[Category:Oil spills in Asia](/wiki/Category:Oil_spills_in_Asia \"Oil spills in Asia\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Buckholts Independent School District
|
{
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
}
|
omu8s58ol1yazlyeil0jo4wwb6if77u
|
2022-02-10T02:54:17Z
| 1,070,780,648 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Academic achievement",
"Special programs",
"Athletics",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Buckholts Independent School District** is a public [school district](/wiki/School_district \"School district\") based in [Buckholts, Texas](/wiki/Buckholts%2C_Texas \"Buckholts, Texas\"), United States. The district has [one school](/wiki/Buckholts_High_School \"Buckholts High School\") that serves students in prekindergarten through grade 12\\.\n\n",
"Academic achievement\n--------------------\n\nIn 2009, the school district was rated \"[academically acceptable](/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency_accountability_ratings_system \"Texas Education Agency accountability ratings system\")\" by the [Texas Education Agency](/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency \"Texas Education Agency\") (TEA). Buckholts ISD's TEA accreditation was revoked in 2018\\.\n\n",
"Special programs\n----------------\n\n### Athletics\n\nBuckholts High School plays [six\\-man football](/wiki/Six-man_football \"Six-man football\").\n\n",
"### Athletics\n\nBuckholts High School plays [six\\-man football](/wiki/Six-man_football \"Six-man football\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of school districts in Texas](/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Texas \"List of school districts in Texas\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:School districts in Milam County, Texas](/wiki/Category:School_districts_in_Milam_County%2C_Texas \"School districts in Milam County, Texas\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry
|
{
"id": [
22986354
],
"name": [
"Oronsay"
]
}
|
9zyrri6p0uoyf1puo8526ihv7z1ai7t
|
2024-06-29T23:13:50Z
| 1,224,840,993 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Winners and shortlists",
"[[2024 in Australian literature|2024]]",
"[[2023 in Australian literature|2023]]",
"[[2022 in poetry|2022]]",
"[[2021 in literature|2021]]",
"[[2020 in literature|2020]]",
"[[2019 in literature|2019]]",
"[[2018 in poetry|2018]]",
"[[2017 in poetry|2017]]",
"[[2016 in poetry|2016]]",
"[[2015 in poetry|2015]]",
"[[2014 in poetry|2014]]",
"[[2013 in literature|2013]]",
"[[2012 in literature|2012]]",
"[[2011 in literature|2011]]",
"[[2010 in literature|2010]]",
"[[2009 in literature|2009]]",
"[[2008 in literature|2008]]",
"[[2007 in literature|2007]]",
"[[2006 in literature|2006]]",
"[[2005 in literature|2005]]",
"[[2004 in literature|2004]]",
"[[2003 in literature|2003]]",
"[[2002 in literature|2002]]",
"[[2001 in literature|2001]]",
"[[2000 in literature|2000]]",
"1999 and before",
"See also",
"Notes"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry** is awarded annually as part of the [New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Premier%27s_Literary_Awards \"New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards\") for a book of collected poems or for a single poem of substantial length published in book form.[New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards Web page](http://www.arts.nsw.gov.au/awards/LiteraryAwards/LiteraryAwards.htm), accessed 5 November 2006 It is named after [Kenneth Slessor](/wiki/Kenneth_Slessor \"Kenneth Slessor\") (1901–1971\\).\n\nThe prize currently comes with a [A$](/wiki/Australian_dollar \"Australian dollar\")30,000 cash award.\n\n",
"Winners and shortlists\n----------------------\n\n### [2024](/wiki/2024_in_Australian_literature \"2024 in Australian literature\")\n\n* **Winner**: Tais Rose Wae – *Riverbed Sky Songs*\n* Pooja Mittal Biswas – *Hunger and Predation*\n* Willo Drummond – *Moon Wrasse*\n* [Libby Hart](/wiki/Libby_Hart \"Libby Hart\") – *Burn*\n* Caitlin Maling – *Spore or Seed*\n* [Omar Sakr](/wiki/Omar_Sakr \"Omar Sakr\") – *Non\\-Essential Work*\n\n### [2023](/wiki/2023_in_Australian_literature \"2023 in Australian literature\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Kim Cheng Boey](/wiki/Boey_Kim_Cheng \"Boey Kim Cheng\") – *The Singer and Other Poems*\n* [Adam Aitken](/wiki/Adam_Aitken \"Adam Aitken\") – *Revenants*\n* [Pam Brown](/wiki/Pam_Brown \"Pam Brown\") – *Stasis Shuffle*\n* [Lisa Gorton](/wiki/Lisa_Gorton \"Lisa Gorton\") – *Miribilia*\n* [Sarah Holland\\-Batt](/wiki/Sarah_Holland-Batt \"Sarah Holland-Batt\") – *The Jaguar*\n* Marjon Mossammaparast – *And to Ecstacy*\n\n### [2022](/wiki/2022_in_poetry \"2022 in poetry\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Dan Disney](/wiki/Dan_Disney \"Dan Disney\") – *accelerations \\& inertias*\n* Eunice Andrada – *TAKE CARE*\n* [Evelyn Araluen](/wiki/Evelyn_Araluen \"Evelyn Araluen\") – *Dropbear*\n* [Eileen Chong](/wiki/Eileen_Chong \"Eileen Chong\") – *A Thousand Crimson Blooms*\n* [John Kinsella](/wiki/John_Kinsella_%28poet%29 \"John Kinsella (poet)\") – *Supervivid Depastoralism*\n* [Bella Li](/wiki/Bella_Li \"Bella Li\") – *Theory of Colours*\n\n### [2021](/wiki/2021_in_literature \"2021 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Ellen van Neerven](/wiki/Ellen_van_Neerven \"Ellen van Neerven\") – *Throat*\n* [Jordie Albiston](/wiki/Jordie_Albiston \"Jordie Albiston\") – *Element: The Atomic Weight \\& Radius of Love*\n* Rebecca Jessen – *Ask Me About the Future*\n* [Jill Jones](/wiki/Jill_Jones_%28poet%29 \"Jill Jones (poet)\") – *A History of What I’ll Become*\n* [Jaya Savige](/wiki/Jaya%E2%80%AFSavige \"Jaya Savige\") – *Change Machine*\n\n### [2020](/wiki/2020_in_literature \"2020 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Peter Boyle](/wiki/Peter_Boyle_%28poet%29 \"Peter Boyle (poet)\") – *Enfolded in the Wings of a Great Darkness*\n* [Joanne Burns](/wiki/Joanne_Burns \"Joanne Burns\") – *apparently*\n* [Zenobia Frost](/wiki/Zenobia_Frost \"Zenobia Frost\") – *After the Demolition*\n* [Lisa Gorton](/wiki/Lisa_Gorton \"Lisa Gorton\") – *Empirical*\n* Natalie Harkin – *Archival\\-Poetics*\n* [David Malouf](/wiki/David_Malouf \"David Malouf\") – *An Open Book*\n\n### [2019](/wiki/2019_in_literature \"2019 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Judith Bishop](/wiki/Judith_Bishop \"Judith Bishop\") – *Interval*\n* [Michael Farrell](/wiki/Michael_Farrell_%28poet%29 \"Michael Farrell (poet)\") – *I Love Poetry*\n* Penelope Layland – *Things I’ve Thought To Tell You Since I Saw You Last*\n* [Philip Neilsen](/wiki/Philip_Neilsen \"Philip Neilsen\") – *Wildlife of Berlin*\n* Mark Reid – *Blindside*\n* [Chris Wallace\\-Crabbe](/wiki/Chris_Wallace-Crabbe \"Chris Wallace-Crabbe\") – *Rondo*\n\n### [2018](/wiki/2018_in_poetry \"2018 in poetry\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Bella Li](/wiki/Bella_Li \"Bella Li\") – *Argosy*\n* [Adam Aitken](/wiki/Adam_Aitken \"Adam Aitken\") – *Archipelago*\n* [Jordie Albiston](/wiki/Jordie_Albiston \"Jordie Albiston\") – *Euclid's dog: 100 algorithmic poems*\n* Rico Craig – *Bone Ink*\n* Nguyễn Tiên Hoàng – *Captive and Temporal*\n* [Omar Sakr](/wiki/Omar_Sakr_%28Australian_Writer%29 \"Omar Sakr (Australian Writer)\") – *These Wild Houses*\n\n### [2017](/wiki/2017_in_poetry \"2017 in poetry\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Peter Boyle](/wiki/Peter_Boyle_%28poet%29 \"Peter Boyle (poet)\") – *Ghostspeaking*\n* [Paul Hetherington](/wiki/Paul_Hetherington \"Paul Hetherington\") – *Burnt Umber*\n* [Jill Jones](/wiki/Jill_Jones_%28poet%29 \"Jill Jones (poet)\") – *Breaking the Days*\n* [Antigone Kefala](/wiki/Antigone_Kefala \"Antigone Kefala\") – *Fragments*\n* [John Kinsella](/wiki/John_Kinsella_%28poet%29 \"John Kinsella (poet)\") – *Firebreaks: Poems*\n* [Ellen van Neerven](/wiki/Ellen_van_Neerven \"Ellen van Neerven\") – *Comfort Foot*\n\n### [2016](/wiki/2016_in_poetry \"2016 in poetry\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Joanne Burns](/wiki/Joanne_Burns \"Joanne Burns\") – *brush*\n* [Lionel Fogarty](/wiki/Lionel_Fogarty \"Lionel Fogarty\") – *Eelahroo (Long Ago), Nyah (Looking), Möbö\\-Möbö (Future)*\n* [Sarah Holland\\-Batt](/wiki/Sarah_Holland-Batt \"Sarah Holland-Batt\") – *The Hazards*\n* Meredith Wattison – *terra bravura*\n* Chloe Wilson – *Not Fox Nor Axe*\n* [Ouyang Yu](/wiki/Ouyang_Yu \"Ouyang Yu\") – *Fainting*\n\n### [2015](/wiki/2015_in_poetry \"2015 in poetry\")\n\n* **Winner**: [David Malouf](/wiki/David_Malouf \"David Malouf\") – *Earth Hour*\n* Michael Aiken – *A Vicious Example*\n* [Judith Beveridge](/wiki/Judith_Beveridge \"Judith Beveridge\") – *Devadatta's Poems*\n* [Anne Elvey](/wiki/Anne_Elvey \"Anne Elvey\") – *Kin*\n* [Libby Hart](/wiki/Libby_Hart \"Libby Hart\") – *Wild*\n* [John Mateer](/wiki/John_Mateer_%28poet%29 \"John Mateer (poet)\") – *Unbelievers, or The Moor*\n\n### [2014](/wiki/2014_in_poetry \"2014 in poetry\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Fiona Hile](/wiki/Fiona_Hile \"Fiona Hile\") – *Novelties,* Hunter\n* [Justin Clemens](/wiki/Justin_Clemens \"Justin Clemens\") – *The Mundiad,* Hunter\n* [Diane Fahey](/wiki/Diane_Fahey \"Diane Fahey\") – *The Stone Garden: poems from Clare,* Clouds of Magellan\n* Liam Ferney – *Boom,* Grand Parade Poets\n* [Kate Middleton](/wiki/Kate_Middleton_%28poet%29 \"Kate Middleton (poet)\") – *Ephemeral Waters,* Giramondo Publishing\n* [Jessica Wilkinson](/wiki/Jessica_Wilkinson \"Jessica Wilkinson\") – *Marionette: A biography of Miss Marion Davies,* Vagabond Press\n\n### [2013](/wiki/2013_in_literature \"2013 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Ali Cobby\\-Eckermann](/wiki/Ali_Cobby-Eckermann \"Ali Cobby-Eckermann\") – *Ruby Moonlight,* Magabala Books\n* [Kate Fagan](/wiki/Kate_Fagan_%28poet%29 \"Kate Fagan (poet)\") – *First Light,* Giramondo Publishing\n* [Michael Farrell](/wiki/Michael_Farrell_%28poet%29 \"Michael Farrell (poet)\") – *Open Sesame,* Giramondo Publishing\n* [Anthony Lawrence](/wiki/Anthony_Lawrence_%28poet%29 \"Anthony Lawrence (poet)\") – *The Welfare of my Enemy,* Puncher \\& Wattman\n* [Kate Lilley](/wiki/Kate_Lilley \"Kate Lilley\") – *Ladylike,* UWA Publishing\n* [Vivian Smith](/wiki/Vivian_Smith_%28poet%29 \"Vivian Smith (poet)\") – *Here, There and Elsewhere,* Giramondo Publishing\n\n### [2012](/wiki/2012_in_literature \"2012 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Gig Ryan](/wiki/Gig_Ryan \"Gig Ryan\") – *New and Selected Poems,* Giramondo Publishing\n* [Ken Bolton](/wiki/Ken_Bolton \"Ken Bolton\") – *Sly Mongoose,* Puncher and Wattman\n* [Susan Hawthorne](/wiki/Susan_Hawthorne \"Susan Hawthorne\") – *Cow,* Spinifex Press\n* [John Mateer](/wiki/John_Mateer_%28poet%29 \"John Mateer (poet)\") – *Southern Barbarians,* Giramondo Publishing\n* [Claire Potter](/wiki/Claire_Potter \"Claire Potter\") – *Swallow,* Five Islands Press\n* [Tracy Ryan](/wiki/Tracy_Ryan_%28writer%29 \"Tracy Ryan (writer)\") – *The Argument,* Fremantle Press\n\n### [2011](/wiki/2011_in_literature \"2011 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Jennifer Maiden](/wiki/Jennifer_Maiden \"Jennifer Maiden\") – *Pirate Rain,* Giramondo Publishing\n* [Susan Bradley Smith](/wiki/Susan_Bradley_Smith \"Susan Bradley Smith\") – *Supermodernprayerbook,* Salt Publishing\n* Andy Jackson – *Among The Regulars,* Papertiger Media Inc\n* [Jill Jones](/wiki/Jill_Jones_%28poet%29 \"Jill Jones (poet)\") – *Dark Bright Doors,* Wakefield Press Pty\n* [Anna Kerdijk Nicholson](/wiki/Anna_Kerdijk_Nicholson \"Anna Kerdijk Nicholson\") – *Possession,* Five Island Press\n* [Andy Kissane](/wiki/Andy_Kissane \"Andy Kissane\") – *Out to Lunch,* Puncher and Wattmann\n\n### [2010](/wiki/2010_in_literature \"2010 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Jordie Albiston](/wiki/Jordie_Albiston \"Jordie Albiston\") – *The Sonnet According to \"M\"*\n* [Emily Ballou](/wiki/Emily_Ballou \"Emily Ballou\") – *The Darwin Poems*\n* [Judith Beveridge](/wiki/Judith_Beveridge \"Judith Beveridge\") – *Storm and Honey*\n* [Emma Jones](/wiki/Emma_Jones_%28poet%29 \"Emma Jones (poet)\") – *The Striped World*\n* [Morgan Yasbincek](/wiki/Morgan_Yasbincek \"Morgan Yasbincek\") – *White Camel*\n\n### [2009](/wiki/2009_in_literature \"2009 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [LK Holt](/wiki/LK_Holt \"LK Holt\") – *Man Wolf Man,* John Leonard Press.\n* [Michael Brennan](/wiki/Michael_Brennan_%28poet%29 \"Michael Brennan (poet)\") – *Unanimous Night,* Salt Publishing\n* [David Brooks](/wiki/David_Brooks_%28author%29 \"David Brooks (author)\") – *The Balcony,* University of Queensland Press\n* [Sarah Holland\\-Batt](/wiki/Sarah_Holland-Batt \"Sarah Holland-Batt\") – *Aria,* University of Queensland Press\n* [Kerry Leves](/wiki/Kerry_Leves \"Kerry Leves\") – *A Shrine To Lata Mangeshkar,* Puncher \\& Wattman\n* [Alan Wearne](/wiki/Alan_Wearne \"Alan Wearne\") – *The Australian Popular Songbook,* Giramondo\n\n### [2008](/wiki/2008_in_literature \"2008 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Kathryn Lomer](/wiki/Kathryn_Lomer \"Kathryn Lomer\") – *Two Kinds of Silence*\n* [Joanne Burns](/wiki/Joanne_Burns \"Joanne Burns\") – *an illustrated history of dairies*\n* [Brook Emery](/wiki/Brook_Emery \"Brook Emery\") – *Uncommon Light*\n* [Peter Kirkpatrick](/wiki/Peter_Kirkpatrick \"Peter Kirkpatrick\") – *Westering*\n* [David Malouf](/wiki/David_Malouf \"David Malouf\") – *Typewriter Music*\n* [Phyllis Perlstone](/wiki/Phyllis_Perlstone \"Phyllis Perlstone\") – *The Edge of Everything*\n\n### [2007](/wiki/2007_in_literature \"2007 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [John Tranter](/wiki/John_Tranter \"John Tranter\") – *Urban Myths,* University of Queensland Press\n* [Robert Adamson](/wiki/Robert_Adamson_%28poet%29 \"Robert Adamson (poet)\") – *The Goldfinches of Baghdad,* Flood Editions\n* [Laurie Duggan](/wiki/Laurie_Duggan \"Laurie Duggan\") – *The Passenger,* University of Queensland Press\n* [Les Murray](/wiki/Les_Murray_%28poet%29 \"Les Murray (poet)\") – *The Biplane Houses,* Black Inc.\n* [Simon West](/wiki/Simon_West_%28poet%29 \"Simon West (poet)\") – *First Names,* Puncher and Wattmann\n* [Fay Zwicky](/wiki/Fay_Zwicky \"Fay Zwicky\") – *Picnic,* Giramondo Publishing Company\n\n### [2006](/wiki/2006_in_literature \"2006 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Jaya Savige](/wiki/Jaya_Savige \"Jaya Savige\") – *Latecomers,* University of Queensland Press.\n* [Aidan Coleman](/wiki/Aidan_Coleman_%28poet%29 \"Aidan Coleman (poet)\") – *Avenues \\& Runways,* Brandl \\& Schlesinger\n* [Susan Hampton](/wiki/Susan_Hampton \"Susan Hampton\") – *The Kindly Ones,* Five Islands Press\n* [Jill Jones](/wiki/Jill_Jones_%28poet%29 \"Jill Jones (poet)\") – *Broken/Open,* Salt Publishing\n* [Penelope Layland](/wiki/Penelope_Layland \"Penelope Layland\") – *Suburban Anatomy,* Pandanus Books\n* [David McCooey](/wiki/David_McCooey \"David McCooey\") – *Blister Pack,* Salt Publishing\n\n### [2005](/wiki/2005_in_literature \"2005 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Samuel Wagan Watson](/wiki/Samuel_Wagan_Watson \"Samuel Wagan Watson\") – *Smoke Encrypted Whispers,* University of Queensland Press\n* [M. T. C. Cronin](/wiki/M._T._C._Cronin \"M. T. C. Cronin\") – *\\< More or Less Than\\> 1–100,* Shearsman Books Ltd\n* [Lidija Cvetkovic](/wiki/Lidija_Cvetkovic \"Lidija Cvetkovic\") – *War is Not the Season for Figs,* University of Queensland Press\n* [John Kinsella](/wiki/John_Kinsella_%28poet%29 \"John Kinsella (poet)\") – *Doppler Effect,* Salt Publishing\n* [Dipti Saravanamuttu](/wiki/Dipti_Saravanamuttu \"Dipti Saravanamuttu\") – *The Colosseum,* Five Islands Press\n* [Alan Wearne](/wiki/Alan_Wearne \"Alan Wearne\") – *The Lovemakers Book Two: Money and Nothing,* ABC Books\n\n### [2004](/wiki/2004_in_literature \"2004 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Pam Brown](/wiki/Pam_Brown \"Pam Brown\") – *Dear Deliria: New \\& Selected Poems,* Salt Publishing\n* [Jordie Albiston](/wiki/Jordie_Albiston \"Jordie Albiston\") – *The Fall,* White Crane Press\n* [M. T. C. Cronin](/wiki/M._T._C._Cronin \"M. T. C. Cronin\") – *beautiful, unfinished* Salt Publishing\n* [Brook Emery](/wiki/Brook_Emery \"Brook Emery\") – *Misplaced Heart,* Five Islands Press\n* [Philip Hammial](/wiki/Philip_Hammial \"Philip Hammial\") – *In the Year of Our Lord Slaughter's Children,* Island Press\n* [John Tranter](/wiki/John_Tranter \"John Tranter\") – *Studio Moon,* Salt Publishing\n\n### [2003](/wiki/2003_in_literature \"2003 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Jill Jones](/wiki/Jill_Jones_%28poet%29 \"Jill Jones (poet)\") – *Screens Jets Heaven*\n* [Alison Croggon](/wiki/Alison_Croggon \"Alison Croggon\") – *Attempts at Being*\n* [Kate Lilley](/wiki/Kate_Lilley \"Kate Lilley\") – *Versary*\n* [Emma Lew](/wiki/Emma_Lew \"Emma Lew\") – *Anything the Landlord Touches*\n* [Sarah Day](/wiki/Sarah_Day \"Sarah Day\") – *New and Selected Poems*\n* [Robert Gray](/wiki/Robert_Gray_%28poet%29 \"Robert Gray (poet)\") – *Afterimages*\n\n### [2002](/wiki/2002_in_literature \"2002 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Alan Wearne](/wiki/Alan_Wearne \"Alan Wearne\") – *The Lovemakers,* Penguin Books Australia\n* [Robert Adamson](/wiki/Robert_Adamson_%28poet%29 \"Robert Adamson (poet)\") – *Mulberry Leaves: New \\& Selected Poems: 1970–2001,* Paper Bark Press\n* [Martin Harrison](/wiki/Martin_Harrison_%28poet%29 \"Martin Harrison (poet)\") – *Summer,* Paper Bark Press\n* [Dorothy Hewett](/wiki/Dorothy_Hewett \"Dorothy Hewett\") – *Halfway Up the Mountain,* Fremantle Arts Centre Press\n* [Bronwyn Lea](/wiki/Bronwyn_Lea \"Bronwyn Lea\") – *Flight Animals,* University of Queensland Press\n* [Gig Ryan](/wiki/Gig_Ryan \"Gig Ryan\") – *Heroic Money,* Brandl \\& Schlesinger\n* [John Tranter](/wiki/John_Tranter \"John Tranter\") – *Ultra,* Brandl \\& Schlesinger\n\n### [2001](/wiki/2001_in_literature \"2001 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Ken Taylor](/wiki/Ken_Taylor_%28poet%29 \"Ken Taylor (poet)\") – *Africa,* Five Islands Press\n* [Jennifer Compton](/wiki/Jennifer_Compton \"Jennifer Compton\") – *Blue,* Ginninderra Press\n* [Brook Emery](/wiki/Brook_Emery \"Brook Emery\") – *and dug my fingers in the sand,* Five Islands Press\n* [Philip Hammial](/wiki/Philip_Hammial \"Philip Hammial\") – *Bread,* Black Pepper\n* [J. S. Harry](/wiki/J._S._Harry \"J. S. Harry\") – *Sun Shadow, Moon Shadow,* Vagabond Press\n* [Wendy Jenkins](/wiki/Wendy_Jenkins_%28poet%29 \"Wendy Jenkins (poet)\") – *Rogue Equations,* Fremantle Arts Centre Press\n\n### [2000](/wiki/2000_in_literature \"2000 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Jennifer Maiden](/wiki/Jennifer_Maiden \"Jennifer Maiden\") – *Mines,* Paper Bark Press/Australian Humanities Research Foundation\n* [Richard James Allen](/wiki/Richard_James_Allen \"Richard James Allen\") – *Thursday's Fictions,* Five Islands Press\n* [M. T. C. Cronin](/wiki/M._T._C._Cronin \"M. T. C. Cronin\") – *Everything Holy,* Balcones International Press\n* [Jennifer Harrison](/wiki/Jennifer_Harrison \"Jennifer Harrison\") – *Dear B,* Black Pepper\n* [Kevin Hart](/wiki/Kevin_Hart_%28poet%29 \"Kevin Hart (poet)\") – *Wicked Heat,* Paper Bark Press\n* [John Millett](/wiki/John_Millett_%28poet%29 \"John Millett (poet)\") – *Iceman,* Five Islands Press\n\n### 1999 and before\n\nAward winners:[New South Wales Ministry of Culture Web site](http://www.arts.nsw.gov.au/awards/LiteraryAwards/2000LitAwards/PLAhistory.htm), official list of past winners\n* **[1999](/wiki/1999_in_literature \"1999 in literature\")**: [Lee Cataldi](/wiki/Lee_Cataldi \"Lee Cataldi\") – *Race Against Time*, Penguin Books Australia\n* **[1998](/wiki/1998_in_literature \"1998 in literature\"):** *no awards were presented*\n* **[1997](/wiki/1997_in_literature \"1997 in literature\")**: [Anthony Lawrence](/wiki/Anthony_Lawrence_%28poet%29 \"Anthony Lawrence (poet)\") – *The Viewfinder*, University of Queensland Press\n* **[1996](/wiki/1996_in_literature \"1996 in literature\")**: [Eric Beach](/wiki/Eric_Beach \"Eric Beach\") – *Weeping for Lost Babylon,* HarperCollins and [J. S. Harry](/wiki/J._S._Harry \"J. S. Harry\") – *Selected Poems,* Penguin Books Australia\n* **[1995](/wiki/1995_in_literature \"1995 in literature\")**: [Peter Boyle](/wiki/Peter_Boyle_%28poet%29 \"Peter Boyle (poet)\") – *Coming Home From the World,* Five Islands Press\n* **[1994](/wiki/1994_in_literature \"1994 in literature\")**: [Barry Hill](/wiki/Barry_Hill_%28Australian_writer%29 \"Barry Hill (Australian writer)\") – *Ghosting William Buckley,* William Heinemann Australia\n* **[1993](/wiki/1993_in_literature \"1993 in literature\")**: [Les Murray](/wiki/Les_Murray_%28poet%29 \"Les Murray (poet)\") – *Translations from the Natural World,* Isabella Press\n* **[1992](/wiki/1992_in_literature \"1992 in literature\")**: [Elizabeth Riddell](/wiki/Elizabeth_Riddell \"Elizabeth Riddell\") – *Selected Poems,* Collins Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1991](/wiki/1991_in_literature \"1991 in literature\")**: [Jennifer Maiden](/wiki/Jennifer_Maiden \"Jennifer Maiden\") – *The Winter Baby,* Collins Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1990](/wiki/1990_in_literature \"1990 in literature\")**: [Robert Adamson](/wiki/Robert_Adamson_%28poet%29 \"Robert Adamson (poet)\") – *The Clean Dark,* Paper Bark Press\n* **[1989](/wiki/1989_in_literature \"1989 in literature\")**: [John Tranter](/wiki/John_Tranter \"John Tranter\") – *Under Berlin,* University of Queensland Press\n* **[1988](/wiki/1988_in_literature \"1988 in literature\")**: [Judith Beveridge](/wiki/Judith_Beveridge \"Judith Beveridge\") – *The Domesticity of Giraffes,* Black Lightning Press\n* **[1987](/wiki/1987_in_literature \"1987 in literature\")**: [Philip Hodgins](/wiki/Philip_Hodgins \"Philip Hodgins\") – *Blood and Bone,* Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1986](/wiki/1986_in_literature \"1986 in literature\")**: [Robert Gray](/wiki/Robert_Gray_%28poet%29 \"Robert Gray (poet)\") – *Selected Poems 1963–83,* Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1985](/wiki/1985_in_literature \"1985 in literature\")**: [Kevin Hart](/wiki/Kevin_Hart_%28poet%29 \"Kevin Hart (poet)\") – *Your Shadow,* Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1984](/wiki/1984_in_Australian_literature \"1984 in Australian literature\")**: [Les Murray](/wiki/Les_Murray_%28poet%29 \"Les Murray (poet)\") – *The People's Otherworld,* Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1983](/wiki/1983_in_Australian_literature \"1983 in Australian literature\")**: [Vivian Smith](/wiki/Vivian_Smith_%28poet%29 \"Vivian Smith (poet)\") – *Tide Country,* Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1982](/wiki/1982_in_Australian_literature \"1982 in Australian literature\")**: [Fay Zwicky](/wiki/Fay_Zwicky \"Fay Zwicky\") – *Kaddish and Other Poems,* University of Queensland Press\n* **[1981](/wiki/1981_in_Australian_literature \"1981 in Australian literature\")**: [Alan Gould](/wiki/Alan_Gould \"Alan Gould\") – *Astral Sea,* Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1980](/wiki/1980_in_Australian_literature \"1980 in Australian literature\")**: [David Campbell](/wiki/David_Campbell_%28poet%29 \"David Campbell (poet)\") – *Man in the Honeysuckle,* Angus \\& Robertson\n\n",
"### [2024](/wiki/2024_in_Australian_literature \"2024 in Australian literature\")\n\n* **Winner**: Tais Rose Wae – *Riverbed Sky Songs*\n* Pooja Mittal Biswas – *Hunger and Predation*\n* Willo Drummond – *Moon Wrasse*\n* [Libby Hart](/wiki/Libby_Hart \"Libby Hart\") – *Burn*\n* Caitlin Maling – *Spore or Seed*\n* [Omar Sakr](/wiki/Omar_Sakr \"Omar Sakr\") – *Non\\-Essential Work*\n",
"### [2023](/wiki/2023_in_Australian_literature \"2023 in Australian literature\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Kim Cheng Boey](/wiki/Boey_Kim_Cheng \"Boey Kim Cheng\") – *The Singer and Other Poems*\n* [Adam Aitken](/wiki/Adam_Aitken \"Adam Aitken\") – *Revenants*\n* [Pam Brown](/wiki/Pam_Brown \"Pam Brown\") – *Stasis Shuffle*\n* [Lisa Gorton](/wiki/Lisa_Gorton \"Lisa Gorton\") – *Miribilia*\n* [Sarah Holland\\-Batt](/wiki/Sarah_Holland-Batt \"Sarah Holland-Batt\") – *The Jaguar*\n* Marjon Mossammaparast – *And to Ecstacy*\n",
"### [2022](/wiki/2022_in_poetry \"2022 in poetry\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Dan Disney](/wiki/Dan_Disney \"Dan Disney\") – *accelerations \\& inertias*\n* Eunice Andrada – *TAKE CARE*\n* [Evelyn Araluen](/wiki/Evelyn_Araluen \"Evelyn Araluen\") – *Dropbear*\n* [Eileen Chong](/wiki/Eileen_Chong \"Eileen Chong\") – *A Thousand Crimson Blooms*\n* [John Kinsella](/wiki/John_Kinsella_%28poet%29 \"John Kinsella (poet)\") – *Supervivid Depastoralism*\n* [Bella Li](/wiki/Bella_Li \"Bella Li\") – *Theory of Colours*\n",
"### [2021](/wiki/2021_in_literature \"2021 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Ellen van Neerven](/wiki/Ellen_van_Neerven \"Ellen van Neerven\") – *Throat*\n* [Jordie Albiston](/wiki/Jordie_Albiston \"Jordie Albiston\") – *Element: The Atomic Weight \\& Radius of Love*\n* Rebecca Jessen – *Ask Me About the Future*\n* [Jill Jones](/wiki/Jill_Jones_%28poet%29 \"Jill Jones (poet)\") – *A History of What I’ll Become*\n* [Jaya Savige](/wiki/Jaya%E2%80%AFSavige \"Jaya Savige\") – *Change Machine*\n",
"### [2020](/wiki/2020_in_literature \"2020 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Peter Boyle](/wiki/Peter_Boyle_%28poet%29 \"Peter Boyle (poet)\") – *Enfolded in the Wings of a Great Darkness*\n* [Joanne Burns](/wiki/Joanne_Burns \"Joanne Burns\") – *apparently*\n* [Zenobia Frost](/wiki/Zenobia_Frost \"Zenobia Frost\") – *After the Demolition*\n* [Lisa Gorton](/wiki/Lisa_Gorton \"Lisa Gorton\") – *Empirical*\n* Natalie Harkin – *Archival\\-Poetics*\n* [David Malouf](/wiki/David_Malouf \"David Malouf\") – *An Open Book*\n",
"### [2019](/wiki/2019_in_literature \"2019 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Judith Bishop](/wiki/Judith_Bishop \"Judith Bishop\") – *Interval*\n* [Michael Farrell](/wiki/Michael_Farrell_%28poet%29 \"Michael Farrell (poet)\") – *I Love Poetry*\n* Penelope Layland – *Things I’ve Thought To Tell You Since I Saw You Last*\n* [Philip Neilsen](/wiki/Philip_Neilsen \"Philip Neilsen\") – *Wildlife of Berlin*\n* Mark Reid – *Blindside*\n* [Chris Wallace\\-Crabbe](/wiki/Chris_Wallace-Crabbe \"Chris Wallace-Crabbe\") – *Rondo*\n",
"### [2018](/wiki/2018_in_poetry \"2018 in poetry\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Bella Li](/wiki/Bella_Li \"Bella Li\") – *Argosy*\n* [Adam Aitken](/wiki/Adam_Aitken \"Adam Aitken\") – *Archipelago*\n* [Jordie Albiston](/wiki/Jordie_Albiston \"Jordie Albiston\") – *Euclid's dog: 100 algorithmic poems*\n* Rico Craig – *Bone Ink*\n* Nguyễn Tiên Hoàng – *Captive and Temporal*\n* [Omar Sakr](/wiki/Omar_Sakr_%28Australian_Writer%29 \"Omar Sakr (Australian Writer)\") – *These Wild Houses*\n",
"### [2017](/wiki/2017_in_poetry \"2017 in poetry\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Peter Boyle](/wiki/Peter_Boyle_%28poet%29 \"Peter Boyle (poet)\") – *Ghostspeaking*\n* [Paul Hetherington](/wiki/Paul_Hetherington \"Paul Hetherington\") – *Burnt Umber*\n* [Jill Jones](/wiki/Jill_Jones_%28poet%29 \"Jill Jones (poet)\") – *Breaking the Days*\n* [Antigone Kefala](/wiki/Antigone_Kefala \"Antigone Kefala\") – *Fragments*\n* [John Kinsella](/wiki/John_Kinsella_%28poet%29 \"John Kinsella (poet)\") – *Firebreaks: Poems*\n* [Ellen van Neerven](/wiki/Ellen_van_Neerven \"Ellen van Neerven\") – *Comfort Foot*\n",
"### [2016](/wiki/2016_in_poetry \"2016 in poetry\")\n\n* **Winner**: [Joanne Burns](/wiki/Joanne_Burns \"Joanne Burns\") – *brush*\n* [Lionel Fogarty](/wiki/Lionel_Fogarty \"Lionel Fogarty\") – *Eelahroo (Long Ago), Nyah (Looking), Möbö\\-Möbö (Future)*\n* [Sarah Holland\\-Batt](/wiki/Sarah_Holland-Batt \"Sarah Holland-Batt\") – *The Hazards*\n* Meredith Wattison – *terra bravura*\n* Chloe Wilson – *Not Fox Nor Axe*\n* [Ouyang Yu](/wiki/Ouyang_Yu \"Ouyang Yu\") – *Fainting*\n",
"### [2015](/wiki/2015_in_poetry \"2015 in poetry\")\n\n* **Winner**: [David Malouf](/wiki/David_Malouf \"David Malouf\") – *Earth Hour*\n* Michael Aiken – *A Vicious Example*\n* [Judith Beveridge](/wiki/Judith_Beveridge \"Judith Beveridge\") – *Devadatta's Poems*\n* [Anne Elvey](/wiki/Anne_Elvey \"Anne Elvey\") – *Kin*\n* [Libby Hart](/wiki/Libby_Hart \"Libby Hart\") – *Wild*\n* [John Mateer](/wiki/John_Mateer_%28poet%29 \"John Mateer (poet)\") – *Unbelievers, or The Moor*\n",
"### [2014](/wiki/2014_in_poetry \"2014 in poetry\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Fiona Hile](/wiki/Fiona_Hile \"Fiona Hile\") – *Novelties,* Hunter\n* [Justin Clemens](/wiki/Justin_Clemens \"Justin Clemens\") – *The Mundiad,* Hunter\n* [Diane Fahey](/wiki/Diane_Fahey \"Diane Fahey\") – *The Stone Garden: poems from Clare,* Clouds of Magellan\n* Liam Ferney – *Boom,* Grand Parade Poets\n* [Kate Middleton](/wiki/Kate_Middleton_%28poet%29 \"Kate Middleton (poet)\") – *Ephemeral Waters,* Giramondo Publishing\n* [Jessica Wilkinson](/wiki/Jessica_Wilkinson \"Jessica Wilkinson\") – *Marionette: A biography of Miss Marion Davies,* Vagabond Press\n",
"### [2013](/wiki/2013_in_literature \"2013 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Ali Cobby\\-Eckermann](/wiki/Ali_Cobby-Eckermann \"Ali Cobby-Eckermann\") – *Ruby Moonlight,* Magabala Books\n* [Kate Fagan](/wiki/Kate_Fagan_%28poet%29 \"Kate Fagan (poet)\") – *First Light,* Giramondo Publishing\n* [Michael Farrell](/wiki/Michael_Farrell_%28poet%29 \"Michael Farrell (poet)\") – *Open Sesame,* Giramondo Publishing\n* [Anthony Lawrence](/wiki/Anthony_Lawrence_%28poet%29 \"Anthony Lawrence (poet)\") – *The Welfare of my Enemy,* Puncher \\& Wattman\n* [Kate Lilley](/wiki/Kate_Lilley \"Kate Lilley\") – *Ladylike,* UWA Publishing\n* [Vivian Smith](/wiki/Vivian_Smith_%28poet%29 \"Vivian Smith (poet)\") – *Here, There and Elsewhere,* Giramondo Publishing\n",
"### [2012](/wiki/2012_in_literature \"2012 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Gig Ryan](/wiki/Gig_Ryan \"Gig Ryan\") – *New and Selected Poems,* Giramondo Publishing\n* [Ken Bolton](/wiki/Ken_Bolton \"Ken Bolton\") – *Sly Mongoose,* Puncher and Wattman\n* [Susan Hawthorne](/wiki/Susan_Hawthorne \"Susan Hawthorne\") – *Cow,* Spinifex Press\n* [John Mateer](/wiki/John_Mateer_%28poet%29 \"John Mateer (poet)\") – *Southern Barbarians,* Giramondo Publishing\n* [Claire Potter](/wiki/Claire_Potter \"Claire Potter\") – *Swallow,* Five Islands Press\n* [Tracy Ryan](/wiki/Tracy_Ryan_%28writer%29 \"Tracy Ryan (writer)\") – *The Argument,* Fremantle Press\n",
"### [2011](/wiki/2011_in_literature \"2011 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Jennifer Maiden](/wiki/Jennifer_Maiden \"Jennifer Maiden\") – *Pirate Rain,* Giramondo Publishing\n* [Susan Bradley Smith](/wiki/Susan_Bradley_Smith \"Susan Bradley Smith\") – *Supermodernprayerbook,* Salt Publishing\n* Andy Jackson – *Among The Regulars,* Papertiger Media Inc\n* [Jill Jones](/wiki/Jill_Jones_%28poet%29 \"Jill Jones (poet)\") – *Dark Bright Doors,* Wakefield Press Pty\n* [Anna Kerdijk Nicholson](/wiki/Anna_Kerdijk_Nicholson \"Anna Kerdijk Nicholson\") – *Possession,* Five Island Press\n* [Andy Kissane](/wiki/Andy_Kissane \"Andy Kissane\") – *Out to Lunch,* Puncher and Wattmann\n",
"### [2010](/wiki/2010_in_literature \"2010 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Jordie Albiston](/wiki/Jordie_Albiston \"Jordie Albiston\") – *The Sonnet According to \"M\"*\n* [Emily Ballou](/wiki/Emily_Ballou \"Emily Ballou\") – *The Darwin Poems*\n* [Judith Beveridge](/wiki/Judith_Beveridge \"Judith Beveridge\") – *Storm and Honey*\n* [Emma Jones](/wiki/Emma_Jones_%28poet%29 \"Emma Jones (poet)\") – *The Striped World*\n* [Morgan Yasbincek](/wiki/Morgan_Yasbincek \"Morgan Yasbincek\") – *White Camel*\n",
"### [2009](/wiki/2009_in_literature \"2009 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [LK Holt](/wiki/LK_Holt \"LK Holt\") – *Man Wolf Man,* John Leonard Press.\n* [Michael Brennan](/wiki/Michael_Brennan_%28poet%29 \"Michael Brennan (poet)\") – *Unanimous Night,* Salt Publishing\n* [David Brooks](/wiki/David_Brooks_%28author%29 \"David Brooks (author)\") – *The Balcony,* University of Queensland Press\n* [Sarah Holland\\-Batt](/wiki/Sarah_Holland-Batt \"Sarah Holland-Batt\") – *Aria,* University of Queensland Press\n* [Kerry Leves](/wiki/Kerry_Leves \"Kerry Leves\") – *A Shrine To Lata Mangeshkar,* Puncher \\& Wattman\n* [Alan Wearne](/wiki/Alan_Wearne \"Alan Wearne\") – *The Australian Popular Songbook,* Giramondo\n",
"### [2008](/wiki/2008_in_literature \"2008 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Kathryn Lomer](/wiki/Kathryn_Lomer \"Kathryn Lomer\") – *Two Kinds of Silence*\n* [Joanne Burns](/wiki/Joanne_Burns \"Joanne Burns\") – *an illustrated history of dairies*\n* [Brook Emery](/wiki/Brook_Emery \"Brook Emery\") – *Uncommon Light*\n* [Peter Kirkpatrick](/wiki/Peter_Kirkpatrick \"Peter Kirkpatrick\") – *Westering*\n* [David Malouf](/wiki/David_Malouf \"David Malouf\") – *Typewriter Music*\n* [Phyllis Perlstone](/wiki/Phyllis_Perlstone \"Phyllis Perlstone\") – *The Edge of Everything*\n",
"### [2007](/wiki/2007_in_literature \"2007 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [John Tranter](/wiki/John_Tranter \"John Tranter\") – *Urban Myths,* University of Queensland Press\n* [Robert Adamson](/wiki/Robert_Adamson_%28poet%29 \"Robert Adamson (poet)\") – *The Goldfinches of Baghdad,* Flood Editions\n* [Laurie Duggan](/wiki/Laurie_Duggan \"Laurie Duggan\") – *The Passenger,* University of Queensland Press\n* [Les Murray](/wiki/Les_Murray_%28poet%29 \"Les Murray (poet)\") – *The Biplane Houses,* Black Inc.\n* [Simon West](/wiki/Simon_West_%28poet%29 \"Simon West (poet)\") – *First Names,* Puncher and Wattmann\n* [Fay Zwicky](/wiki/Fay_Zwicky \"Fay Zwicky\") – *Picnic,* Giramondo Publishing Company\n",
"### [2006](/wiki/2006_in_literature \"2006 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Jaya Savige](/wiki/Jaya_Savige \"Jaya Savige\") – *Latecomers,* University of Queensland Press.\n* [Aidan Coleman](/wiki/Aidan_Coleman_%28poet%29 \"Aidan Coleman (poet)\") – *Avenues \\& Runways,* Brandl \\& Schlesinger\n* [Susan Hampton](/wiki/Susan_Hampton \"Susan Hampton\") – *The Kindly Ones,* Five Islands Press\n* [Jill Jones](/wiki/Jill_Jones_%28poet%29 \"Jill Jones (poet)\") – *Broken/Open,* Salt Publishing\n* [Penelope Layland](/wiki/Penelope_Layland \"Penelope Layland\") – *Suburban Anatomy,* Pandanus Books\n* [David McCooey](/wiki/David_McCooey \"David McCooey\") – *Blister Pack,* Salt Publishing\n",
"### [2005](/wiki/2005_in_literature \"2005 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Samuel Wagan Watson](/wiki/Samuel_Wagan_Watson \"Samuel Wagan Watson\") – *Smoke Encrypted Whispers,* University of Queensland Press\n* [M. T. C. Cronin](/wiki/M._T._C._Cronin \"M. T. C. Cronin\") – *\\< More or Less Than\\> 1–100,* Shearsman Books Ltd\n* [Lidija Cvetkovic](/wiki/Lidija_Cvetkovic \"Lidija Cvetkovic\") – *War is Not the Season for Figs,* University of Queensland Press\n* [John Kinsella](/wiki/John_Kinsella_%28poet%29 \"John Kinsella (poet)\") – *Doppler Effect,* Salt Publishing\n* [Dipti Saravanamuttu](/wiki/Dipti_Saravanamuttu \"Dipti Saravanamuttu\") – *The Colosseum,* Five Islands Press\n* [Alan Wearne](/wiki/Alan_Wearne \"Alan Wearne\") – *The Lovemakers Book Two: Money and Nothing,* ABC Books\n",
"### [2004](/wiki/2004_in_literature \"2004 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Pam Brown](/wiki/Pam_Brown \"Pam Brown\") – *Dear Deliria: New \\& Selected Poems,* Salt Publishing\n* [Jordie Albiston](/wiki/Jordie_Albiston \"Jordie Albiston\") – *The Fall,* White Crane Press\n* [M. T. C. Cronin](/wiki/M._T._C._Cronin \"M. T. C. Cronin\") – *beautiful, unfinished* Salt Publishing\n* [Brook Emery](/wiki/Brook_Emery \"Brook Emery\") – *Misplaced Heart,* Five Islands Press\n* [Philip Hammial](/wiki/Philip_Hammial \"Philip Hammial\") – *In the Year of Our Lord Slaughter's Children,* Island Press\n* [John Tranter](/wiki/John_Tranter \"John Tranter\") – *Studio Moon,* Salt Publishing\n",
"### [2003](/wiki/2003_in_literature \"2003 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Jill Jones](/wiki/Jill_Jones_%28poet%29 \"Jill Jones (poet)\") – *Screens Jets Heaven*\n* [Alison Croggon](/wiki/Alison_Croggon \"Alison Croggon\") – *Attempts at Being*\n* [Kate Lilley](/wiki/Kate_Lilley \"Kate Lilley\") – *Versary*\n* [Emma Lew](/wiki/Emma_Lew \"Emma Lew\") – *Anything the Landlord Touches*\n* [Sarah Day](/wiki/Sarah_Day \"Sarah Day\") – *New and Selected Poems*\n* [Robert Gray](/wiki/Robert_Gray_%28poet%29 \"Robert Gray (poet)\") – *Afterimages*\n",
"### [2002](/wiki/2002_in_literature \"2002 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Alan Wearne](/wiki/Alan_Wearne \"Alan Wearne\") – *The Lovemakers,* Penguin Books Australia\n* [Robert Adamson](/wiki/Robert_Adamson_%28poet%29 \"Robert Adamson (poet)\") – *Mulberry Leaves: New \\& Selected Poems: 1970–2001,* Paper Bark Press\n* [Martin Harrison](/wiki/Martin_Harrison_%28poet%29 \"Martin Harrison (poet)\") – *Summer,* Paper Bark Press\n* [Dorothy Hewett](/wiki/Dorothy_Hewett \"Dorothy Hewett\") – *Halfway Up the Mountain,* Fremantle Arts Centre Press\n* [Bronwyn Lea](/wiki/Bronwyn_Lea \"Bronwyn Lea\") – *Flight Animals,* University of Queensland Press\n* [Gig Ryan](/wiki/Gig_Ryan \"Gig Ryan\") – *Heroic Money,* Brandl \\& Schlesinger\n* [John Tranter](/wiki/John_Tranter \"John Tranter\") – *Ultra,* Brandl \\& Schlesinger\n",
"### [2001](/wiki/2001_in_literature \"2001 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Ken Taylor](/wiki/Ken_Taylor_%28poet%29 \"Ken Taylor (poet)\") – *Africa,* Five Islands Press\n* [Jennifer Compton](/wiki/Jennifer_Compton \"Jennifer Compton\") – *Blue,* Ginninderra Press\n* [Brook Emery](/wiki/Brook_Emery \"Brook Emery\") – *and dug my fingers in the sand,* Five Islands Press\n* [Philip Hammial](/wiki/Philip_Hammial \"Philip Hammial\") – *Bread,* Black Pepper\n* [J. S. Harry](/wiki/J._S._Harry \"J. S. Harry\") – *Sun Shadow, Moon Shadow,* Vagabond Press\n* [Wendy Jenkins](/wiki/Wendy_Jenkins_%28poet%29 \"Wendy Jenkins (poet)\") – *Rogue Equations,* Fremantle Arts Centre Press\n",
"### [2000](/wiki/2000_in_literature \"2000 in literature\")\n\n* **Winner:** [Jennifer Maiden](/wiki/Jennifer_Maiden \"Jennifer Maiden\") – *Mines,* Paper Bark Press/Australian Humanities Research Foundation\n* [Richard James Allen](/wiki/Richard_James_Allen \"Richard James Allen\") – *Thursday's Fictions,* Five Islands Press\n* [M. T. C. Cronin](/wiki/M._T._C._Cronin \"M. T. C. Cronin\") – *Everything Holy,* Balcones International Press\n* [Jennifer Harrison](/wiki/Jennifer_Harrison \"Jennifer Harrison\") – *Dear B,* Black Pepper\n* [Kevin Hart](/wiki/Kevin_Hart_%28poet%29 \"Kevin Hart (poet)\") – *Wicked Heat,* Paper Bark Press\n* [John Millett](/wiki/John_Millett_%28poet%29 \"John Millett (poet)\") – *Iceman,* Five Islands Press\n",
"### 1999 and before\n\nAward winners:[New South Wales Ministry of Culture Web site](http://www.arts.nsw.gov.au/awards/LiteraryAwards/2000LitAwards/PLAhistory.htm), official list of past winners\n* **[1999](/wiki/1999_in_literature \"1999 in literature\")**: [Lee Cataldi](/wiki/Lee_Cataldi \"Lee Cataldi\") – *Race Against Time*, Penguin Books Australia\n* **[1998](/wiki/1998_in_literature \"1998 in literature\"):** *no awards were presented*\n* **[1997](/wiki/1997_in_literature \"1997 in literature\")**: [Anthony Lawrence](/wiki/Anthony_Lawrence_%28poet%29 \"Anthony Lawrence (poet)\") – *The Viewfinder*, University of Queensland Press\n* **[1996](/wiki/1996_in_literature \"1996 in literature\")**: [Eric Beach](/wiki/Eric_Beach \"Eric Beach\") – *Weeping for Lost Babylon,* HarperCollins and [J. S. Harry](/wiki/J._S._Harry \"J. S. Harry\") – *Selected Poems,* Penguin Books Australia\n* **[1995](/wiki/1995_in_literature \"1995 in literature\")**: [Peter Boyle](/wiki/Peter_Boyle_%28poet%29 \"Peter Boyle (poet)\") – *Coming Home From the World,* Five Islands Press\n* **[1994](/wiki/1994_in_literature \"1994 in literature\")**: [Barry Hill](/wiki/Barry_Hill_%28Australian_writer%29 \"Barry Hill (Australian writer)\") – *Ghosting William Buckley,* William Heinemann Australia\n* **[1993](/wiki/1993_in_literature \"1993 in literature\")**: [Les Murray](/wiki/Les_Murray_%28poet%29 \"Les Murray (poet)\") – *Translations from the Natural World,* Isabella Press\n* **[1992](/wiki/1992_in_literature \"1992 in literature\")**: [Elizabeth Riddell](/wiki/Elizabeth_Riddell \"Elizabeth Riddell\") – *Selected Poems,* Collins Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1991](/wiki/1991_in_literature \"1991 in literature\")**: [Jennifer Maiden](/wiki/Jennifer_Maiden \"Jennifer Maiden\") – *The Winter Baby,* Collins Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1990](/wiki/1990_in_literature \"1990 in literature\")**: [Robert Adamson](/wiki/Robert_Adamson_%28poet%29 \"Robert Adamson (poet)\") – *The Clean Dark,* Paper Bark Press\n* **[1989](/wiki/1989_in_literature \"1989 in literature\")**: [John Tranter](/wiki/John_Tranter \"John Tranter\") – *Under Berlin,* University of Queensland Press\n* **[1988](/wiki/1988_in_literature \"1988 in literature\")**: [Judith Beveridge](/wiki/Judith_Beveridge \"Judith Beveridge\") – *The Domesticity of Giraffes,* Black Lightning Press\n* **[1987](/wiki/1987_in_literature \"1987 in literature\")**: [Philip Hodgins](/wiki/Philip_Hodgins \"Philip Hodgins\") – *Blood and Bone,* Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1986](/wiki/1986_in_literature \"1986 in literature\")**: [Robert Gray](/wiki/Robert_Gray_%28poet%29 \"Robert Gray (poet)\") – *Selected Poems 1963–83,* Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1985](/wiki/1985_in_literature \"1985 in literature\")**: [Kevin Hart](/wiki/Kevin_Hart_%28poet%29 \"Kevin Hart (poet)\") – *Your Shadow,* Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1984](/wiki/1984_in_Australian_literature \"1984 in Australian literature\")**: [Les Murray](/wiki/Les_Murray_%28poet%29 \"Les Murray (poet)\") – *The People's Otherworld,* Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1983](/wiki/1983_in_Australian_literature \"1983 in Australian literature\")**: [Vivian Smith](/wiki/Vivian_Smith_%28poet%29 \"Vivian Smith (poet)\") – *Tide Country,* Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1982](/wiki/1982_in_Australian_literature \"1982 in Australian literature\")**: [Fay Zwicky](/wiki/Fay_Zwicky \"Fay Zwicky\") – *Kaddish and Other Poems,* University of Queensland Press\n* **[1981](/wiki/1981_in_Australian_literature \"1981 in Australian literature\")**: [Alan Gould](/wiki/Alan_Gould \"Alan Gould\") – *Astral Sea,* Angus \\& Robertson\n* **[1980](/wiki/1980_in_Australian_literature \"1980 in Australian literature\")**: [David Campbell](/wiki/David_Campbell_%28poet%29 \"David Campbell (poet)\") – *Man in the Honeysuckle,* Angus \\& Robertson\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Australian literature](/wiki/Australian_literature \"Australian literature\")\n* [List of poetry awards](/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards \"List of poetry awards\")\n* [List of years in poetry](/wiki/List_of_years_in_poetry \"List of years in poetry\")\n* [List of years in literature](/wiki/List_of_years_in_literature \"List of years in literature\")\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n[Category:Australian poetry awards](/wiki/Category:Australian_poetry_awards \"Australian poetry awards\")\n[Category:Awards established in 1979](/wiki/Category:Awards_established_in_1979 \"Awards established in 1979\")\n[Category:Lists of award winners](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_award_winners \"Lists of award winners\")\n[Category:Kenneth Slessor](/wiki/Category:Kenneth_Slessor \"Kenneth Slessor\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Alberona
|
{
"id": [
1544984
],
"name": [
"Dawnseeker2000"
]
}
|
jt2aivrnno945qf34rf6ftlvzbhrj3v
|
2024-02-17T02:20:25Z
| 1,195,186,749 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Alberona** ([Pugliese](/wiki/Neapolitan_language \"Neapolitan language\"): ) is an upland village and *[comune](/wiki/Comune \"Comune\")* of the [province of Foggia](/wiki/Province_of_Foggia \"Province of Foggia\") and region of [Apulia](/wiki/Apulia \"Apulia\"), in southeast Italy. It is one of [I Borghi più belli d'Italia](/wiki/I_Borghi_pi%C3%B9_belli_d%27Italia \"I Borghi più belli d'Italia\") (\"The most beautiful villages of Italy\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Cities and towns in Apulia](/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Apulia \"Cities and towns in Apulia\")\n[Category:Borghi più belli d'Italia](/wiki/Category:Borghi_pi%C3%B9_belli_d%27Italia \"Borghi più belli d'Italia\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Hector Zazou
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"75.118.53.241"
]
}
|
h7acuneua9uhzck9ak9z7j5mb5bbd9k
|
2024-07-02T20:29:48Z
| 1,230,256,711 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Discography",
"Albums",
"Singles",
"Film soundtracks",
"Videography",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Hector Zazou** (11 July 1948 – 8 September 2008\\) was a prolific French composer and record producer who worked with, produced, and collaborated with an international array of recording artists. He worked on his own and other artists' albums, including [Sandy Dillon](/wiki/Sandy_Dillon \"Sandy Dillon\"), [Mimi Goese](/wiki/Mimi_Goese \"Mimi Goese\"), [Barbara Gogan](/wiki/Barbara_Gogan \"Barbara Gogan\"), [Sevara Nazarkhan](/wiki/Sevara_Nazarkhan \"Sevara Nazarkhan\"), [Carlos Núñez](/wiki/Carlos_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Mu%C3%B1oz \"Carlos Núñez Muñoz\"), Italian group [PGR](/wiki/Per_Grazia_Ricevuta \"Per Grazia Ricevuta\"), [Anne Grete Preus](/wiki/Anne_Grete_Preus \"Anne Grete Preus\"), Laurence Revey, and [Sainkho](/wiki/Sainkho_Namtchylak \"Sainkho Namtchylak\") since 1976\\.\\[ Allmusic Biography]\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nZazou first came to international attention as part of the ZNR duo with Joseph Racaille, where both played electric keyboards. Their 1976 debut album *Barricade 3* was notable for its \"strong [Satie](/wiki/Eric_Satie \"Eric Satie\") influence, stripped to minimal essentials, everything counts\".\n\nLong\\-time collaborators include trumpeter [Mark Isham](/wiki/Mark_Isham \"Mark Isham\"); guitarist Lone Kent; cellist and singer [Caroline Lavelle](/wiki/Caroline_Lavelle \"Caroline Lavelle\"); trumpeter Christian Lechevretel, who has appeared on all of Zazou's albums after *Sahara Blue*; clarinetist and flutist Renaud Pion, who has appeared on all of Zazou's albums since *[Les Nouvelles Polyphonies Corses](/wiki/Les_Nouvelles_Polyphonies_Corses \"Les Nouvelles Polyphonies Corses\")*; drummer [Bill Rieflin](/wiki/William_Rieflin \"William Rieflin\"); and [Japanese](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") recording artist [Ryuichi Sakamoto](/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto \"Ryuichi Sakamoto\").\n\nHis discography demonstrates his affinity for cross\\-cultural collaborations, and incorporated modern techniques and sounds in re\\-recordings of traditional material. He was influenced by [Peter Gabriel](/wiki/Peter_Gabriel \"Peter Gabriel\")'s album *[Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ](/wiki/Passion:Music_for_The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ \"Music for The Last Temptation of Christ\")* in his fusion of musical polarities (traditional and modern, electronic and acoustic) on his own album *Les Nouvelles Polyphonies Corses*.\n\nHis groundbreaking 1983 album *Noir et blanc* (recorded with Congolese singer ) garnered a lot of international attention, and is widely recognized as one of the earliest and most impressive experiments in fusing African and electronic music.\n\nZazou regarded his work during the 1980s as his time of apprenticeship in the studio. On his 1986 album, *Reivax au Bongo*, he experimented with fusing classical vocals with an electronic backdrop. On his 1989 album, *Géologies*, he combined electronic music with a string quartet.\n\nThe albums that he has released under his own name from the 1990s onwards are usually [concept albums](/wiki/Concept_album \"Concept album\") that draw from literary or folk sources and revolve around a specific theme. The collection of songs on each album assemble contributions from a diverse and global range of pop, [folk](/wiki/Folk_music \"Folk music\"), [world music](/wiki/World_music \"World music\"), [avant\\-garde](/wiki/Avant-garde_music \"Avant-garde music\"), and [classical](/wiki/European_classical_music \"European classical music\") recording acts.\n\nZazou's 1992 offering, *[Sahara Blue](/wiki/Sahara_Blue \"Sahara Blue\")*, was based on an idea by Jacques Pasquier. Pasquier suggested Zazou commemorate the 100th anniversary of the death of author [Arthur Rimbaud](/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud \"Arthur Rimbaud\") by setting music to Rimbaud's poetry. Contributions included spoken word from [Gérard Depardieu](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu \"Gérard Depardieu\"), [Dominique Dalcan](/wiki/Dominique_Dalcan \"Dominique Dalcan\") and music by [Brendan Perry](/wiki/Brendan_Perry \"Brendan Perry\") and [Lisa Gerrard](/wiki/Lisa_Gerrard \"Lisa Gerrard\") of [Dead Can Dance](/wiki/Dead_Can_Dance \"Dead Can Dance\"), [Tim Simenon](/wiki/Tim_Simenon \"Tim Simenon\"), and [David Sylvian](/wiki/David_Sylvian \"David Sylvian\"). He even adapted a traditional [Ethiopian](/wiki/Ethiopia \"Ethiopia\") song.\n\nIn 1994, he released the album *[Chansons des mers froides](/wiki/Chansons_des_mers_froides \"Chansons des mers froides\")* (called *Songs from the Cold Seas* for the [anglophone](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") market). The album was based on ocean\\-themed traditional folk songs from northern countries, such as Canada, Finland, Iceland, and Japan. It featured vocals by pop and rock artists such as [Björk](/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk \"Björk\"), [Suzanne Vega](/wiki/Suzanne_Vega \"Suzanne Vega\"), [John Cale](/wiki/John_Cale \"John Cale\"), [Värttina](/wiki/Varttina \"Varttina\"), [Jane Siberry](/wiki/Jane_Siberry \"Jane Siberry\"), and [Siouxsie Sioux](/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux \"Siouxsie Sioux\") in addition to recordings of [shamanic incantations](/wiki/Shamanic_music \"Shamanic music\") and lullabies from [Ainu](/wiki/Ainu_people \"Ainu people\"), [Nanai](/wiki/Nani_people \"Nani people\"), [Inuit](/wiki/Inuit \"Inuit\"), and [Yakut](/wiki/Yakuts \"Yakuts\") singers. Musicians included [Mark Isham](/wiki/Mark_Isham \"Mark Isham\"), Brendan Perry, [Budgie](/wiki/Budgie_%28drummer%29 \"Budgie (drummer)\") and the [Balanescu Quartet](/wiki/Balanescu_Quartet \"Balanescu Quartet\"). A cameraman accompanied Zazou on the project and they shot and recorded in [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska \"Alaska\"), Canada, [Greenland](/wiki/Greenland \"Greenland\"), Japan, [Scandinavia](/wiki/Scandinavia \"Scandinavia\"), and [Siberia](/wiki/Siberia \"Siberia\"). The single \"The Long Voyage\" was the only song to be an original composition from Zazou. He wrote it in gratitude to his record company [Sony](/wiki/Sony \"Sony\") who gave him complete artistic liberty. Performed by Suzanne Vega and John Cale, it was released as a single in 1995\\. The single featured remixes by [Mad Professor](/wiki/Mad_Professor \"Mad Professor\") as well as Zazou himself.\n\nHis 1998 album, *Lights in the Dark*, showcased ancient [Celtic music](/wiki/Celtic_music \"Celtic music\") sung by [Irish](/wiki/Irish_people \"Irish people\") singers.\n\nZazou's collaborative 2000 album *12 (Las Vegas Is Cursed)* with [Sandy Dillon](/wiki/Sandy_Dillon \"Sandy Dillon\") was regarded as a financial and critical failure. In the book \"Sonora Portraits 2\", which accompanies the CD *Strong Currents*, Zazou says that *12 (Las Vegas Is Cursed)* was his most elaborate album. He describes it as a work of black humour and regards his instrumental composition \"Sombre\" on the album as one of his best songs ever.\n\n*Strong Currents* was released in 2003 and featured an all\\-female vocal cast which included [Laurie Anderson](/wiki/Laurie_Anderson \"Laurie Anderson\"), [Melanie Gabriel](/wiki/Melanie_Gabriel \"Melanie Gabriel\"), [Lori Carson](/wiki/Lori_Carson \"Lori Carson\"), [Lisa Germano](/wiki/Lisa_Germano \"Lisa Germano\"), [Irene Grandi](/wiki/Irene_Grandi \"Irene Grandi\"), [Nina Hynes](/wiki/Nina_Hynes \"Nina Hynes\"), [Jane Birkin](/wiki/Jane_Birkin \"Jane Birkin\"), and [Caroline Lavelle](/wiki/Caroline_Lavelle \"Caroline Lavelle\"). Musicians included [Ryuichi Sakamoto](/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto \"Ryuichi Sakamoto\"), [Dennis Rea](/wiki/Dennis_Rea \"Dennis Rea\"), [Bill Rieflin](/wiki/Bill_Rieflin \"Bill Rieflin\") and Archaea Strings. The album took six years to complete.\n\nIn 2004 Zazou released a companion CD of sorts, *L'absence,* which included instrumentals, many of the same female vocalists that were featured on *Strong Currents,* and one male vocalist, French singer Edo.\n\nZazou was a member of the musical collective named Slow Music. The lineup also included [Robert Fripp](/wiki/Robert_Fripp \"Robert Fripp\") and [Peter Buck](/wiki/Peter_Buck \"Peter Buck\") on guitars, [Fred Chalenor](/wiki/Fred_Chalenor \"Fred Chalenor\") on bass, [Matt Chamberlain](/wiki/Matt_Chamberlain \"Matt Chamberlain\") on drums, and Bill Rieflin on keyboards and percussion. He contributed electronics to the group's music. At the same time, he was exploring other electronic music in other work, including a soundtrack for [Carl Theodor Dreyer](/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer \"Carl Theodor Dreyer\")'s silent film *[La passion de Jeanne d’Arc](/wiki/The_Passion_of_Joan_of_Arc \"The Passion of Joan of Arc\")* and the multimedia collaboration released as a CD in 2006, *Quadri\\+Chromies*.\n\nZazou's last projects are documented on the Music Operator interactive multimedia web site, which graphically documents his collaborations while in the background his music plays. In January 2008 Hector Zazou released his *Corps électriques* album, featuring \"one of the original [riot grrrls](/wiki/Riot_grrrl \"Riot grrrl\")\" [KatieJane Garside](/wiki/KatieJane_Garside \"KatieJane Garside\"), Bill Rieflin, Lone Kent and nu\\-jazz trumpeter [Nils Petter Molvær](/wiki/Nils_Petter_Molv%C3%A6r \"Nils Petter Molvær\").\n\nThe last project he worked on is an album entitled *In the House of Mirrors*, on [Crammed Discs](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"), in which he offered a new take on classical Asian music, subtly reprocessed with a nod to some of the music produced in the 1970s by [Terry Riley](/wiki/Terry_Riley \"Terry Riley\") and Fripp \\& [Eno](/wiki/Brian_Eno \"Brian Eno\"). *In the House of Mirrors* was recorded in [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\") with the collaboration of four outstanding instrumentalists from [India](/wiki/India \"India\") and [Uzbekistan](/wiki/Uzbekistan \"Uzbekistan\"), as well as guests such as Diego Amador and Nils Petter Molvær. This album came out only a few weeks following his death in September 2008\\.\n\n",
"Discography\n-----------\n\n### Albums\n\n* 1976 ZNR – *Barricades 3* (Isadora)\n* 1978 ZNR – *Traité de mécanique populaire* (Scopa Invisible)\n* 1979 *La perversita* (Scopa Invisible)\n* 1983 Zazou / Bikaye / CY1 – *Noir et blanc* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"), CD\\-reissue with extra tracks, 1990\\)\n* 1984 *Géographies* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/Made to Measure Vol. 5\\)\n* 1985 Zazou / Bikaye – *Mr. Manager* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/Pow Wow)\n* 1985 *Reivax au Bongo* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/MTM 2\\)\n* 1988 Zazou / Bikaye – *Guilty!* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1989 *Géologies* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/MTM 20\\)\n* 1989 *Géographies / 13 proverbes Africains* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/MTM 5, CD\\-reissue)\n* 1991 [Les Nouvelles Polyphonies Corses](/wiki/Les_Nouvelles_Polyphonies_Corses \"Les Nouvelles Polyphonies Corses\") with Hector Zazou – *Les Nouvelles Polyphonies Corses* ([Phonogram](/wiki/Phonogram_Records \"Phonogram Records\") France)\n* 1991 Various Artists – *Nunc Musics* (Taktic, compilation with two tracks by Zazou)\n* 1992 *[Sahara Blue](/wiki/Sahara_Blue \"Sahara Blue\")* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/MTM 32\\)\n\t+ Lead vocalists: [Samy Birnbach](/wiki/Samy_Birnbach \"Samy Birnbach\"), [Richard Bohringer](/wiki/Richard_Bohringer \"Richard Bohringer\"), [John Cale](/wiki/John_Cale \"John Cale\"), [Dominique Dalcan](/wiki/Dominique_Dalcan \"Dominique Dalcan\"), [Sussan Deyhim](/wiki/Sussan_Deyhim \"Sussan Deyhim\"), [Lisa Gerrard](/wiki/Lisa_Gerrard \"Lisa Gerrard\") and [Brendan Perry](/wiki/Brendan_Perry \"Brendan Perry\") of [Dead Can Dance](/wiki/Dead_Can_Dance \"Dead Can Dance\"), [Gérard Depardieu](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu \"Gérard Depardieu\"), [Anneli Drecker](/wiki/Anneli_Drecker \"Anneli Drecker\"), [Barbara Gogan](/wiki/Barbara_Gogan \"Barbara Gogan\"), [Khaled](/wiki/Khaled_%28musician%29 \"Khaled (musician)\"), Ketema Mekonn, [Malka Spigel](/wiki/Malka_Spigel \"Malka Spigel\"), [David Sylvian](/wiki/David_Sylvian \"David Sylvian\") (as \"Mr. X\")\n\t+ Contributors: Kent Condon, Yuka Fujii, Kenji Jammer, [Vincent Kenis](/wiki/Vincent_Kenis \"Vincent Kenis\"), Nabil Khalidi, [Bill Laswell](/wiki/Bill_Laswell \"Bill Laswell\"), Christian Lechevretel, [Keith Leblanc](/wiki/Keith_Leblanc \"Keith Leblanc\"), [Lightwave](/wiki/Lightwave_%28band%29 \"Lightwave (band)\"), Gilles Martin, Denis Moulin, Renaud Pion, [Ryuichi Sakamoto](/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto \"Ryuichi Sakamoto\"), Steve Shehan, [Guy Sigsworth](/wiki/Guy_Sigsworth \"Guy Sigsworth\"), [Tim Simenon](/wiki/Tim_Simenon \"Tim Simenon\"), Elizabeth Valetti, Daniel Yvinec, Mr. X\n* 1993 [Sainkho](/wiki/Sainkho_Namtchylak \"Sainkho Namtchylak\") – *Out of Tuva* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1994 Penta Leslee Swanson – *Sorrow and Solitude* (ErdenKlang)\n* 1994 *[Chansons des mers froides](/wiki/Chansons_des_mers_froides \"Chansons des mers froides\")* / *Songs from the Cold Seas* ([Columbia](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\"))\n\t+ Lead vocalists: [Björk](/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk \"Björk\"), John Cale, [Tokiko Kato](/wiki/Tokiko_Kato \"Tokiko Kato\"), Lioudmila Khandi, Kilabuk \\& Nooveya, [Catherine\\-Ann MacPhee](/wiki/Catherine-Ann_MacPhee \"Catherine-Ann MacPhee\"), [Wimme Saari](/wiki/Wimme_Saari \"Wimme Saari\"), [Jane Siberry](/wiki/Jane_Siberry \"Jane Siberry\"), [Siouxsie Sioux](/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux \"Siouxsie Sioux\"), [Värttina](/wiki/Varttina \"Varttina\"), [Suzanne Vega](/wiki/Suzanne_Vega \"Suzanne Vega\"), [Lena Willemark](/wiki/Lena_Willemark \"Lena Willemark\")\n\t+ Contributors: [Ainu](/wiki/Ainu_music \"Ainu music\") dancers of [Hokkaidō](/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D \"Hokkaidō\"), [Balanescu Quartet](/wiki/Balanescu_Quartet \"Balanescu Quartet\"), [Budgie](/wiki/Budgie_%28drummer%29 \"Budgie (drummer)\"), Tchotghtguerele Chalchin, Barbara Gogan, [Mark Isham](/wiki/Mark_Isham \"Mark Isham\"), Lightwave, Sargo Maianagacheva, Demnine Ngamtovsovo, Brendan Perry, [Marc Ribot](/wiki/Marc_Ribot \"Marc Ribot\"), [Sakharine](/wiki/Sakharine \"Sakharine\") Percussion Group, Noriko Sanagi, Sissimut Dance Drummers, Angelin Tytot\n* 1995 [Harold Budd](/wiki/Harold_Budd \"Harold Budd\") \\& Hector Zazou – *Glyph* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/MTM 37\\)\n* 1997 Barbara Gogan with Hector Zazou – *Made on Earth* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1998 *Lights in the Dark* ([Warner Music France](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\"))\n\t+ Lead vocalists: Breda Mayock, [Katie McMahon](/wiki/Katie_McMahon \"Katie McMahon\"), and Lasairfhiona Ni Chonaola.\n\t+ Contributors: Pierre d'Aquin, John B., Richard Bourreau, André Compostel, Kent Condon, Francoise Debout, Papa D'jabate, [Peter Gabriel](/wiki/Peter_Gabriel \"Peter Gabriel\"), Mark Isham, [Caroline Lavelle](/wiki/Caroline_Lavelle \"Caroline Lavelle\"), Lucie de Lisieu, Germain de Loing, Denis Mc Ardle, [Didier Malherbe](/wiki/Didier_Malherbe \"Didier Malherbe\"), Kristen Noguez, [Carlos Núñez](/wiki/Carlos_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Mu%C3%B1oz \"Carlos Núñez Muñoz\"), Brendan Perry, Hossam Ramzay, Minna Raskinen, [Thierry Robin](/wiki/Thierry_Robin \"Thierry Robin\"), [Ryuichi Sakamoto](/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto \"Ryuichi Sakamoto\"), Noriko Sanagi, Silap' (choir), Ivan Tchekine, The Wiltshire Souls, and Daniel Yvinec.\n* 1998 [Mimi](/wiki/Mimi_Goese \"Mimi Goese\") – *Soak* ([Luaka Bop](/wiki/Luaka_Bop \"Luaka Bop\"), four tracks produced by Zazou)\n* 1999 [Carlos Núñez](/wiki/Carlos_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Mu%C3%B1oz \"Carlos Núñez Muñoz\") – *Os amores libres* ([BMG](/wiki/BMG_Music \"BMG Music\"))\n* 1999 Laurence Revey – *Le creux des fées* ([Naïve](/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_Records \"Naïve Records\"))\n* 2000 [Sandy Dillon](/wiki/Sandy_Dillon \"Sandy Dillon\") \\& Hector Zazou – *12 (Las Vegas Is Cursed)* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/First World)\n* 2001 Arlo Bigazzi / Claudio Chianura / [Lance Henson](/wiki/Lance_Henson \"Lance Henson\") – *Drop 6 — The Wolf and the Moon* (Materiali Sonori compilation, including \"The Abandoned Piano (War Version)\" by Zazou with [William Orbit](/wiki/William_Orbit \"William Orbit\"))\n* 2001 [Anne Grete Preus](/wiki/Anne_Grete_Preus \"Anne Grete Preus\") – *Alfabet* ([WEA](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\"), Zazou produced two tracks)\n* 2002 PGR – *Per grazia ricevuta* ([Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_Records \"Mercury Records\"))\n* 2003 [Sevara Nazarkhan](/wiki/Sevara_Nazarkhan \"Sevara Nazarkhan\") – *Yol Bolsin* ([Real World](/wiki/Real_World_Records \"Real World Records\"))\n* 2003 *Strong Currents* (Materiali Sonori)\n\t+ Lead vocalists: [Laurie Anderson](/wiki/Laurie_Anderson \"Laurie Anderson\"), [Jane Birkin](/wiki/Jane_Birkin \"Jane Birkin\"), [Lori Carson](/wiki/Lori_Carson \"Lori Carson\"), [Melanie Gabriel](/wiki/Melanie_Gabriel \"Melanie Gabriel\"), [Lisa Germano](/wiki/Lisa_Germano \"Lisa Germano\"), [Irene Grandi](/wiki/Irene_Grandi \"Irene Grandi\"), [Nicola Hitchcock](/wiki/Nicola_Hitchcock \"Nicola Hitchcock\"), [Nina Hynes](/wiki/Nina_Hynes \"Nina Hynes\"), [Caroline Lavelle](/wiki/Caroline_Lavelle \"Caroline Lavelle\"), [Sarah Jane Morris](/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Morris_%28singer%29 \"Sarah Jane Morris (singer)\"), [Catherine Russell](/wiki/Catherine_Russell_%28singer%29 \"Catherine Russell (singer)\"), Emma Stow\n\t+ Contributors: Archaea Strings, [Stefano Bollani](/wiki/Stefano_Bollani \"Stefano Bollani\"), Pierre Chaze, Mathias Desmiers, Lone Kent, Carlos Núñez, Renaud Pion, [Dennis Rea](/wiki/Dennis_Rea \"Dennis Rea\"), [Bill Rieflin](/wiki/Bill_Rieflin \"Bill Rieflin\"), Ryuichi Sakamoto\n* 2004 *L'absence* (Taktic)\n\t+ Lead vocalists: [Asia Argento](/wiki/Asia_Argento \"Asia Argento\"), Katrina Beckford, Lucrezia von Berger, Edo, [Nicola Hitchcock](/wiki/Nicola_Hitchcock \"Nicola Hitchcock\"), Caroline Lavelle, Laurence Revey, Emma Stow\n* 2006 Hector Zazou and Bernard Caillaud – *Quadri\\+Chromies* (CD and DVD, Materiali Sonori/Taktic)\n* 2006 Slow Music Project (one live CD, and several live downloads on the [King Crimson](/wiki/King_Crimson \"King Crimson\") website DGMLive.com)\n* 2008 Hector Zazou / [KatieJane Garside](/wiki/KatieJane_Garside \"KatieJane Garside\") – *Corps électriques* (Signature)\n\t+ Contributors: Bill Rieflin, Lone Kent and [Nils Petter Molvær](/wiki/Nils_Petter_Molv%C3%A6r \"Nils Petter Molvær\")\n* 2008 Hector Zazou \\& Swara – *In the House of Mirrors* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 2010 Hector Zazou, [Barbara Eramo](/wiki/Barbara_Eramo \"Barbara Eramo\") and [Stefano Saletti](/wiki/Stefano_Saletti \"Stefano Saletti\") – *Oriental Night Fever* – published by [Materiali Sonori](/wiki/Materiali_Sonori \"Materiali Sonori\") and licensed by [Naïve Records](/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_Records \"Naïve Records\")\n* 2011 Eva Quartet \\& Hector Zazou – *The Arch* (Elen Music)\n\n### Singles\n\n* 1983 Hector Zazou / [Papa Wemba](/wiki/Papa_Wemba \"Papa Wemba\") \\-*Malimba* (12\" single, [Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1984 Zazou / Bikaye / CY1 – *M'Pasi Ya M'Pamba* (12\" single, [Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1985 Zazou / Bikaye – *Mr. Manager* (7\" and 12\" singles, [Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1988 Zazou / Bikaye – *Guilty! / Na Kenda* (12\" single, [Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1990 Zazou / Bikaye – *Get Back (Longwa)* (12\" single, SSR/[Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1992 \"I'll Strangle You\" featuring Anneli Drecker and Gérard Depardieu ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1992 \"Sahara Blue (Trois inédits)\" featuring Ryuichi Sakamoto, Barbara Gogan, and Steven Brown of ([Tuxedomoon](/wiki/Tuxedomoon \"Tuxedomoon\")) (Columbia)\n* 1995 \"The Long Voyage\" featuring John Cale and Suzanne Vega (Columbia)\n* 1996 Hector Zazou \\& Harold Budd – *Glyph Remixes* with remixes by [Herbert](/wiki/Matthew_Herbert \"Matthew Herbert\"), Phume, and [The Solid Doctor](/wiki/The_Solid_Doctor \"The Solid Doctor\") (12\", SSR/[Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n\n### Film soundtracks\n\n* *Pygmées* (1986\\), Regie: Raymond Adam\n* *Driving Me Crazy* (1988\\), Regie: [Nick Broomfield](/wiki/Nick_Broomfield \"Nick Broomfield\")\n* *Der lange Schatten der Melancholie* (1994\\), Regie: Susanne Freund\n* *[Enquête sur le monde invisible](/wiki/Investigation_into_the_Invisible_World \"Investigation into the Invisible World\")* (2002\\), Regie: [Jean\\-Michel Roux](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Roux \"Jean-Michel Roux\")\n* *Djanta* (2007\\), Regie: Tassere Ouédraogo\n",
"### Albums\n\n* 1976 ZNR – *Barricades 3* (Isadora)\n* 1978 ZNR – *Traité de mécanique populaire* (Scopa Invisible)\n* 1979 *La perversita* (Scopa Invisible)\n* 1983 Zazou / Bikaye / CY1 – *Noir et blanc* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"), CD\\-reissue with extra tracks, 1990\\)\n* 1984 *Géographies* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/Made to Measure Vol. 5\\)\n* 1985 Zazou / Bikaye – *Mr. Manager* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/Pow Wow)\n* 1985 *Reivax au Bongo* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/MTM 2\\)\n* 1988 Zazou / Bikaye – *Guilty!* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1989 *Géologies* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/MTM 20\\)\n* 1989 *Géographies / 13 proverbes Africains* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/MTM 5, CD\\-reissue)\n* 1991 [Les Nouvelles Polyphonies Corses](/wiki/Les_Nouvelles_Polyphonies_Corses \"Les Nouvelles Polyphonies Corses\") with Hector Zazou – *Les Nouvelles Polyphonies Corses* ([Phonogram](/wiki/Phonogram_Records \"Phonogram Records\") France)\n* 1991 Various Artists – *Nunc Musics* (Taktic, compilation with two tracks by Zazou)\n* 1992 *[Sahara Blue](/wiki/Sahara_Blue \"Sahara Blue\")* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/MTM 32\\)\n\t+ Lead vocalists: [Samy Birnbach](/wiki/Samy_Birnbach \"Samy Birnbach\"), [Richard Bohringer](/wiki/Richard_Bohringer \"Richard Bohringer\"), [John Cale](/wiki/John_Cale \"John Cale\"), [Dominique Dalcan](/wiki/Dominique_Dalcan \"Dominique Dalcan\"), [Sussan Deyhim](/wiki/Sussan_Deyhim \"Sussan Deyhim\"), [Lisa Gerrard](/wiki/Lisa_Gerrard \"Lisa Gerrard\") and [Brendan Perry](/wiki/Brendan_Perry \"Brendan Perry\") of [Dead Can Dance](/wiki/Dead_Can_Dance \"Dead Can Dance\"), [Gérard Depardieu](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu \"Gérard Depardieu\"), [Anneli Drecker](/wiki/Anneli_Drecker \"Anneli Drecker\"), [Barbara Gogan](/wiki/Barbara_Gogan \"Barbara Gogan\"), [Khaled](/wiki/Khaled_%28musician%29 \"Khaled (musician)\"), Ketema Mekonn, [Malka Spigel](/wiki/Malka_Spigel \"Malka Spigel\"), [David Sylvian](/wiki/David_Sylvian \"David Sylvian\") (as \"Mr. X\")\n\t+ Contributors: Kent Condon, Yuka Fujii, Kenji Jammer, [Vincent Kenis](/wiki/Vincent_Kenis \"Vincent Kenis\"), Nabil Khalidi, [Bill Laswell](/wiki/Bill_Laswell \"Bill Laswell\"), Christian Lechevretel, [Keith Leblanc](/wiki/Keith_Leblanc \"Keith Leblanc\"), [Lightwave](/wiki/Lightwave_%28band%29 \"Lightwave (band)\"), Gilles Martin, Denis Moulin, Renaud Pion, [Ryuichi Sakamoto](/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto \"Ryuichi Sakamoto\"), Steve Shehan, [Guy Sigsworth](/wiki/Guy_Sigsworth \"Guy Sigsworth\"), [Tim Simenon](/wiki/Tim_Simenon \"Tim Simenon\"), Elizabeth Valetti, Daniel Yvinec, Mr. X\n* 1993 [Sainkho](/wiki/Sainkho_Namtchylak \"Sainkho Namtchylak\") – *Out of Tuva* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1994 Penta Leslee Swanson – *Sorrow and Solitude* (ErdenKlang)\n* 1994 *[Chansons des mers froides](/wiki/Chansons_des_mers_froides \"Chansons des mers froides\")* / *Songs from the Cold Seas* ([Columbia](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\"))\n\t+ Lead vocalists: [Björk](/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk \"Björk\"), John Cale, [Tokiko Kato](/wiki/Tokiko_Kato \"Tokiko Kato\"), Lioudmila Khandi, Kilabuk \\& Nooveya, [Catherine\\-Ann MacPhee](/wiki/Catherine-Ann_MacPhee \"Catherine-Ann MacPhee\"), [Wimme Saari](/wiki/Wimme_Saari \"Wimme Saari\"), [Jane Siberry](/wiki/Jane_Siberry \"Jane Siberry\"), [Siouxsie Sioux](/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux \"Siouxsie Sioux\"), [Värttina](/wiki/Varttina \"Varttina\"), [Suzanne Vega](/wiki/Suzanne_Vega \"Suzanne Vega\"), [Lena Willemark](/wiki/Lena_Willemark \"Lena Willemark\")\n\t+ Contributors: [Ainu](/wiki/Ainu_music \"Ainu music\") dancers of [Hokkaidō](/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D \"Hokkaidō\"), [Balanescu Quartet](/wiki/Balanescu_Quartet \"Balanescu Quartet\"), [Budgie](/wiki/Budgie_%28drummer%29 \"Budgie (drummer)\"), Tchotghtguerele Chalchin, Barbara Gogan, [Mark Isham](/wiki/Mark_Isham \"Mark Isham\"), Lightwave, Sargo Maianagacheva, Demnine Ngamtovsovo, Brendan Perry, [Marc Ribot](/wiki/Marc_Ribot \"Marc Ribot\"), [Sakharine](/wiki/Sakharine \"Sakharine\") Percussion Group, Noriko Sanagi, Sissimut Dance Drummers, Angelin Tytot\n* 1995 [Harold Budd](/wiki/Harold_Budd \"Harold Budd\") \\& Hector Zazou – *Glyph* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/MTM 37\\)\n* 1997 Barbara Gogan with Hector Zazou – *Made on Earth* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1998 *Lights in the Dark* ([Warner Music France](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\"))\n\t+ Lead vocalists: Breda Mayock, [Katie McMahon](/wiki/Katie_McMahon \"Katie McMahon\"), and Lasairfhiona Ni Chonaola.\n\t+ Contributors: Pierre d'Aquin, John B., Richard Bourreau, André Compostel, Kent Condon, Francoise Debout, Papa D'jabate, [Peter Gabriel](/wiki/Peter_Gabriel \"Peter Gabriel\"), Mark Isham, [Caroline Lavelle](/wiki/Caroline_Lavelle \"Caroline Lavelle\"), Lucie de Lisieu, Germain de Loing, Denis Mc Ardle, [Didier Malherbe](/wiki/Didier_Malherbe \"Didier Malherbe\"), Kristen Noguez, [Carlos Núñez](/wiki/Carlos_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Mu%C3%B1oz \"Carlos Núñez Muñoz\"), Brendan Perry, Hossam Ramzay, Minna Raskinen, [Thierry Robin](/wiki/Thierry_Robin \"Thierry Robin\"), [Ryuichi Sakamoto](/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto \"Ryuichi Sakamoto\"), Noriko Sanagi, Silap' (choir), Ivan Tchekine, The Wiltshire Souls, and Daniel Yvinec.\n* 1998 [Mimi](/wiki/Mimi_Goese \"Mimi Goese\") – *Soak* ([Luaka Bop](/wiki/Luaka_Bop \"Luaka Bop\"), four tracks produced by Zazou)\n* 1999 [Carlos Núñez](/wiki/Carlos_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Mu%C3%B1oz \"Carlos Núñez Muñoz\") – *Os amores libres* ([BMG](/wiki/BMG_Music \"BMG Music\"))\n* 1999 Laurence Revey – *Le creux des fées* ([Naïve](/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_Records \"Naïve Records\"))\n* 2000 [Sandy Dillon](/wiki/Sandy_Dillon \"Sandy Dillon\") \\& Hector Zazou – *12 (Las Vegas Is Cursed)* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\")/First World)\n* 2001 Arlo Bigazzi / Claudio Chianura / [Lance Henson](/wiki/Lance_Henson \"Lance Henson\") – *Drop 6 — The Wolf and the Moon* (Materiali Sonori compilation, including \"The Abandoned Piano (War Version)\" by Zazou with [William Orbit](/wiki/William_Orbit \"William Orbit\"))\n* 2001 [Anne Grete Preus](/wiki/Anne_Grete_Preus \"Anne Grete Preus\") – *Alfabet* ([WEA](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\"), Zazou produced two tracks)\n* 2002 PGR – *Per grazia ricevuta* ([Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_Records \"Mercury Records\"))\n* 2003 [Sevara Nazarkhan](/wiki/Sevara_Nazarkhan \"Sevara Nazarkhan\") – *Yol Bolsin* ([Real World](/wiki/Real_World_Records \"Real World Records\"))\n* 2003 *Strong Currents* (Materiali Sonori)\n\t+ Lead vocalists: [Laurie Anderson](/wiki/Laurie_Anderson \"Laurie Anderson\"), [Jane Birkin](/wiki/Jane_Birkin \"Jane Birkin\"), [Lori Carson](/wiki/Lori_Carson \"Lori Carson\"), [Melanie Gabriel](/wiki/Melanie_Gabriel \"Melanie Gabriel\"), [Lisa Germano](/wiki/Lisa_Germano \"Lisa Germano\"), [Irene Grandi](/wiki/Irene_Grandi \"Irene Grandi\"), [Nicola Hitchcock](/wiki/Nicola_Hitchcock \"Nicola Hitchcock\"), [Nina Hynes](/wiki/Nina_Hynes \"Nina Hynes\"), [Caroline Lavelle](/wiki/Caroline_Lavelle \"Caroline Lavelle\"), [Sarah Jane Morris](/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Morris_%28singer%29 \"Sarah Jane Morris (singer)\"), [Catherine Russell](/wiki/Catherine_Russell_%28singer%29 \"Catherine Russell (singer)\"), Emma Stow\n\t+ Contributors: Archaea Strings, [Stefano Bollani](/wiki/Stefano_Bollani \"Stefano Bollani\"), Pierre Chaze, Mathias Desmiers, Lone Kent, Carlos Núñez, Renaud Pion, [Dennis Rea](/wiki/Dennis_Rea \"Dennis Rea\"), [Bill Rieflin](/wiki/Bill_Rieflin \"Bill Rieflin\"), Ryuichi Sakamoto\n* 2004 *L'absence* (Taktic)\n\t+ Lead vocalists: [Asia Argento](/wiki/Asia_Argento \"Asia Argento\"), Katrina Beckford, Lucrezia von Berger, Edo, [Nicola Hitchcock](/wiki/Nicola_Hitchcock \"Nicola Hitchcock\"), Caroline Lavelle, Laurence Revey, Emma Stow\n* 2006 Hector Zazou and Bernard Caillaud – *Quadri\\+Chromies* (CD and DVD, Materiali Sonori/Taktic)\n* 2006 Slow Music Project (one live CD, and several live downloads on the [King Crimson](/wiki/King_Crimson \"King Crimson\") website DGMLive.com)\n* 2008 Hector Zazou / [KatieJane Garside](/wiki/KatieJane_Garside \"KatieJane Garside\") – *Corps électriques* (Signature)\n\t+ Contributors: Bill Rieflin, Lone Kent and [Nils Petter Molvær](/wiki/Nils_Petter_Molv%C3%A6r \"Nils Petter Molvær\")\n* 2008 Hector Zazou \\& Swara – *In the House of Mirrors* ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 2010 Hector Zazou, [Barbara Eramo](/wiki/Barbara_Eramo \"Barbara Eramo\") and [Stefano Saletti](/wiki/Stefano_Saletti \"Stefano Saletti\") – *Oriental Night Fever* – published by [Materiali Sonori](/wiki/Materiali_Sonori \"Materiali Sonori\") and licensed by [Naïve Records](/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_Records \"Naïve Records\")\n* 2011 Eva Quartet \\& Hector Zazou – *The Arch* (Elen Music)\n",
"### Singles\n\n* 1983 Hector Zazou / [Papa Wemba](/wiki/Papa_Wemba \"Papa Wemba\") \\-*Malimba* (12\" single, [Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1984 Zazou / Bikaye / CY1 – *M'Pasi Ya M'Pamba* (12\" single, [Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1985 Zazou / Bikaye – *Mr. Manager* (7\" and 12\" singles, [Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1988 Zazou / Bikaye – *Guilty! / Na Kenda* (12\" single, [Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1990 Zazou / Bikaye – *Get Back (Longwa)* (12\" single, SSR/[Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1992 \"I'll Strangle You\" featuring Anneli Drecker and Gérard Depardieu ([Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n* 1992 \"Sahara Blue (Trois inédits)\" featuring Ryuichi Sakamoto, Barbara Gogan, and Steven Brown of ([Tuxedomoon](/wiki/Tuxedomoon \"Tuxedomoon\")) (Columbia)\n* 1995 \"The Long Voyage\" featuring John Cale and Suzanne Vega (Columbia)\n* 1996 Hector Zazou \\& Harold Budd – *Glyph Remixes* with remixes by [Herbert](/wiki/Matthew_Herbert \"Matthew Herbert\"), Phume, and [The Solid Doctor](/wiki/The_Solid_Doctor \"The Solid Doctor\") (12\", SSR/[Crammed](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\"))\n",
"### Film soundtracks\n\n* *Pygmées* (1986\\), Regie: Raymond Adam\n* *Driving Me Crazy* (1988\\), Regie: [Nick Broomfield](/wiki/Nick_Broomfield \"Nick Broomfield\")\n* *Der lange Schatten der Melancholie* (1994\\), Regie: Susanne Freund\n* *[Enquête sur le monde invisible](/wiki/Investigation_into_the_Invisible_World \"Investigation into the Invisible World\")* (2002\\), Regie: [Jean\\-Michel Roux](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Roux \"Jean-Michel Roux\")\n* *Djanta* (2007\\), Regie: Tassere Ouédraogo\n",
"Videography\n-----------\n\n* *The Long Voyage*, Hector Zazou with Suzanne Vega and John Cale (1994\\) Director: Hector Zazou\n* *[Scott Walker](/wiki/Scott_Walker_%28singer%29 \"Scott Walker (singer)\"): 30 Century Man* (2006\\) Dokumentary about Scott Walker as Zazou himself.\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Music Operator](https://web.archive.org/web/20070807215851/http://www.musicoperator.com/), now defunct, retrieved November 5, 2012\n* [Hector Zazou](http://www.crammed.be/index.php?id=34&art_id=62) on the website of [Crammed Discs](/wiki/Crammed_Discs \"Crammed Discs\") (the label with which he released 11 of his albums).\n* [Taktic Music bio](http://www.takticmusic.com/artistes/zazou/zazou_frames.html). Retrieved November 5, 2012\n* [Paul Tingen on Hector Zazou and *Songs from the Cold Seas*](http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1995_articles/jun95/hectorzazou.html?print=yes) published by [Sound on Sound](/wiki/Sound_on_Sound \"Sound on Sound\") in June 1995\\. Retrieved November 5, 2012\n* [Necrology for Hector Zazou](http://www.europopmusic.eu/InMemoriam.html#Zazou) on Europopmusic.eu. Retrieved November 5, 2012\n* [\"Hector Zazou – Formative producer of world music.\"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/sep/24/worldmusic.france) Obituary by Garth Cartwright on *[Guardian.co.uk](/wiki/Guardian.co.uk \"Guardian.co.uk\")* from September 24, 2008\\. Retrieved November 5, 2012\n\n[Category:1948 births](/wiki/Category:1948_births \"1948 births\")\n[Category:2008 deaths](/wiki/Category:2008_deaths \"2008 deaths\")\n[Category:French record producers](/wiki/Category:French_record_producers \"French record producers\")\n[Category:French musicians](/wiki/Category:French_musicians \"French musicians\")\n[Category:French male songwriters](/wiki/Category:French_male_songwriters \"French male songwriters\")\n[Category:French songwriters](/wiki/Category:French_songwriters \"French songwriters\")\n[Category:Columbia Records artists](/wiki/Category:Columbia_Records_artists \"Columbia Records artists\")\n[Category:People from Sidi Bel Abbès](/wiki/Category:People_from_Sidi_Bel_Abb%C3%A8s \"People from Sidi Bel Abbès\")\n[Category:French people of Algerian descent](/wiki/Category:French_people_of_Algerian_descent \"French people of Algerian descent\")\n[Category:20th\\-century French musicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_musicians \"20th-century French musicians\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Curtius Museum
|
{
"id": [
8524693
],
"name": [
"Omnipaedista"
]
}
|
2hajzuy4poraegwkvay867m8hgq7xxr
|
2024-06-18T20:07:17Z
| 1,214,201,737 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Curtius Museum](/wiki/File:Grand_Curtius_%28DSCF7671%29.jpg \"Grand Curtius (DSCF7671).jpg\")\n\nThe **Curtius Museum** () is a museum of [archaeology](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\") and [decorative arts](/wiki/Decorative_arts \"Decorative arts\") located on the bank of the river [Meuse](/wiki/Meuse \"Meuse\") in [Liège](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge \"Liège\"), [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"). It is classified as a *Major Heritage* of [Wallonia](/wiki/Wallonia \"Wallonia\").\n\nIt was built sometime between 1597 and 1610 as a private mansion for [Jean Curtius](/wiki/Jean_Curtius \"Jean Curtius\"), industrialist and munitions supplier to the [Spanish](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") army. With its alternating layers of [red brick](/wiki/Red_brick \"Red brick\") and natural stone and its cross\\-[mullioned](/wiki/Mullion \"Mullion\") windows, it typifies the regional style known as [Mosan Renaissance architecture](/wiki/Mosan_Renaissance_architecture \"Mosan Renaissance architecture\").7000 ans d'art et d'histoire au Grand Curtius\n\nAfter a €50 million redevelopment, the museum reopened as the **Grand Curtius** (*Le Grand Curtius*) in March 2009, SND now houses the merged collections of four former museums: the Museum of Archeology, the Museum of Weaponry, the Museum of Decorative Arts, and the Arteum of Religious Art and Mosan art. Its highlights include treasures of [Mosan art](/wiki/Mosan_art \"Mosan art\") such as a 12th\\-century gilded reliquary triptych, formerly in the church of Sainte\\-Croix;the *Evangelarium of Notger;* sculptures by [Jean Del Cour](/wiki/Jean_Del_Cour \"Jean Del Cour\"); and a portrait of [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte \"Napoleon Bonaparte\") painted by [Ingres](/wiki/Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres \"Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres\") in 1804: *[Bonaparte, First Consul](/wiki/Bonaparte%2C_First_Consul \"Bonaparte, First Consul\")*.\n\n[thumb\\|center\\|Image from an 1898 postcard.](/wiki/File:La_Maison_Curtius%2C_Liege%2C_Belgium_%281898%29.jpg \"La Maison Curtius, Liege, Belgium (1898).jpg\")\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Ansembourg Museum](/wiki/Ansembourg_Museum \"Ansembourg Museum\") in Liège, Belgium\n* [Couven Museum](/wiki/Couven_Museum \"Couven Museum\") in Aachen, Germany\n* [Museum aan het Vrijthof](/wiki/Museum_aan_het_Vrijthof \"Museum aan het Vrijthof\") in Maastricht, Netherlands\n* [Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis](/wiki/Koninklijke_Musea_voor_Kunst_en_Geschiedenis \"Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis\") (KMKG) in Brussels, Belgium\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website of the Grand Curtius Museum](http://www.grandcurtiusliege.be/)\n\n[Category:Wallonia's Major Heritage](/wiki/Category:Wallonia%27s_Major_Heritage \"Wallonia's Major Heritage\")\n[Category:Decorative arts museums in Belgium](/wiki/Category:Decorative_arts_museums_in_Belgium \"Decorative arts museums in Belgium\")\n[Category:Archaeological museums in Belgium](/wiki/Category:Archaeological_museums_in_Belgium \"Archaeological museums in Belgium\")\n[Category:Art museums and galleries in Belgium](/wiki/Category:Art_museums_and_galleries_in_Belgium \"Art museums and galleries in Belgium\")\n[Category:Museums in Liège (city)](/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Li%C3%A8ge_%28city%29 \"Museums in Liège (city)\")\n[Category:Tourist attractions in Liège](/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Li%C3%A8ge \"Tourist attractions in Liège\")\n\n"
]
}
|
South Haven, New York
|
{
"id": [
1493851
],
"name": [
"DanTD"
]
}
|
39136xzfel7g45zqz0xvuqg5ehp7veo
|
2024-04-16T18:07:07Z
| 1,167,674,650 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Geography",
"In popular culture",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**South Haven** is a [hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet_%28New_York%29 \"Hamlet (New York)\") in [Suffolk County](/wiki/Suffolk_County%2C_New_York \"Suffolk County, New York\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\"), United States, on the [south shore](/wiki/South_Shore_%28Long_Island%29 \"South Shore (Long Island)\") of [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island \"Long Island\").\n\nSouth Haven is part of the [Town of Brookhaven](/wiki/Brookhaven%2C_New_York \"Brookhaven, New York\"), and is not to be confused with the [hamlet of Brookhaven](/wiki/Brookhaven_%28CDP%29%2C_New_York \"Brookhaven (CDP), New York\"), with which it shares a ZIP Code.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nSouth Haven was the shortened form of the original name of the hamlet: South Brookhaven.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nSouth Haven is dominated by two large parcels of parkland: [South Haven County Park](/wiki/Southaven_County_Park \"Southaven County Park\"), and the [Wertheim National Wildlife Refuge](/wiki/Wertheim_National_Wildlife_Refuge \"Wertheim National Wildlife Refuge\").\n\n",
"In popular culture\n------------------\n\nElement One made a progressive trance song called \"South Haven\" in 2009\\.[Element One – South Haven / International Language (Discogs)](http://www.discogs.com/Element-One-South-Haven-International-Language/master/328513)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [The Sister Hamlets of Brookhaven and South Haven \\- Views and History](http://BrookhavenSouthHaven.org)\n* [Carmans River](https://web.archive.org/web/20071025145101/http://www.carman.net/carman_river.htm)\n\n[Category:Brookhaven, New York](/wiki/Category:Brookhaven%2C_New_York \"Brookhaven, New York\")\n[Category:Hamlets in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Hamlets_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Hamlets in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Hamlets in Suffolk County, New York](/wiki/Category:Hamlets_in_Suffolk_County%2C_New_York \"Hamlets in Suffolk County, New York\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Briningham
|
{
"id": [
11308236
],
"name": [
"John of Reading"
]
}
|
f8uh46o8ktrr7pn6yjki2hlvwlw17wi
|
2024-06-26T10:18:57Z
| 1,217,057,713 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Geography",
"Buildings",
"St. Maurice's Church",
"Transport",
"Notable people",
"War memorial",
"Gallery",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Briningham** is a village and a [civil parish](/wiki/Civil_parish \"Civil parish\") in the [English](/wiki/England \"England\") [county](/wiki/County \"County\") of [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk \"Norfolk\").*OS Explorer Map 24 \\- Norfolk Coast Central*. The village is 9\\.9 miles east north east of the town of [Fakenham](/wiki/Fakenham \"Fakenham\"), 13\\.3 miles west south west of [Cromer](/wiki/Cromer \"Cromer\"), 22\\.3 miles north north west of the city of [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich \"Norwich\"), and 124 miles north north east of [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). \n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nBriningham's name is of [Anglo\\-Saxon](/wiki/Anglo-Saxon \"Anglo-Saxon\") origin and derives from the [Old English](/wiki/Old_English \"Old English\") for the village of Bryni's people. University of Nottingham. (2022\\). Retrieved November 10, 2022\\. <http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Norfolk/Briningham> \n\nIn the [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book \"Domesday Book\"), Briningham is listed as consisting of 35 households and belonging to [Alan of Brittany](/wiki/Alan_Rufus \"Alan Rufus\") and [Bishop William of Thetford](/wiki/William_de_Beaufeu \"William de Beaufeu\"). Domesday Book. (1086\\). Retrieved November 10, 2022\\. <https://opendomesday.org/place/TG0334/briningham/> \n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nThe civil parish had in [2001 census](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001 \"United Kingdom Census 2001\") a population of 122, increasing to 130 at the 2011 census. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the [district](/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district \"Non-metropolitan district\") of [North Norfolk](/wiki/North_Norfolk \"North Norfolk\").\n\n",
"Buildings\n---------\n\nThe main and oldest buildings are Belle Vue tower, originally thought to have been a mill but now a private house; Rose Cottage, the Grade 2 listed Mission Hall row of houses; the old Methodist chapel, and the Mill Lane houses.\n\nThe Old White Horse (parts of which are up to 400 years old, beams and construction running from the rear lounge through to the front dining room are believed to have been a one\\-room cottage dating back to the 1600s) formally the White Hart was a licensed public house from 1789 until 1961 when it closed it became a family house in 1967\n\n",
"St. Maurice's Church\n--------------------\n\nBriningham's parish church is dedicated to the Roman\\-Egyptian martyr, [Saint Maurice](/wiki/Saint_Maurice \"Saint Maurice\"). Briningham's church is unusual for Norfolk due to the fact its tower is on the south side of the church. Knott, S. (2022\\). Retrieved November 10, 2022\\. <http://www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/briningham/briningham.htm> \n\n",
"Transport\n---------\n\nThe nearest railway station is at [Sheringham](/wiki/Sheringham_railway_station \"Sheringham railway station\") for the [Bittern Line](/wiki/Bittern_Line \"Bittern Line\") which runs between [Sheringham](/wiki/Sheringham \"Sheringham\"), Cromer and Norwich. There is an abandoned railway line which is considered as a footpath, it runs parallel with an old track \"the lane\" that leads up to \"belle vue tower\". \n\nThe nearest airport is [Norwich International Airport](/wiki/Norwich_International_Airport \"Norwich International Airport\").\n\n",
"Notable people\n--------------\n\n* [Peter Whitbread](/wiki/Peter_Whitbread \"Peter Whitbread\") – English actor and screenwriter\n",
"War memorial\n------------\n\nBriningham War Memorial takes the form of a brass plaque inside St. Maurice's Church. It bears the following names for the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"):\n* Captain C. S. Malcolm Brereton (1905–1942\\), 5th Battalion, [Royal Norfolk Regiment](/wiki/Royal_Norfolk_Regiment \"Royal Norfolk Regiment\")\n* Pilot\\-Officer Alfred J. Majury (1919–1942\\), [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\")\n* Petty\\-Officer Wilfred W. Barrett (1906–1941\\), *[HMS Prince of Wales](/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_%2853%29 \"HMS Prince of Wales (53)\")*\n* Company\\-Sergeant\\-Major Noel E. Twiddy (1915–1944\\), 6th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment\n* Guardsman Donald M. Majury (1922–1944\\), 4th Battalion, [Coldstream Guards](/wiki/Coldstream_Guards \"Coldstream Guards\")\n\n",
"Gallery\n-------\n\nFile:Briningham \\- geograph.org.uk \\- 121403\\.jpg\\|\"The Street\"\nFile:Briningham Plantation \\- geograph.org.uk \\- 989084\\.jpg\\|Briningham Plantation Viewed across harvested cereal field beside the B1354\nFile:The Street, Briningham \\- geograph.org.uk \\- 914437\\.jpg\\|\"The Street\"\nFile:Briningham Bus Stop \\- geograph.org.uk \\- 914424\\.jpg\\|The bus now calls at the houses of people who have phoned the day before requesting to be collected\nFile:St Maurice, Briningham, Norfolk \\- geograph.org.uk \\- 317430\\.jpg\\|St Maurice Church\nFile:Houses on The Street in Briningham \\- geograph.org.uk \\- 550795\\.jpg\\|Houses on The Street\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Villages in Norfolk](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Norfolk \"Villages in Norfolk\")\n[Category:Civil parishes in Norfolk](/wiki/Category:Civil_parishes_in_Norfolk \"Civil parishes in Norfolk\")\n[Category:North Norfolk](/wiki/Category:North_Norfolk \"North Norfolk\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Kekionga Ball Grounds
|
{
"id": [
11112747
],
"name": [
"Beyond My Ken"
]
}
|
ccnir7yi5po5vogirb4aig4s17171rv
|
2023-06-21T23:52:15Z
| 1,160,196,881 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"League Park",
"Hamilton Field",
"Swinney Park",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\\_\\_NOTOC\\_\\_\n\nThe **Kekionga Ball Grounds** was a baseball field in [Fort Wayne, Indiana](/wiki/Fort_Wayne%2C_Indiana \"Fort Wayne, Indiana\"). Built in 1870, it was located on the site of the former Camp Allen, a Union Army base during the civil war, north of what is now Camp Allen Park, and named for [Kekionga](/wiki/Kekionga \"Kekionga\"), the former capital of the Miami tribe which was located at the site of modern Fort Wayne. The precise size and orientation of the Kekionga Ball Grounds is lost, but it was in area on the left bank of the [St. Marys River](/wiki/St._Marys_River_%28Indiana_and_Ohio%29 \"St. Marys River (Indiana and Ohio)\") now bounded by Mechanics Street, Elm Street, Cherry Street, Camp Allen Drive, and Fair Street.\n\nThe first [National Association](/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players \"National Association of Professional Base Ball Players\") game was played at the Kekionga Ball Grounds on May 4, 1871\\. This was the first professional baseball league game, the first professional league game in any sport in America, and possibly the first game of [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") (if one credits the National Association as a major league, which [some people do and some don't](/wiki/National_Association_as_a_major_league \"National Association as a major league\")). The [Fort Wayne Kekiongas](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Kekiongas \"Fort Wayne Kekiongas\") defeated [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland_Forest_Citys \"Cleveland Forest Citys\") by a score of 2–0\\. [Bobby Mathews](/wiki/Bobby_Mathews \"Bobby Mathews\") pitched the shutout for the Kekiongas; the umpire was [John Boake](/wiki/John_Boake \"John Boake\").\n\nA monument to this first game was placed in 2017\\.\n\nAt the time of the 1871 game, a covered grandstand called the \"Grand Dutchess\" provided spectator accommodations. The Grand Dutchess was open only to women and men accompanying them. (Some sources give \"Grand Duchess\" as the name of the ballfield itself, but contemporary records contradict this.) The Grand Duchess burned to the ground on November 5, 1871\\.\n\nThe Kekiongas folded before the end of the 1871 season, so the Kekionga Ball Grounds only hosted eight other major league games.\n\n",
"League Park\n-----------\n\nA monument at Headwaters Park on the right bank of the [St. Marys River](/wiki/St._Marys_River_%28Indiana_and_Ohio%29 \"St. Marys River (Indiana and Ohio)\") (), says that the first major league game was played there, at League Park ballfield.\n\nHowever, the Kekiongas never played at League Park, and the historic marker is incorrect. But two major league games were played there, in 1902\\.\n\nThe [Cleveland Bronchos](/wiki/Cleveland_Bronchos \"Cleveland Bronchos\") played two Sunday home games there, because Sunday baseball was outlawed in Cleveland (it was in Fort Wayne also, but the ordinance was not enforced). [Addie Joss](/wiki/Addie_Joss \"Addie Joss\") pitched the Bronchos to a 6–4 victory on Sunday, June 22, 1902, and [Cy Young](/wiki/Cy_Young \"Cy Young\") and the [Boston Americans](/wiki/Boston_Americans \"Boston Americans\") beat the Bronchos 3–1 on Sunday, August 31, 1902\\. These were the last major league games played in Fort Wayne.\n\n",
"Hamilton Field\n--------------\n\n[Allen Hamilton](/wiki/Allen_Hamilton \"Allen Hamilton\") and his heirs owned fields in downtown Fort Wayne, on which at various times amateur baseball games and practices were conducted, beginning in 1862\\. The precise location of the ballfield on Hamilton's fields is lost, but it was in an area now bounded by Calhoun, Wallace, Barr, and Williams Streets, south of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago Railroad tracks.\n\nTeams that played on Hamilton's property included the Kekiongas, in their amateur days. Due to various confusions and flaws in the historical records, some sources give \"Hamilton Field\" – located north of the train tracks, at the corner of Lewis and Calhoun streets – as the location of the first major league game. But it wasn't, nor was there likely ever any place called \"Hamilton Field\" as a proper noun.\n\n",
"Swinney Park\n------------\n\nOne other major league baseball game was played in Fort Wayne: on October 24, 1882, [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") defeated [Providence](/wiki/Providence_Grays \"Providence Grays\") 19–7 in the deciding game of the [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28baseball%29 \"National League (baseball)\") postseason series. This game was played at Swinney Park, which was probably located about where the Swinney Tennis Center is now ().\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [History of sports in Fort Wayne, Indiana](/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Fort_Wayne%2C_Indiana \"History of sports in Fort Wayne, Indiana\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Defunct sports venues in Indiana](/wiki/Category:Defunct_sports_venues_in_Indiana \"Defunct sports venues in Indiana\")\n[Category:Defunct baseball venues in the United States](/wiki/Category:Defunct_baseball_venues_in_the_United_States \"Defunct baseball venues in the United States\")\n[Category:Sports in Fort Wayne, Indiana](/wiki/Category:Sports_in_Fort_Wayne%2C_Indiana \"Sports in Fort Wayne, Indiana\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Manuel Kantakouzenos (usurper)
|
{
"id": [
40227636
],
"name": [
"Himariot234"
]
}
|
rlwfgasneyv2hqzjfmie27h5g1u9o2j
|
2024-07-27T17:52:09Z
| 1,211,086,440 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"Sources"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Manuel Kantakouzenos** () was a Greek rebel leader who started a [revolt](/wiki/Morea_revolt_of_1453%E2%80%931454 \"Morea revolt of 1453–1454\") against the [Palaiologos](/wiki/Palaiologos \"Palaiologos\") family in the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") [Despotate of the Morea](/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea \"Despotate of the Morea\").\n\nHe was the grandson of [Demetrios I Kantakouzenos](/wiki/Demetrios_I_Kantakouzenos \"Demetrios I Kantakouzenos\"), the last [Kantakouzenos](/wiki/Kantakouzenos \"Kantakouzenos\") governor of the Morea.Miller, pp. 426\\-427 Shortly after the [fall of Constantinople](/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople \"Fall of Constantinople\") and the death of the last Byzantine Emperor, [Constantine XI](/wiki/Constantine_XI \"Constantine XI\"), Manuel with the local Greek population joined 30,000 Albanians in a revolt against the two brothers, [Thomas](/wiki/Thomas_Palaiologos \"Thomas Palaiologos\") and [Demetrios](/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos \"Demetrios Palaiologos\"), rulers of the Byzantine Morea.\n\nIt was public knowledge that the two brothers hated one another, and using this situation to his advantage, Manuel headed this revolt in 1453\\. He was soon proclaimed by the Albanians as a [Despot](/wiki/Despot_%28court_title%29 \"Despot (court title)\") and in order to please them, he took the Albanian name \"[Ghin](/wiki/Gjin \"Gjin\")\" and also called his wife \"Cuchia\".\n\nHis situation was favorable in the beginning, but that quickly changed. The Palaiologos brothers soon realized that they needed outside help to succeed and appealed to the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") and [Venice](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice \"Republic of Venice\") to receive it. The Ottoman overlord of the Morea decided that the province would stay in the hands of Thomas and Demetrios and assisted the two brothers. With minimal Ottoman support, the brothers joined together and crushed the revolt the following year, in 1454\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n[Category:People from the Despotate of the Morea](/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Despotate_of_the_Morea \"People from the Despotate of the Morea\")\n[Category:15th\\-century Byzantine people](/wiki/Category:15th-century_Byzantine_people \"15th-century Byzantine people\")\n[Category:15th\\-century Greek people](/wiki/Category:15th-century_Greek_people \"15th-century Greek people\")\n[Category:Byzantine rebels](/wiki/Category:Byzantine_rebels \"Byzantine rebels\")\n[Manuel](/wiki/Category:Kantakouzenos_family \"Kantakouzenos family\")\n[Category:15th\\-century rebels](/wiki/Category:15th-century_rebels \"15th-century rebels\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Los Angeles Motordrome
|
{
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
}
|
sw42zodtysuv749u29xyuzn920w0dam
|
2024-08-15T07:16:08Z
| 1,213,118,599 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Construction",
"Racing history",
"Aviation",
"Demise and legacy",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Los Angeles Motordrome** was a circular [wood board](/wiki/Board_track_racing \"Board track racing\") [race track](/wiki/Motorsport \"Motorsport\"). It was located in [Playa del Rey, California](/wiki/Playa_del_Rey%2C_California \"Playa del Rey, California\"), and opened in 1910\\. In addition to automobile racing, it was used for motorcycle competition and aviation activities.\n\nThe Motordrome was a scaled\\-up version of a bicycling [velodrome](/wiki/Velodrome \"Velodrome\"), and was built by Jack Prince, a pre\\-eminent constructor of velodromes at the time. It was the first of numerous board tracks built for auto racing in the 1910s and 1920s. As an early example of a race track purpose\\-built for competition, it marked the first use of then\\-innovative safety features that later became common to most tracks. The Motordrome was highly successful, attracting many competitors and large crowds of paying spectators, but it lasted just three years. A fire destroyed the track in January 1913\\.\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Velodrome and board track builder Jack Prince. Photo is from 1916\\.](/wiki/File:Jack_Prince.jpg \"Jack Prince.jpg\")\nThe Motordrome was the brainchild of [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungarian_people \"Hungarian people\")\\-born mechanical engineer Frederick Moskovics, who at the time was an employee of [Remy Electric](/wiki/Remy_Electric \"Remy Electric\"), and who later became an early member of the [Society of Automotive Engineers](/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers \"Society of Automotive Engineers\") and eventually, president of the [Stutz Motor Company](/wiki/Stutz_Motor_Company \"Stutz Motor Company\"). Moskovics had previously worked for [Maybach](/wiki/Maybach \"Maybach\") and [Daimler\\-Motoren\\-Gesellschaft](/wiki/Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft \"Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft\"), and through these connections had become involved in racing as the manager of Daimler's racing team in 1904\\.\n\nYears before, as a student, Moskovics had pursued an interest in bicycle racing, and had made the acquaintance of champion bicycle racer Jack Prince. Prince, an Englishman, had emigrated to the United States after the end of his racing career and developed a thriving business building velodromes. By 1909, Prince had built the Los Angeles Coliseum Motordrome, a velodrome\\-like motorcycle racing facility that was just over in circumference.\n\nAround the time that Moskovics' career brought him to Los Angeles, in 1909, [Carl Fisher](/wiki/Carl_Fisher \"Carl Fisher\") was developing the [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway \"Indianapolis Motor Speedway\"), and automobile racing was gaining momentum as a business. To bring racing to Los Angeles, Moskovics partnered with his old friend Prince; a group of local businessmen including oil man and racing enthusiast [Frank A. Garbutt](/wiki/Frank_A._Garbutt \"Frank A. Garbutt\"); and the [Pacific Electric Railway](/wiki/Pacific_Electric_Railway \"Pacific Electric Railway\") Company, which supplied spectators by building a line to the new track. Public announcements were made and contracts were let in January 1910, and race dates for officially\\-sanctioned contests were obtained from the [Automobile Association of America's Contest Board](/wiki/AAA_Contest_Board \"AAA Contest Board\").\n\n",
"Construction\n------------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|The Motordrome incorporated many features that were new ideas at the time, and eventually became common to many race tracks.](/wiki/File:An_artist%27s_conception_of_the_Los_Angeles_Motordrome.jpg \"An artist's conception of the Los Angeles Motordrome.jpg\")\nConstruction began on January 31, 1910 and was scheduled for just 25 days to complete the racing surface and another 30 to build the grandstands and the rest of the facilities. The cost was $75,000 (about $1\\.7 million in 2012 dollars), and an additional $10,000 was invested in [arc lighting](/wiki/Arc_lamp \"Arc lamp\") equipment for night racing. [Pine](/wiki/Pine \"Pine\") was used for the track surface, as that species was thought to be the most resistant to sun exposure, and the track was treated with a coating made from crushed [sea shells](/wiki/Sea_shells \"Sea shells\") to improve traction. Two shiploads of lumber were used, comprising 300 miles of x boards. The track was wide, including a apron of crushed rock, and [banked](/wiki/Banked_turn \"Banked turn\") at a 1:3 ratio, making the outer rim off the ground.\n\nAround the inner circumference, there was a buffer between the racing surface and the spectator fence, including a sand trap. At Garbutt's suggestion, a sturdy [guard rail](/wiki/Guard_rail \"Guard rail\") was erected around the outer rim. Another guard rail was erected around the inner edge of the track, at a height calculated by Moskovics to coincide with the wheel hubs of racing cars, and a second rail was erected just above the first to arrest the tendency of cars to overturn.\n\nWhile the racing facilities were being built, Pacific Electric Railway constructed a special track spur to deliver spectators via [Red Car](/wiki/Red_Car \"Red Car\") trolley. The [Motordrome stop](/wiki/Motordrome%2C_California \"Motordrome, California\") of [Redondo Beach via Playa del Rey Line](/wiki/Redondo_Beach_via_Playa_del_Rey_Line \"Redondo Beach via Playa del Rey Line\") persisted on [USGS](/wiki/USGS \"USGS\") survey maps into the 1930s.\n\nDue to the raised outer rim of the circular raceway, viewing was completely closed off from outside the grounds. Seating was provided for 40,000 spectators, including a covered grandstand built to hold 12,000\\. Access to the infield and pits was provided by three cement\\-lined tunnels.\n\n",
"Racing history\n--------------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|A head\\-to\\-head grudge match between [Barney Oldfield](/wiki/Barney_Oldfield \"Barney Oldfield\") and [Ralph DePalma](/wiki/Ralph_DePalma \"Ralph DePalma\") was an opening day attraction.](/wiki/File:Motordrome_advertisement_la_herald.jpg \"Motordrome advertisement la herald.jpg\")\nWhile Prince was overseeing construction, Moskovics traveled east to promote the venture and secure commitments from notable competitors. The opening event at the Motordrome was a nine\\-day series of races and exhibitions that ran from April 8, 1910 to April 17\\. Notable racers [Barney Oldfield](/wiki/Barney_Oldfield \"Barney Oldfield\"), [Ralph DePalma](/wiki/Ralph_DePalma \"Ralph DePalma\"), [Lewis Strang](/wiki/Lewis_Strang \"Lewis Strang\"), [Ray Harroun](/wiki/Ray_Harroun \"Ray Harroun\"), [Joe Nikrent](/wiki/Joe_Nikrent \"Joe Nikrent\"), and [Caleb Bragg](/wiki/Caleb_Bragg \"Caleb Bragg\") were all in attendance.\n\nThe Motordrome's promoters had promised that world records would fall at the new race track, and efforts were made to deliver as quickly as possible. Prince had predicted 35\\-second lap times prior to construction, and laps of just over 36 seconds were produced in a preliminary contest between Oldfield and DePalma, prior to opening day, breaking a one\\-mile record of 37\\.7 seconds previously set by Strang. By the time the inaugural race meet concluded, additional records were set for (DePalma, 3:15\\.62\\) and (George Robertson, 6:31\\) runs.\n\nBecause only a limited number of AAA\\-sanctioned auto racing events were available, motorcycle races were also held to keep the Motordrome fully utilized. The first major motorcycling event was held on May 8, 1910, with notable early motorcycle racer [Jake DeRosier](/wiki/Jake_DeRosier \"Jake DeRosier\") establishing new records for , , and one\\-hour runs.\n\nIn 1911, the Motordrome hosted its first 24\\-hour endurance race, won by Valentine Hust and Frank Verbeck in a [Fiat](/wiki/Fiat \"Fiat\"), completing at an average speed of . In May of that same year, \"Texas Cyclone\" [Eddie Hasha](/wiki/Eddie_Hasha \"Eddie Hasha\") set a new motorcycle record at the Motordrome, reaching . That record fell in December 1912 to Lee Humiston, who broke while riding an [Excelsior](/wiki/Excelsior_Motor_Company \"Excelsior Motor Company\"), a speed never reached or bested by any of the automobiles.\n\n",
"Aviation\n--------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Aviation exhibitions were also a spectator attraction.](/wiki/File:Advertisement_for_aviation_meet_at_the_Los_Angeles_Motordrome.jpg \"Advertisement for aviation meet at the Los Angeles Motordrome.jpg\")\nPlans to include aviation uses were made early\\-on, with Moskovics inviting the [Aero Club of America](/wiki/Aero_Club_of_America \"Aero Club of America\") and aircraft manufacturers, including the [Wright Brothers](/wiki/Wright_Brothers \"Wright Brothers\") and [Glenn Curtiss](/wiki/Glenn_Curtiss \"Glenn Curtiss\"), to make use of the Motordrome's facility for experimentation and exhibition. The Aero Club constructed a hangar large enough for 16 machines at the track, and on some occasions automobiles were used to tow un\\-powered aircraft. Later in 1910, Curtiss moved to California from New York and set up a shop and a flight school at the Motordrome, and used the facility for [sea plane](/wiki/Sea_plane \"Sea plane\") experiments for a time before moving that work to [San Diego](/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_North_Island \"Naval Air Station North Island\").\n\n",
"Demise and legacy\n-----------------\n\nOn August 11, 1913, a fire blamed on vagrants burned part of the Motordrome's race track. Though the facility was not fully destroyed, the owners elected not to rebuild it, in part because the trolley line had out\\-lived its useful life. Nevertheless, the track had made its mark and there was widespread interest in building others like it. By 1929, at least 24 board tracks had been constructed around the country.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Beverly Hills Speedway](/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Speedway \"Beverly Hills Speedway\")\n* [Brooklands](/wiki/Brooklands \"Brooklands\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Motorsport venues in California](/wiki/Category:Motorsport_venues_in_California \"Motorsport venues in California\")\n[Category:Defunct motorsport venues in the United States](/wiki/Category:Defunct_motorsport_venues_in_the_United_States \"Defunct motorsport venues in the United States\")\n[Category:Defunct airports in California](/wiki/Category:Defunct_airports_in_California \"Defunct airports in California\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Greater Vision
|
{
"id": [
41195652
],
"name": [
"Qwerfjkl"
]
}
|
mrxe1kpf88rh60l18u72qgq5idb0rl1
|
2024-08-26T15:26:13Z
| 1,237,086,051 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Group history",
"Personnel changes",
"Current lineup",
"Second-Half quartet",
"Members (past and present)",
"Line-ups",
"Second-Half quartet members",
"Line-ups",
"Cathedrals Family Reunion members",
"Line-ups",
"Discography",
"Studio and Live Albums",
"Compilation albums",
"Awards",
"Number One Songs",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
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2,
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"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + - * \n\n**Greater Vision** is an American [Southern gospel](/wiki/Southern_gospel \"Southern gospel\") music [trio](/wiki/Trio_%28music%29 \"Trio (music)\") founded in 1990\\. It is one of Southern gospel's most popular trios and has been noted for their prolonged commercial and musical success spanning over three decades. As of 2017, the group is made up of Gerald Wolfe, Rodney Griffin, Chris Allman and Jon Epley. Over the last several years, this trio has consistently been named Southern gospel's top male trio, winning the Singing News Awards and have placed numerous top songs on the Southern Gospel Charts and Radio.\n\n",
"Group history\n-------------\n\nThe group formed in December 1990 when Mark Trammell left the [Cathedral Quartet](/wiki/Cathedral_Quartet \"Cathedral Quartet\") and teamed with Cathedrals alum Gerald Wolfe. They recruited tenor Chris Allman. The group quickly became a success. Their first project, *On A Journey* (1990\\), propelled them into seemingly overnight popularity. The group followed up with the albums *You Can Have A Song* (1992\\), *20 Inspirational Favorites* (1993\\) and *Serving A Risen Savior* (1994\\), were all released on the *Riversong/Benson Music Group* label and was well received among fans and industry. By 1997, the group had left the Riversong label and joined Daywind records, releasing new albums, including *When I See The Cross*.\n\n",
"Personnel changes\n-----------------\n\nIn 1993, Mark Trammell departed for [Gold City](/wiki/Gold_City \"Gold City\") and was replaced by [Dixie Melody Boys](/wiki/Dixie_Melody_Boys \"Dixie Melody Boys\") baritone singer and bass guitarist Rodney Griffin. Allman left in late 1995 to attend [seminary](/wiki/Seminary \"Seminary\") studies and was replaced by Jason Waldroup. This lineup of Wolfe, Griffin, and Waldroup stayed intact for 13 years and was both immensely popular and successful. Waldroup's smooth tenor and Griffin's strong baritone and songwriting ability launched the group into the forefront of the gospel music scene. In 2008, Waldroup decided to leave to pursue a seminary education. In May, Jacob Kitson was announced as the new tenor. Kitson’s stay was short\\-lived. In 2010, Chris Allman returned after an almost fifteen\\-year absence, thus coming back full circle to the almost original blend and sound. In 2017, Jon Epley joined the group to sing baritone.\n\n",
"Current lineup\n--------------\n\nIn 2017, the group added Kentucky native Jon Epley to the group to sing baritone. Wolfe became emcee and piano player while Griffin moved into the lead slot and continued on the bass guitar, and Allman remained at tenor.\n\n",
"Second\\-Half quartet\n--------------------\n\nIn 2014, Greater Vision and the [Mark Trammell Quartet](/wiki/Mark_Trammell_Quartet \"Mark Trammell Quartet\") appeared the same night at an event in Marion, Illinois. By combining the two groups during the second half of the concert, the moniker \"Second Half Quartet\" was formed. In 2015, Gerald Wolfe, Mark Trammell, Pat Barker, Rodney Griffin and Chris Allman took home a variety of awards at Gospel Music's premier award show, the Singing News Fan Awards. Mark Trammell was voted Favorite Baritone of the Year by fans, becoming the first Gospel singer to win such an award in four separate decades; Pat Barker took home the Favorite New Soloist award; Greater Vision's song, “For All He’s Done,” was voted Song of the Year and once again, Rodney Griffin was the recipient of the Favorite Songwriter Award.\n\n",
"",
"",
"Second\\-Half quartet members\n----------------------------\n\n### Line\\-ups\n\n| 2014–2018 (under the name \"Second\\-Half Quartet\") |\n| --- |\n| Chris Allman – tenor Rodney Griffin – lead Mark Trammell – baritone, bass guitar, group owner Pat Barker – bass Gerald Wolfe – piano, group owner |\n\n",
"### Line\\-ups\n\n| 2014–2018 (under the name \"Second\\-Half Quartet\") |\n| --- |\n| Chris Allman – tenor Rodney Griffin – lead Mark Trammell – baritone, bass guitar, group owner Pat Barker – bass Gerald Wolfe – piano, group owner |\n\n",
"Cathedrals Family Reunion members\n---------------------------------\n\n### Line\\-ups\n\n| 2009 | 2012 | 2013–2014 (under the name \"Cathedrals Family Reunion\") |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Danny Funderburk – tenor Scott Fowler – lead Mark Trammell – baritone, bass guitar Glenn Dustin – bass [Tim Parton](/wiki/Tim_Parton \"Tim Parton\") – piano Gerald Wolfe – piano, vocals | [Ernie Haase](/wiki/Ernie_Haase \"Ernie Haase\") – tenor Scott Fowler – lead Mark Trammell – baritone, bass guitar Glenn Dustin – bass Gerald Wolfe – piano, vocals | Danny Funderburk – tenor [Ernie Haase](/wiki/Ernie_Haase \"Ernie Haase\") – tenor Scott Fowler – lead Mark Trammell – baritone Pat Barker – bass Matt Fouch – bass Paul Harkley – bass Trey Ivey – piano [Wesley Pritchard](/wiki/Wesley_Pritchard \"Wesley Pritchard\") – bass guitar Gerald Wolfe – piano, vocals |\n\n",
"### Line\\-ups\n\n| 2009 | 2012 | 2013–2014 (under the name \"Cathedrals Family Reunion\") |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Danny Funderburk – tenor Scott Fowler – lead Mark Trammell – baritone, bass guitar Glenn Dustin – bass [Tim Parton](/wiki/Tim_Parton \"Tim Parton\") – piano Gerald Wolfe – piano, vocals | [Ernie Haase](/wiki/Ernie_Haase \"Ernie Haase\") – tenor Scott Fowler – lead Mark Trammell – baritone, bass guitar Glenn Dustin – bass Gerald Wolfe – piano, vocals | Danny Funderburk – tenor [Ernie Haase](/wiki/Ernie_Haase \"Ernie Haase\") – tenor Scott Fowler – lead Mark Trammell – baritone Pat Barker – bass Matt Fouch – bass Paul Harkley – bass Trey Ivey – piano [Wesley Pritchard](/wiki/Wesley_Pritchard \"Wesley Pritchard\") – bass guitar Gerald Wolfe – piano, vocals |\n\n",
"Discography\n-----------\n\n### Studio and Live Albums\n\nSources:[https://daywind.com/home/SearchForm?q\\=greater\\+vision\\&f%5BSearchCategory%5D\\=\\&f%5BCategory%5D\\=\\&action\\_results\\=Go\\&sort\\=Product\\_ReleaseDate%20desc](https://daywind.com/home/SearchForm?q=greater+vision&f%5BSearchCategory%5D=&f%5BCategory%5D=&action_results=Go&sort=Product_ReleaseDate%20desc) \n\n* 1991 You Can Have A Song\n* 1991 On a Journey\n* 1992 It's Just Like Heaven (also released in the Encore Series in 2005\\)(i)\n* 1993 The King Came Down\n* 1993 20 Inspirational Favorites\n* 1994 Serving a Risen Savior\n* 1994 Where He Leads Me\n* 1995 Take Him at His Word\n* 1996 The Shepherds Found a Lamb\n* 1996 Sing It Again!\n* 1997 When I See the Cross\n* 1999 Far Beyond This Place\n* 1999 A Greater Vision Christmas\n* 2000 Perfect Candidate\n* 2002 Live at First Baptist Church in Atlanta\n* 2003 Quartets\n* 2003 Live At The Palace (with Legacy Five)\n* 2004 Faces\n* 2006 My Favorite Place\n* 2005 Fifteen\n* 2006 Hymns of the Ages\n* 2007 Everyday People\n* 2008 Not Alone\n* 2009 Live at Oak Tree\n* 2010 20 Years: Live In Texas\n* 2010 Welcome Back\n* 2011 The Only Way\n* 2012 Hymns of the Ages (Re\\-Issued)\n* 2012 Our Most Requested... LIVE!\n* 2013 For All He's Done\n* 2015 As We Speak\n* 2015 Jubilee Christmas Again\n* 2017 Still\n* 2018 Life Is A Song\n* 2019 You’ve Arrived\n* 2021 The Journey\n* 2022 Think About There\n* 2023 Christmas In London \\- with The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra\n\n### Compilation albums\n\nSources:\n\n* 1996 The Church Hymnal Series Volume One\n* 1996 Sing It Again\n* 1999 The Church Hymnal Series Volume Two\n* 2000 Through The Years With Greater Vision: Our Southern Gospel Hits\n* 2001 The Church Hymnal Series Volume Three\n* 2004 Songs From the Stories\n* 2005 Now \\& Then\n* 2005 The Church Hymnal Series Volume Four\n* 2008 Favorites From The Church Hymnal Series\n* 2008 Featuring Jason Waldroup\\-13 Great Years, 13 Unforgettable Songs\n* 2008 Memories Made New\n* 2009 Jubilee (with The Booth Brothers and Legacy Five)\n* 2009 Nothin' But Fast\n* 2010 Jubilee 2\n* 2010 Everything Christmas\n* 2011 Sing It Again (Re\\-Issued)\n* 2011 The Ones that Got Away (Songs from the Pen of Rodney Griffin)\n* 2012 Jubilee 3\n* 2012 Jubilee Christmas\n* 2013 Jubilee Christmas A' CAPPELLA\n* 2014 Where He Leads Me (Re\\-Issued)\n* 2014 Because You Asked\n* 2016 Greater Vision 25 Silver Edition\n* 2019 Our Very Best\n",
"### Studio and Live Albums\n\nSources:[https://daywind.com/home/SearchForm?q\\=greater\\+vision\\&f%5BSearchCategory%5D\\=\\&f%5BCategory%5D\\=\\&action\\_results\\=Go\\&sort\\=Product\\_ReleaseDate%20desc](https://daywind.com/home/SearchForm?q=greater+vision&f%5BSearchCategory%5D=&f%5BCategory%5D=&action_results=Go&sort=Product_ReleaseDate%20desc) \n\n* 1991 You Can Have A Song\n* 1991 On a Journey\n* 1992 It's Just Like Heaven (also released in the Encore Series in 2005\\)(i)\n* 1993 The King Came Down\n* 1993 20 Inspirational Favorites\n* 1994 Serving a Risen Savior\n* 1994 Where He Leads Me\n* 1995 Take Him at His Word\n* 1996 The Shepherds Found a Lamb\n* 1996 Sing It Again!\n* 1997 When I See the Cross\n* 1999 Far Beyond This Place\n* 1999 A Greater Vision Christmas\n* 2000 Perfect Candidate\n* 2002 Live at First Baptist Church in Atlanta\n* 2003 Quartets\n* 2003 Live At The Palace (with Legacy Five)\n* 2004 Faces\n* 2006 My Favorite Place\n* 2005 Fifteen\n* 2006 Hymns of the Ages\n* 2007 Everyday People\n* 2008 Not Alone\n* 2009 Live at Oak Tree\n* 2010 20 Years: Live In Texas\n* 2010 Welcome Back\n* 2011 The Only Way\n* 2012 Hymns of the Ages (Re\\-Issued)\n* 2012 Our Most Requested... LIVE!\n* 2013 For All He's Done\n* 2015 As We Speak\n* 2015 Jubilee Christmas Again\n* 2017 Still\n* 2018 Life Is A Song\n* 2019 You’ve Arrived\n* 2021 The Journey\n* 2022 Think About There\n* 2023 Christmas In London \\- with The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra\n",
"### Compilation albums\n\nSources:\n\n* 1996 The Church Hymnal Series Volume One\n* 1996 Sing It Again\n* 1999 The Church Hymnal Series Volume Two\n* 2000 Through The Years With Greater Vision: Our Southern Gospel Hits\n* 2001 The Church Hymnal Series Volume Three\n* 2004 Songs From the Stories\n* 2005 Now \\& Then\n* 2005 The Church Hymnal Series Volume Four\n* 2008 Favorites From The Church Hymnal Series\n* 2008 Featuring Jason Waldroup\\-13 Great Years, 13 Unforgettable Songs\n* 2008 Memories Made New\n* 2009 Jubilee (with The Booth Brothers and Legacy Five)\n* 2009 Nothin' But Fast\n* 2010 Jubilee 2\n* 2010 Everything Christmas\n* 2011 Sing It Again (Re\\-Issued)\n* 2011 The Ones that Got Away (Songs from the Pen of Rodney Griffin)\n* 2012 Jubilee 3\n* 2012 Jubilee Christmas\n* 2013 Jubilee Christmas A' CAPPELLA\n* 2014 Where He Leads Me (Re\\-Issued)\n* 2014 Because You Asked\n* 2016 Greater Vision 25 Silver Edition\n* 2019 Our Very Best\n",
"Awards\n------\n\n**Group Awards** \n* ***1999*** Favorite Trio and Song of the Year: My Name Is Lazarus\n* ***2000*** Favorite Trio, Album of the Year: Far Beyond This Place, and Song of the Year: Just One More Soul\n* ***2001*** Favorite Trio and Favorite Video: Live From Morristown\n* ***2002*** Favorite Trio, Album of the Year: Live At First Baptist Atlanta, and Favorite Video: Live At First Baptist Atlanta\n* ***2003*** Favorite Trio and Album of the Year: Quartets\n* ***2004*** Favorite Trio, Song of the Year: Just Ask, and Favorite Video: Quartets Live\n* ***2005*** Favorite Trio and Song of the Year: Faces\n* ***2006*** Favorite Trio\n* ***2010*** Album of the Year: Jubilee (With Legacy Five and The Booth Brothers)\n* ***2012*** Song of the Year: I Know A Man Who Can\n* ***2014*** Song of the Year: Preacher Tell Me Like It Is\n* ***2015*** Song of the Year: For All He's Done\n* ***2019*** Favorite Trio\n* ***2020*** Favorite Trio\n* ***2022*** Favorite Trio and Favorite Song: Start With Well Done\n\n### Number One Songs\n\n* 1999 My Name is Lazarus\n* 1999 Just One More Soul\n* 2001 He’s Still Waiting By the Well\n* 2011 Never Been\n* 2012 I Know a Man Who Can\n* 2013 Looking for the Grace\n* 2014 Preacher Tell Me Like it Is\n* 2014 For All He’s Done\n* 2015 Put Out the Fire\n* 2017 Never Will I Ever Again\n* 2018 Still\n* 2018 God Doesn’t Care\n* 2019 Rolled Back Stone\n",
"### Number One Songs\n\n* 1999 My Name is Lazarus\n* 1999 Just One More Soul\n* 2001 He’s Still Waiting By the Well\n* 2011 Never Been\n* 2012 I Know a Man Who Can\n* 2013 Looking for the Grace\n* 2014 Preacher Tell Me Like it Is\n* 2014 For All He’s Done\n* 2015 Put Out the Fire\n* 2017 Never Will I Ever Again\n* 2018 Still\n* 2018 God Doesn’t Care\n* 2019 Rolled Back Stone\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Musical trios from Tennessee](/wiki/Category:Musical_trios_from_Tennessee \"Musical trios from Tennessee\")\n[Category:Musical groups established in 1990](/wiki/Category:Musical_groups_established_in_1990 \"Musical groups established in 1990\")\n[Category:Southern gospel performers](/wiki/Category:Southern_gospel_performers \"Southern gospel performers\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Fizzles
|
{
"id": [
36378140
],
"name": [
"Mistico Dois"
]
}
|
62gp36gr8t0lgink3mtu9mjbx9ieg69
|
2023-11-02T02:17:33Z
| 1,183,083,056 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"''Foirades/Fizzles''",
"In popular culture",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe ***Fizzles*** are eight short prose pieces written by [Samuel Beckett](/wiki/Samuel_Beckett \"Samuel Beckett\"):\n* Fizzle 1 \\[He is barehead]\n* Fizzle 2 \\[Horn came always]\n* Fizzle 3 *Afar a Bird*\n* Fizzle 4 \\[I gave up before birth]\n* Fizzle 5 \\[Closed place]\n* Fizzle 6 \\[Old earth]\n* Fizzle 7 *Still*\n* Fizzle 8 *For to end yet again*\n\nSome fizzles are unnamed and are identified by their numbers or first few words, which appear above in brackets.\n\nExcept for *Still*, which he wrote in English (1972\\), Beckett wrote the rest in French (1960\\) and translated them into English later. Hardback (1976\\) and paperback (1977\\) English versions were published by [Grove Press](/wiki/Grove_Press \"Grove Press\"). The fizzles are also included in Grove's collection *[The Complete Short Prose 1929–1989](/wiki/The_Complete_Short_Prose_1929-1989_%28Beckett%29 \"The Complete Short Prose 1929-1989 (Beckett)\")*. In 1976, a French version, *Pour finir encore et autres foirades*, was published by Editions de Minuit and another English version by Calder Publications. Because Beckett felt that the order of presentation was unimportant, each of the three publishers adopted a different one. However, the order chosen by Grove Press, in which they appear above, has become standard.\n\n",
"*Foirades/Fizzles*\n------------------\n\nIn 1972, [Vera Lindsay](/wiki/Vera_Lindsay \"Vera Lindsay\"), who was working as an editor at Petersburg Press, conceived of a collaboration of Beckett with [Jasper Johns](/wiki/Jasper_Johns \"Jasper Johns\"). In 1973, Johns met Beckett in Paris, where they agreed to work together on a version of *Fizzles*, with the understanding that Beckett would translate his French texts into English. Because Beckett gave Johns free rein to design the book, he decided to include only five fizzles, but in both languages. In order of appearance, Johns chose fizzles: 2, 5, 1, 6, and 4\\.\n\nIn Paris, Johns made etchings for the book, with the aid of [Aldo Crommelynck](/wiki/Aldo_Crommelynck \"Aldo Crommelynck\"). They used a variety of [intaglio](/wiki/Intaglio_%28printmaking%29 \"Intaglio (printmaking)\") techniques, to create 33 images. In addition, end papers, designed by Johns, were printed as four\\-color [lithographs](/wiki/Lithography \"Lithography\") by William Law at Petersburg Press. Johns took much of the imagery from his painting *Untitled 1972*, but he also created numerals that introduce the fizzles and a \"table of contents\", which incorporates stenciled letters from his repertoire. In 1976, Petersburg Press published the resulting [artist's book](/wiki/Artist%27s_book \"Artist's book\") under the title *Foirades/Fizzles*, in an edition of 250 copies, signed by both creators.\n\nIn 1977, shortly after it was published, the book was exhibited, from October 11 to November 20, at the [Whitney Museum of American Art](/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art \"Whitney Museum of American Art\"). Since then it has appeared in numerous shows, including the landmark [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\") exhibit: *A Century of Artists’ Books*, which ran from October 23, 1994 to January 24, 1995\\. The exhibit catalog includes an essay, *Artists’ Books in the Modern Era 1870–2000*, whose authors, Johnson and Stein, referring to *Foirades/Fizzles*, state:\n\n> This cerebral volume that provokes more questions than it answers is considered one of the greatest artist's books of the second half of the twentieth century.\n\n",
"In popular culture\n------------------\n\nThe fizzles have had a significant impact, not only on literature, but also on music and the visual and performing arts. They have been the subject of scholarly works, and academic theses. *Fizzles* has inspired theatrical performances. So has the artist's book, which has also inspired modern paintings.\n\nIn 1993, the English composer and musician [Barry Guy](/wiki/Barry_Guy \"Barry Guy\") released an interpretation titled \"Five Fizzles (For S.B.)\" on the eponymous CD *[Fizzles](/wiki/Fizzles_%28album%29 \"Fizzles (album)\")* (Maya Recordings), playing chamber bass and double bass. This release was followed by Guy's 2014 live EP *[Five Fizzles for Samuel Beckett](/wiki/Five_Fizzles_for_Samuel_Beckett \"Five Fizzles for Samuel Beckett\")* ([NoBusiness Records](/wiki/NoBusiness_Records \"NoBusiness Records\")).\n\nOn June 15, 2012, [Spitalfields Music](/wiki/Spitalfields_Music \"Spitalfields Music\") presented the world premier of *Old Earth*. Sets for this production were designed by Lucy Wilkinson, it was directed by [Jonathan Holmes](/wiki/Jonathan_Holmes_%28theatre_director%29 \"Jonathan Holmes (theatre director)\"), and Beckett's words were spoken by [Alan Howard](/wiki/Alan_Howard_%28actor%29 \"Alan Howard (actor)\"). The score was written by Alec Roth and performed by [The Sixteen](/wiki/The_Sixteen \"The Sixteen\") directed by [Harry Christophers](/wiki/Harry_Christophers \"Harry Christophers\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Short stories by Samuel Beckett](/wiki/Category:Short_stories_by_Samuel_Beckett \"Short stories by Samuel Beckett\")\n[Category:1977 short story collections](/wiki/Category:1977_short_story_collections \"1977 short story collections\")\n[Category:Books by Samuel Beckett](/wiki/Category:Books_by_Samuel_Beckett \"Books by Samuel Beckett\")\n[Category:Jasper Johns](/wiki/Category:Jasper_Johns \"Jasper Johns\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Chris Kolb
|
{
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
}
|
tg0z1x3wexffbtpsdxtkccjzo8jhzv4
|
2024-09-24T06:00:33Z
| 1,247,392,299 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Political career",
"After the House",
"Electoral history",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\n\n**Chris Kolb** (born 1958\\) is a politician from [Ann Arbor, Michigan](/wiki/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan \"Ann Arbor, Michigan\") and a former member of the [Michigan State House of Representatives](/wiki/Michigan_State_House_of_Representatives \"Michigan State House of Representatives\"). A [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\"), Kolb represented the [53rd district](/wiki/Michigan%27s_53rd_House_of_Representatives_district \"Michigan's 53rd House of Representatives district\"), based in Ann Arbor, from January 2001 to January 2007\\. He was first elected in November 2000, and [term limits](/wiki/Term_limits \"Term limits\") prevented him from seeking a fourth two\\-year term in 2006\\. Kolb was the first openly gay member of the [Michigan Legislature](/wiki/Michigan_Legislature \"Michigan Legislature\").\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nKolb graduated from Huron High School in 1976\\. He went on the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan \"University of Michigan\"), where he received a bachelor of science in natural resources before conducting graduate studies in political science at [Emory University](/wiki/Emory_University \"Emory University\") in [Atlanta, Georgia](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia \"Atlanta, Georgia\").\n\nHe worked in the environmental management field for 12 years, specializing in waste management and recycling.\n\n",
"Political career\n----------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Kolb with [Bunyan Bryant](/wiki/Bunyan_Bryant \"Bunyan Bryant\"), Dr. Mona Hannah\\-Attisha, and [Paul Mohai](/wiki/Paul_Mohai \"Paul Mohai\")](/wiki/File:Chris_Kolb%2C_Bunyan_Bryant%2C_Dr._Mona_Hannah-Attisha_and_Paul_Mohai.jpg \"Chris Kolb, Bunyan Bryant, Dr. Mona Hannah-Attisha and Paul Mohai.jpg\")\nPrior to his tenure in the House, Kolb served eight years on the Ann Arbor City Council and was Mayor Pro\\-tem from 1994 through 2000\\. Kolb ran for mayor of Ann Arbor as the [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") nominee in 1996 and 1998, accusing incumbent [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") mayor [Ingrid Sheldon](/wiki/Ingrid_Sheldon \"Ingrid Sheldon\") of not doing enough in the areas of environmental policy, affordable housing, and downtown vitality, but he lost both races by narrow margins.\n\nIn 2000, he ran for state representative in the 53rd district, seeking to succeed the term\\-limited Liz Brater. He ran unopposed in the Democratic primary and won the general election with 27,682 votes (71%) to his Republican opponent's 11,553 (29%). On his taking office, Kolb became the [first ever openly gay](/wiki/List_of_the_first_LGBT_holders_of_political_offices \"List of the first LGBT holders of political offices\") member of the Michigan Legislature. His election campaigns have frequently won the support of the [Gay \\& Lesbian Victory Fund](/wiki/Gay_%26_Lesbian_Victory_Fund \"Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund\").\n\nKolb also previously served as a Legislative Aide to State Representative [John P. Hansen](/wiki/John_P._Hansen \"John P. Hansen\").\n\nIn the Michigan House, Kolb supported [environmental](/wiki/Environmentalism \"Environmentalism\") legislation such as the Open Space Preservation Act, signed into law by [Governor](/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Michigan \"List of Governors of Michigan\") [Jennifer Granholm](/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm \"Jennifer Granholm\"). In 2002, Governor Jennifer Granholm appointed him to the Michigan Land Use Leadership Council, which would advise her on land use policy. He also supported low tuition at state universities and attempted to add sexual orientation to the list of characteristics covered under the state's Ethnic Intimidation Act.\n\n",
"After the House\n---------------\n\nOn leaving the House of Representatives, Kolb accepted a job with the Early Childhood Investment Corporation, a state agency charged with the education of children under the age of five. He served as Vice President for Public Affairs. He also served as executive director of [Unity Michigan](/wiki/Unity_Michigan \"Unity Michigan\"), a statewide coalition of LGBT advocacy groups. In December 2008, he became President of the [Michigan Environmental Council](/wiki/Michigan_Environmental_Council \"Michigan Environmental Council\"), a statewide coalition of 70 environmental, public health and faith\\-based nonprofit groups.\n\nTerm limits prevent him from seeking a return to the [State House](/wiki/Michigan_State_House_of_Representatives \"Michigan State House of Representatives\"); Michigan's term limits amendment imposes a lifetime maximum of three two\\-year terms as a state representative. In 2010, he declined to run for the [Michigan Senate](/wiki/Michigan_Senate \"Michigan Senate\") in the 18th District, a seat left open when Democratic [Sen. Liz Brater](/wiki/Elizabeth_Brater \"Elizabeth Brater\") was termed out.\n\n",
"Electoral history\n-----------------\n\n* **2004 election for State House**\n\t+ Chris Kolb (D), 80%\n\t+ Erik Sheagren (R), 20%\n* **2002 election for State House**\n\t+ Chris Kolb (D), 78%\n\t+ John Milroy (R), 22%\n* **2000 election for State House**\n\t+ Chris Kolb (D), 71%\n\t+ Robert Bykowski (R), 29%\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* [2004 campaign site](https://web.archive.org/web/20051004205323/http://www.kolb4staterep.com/)\n* [Gay marriage ban fails in state House](https://web.archive.org/web/20060814110828/http://www.lsj.com/news/capitol/040310gay_1a-5a.html) (*Lansing State Journal*, March 10, 2004\\): cites Kolb as \"the only openly gay lawmaker in the Legislature\".\n\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:American gay politicians](/wiki/Category:American_gay_politicians \"American gay politicians\")\n[Category:LGBTQ state legislators in Michigan](/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_state_legislators_in_Michigan \"LGBTQ state legislators in Michigan\")\n[Category:Politicians from Ann Arbor, Michigan](/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan \"Politicians from Ann Arbor, Michigan\")\n[Category:Members of the Michigan House of Representatives](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Michigan_House_of_Representatives \"Members of the Michigan House of Representatives\")\n[Category:University of Michigan alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Michigan_alumni \"University of Michigan alumni\")\n[Category:Emory University alumni](/wiki/Category:Emory_University_alumni \"Emory University alumni\")\n[Category:1958 births](/wiki/Category:1958_births \"1958 births\")\n[Category:Michigan Democrats](/wiki/Category:Michigan_Democrats \"Michigan Democrats\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American politicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_politicians \"20th-century American politicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_politicians \"21st-century American politicians\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American LGBTQ people](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_LGBTQ_people \"20th-century American LGBTQ people\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American LGBTQ people](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_LGBTQ_people \"21st-century American LGBTQ people\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Pakhtakor
|
{
"id": [
96340
],
"name": [
"Markussep"
]
}
|
dyfyxxbc8axdisywgch50de9ypr727j
|
2022-02-08T09:14:14Z
| 933,036,856 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Pakhtakor"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Pakhtakor** may refer to:\n\n* [FC Pakhtakor Tashkent](/wiki/FC_Pakhtakor_Tashkent \"FC Pakhtakor Tashkent\") \\- an Uzbek football club\n* [Paxtakor](/wiki/Paxtakor \"Paxtakor\") \\- a city in Uzbekistan\n\nSeveral places in Tajikistan:\n* [Pakhtakor, Sughd](/wiki/Pakhtakor%2C_Sughd \"Pakhtakor, Sughd\")\n* [Pakhtakor, Khatlon](/wiki/Pakhtakor%2C_Khatlon \"Pakhtakor, Khatlon\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Something Worth Leaving Behind
|
{
"id": [
8125662
],
"name": [
"Synthfiend"
]
}
|
277oinlulcundgti1ow2llxmyvltvc4
|
2024-10-17T16:59:22Z
| 1,241,096,247 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Album cover",
"Singles",
"Critical reception",
"Commercial performance",
"Track listing",
"Personnel",
"Tracks 1–3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12",
"Tracks 4, 7, 10, 11",
"Track 13",
"Additional credits",
"Charts",
"Weekly charts",
"Year-end charts",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
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2
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"content": [
"* + - * + - \n\t\t\t\t\t***Something Worth Leaving Behind*** is the fourth studio album by American [country music](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\") artist [Lee Ann Womack](/wiki/Lee_Ann_Womack \"Lee Ann Womack\"). It was released on August 20, 2002, by [MCA Nashville](/wiki/MCA_Nashville \"MCA Nashville\"); the UK version was co\\-released on [Island Records](/wiki/Island_Records \"Island Records\").\n\nAfter the huge crossover success of her 2000 song \"[I Hope You Dance](/wiki/I_Hope_You_Dance \"I Hope You Dance\")\", which became her only number one single on the US [*Billboard*](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\") [Hot Country Singles \\& Tracks](/wiki/Hot_Country_Singles_%26_Tracks \"Hot Country Singles & Tracks\") chart, Womack decided to pivot to a more [contemporary country](/wiki/Neotraditional_country \"Neotraditional country\") sound, which was unlike her previous albums that were more in line with [traditional country](/wiki/Traditional_Country_music \"Traditional Country music\") and of which garnered the singer critical acclaim and comparisons to legends like [Loretta Lynn](/wiki/Loretta_Lynn \"Loretta Lynn\"). Recording took place in studios around [Nashville](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Nashville, Tennessee\") and [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles \"Hollywood, Los Angeles\"). It is Womack's first album to not have any songs co\\-written or written by her. Womack worked with producers [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28record_producer%29 \"Mark Wright (record producer)\"), [Frank Liddell](/wiki/Frank_Liddell \"Frank Liddell\"), [Mike McCarthy](/wiki/Mike_McCarthy_%28producer%29 \"Mike McCarthy (producer)\"), and [Matt Serletic](/wiki/Matt_Serletic \"Matt Serletic\").\n\nUpon its release, *Something Worth Leaving Behind* received primarily mixed to negative reviews from music critics, with the attempt of a [crossover](/wiki/Crossover_music \"Crossover music\") album being negatively noted and the music being criticized for not being up to par with her previous albums. Although it debuted at number two on the [Top Country Albums](/wiki/Top_Country_Albums \"Top Country Albums\") chart and number 16 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\"), it quickly fell off both charts due to the poor success of both of its singles. As of March 7, 2005, the album has sold 300,000 copies in the United States, a commercial failure compared to the three\\-million Womack's previous album [*I Hope You Dance*](/wiki/I_Hope_You_Dance_%28album%29 \"I Hope You Dance (album)\") (2000\\) sold.\n\nThe title cut \"[Something Worth Leaving Behind](/wiki/Something_Worth_Leaving_Behind_%28song%29 \"Something Worth Leaving Behind (song)\")\" was released as the lead single on May 20, 2002\\. Despite a promising debut at number 54, it only peaked at number 20 on the [*Billboard*](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\") [Hot Country Songs](/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs \"Hot Country Songs\") chart, marking her lowest peaking lead single since her debut single \"[Never Again, Again](/wiki/Never_Again%2C_Again \"Never Again, Again\")\" (1997\\) reached number 23\\. The second and final single, \"[Forever Everyday](/wiki/Forever_Everyday \"Forever Everyday\")\", peaked at number 37, becoming her lowest\\-charting single since \"[Don't Tell Me](/wiki/Don%27t_Tell_Me_%28Lee_Ann_Womack_song%29 \"Don't Tell Me (Lee Ann Womack song)\")\" (1999\\) reached number 56\\. With that, *Something Worth Leaving Behind* became Womack's first album to not have any top ten hits on the country charts. When speaking of the album in a retrospective interview in 2005, Womack said verbatim that the album was a misstep in terms of a career move and that she regretted it.\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nWomack told *[The Early Show](/wiki/The_Early_Show \"The Early Show\")* \"It's very much in line with my last three. This is my fourth project. You know, I have the real traditional country songs on there, and then I have some things that are a little more contemporary and up\\-tempo. And—and, but I—you know, I try to find songs from the best songwriters that I can.\"CBS News Transcripts *The Saturday Early Show* (September 28, 2002\\) Womack told *Billboard*, \"Every album seems critical when you are making it. I have a lot of confidence in my team. You can't predict commercially what an album is going to do. I just have to make the best music I can and move on. I've never, ever felt like in my career that everything hinges on the next single. I don't worry about it.\"Price, Deborah Evans. *Billboard* Womack Shows Her 'Worth' On MCA (August 10, 2002\\)\n\nIn 2005, Womack told *[The Dallas Morning News](/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News \"The Dallas Morning News\")*, \"I didn't have that much fun making Something Worth Leaving Behind. Now that I look back on it, because of the success that I had prior, I was so worried that I was gonna not measure up to that, that I over\\-thought everything on that record. I tried...to please everybody with that record...myself, radio, the listeners, everybody who loved 'Never Again, Again' and everybody who loved 'I Hope You Dance.' And it just didn't work. It backfired.\"Tarradel, Mario. *The Dallas Morning News* Country beckons her back (February 27, 2005\\)\n\n",
"Album cover\n-----------\n\n[Matthew Rolston](/wiki/Matthew_Rolston \"Matthew Rolston\"), who is well\\-known for his shots of artists like [Cyndi Lauper](/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper \"Cyndi Lauper\") and [Jennifer Lopez](/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez \"Jennifer Lopez\"), photographed the album cover, which notably is more sexual than Womack's previous album covers and garnered a negative response from her country fan\\-base. In a [Tower Records](/wiki/Tower_Records \"Tower Records\") location, at least one parent complained about Womack's cleavage being \"unsuitable for children to watch.\" Some publications called the album cover a \"very un\\-country\" look. The photoshoot costed around $100,000 according to one source.\n\n",
"Singles\n-------\n\n[The title track](/wiki/Something_Worth_Leaving_Behind_%28song%29 \"Something Worth Leaving Behind (song)\") was serviced to [country radio](/wiki/Country_radio \"Country radio\") on May 20, 2002, as the lead single from the album. According to Womack, her bass player and one of the song's writers, [Brett Beavers](/wiki/Brett_Beavers \"Brett Beavers\"), said that the song was originally offered for an unspecified artist but that Beavers would not let them record it until Womack heard it; once she heard it, she decided to record the song herself. She also specifically chose producer [Matt Serletic](/wiki/Matt_Serletic \"Matt Serletic\"), who is well\\-known for his work with [Matchbox Twenty](/wiki/Matchbox_Twenty \"Matchbox Twenty\"), to produce an alternative version of \"Something Worth Leaving Behind\" for \"mass\\-appeal\" like her hit song \"I Hope You Dance\". Lyrically, the song speaks of \"leaving behind one's mark on the world.\" The song debuted at number 54 on the [*Billboard*](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\") [Hot Country Songs](/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs \"Hot Country Songs\") chart the week of June 1, 2002\\. It peaked at number 20 on that chart, becoming her first lead single since her debut single \"[Never Again, Again](/wiki/Never_Again%2C_Again \"Never Again, Again\")\" to miss the top ten. Despite a \"pop\" remix being made, the song never crossed over to either [pop](/wiki/Pop_radio \"Pop radio\") or [adult contemporary radio](/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music \"Adult contemporary music\").\n\n\"[Forever Everyday](/wiki/Forever_Everyday \"Forever Everyday\")\" was the second and final single from the album, released on October 14, 2002\\. It received a positive review from Deborah Evans Price of [*Billboard*](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\") magazine, calling it a \"beautiful ballad with a poignant message about life, innocence, and what the passing of time does to our hearts and minds.\" It debuted on the Hot Country Songs chart the week of October 26, 2002, at number 59\\. It would peak at number 37, becoming Womack's lowest\\-charting song since 1999's \"[Don't Tell Me](/wiki/Don%27t_Tell_Me_%28Lee_Ann_Womack_song%29 \"Don't Tell Me (Lee Ann Womack song)\")\", which only peaked at number 56\\. Following this, no other singles were released.\n\n",
"Critical reception\n------------------\n\n*Something Worth Leaving Behind* received mixed reviews from music critics. Jim Collins of [*The Vindicator*](/wiki/The_Vindicator_%28Ohio_newspaper%29 \"The Vindicator (Ohio newspaper)\") gave a negative review saying that \"too many of its tracks sound like tired refugees from 70's pop radio\" and that \"Womack frequently comes across as subdued and emotionally distant.\" Brian Mansfiled of *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")* named it as the tenth worst album of 2002, writing \"Womack's ill\\-advised [crossover](/wiki/Crossover_music \"Crossover music\") ploy and a makeover that made her look like [Britney Spears](/wiki/Britney_Spears \"Britney Spears\")' [mother](/wiki/Lynne_Spears \"Lynne Spears\") made one of Nashville's most respected singers the butt of jokes.\"Mansfield, Brian. *USA Today* Alan drives country; 'Country' goes in ditch (December 31, 2002\\) [*People Magazine*](/wiki/People_%28magazine%29 \"People (magazine)\")'s Ralph Novak gave the album a mixed review, saying, \"Womack's voice, which can trickle off and become a wan instrument, gains noticeably in vigor when she approaches more energetic material.\"Novak, Ralph. \"Something Worth Leaving Behind (Music release).\" People 58\\.12 (2002\\): 35\\. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. June 6, 2011\\. Tim Perry of *[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\")* wrote, \"Following such an album is a hard task, but someone of her newfound stature can avail herself of the best songwriters. This is solid, radio\\-friendly stuff.Perry, Tim. *The Independent* Pop Album Reviews (August 31, 2002\\) Michael Paoletta of *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* wrote, \"Womack is brilliant vocalist who is at a career crossroads; here's hoping she leans toward substance over style.\"Paoletta, Michael, and R.W. \"Something Worth Leaving Behind (Music release).\" Billboard 114\\.35 (2002\\): 23\\. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. June 6, 2011\\. Thom Jurek of [AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic \"AllMusic\"), in a retrospective review, highly praised the album, saying it \"cemented Womack's place in the country music pantheon by pushing her own boundaries as an artist further than ever before. David Cantwell of [*No Depression*](/wiki/No_Depression_%28magazine%29 \"No Depression (magazine)\"), in an opposite case, gave a negative review. He ended his review by saying, \"The results, no matter which side of the pop\\-twang divide you're on, will likely be very disappointing.\" [Robert Christgau](/wiki/Robert_Christgau \"Robert Christgau\") noted the songs \"He'll Be Back\" and \"I Need You\" as highlights.\n\n",
"Commercial performance\n----------------------\n\n*Something Worth Leaving Behind* was released before albums by Womack's contemporaries like [Shania Twain](/wiki/Shania_Twain \"Shania Twain\") and [Faith Hill](/wiki/Faith_Hill \"Faith Hill\"). It debuted at number two on the *Billboard* [Top Country Albums](/wiki/Top_Country_Albums \"Top Country Albums\") chart, blocked by [Toby Keith](/wiki/Toby_Keith \"Toby Keith\")'s [*Unleashed*](/wiki/Unleashed_%28Toby_Keith_album%29 \"Unleashed (Toby Keith album)\") (2002\\), which was spending a fifth week at number one. In that same week of September 7, 2002, it debuted at number 16 on the all\\-genre [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\"), tying *I Hope You Dance* as her highest charting album there at the time. It sold 48,305 copies in its first week. In its second week, the album fell to numbers four and 29 on the two charts. In total, *Something Worth Leaving Behind* spent 30 weeks on the Top Country Albums chart and 11 weeks on the *Billboard* 200\\. The album's failure was attributed to the fact that both traditional country fans and Womack's fan\\-base disliked the new sound along with [MCA Nashville](/wiki/MCA_Nashville \"MCA Nashville\") being folded into [Universal Music Group Nashville](/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_Nashville \"Universal Music Group Nashville\") and thus the album may have gotten \"lost\" in the mix. As of March 7, 2005, the album has sold 300,000 copies in the United States according to [Nielsen SoundScan](/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan \"Nielsen SoundScan\").\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n",
"Personnel\n---------\n\nCredits adapted from album liner notes.\n\n### Tracks 1–3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12\n\nMusicians\n* [Eric Darken](/wiki/Eric_Darken \"Eric Darken\") – percussion\n* [Shannon Forrest](/wiki/Shannon_Forrest \"Shannon Forrest\") – drums\n* [Paul Franklin](/wiki/Paul_Franklin_%28musician%29 \"Paul Franklin (musician)\") – steel guitar\n* [Kenny Greenberg](/wiki/Kenny_Greenberg \"Kenny Greenberg\") – electric guitar\n* [Aubrey Haynie](/wiki/Aubrey_Haynie \"Aubrey Haynie\") – fiddle\n* [Chuck Leavell](/wiki/Chuck_Leavell \"Chuck Leavell\") – piano\n* B. James Lowry – acoustic guitar\n* [Brent Mason](/wiki/Brent_Mason \"Brent Mason\") – electric guitar, [gut string guitar](/wiki/Gut_string_guitar \"Gut string guitar\")\n* [Steve Nathan](/wiki/Steve_Nathan \"Steve Nathan\") – synthesizer, piano, [Hammond organ](/wiki/Hammond_organ \"Hammond organ\")\n* [Michael Rhodes](/wiki/Michael_Rhodes_%28musician%29 \"Michael Rhodes (musician)\") – bass guitar\n* [Brent Rowan](/wiki/Brent_Rowan \"Brent Rowan\") – electric guitar, [tiple](/wiki/Tiple \"Tiple\")\n* [Randy Scruggs](/wiki/Randy_Scruggs \"Randy Scruggs\") – acoustic guitar\n* [Bryan Sutton](/wiki/Bryan_Sutton \"Bryan Sutton\") – banjo, mandolin\n\nBackground vocalists\n* Bob Bailey\n* Lisa Cochran\n* Kim Fleming\n* Vicki Hampton\n* Marabeth Jordan\n* Kim Keyes\n* Gene Miller\n* [Chris Rodriguez](/wiki/Chris_Rodriguez_%28singer%29 \"Chris Rodriguez (singer)\")\n* Keith Sewell\n* Bergen White\n\nTechnical\n* [Greg Droman](/wiki/Greg_Droman \"Greg Droman\") – mixing, mastering\n* Todd Gunnerson – engineering\n* Lee Ann Womack – producer\n* [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28record_producer%29 \"Mark Wright (record producer)\") – producer\n\n### Tracks 4, 7, 10, 11\n\nMusicians\n* Spencer Campbell – bass guitar\n* Paul Franklin – steel guitar\n* Kenny Greenberg – acoustic guitar, electric guitar\n* [David Grissom](/wiki/David_Grissom \"David Grissom\") – acoustic guitar, electric guitar\n* [Jay Joyce](/wiki/Jay_Joyce \"Jay Joyce\") – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, [programming](/wiki/Programming_%28music%29 \"Programming (music)\")\n* [Colin Linden](/wiki/Colin_Linden \"Colin Linden\") – acoustic guitar\n* [Chris McHugh](/wiki/Chris_McHugh \"Chris McHugh\") – drums\n* Jerry McPherson – electric guitar\n* Jeffrey Roach – piano, keyboards\n\nBackground vocalists\n* Dan Colehour\n* Kim Fleming\n* Vicki Hampton\n* Bobby Huff\n* [Marcus Hummon](/wiki/Marcus_Hummon \"Marcus Hummon\")\n* Fleming McWilliams\n* [Buddy Miller](/wiki/Buddy_Miller \"Buddy Miller\")\n* [Julie Miller](/wiki/Julie_Miller \"Julie Miller\")\n* [Bruce Robison](/wiki/Bruce_Robison \"Bruce Robison\")\n\nTechnical\n* Chad Brown – engineering\n* David Bryant – engineering\n* Brian Graben – engineering\n* Kenny Greenberg – additional arrangements\n* Tony High – engineering\n* Jim Jordan – engineering\n* Jay Joyce – additional arrangements\n* [Frank Liddell](/wiki/Frank_Liddell \"Frank Liddell\") – producer\n* James Lightman – digital editing\n* [Mike McCarthy](/wiki/Mike_McCarthy_%28producer%29 \"Mike McCarthy (producer)\") – producer, recording, mixing\n* Bryan McConkey – engineering\n* Darren Redfield – engineering\n* Leslie Richter – engineering\n* Lee Ann Womack – producer\n\n### Track 13\n\nMusicians\n* [Kenny Aronoff](/wiki/Kenny_Aronoff \"Kenny Aronoff\") – drums\n* Jim Cox – keyboards\n* Brad Dutz – percussion\n* Jon Gilutin – keyboards\n* Greg Leisz – steel guitar\n* Hector Periera – guitars\n* Tim Pierce – guitars\n* [Leland Sklar](/wiki/Leland_Sklar \"Leland Sklar\") – bass guitar\n* Gabe Witcher – fiddle\n\nBackground vocals\n* Maxi Anderson\n* Tommy Funderburk\n* Maxine Waters\n* Oren Waters\n\nTechnical\n* Pete Anthony – conductor\n* Jay Goin – mixing assistant\n* Noel Golden – recording\n* Jessie Gorman – recording assistant\n* Jimmy Hoyson – string recording assistant\n* Toshiaki Kasai – recording assistant\n* Stephen Marcussen – mastering\n* Leslie Richter – recording assistant\n* [Matt Serletic](/wiki/Matt_Serletic \"Matt Serletic\") – producer, arranger\n* Shari Sutcliffe – orchestra contractor\n* Kevin Szymanski – recording assistant\n* David Thoener – mixing\n* Stewart Whitmore – digital editing\n\n### Additional credits\n\nHorn section on track 8: [Jim Horn](/wiki/Jim_Horn \"Jim Horn\"), Jeff Coffin, Dennis Solee\n\nStrings on tracks 1, 3, 4, 6, 8–13 performed by the [Nashville String Machine](/wiki/Nashville_String_Machine \"Nashville String Machine\"), arranged by [David Campbell](/wiki/David_Campbell_%28composer%29 \"David Campbell (composer)\") (1, 3, 8\\), John Painter (4, 10, 11\\), Bergen White (9, 12\\), Kris Wilkinson (6\\), Matt Serletic (13\\)\n\nTechnical credits on all tracks\n* Matthew Rolston – photography\n* Ronnie Thomas – editing\n* Hank Williams – mastering\n",
"### Tracks 1–3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12\n\nMusicians\n* [Eric Darken](/wiki/Eric_Darken \"Eric Darken\") – percussion\n* [Shannon Forrest](/wiki/Shannon_Forrest \"Shannon Forrest\") – drums\n* [Paul Franklin](/wiki/Paul_Franklin_%28musician%29 \"Paul Franklin (musician)\") – steel guitar\n* [Kenny Greenberg](/wiki/Kenny_Greenberg \"Kenny Greenberg\") – electric guitar\n* [Aubrey Haynie](/wiki/Aubrey_Haynie \"Aubrey Haynie\") – fiddle\n* [Chuck Leavell](/wiki/Chuck_Leavell \"Chuck Leavell\") – piano\n* B. James Lowry – acoustic guitar\n* [Brent Mason](/wiki/Brent_Mason \"Brent Mason\") – electric guitar, [gut string guitar](/wiki/Gut_string_guitar \"Gut string guitar\")\n* [Steve Nathan](/wiki/Steve_Nathan \"Steve Nathan\") – synthesizer, piano, [Hammond organ](/wiki/Hammond_organ \"Hammond organ\")\n* [Michael Rhodes](/wiki/Michael_Rhodes_%28musician%29 \"Michael Rhodes (musician)\") – bass guitar\n* [Brent Rowan](/wiki/Brent_Rowan \"Brent Rowan\") – electric guitar, [tiple](/wiki/Tiple \"Tiple\")\n* [Randy Scruggs](/wiki/Randy_Scruggs \"Randy Scruggs\") – acoustic guitar\n* [Bryan Sutton](/wiki/Bryan_Sutton \"Bryan Sutton\") – banjo, mandolin\n\nBackground vocalists\n* Bob Bailey\n* Lisa Cochran\n* Kim Fleming\n* Vicki Hampton\n* Marabeth Jordan\n* Kim Keyes\n* Gene Miller\n* [Chris Rodriguez](/wiki/Chris_Rodriguez_%28singer%29 \"Chris Rodriguez (singer)\")\n* Keith Sewell\n* Bergen White\n\nTechnical\n* [Greg Droman](/wiki/Greg_Droman \"Greg Droman\") – mixing, mastering\n* Todd Gunnerson – engineering\n* Lee Ann Womack – producer\n* [Mark Wright](/wiki/Mark_Wright_%28record_producer%29 \"Mark Wright (record producer)\") – producer\n",
"### Tracks 4, 7, 10, 11\n\nMusicians\n* Spencer Campbell – bass guitar\n* Paul Franklin – steel guitar\n* Kenny Greenberg – acoustic guitar, electric guitar\n* [David Grissom](/wiki/David_Grissom \"David Grissom\") – acoustic guitar, electric guitar\n* [Jay Joyce](/wiki/Jay_Joyce \"Jay Joyce\") – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, [programming](/wiki/Programming_%28music%29 \"Programming (music)\")\n* [Colin Linden](/wiki/Colin_Linden \"Colin Linden\") – acoustic guitar\n* [Chris McHugh](/wiki/Chris_McHugh \"Chris McHugh\") – drums\n* Jerry McPherson – electric guitar\n* Jeffrey Roach – piano, keyboards\n\nBackground vocalists\n* Dan Colehour\n* Kim Fleming\n* Vicki Hampton\n* Bobby Huff\n* [Marcus Hummon](/wiki/Marcus_Hummon \"Marcus Hummon\")\n* Fleming McWilliams\n* [Buddy Miller](/wiki/Buddy_Miller \"Buddy Miller\")\n* [Julie Miller](/wiki/Julie_Miller \"Julie Miller\")\n* [Bruce Robison](/wiki/Bruce_Robison \"Bruce Robison\")\n\nTechnical\n* Chad Brown – engineering\n* David Bryant – engineering\n* Brian Graben – engineering\n* Kenny Greenberg – additional arrangements\n* Tony High – engineering\n* Jim Jordan – engineering\n* Jay Joyce – additional arrangements\n* [Frank Liddell](/wiki/Frank_Liddell \"Frank Liddell\") – producer\n* James Lightman – digital editing\n* [Mike McCarthy](/wiki/Mike_McCarthy_%28producer%29 \"Mike McCarthy (producer)\") – producer, recording, mixing\n* Bryan McConkey – engineering\n* Darren Redfield – engineering\n* Leslie Richter – engineering\n* Lee Ann Womack – producer\n",
"### Track 13\n\nMusicians\n* [Kenny Aronoff](/wiki/Kenny_Aronoff \"Kenny Aronoff\") – drums\n* Jim Cox – keyboards\n* Brad Dutz – percussion\n* Jon Gilutin – keyboards\n* Greg Leisz – steel guitar\n* Hector Periera – guitars\n* Tim Pierce – guitars\n* [Leland Sklar](/wiki/Leland_Sklar \"Leland Sklar\") – bass guitar\n* Gabe Witcher – fiddle\n\nBackground vocals\n* Maxi Anderson\n* Tommy Funderburk\n* Maxine Waters\n* Oren Waters\n\nTechnical\n* Pete Anthony – conductor\n* Jay Goin – mixing assistant\n* Noel Golden – recording\n* Jessie Gorman – recording assistant\n* Jimmy Hoyson – string recording assistant\n* Toshiaki Kasai – recording assistant\n* Stephen Marcussen – mastering\n* Leslie Richter – recording assistant\n* [Matt Serletic](/wiki/Matt_Serletic \"Matt Serletic\") – producer, arranger\n* Shari Sutcliffe – orchestra contractor\n* Kevin Szymanski – recording assistant\n* David Thoener – mixing\n* Stewart Whitmore – digital editing\n",
"### Additional credits\n\nHorn section on track 8: [Jim Horn](/wiki/Jim_Horn \"Jim Horn\"), Jeff Coffin, Dennis Solee\n\nStrings on tracks 1, 3, 4, 6, 8–13 performed by the [Nashville String Machine](/wiki/Nashville_String_Machine \"Nashville String Machine\"), arranged by [David Campbell](/wiki/David_Campbell_%28composer%29 \"David Campbell (composer)\") (1, 3, 8\\), John Painter (4, 10, 11\\), Bergen White (9, 12\\), Kris Wilkinson (6\\), Matt Serletic (13\\)\n\nTechnical credits on all tracks\n* Matthew Rolston – photography\n* Ronnie Thomas – editing\n* Hank Williams – mastering\n",
"Charts\n------\n\n### Weekly charts\n\n| Chart (2002\\) | Peak position |\n| --- | --- |\n|\n\n|\n\n### Year\\-end charts\n\n| Chart (2002\\) | Position |\n| --- | --- |\n| Canadian Country Albums (Nielsen SoundScan) | 48 |\n| US Top Country Albums (*Billboard*) | 40 |\n\n",
"### Weekly charts\n\n| Chart (2002\\) | Peak position |\n| --- | --- |\n|\n\n|\n\n",
"### Year\\-end charts\n\n| Chart (2002\\) | Position |\n| --- | --- |\n| Canadian Country Albums (Nielsen SoundScan) | 48 |\n| US Top Country Albums (*Billboard*) | 40 |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:2002 albums](/wiki/Category:2002_albums \"2002 albums\")\n[Category:MCA Records albums](/wiki/Category:MCA_Records_albums \"MCA Records albums\")\n[Category:Albums arranged by David Campbell (composer)](/wiki/Category:Albums_arranged_by_David_Campbell_%28composer%29 \"Albums arranged by David Campbell (composer)\")\n[Category:Albums produced by Mark Wright (record producer)](/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_Mark_Wright_%28record_producer%29 \"Albums produced by Mark Wright (record producer)\")\n[Category:Lee Ann Womack albums](/wiki/Category:Lee_Ann_Womack_albums \"Lee Ann Womack albums\")\n[Category:Albums produced by Frank Liddell](/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_Frank_Liddell \"Albums produced by Frank Liddell\")\n[Category:Albums produced by Mike McCarthy (producer)](/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_Mike_McCarthy_%28producer%29 \"Albums produced by Mike McCarthy (producer)\")\n[Category:Albums produced by Matt Serletic](/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_Matt_Serletic \"Albums produced by Matt Serletic\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Ilona Slupianek
|
{
"id": [
12317794
],
"name": [
"Habst"
]
}
|
ibglbly9ejhsw2qyjcs2j76olgdoq5v
|
2024-09-19T20:34:47Z
| 1,242,865,171 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Ilona Longo** (née **Schoknecht**, divorced **Briesenick** and **Slupianek**; born 24 September 1956\\) is a German former [shot putter](/wiki/Shot_put \"Shot put\") who represented [East Germany](/wiki/East_Germany \"East Germany\"). As Ilona Slupianek, she won the 1980 Olympic title in Moscow and won European titles in 1978 and 1982\\. She is also a seven\\-time GDR champion. She twice broke the [world record](/wiki/Women%27s_shot_put_world_record_progression \"Women's shot put world record progression\") with puts of 22\\.36 metres and 22\\.45 metres in 1980\\. She was suspended for a year for doping.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nBorn in [Demmin](/wiki/Demmin \"Demmin\"), in the [East German](/wiki/East_Germany \"East Germany\") [Bezirk Neubrandenburg](/wiki/Bezirk_Neubrandenburg \"Bezirk Neubrandenburg\"), as Ilona Schoknecht she finished fifth at the [1976 Montreal Olympics](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics \"Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics\") with 20\\.54m. In 1977, she was disqualified after she tested positive for anabolic steroids at the European Cup meeting in Helsinki, where she dominated her event with a superlative 21\\.20\\.[ClinicalChemistry:Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes: a secret program of the German Democratic Republic government](http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/43/7/1262)\n\nThe International Amateur Athletics Federation suspended Slupianek for 12 months, a penalty that ended two days before the 1978 European championships in Prague. In the reverse of what the IAAF hoped, sending her home to [East Germany meant she was free to train unchecked with anabolic steroids](/wiki/Doping_in_East_Germany \"Doping in East Germany\"), if she wanted to, and then compete for another gold medal. Now competing as Ilona Slupianek, she did win the gold medal in Prague, with a put of 21\\.41m. She went on to win the [European Indoor title in 1979](/wiki/1979_European_Indoor_Championships_in_Athletics \"1979 European Indoor Championships in Athletics\").Matthews, P. e.o. (1993\\) *The Guinness International Who's Who of Sport* Guinness Publishing Ltd She then won the [gold medal](/wiki/Gold_medal \"Gold medal\") at the [1980 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics \"1980 Summer Olympics\") in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\"). In the next years she obtained gold at the [European Indoor Championships in 1981](/wiki/1981_European_Indoor_Championships_in_Athletics \"1981 European Indoor Championships in Athletics\") and the [European Championships in 1982](/wiki/1982_European_Athletics_Championships \"1982 European Athletics Championships\"), followed by a [bronze medal](/wiki/Bronze_medal \"Bronze medal\") at the [1983 World Championships](/wiki/1983_World_Championships_in_Athletics \"1983 World Championships in Athletics\").\n\nIn 1984, she married fellow GDR shot putter [Hartmut Briesenick](/wiki/Hartmut_Briesenick \"Hartmut Briesenick\"). Competing as Ilona Briesenick, she won her final major medal when winning silver at the 1987 World Indoor Championships.\n\nFrom 1976 to 1986 she was a deputy in the East German legislature, the [Volkskammer](/wiki/Volkskammer \"Volkskammer\"), for the [FDJ](/wiki/Free_German_Youth \"Free German Youth\"). She married for the third time in 2008\\. As of 2013, she lives in Italy. She had one daughter with Briesenick.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of doping cases in athletics](/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics \"List of doping cases in athletics\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1956 births](/wiki/Category:1956_births \"1956 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:People from Demmin](/wiki/Category:People_from_Demmin \"People from Demmin\")\n[Category:Free German Youth members](/wiki/Category:Free_German_Youth_members \"Free German Youth members\")\n[Category:Members of the 7th Volkskammer](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_7th_Volkskammer \"Members of the 7th Volkskammer\")\n[Category:Members of the 8th Volkskammer](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_8th_Volkskammer \"Members of the 8th Volkskammer\")\n[Category:East German female shot putters](/wiki/Category:East_German_female_shot_putters \"East German female shot putters\")\n[Category:Olympic athletes for East Germany](/wiki/Category:Olympic_athletes_for_East_Germany \"Olympic athletes for East Germany\")\n[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Athletes_%28track_and_field%29_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics \"Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Athletes_%28track_and_field%29_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics \"Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for East Germany](/wiki/Category:World_Athletics_Championships_athletes_for_East_Germany \"World Athletics Championships athletes for East Germany\")\n[Category:German sportspeople in doping cases](/wiki/Category:German_sportspeople_in_doping_cases \"German sportspeople in doping cases\")\n[Category:Doping cases in athletics](/wiki/Category:Doping_cases_in_athletics \"Doping cases in athletics\")\n[Category:German sportsperson\\-politicians](/wiki/Category:German_sportsperson-politicians \"German sportsperson-politicians\")\n[Category:Female members of the Volkskammer](/wiki/Category:Female_members_of_the_Volkskammer \"Female members of the Volkskammer\")\n[Category:Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)](/wiki/Category:Olympic_gold_medalists_in_athletics_%28track_and_field%29 \"Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)\")\n[Category:Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)](/wiki/Category:Universiade_medalists_in_athletics_%28track_and_field%29 \"Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)\")\n[Category:Olympic gold medalists for East Germany](/wiki/Category:Olympic_gold_medalists_for_East_Germany \"Olympic gold medalists for East Germany\")\n[Category:Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Medalists_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics \"Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:World Athletics Championships medalists](/wiki/Category:World_Athletics_Championships_medalists \"World Athletics Championships medalists\")\n[Category:European Athletics Championships medalists](/wiki/Category:European_Athletics_Championships_medalists \"European Athletics Championships medalists\")\n[Category:World record setters in athletics (track and field)](/wiki/Category:World_record_setters_in_athletics_%28track_and_field%29 \"World record setters in athletics (track and field)\")\n[Category:Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold](/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Patriotic_Order_of_Merit_in_gold \"Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold\")\n[Category:Track \\& Field News Athlete of the Year winners](/wiki/Category:Track_%26_Field_News_Athlete_of_the_Year_winners \"Track & Field News Athlete of the Year winners\")\n[Category:FISU World University Games gold medalists for East Germany](/wiki/Category:FISU_World_University_Games_gold_medalists_for_East_Germany \"FISU World University Games gold medalists for East Germany\")\n[Category:World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists](/wiki/Category:World_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_medalists \"World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists\")\n[Category:Medalists at the 1979 Summer Universiade](/wiki/Category:Medalists_at_the_1979_Summer_Universiade \"Medalists at the 1979 Summer Universiade\")\n[Category:East German Athletics Championships winners](/wiki/Category:East_German_Athletics_Championships_winners \"East German Athletics Championships winners\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from Bezirk Neubrandenburg](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_Bezirk_Neubrandenburg \"Sportspeople from Bezirk Neubrandenburg\")\n[Category:SC Dynamo Berlin athletes](/wiki/Category:SC_Dynamo_Berlin_athletes \"SC Dynamo Berlin athletes\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Manuela Levorato
|
{
"id": [
36915781
],
"name": [
"Brandon Downes"
]
}
|
bhj4qnd1v36id7gzqs74wz7e742e1sa
|
2024-10-03T22:43:37Z
| 1,248,905,191 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Achievements",
"National titles",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - \n\t\t**Manuela Levorato** (born 16 March 1977, in [Dolo](/wiki/Dolo \"Dolo\")) is an Italian [sprinter](/wiki/Sprint_%28running%29 \"Sprint (running)\"), who specializes in the [100](/wiki/100_metres \"100 metres\") and [200 metres](/wiki/200_metres \"200 metres\").\n\nShe won eight medals at the [International athletics championships and games](/wiki/International_athletics_championships_and_games \"International athletics championships and games\").\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nAt the [2002 European Championships](/wiki/2002_European_Championships_in_Athletics \"2002 European Championships in Athletics\") Levorato won a [bronze medal](/wiki/Bronze_medal \"Bronze medal\") in these two events. She also competed at the World Championships in [1999](/wiki/1999_World_Championships_in_Athletics \"1999 World Championships in Athletics\"), [2001](/wiki/2001_World_Championships_in_Athletics \"2001 World Championships in Athletics\") and [2005](/wiki/2005_World_Championships_in_Athletics \"2005 World Championships in Athletics\").\n\nHer personal best times are 11\\.14 s (100 m, 2001\\) and 22\\.60 s (200 m, 1999\\).\n\n",
"Achievements\n------------\n\n|Representing \n\n| |\n|1996\n\n[World Junior Championships](/wiki/1996_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics \"1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics\")\n\n[Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\")\n\n 7th |\n 100m |\n [11\\.54](/wiki/1996_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metres \"1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres\") |\n| 2nd (h)Did not show in the quarterfinal. | 200m | [24\\.10](/wiki/1996_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_200_metres \"1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres\") (wind: 0\\.0 m/s) |\n| 5th | relay | [45\\.27](/wiki/1996_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relay \"1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay\") |\n|1997\n\n[European U23 Championships](/wiki/1997_European_Athletics_U23_Championships \"1997 European Athletics U23 Championships\")\n\n[Turku](/wiki/Turku \"Turku\"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\")\n\n 4th |\n 100m |\n [11\\.56](/wiki/1997_European_Athletics_U23_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metres \"1997 European Athletics U23 Championships – Women's 100 metres\") (wind: \\+1\\.6 m/s) |\n|3rd\n\n relay |\n [44\\.73](/wiki/1997_European_Athletics_U23_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relay \"1997 European Athletics U23 Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay\") |\n|1999\n\n[European U23 Championships](/wiki/1999_European_Athletics_U23_Championships \"1999 European Athletics U23 Championships\")\n\n[Gothenburg](/wiki/Gothenburg \"Gothenburg\"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\")\n\n1st\n\n 100m |\n [11\\.26](/wiki/1999_European_Athletics_U23_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metres \"1999 European Athletics U23 Championships – Women's 100 metres\") (wind: \\-0\\.2 m/s) |\n|1st\n\n 200m |\n [22\\.68](/wiki/1999_European_Athletics_U23_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_200_metres \"1999 European Athletics U23 Championships – Women's 200 metres\") (wind: \\-0\\.5 m/s) |\n| 2002 | [European Championships](/wiki/2002_European_Athletics_Championships \"2002 European Athletics Championships\") | [Munich, Germany](/wiki/Munich%2C_Germany \"Munich, Germany\") | 3rd | [100 metres](/wiki/2002_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metres \"2002 European Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres\") | 11\\.23 |\n| 3rd | [200 metres](/wiki/2002_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_200_metres \"2002 European Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres\") | 22\\.75 |\n\n",
"National titles\n---------------\n\nManuela Levorato has won **15** times the individual [national championship](/wiki/Italian_Athletics_Championships \"Italian Athletics Championships\").\n* **4 wins** in [100 metres](/wiki/100_metres \"100 metres\") (1999, 2001, 2002, 2010\\)\n* **1 wins** in [200 metres](/wiki/200_metres \"200 metres\") (2001\\)\n* **7 wins** in [60 metres](/wiki/60_metres \"60 metres\") indoor (1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011\\)\n* **3 wins** in [200 metres](/wiki/200_metres \"200 metres\") indoor (2002, 2003, 2004\\)\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Italian all\\-time lists \\- 100 metres](/wiki/Athletics_in_Italy%23100_metres \"Athletics in Italy#100 metres\")\n* [Italian all\\-time lists \\- 200 metres](/wiki/Athletics_in_Italy%23200_metres \"Athletics in Italy#200 metres\")\n* [Italian all\\-time lists \\- 400 metres](/wiki/Athletics_in_Italy%23400_metres \"Athletics in Italy#400 metres\")\n* [Italian all\\-time lists \\- 4x100 metres relay](/wiki/Athletics_in_Italy%234.C3.97100_metres_relay \"Athletics in Italy#4.C3.97100 metres relay\")\n* [Italy national relay team](/wiki/Italy_national_relays_team_at_the_international_athletics_championships \"Italy national relays team at the international athletics championships\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1977 births](/wiki/Category:1977_births \"1977 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:People from Dolo](/wiki/Category:People_from_Dolo \"People from Dolo\")\n[Category:Italian female sprinters](/wiki/Category:Italian_female_sprinters \"Italian female sprinters\")\n[Category:Athletics competitors of Centro Sportivo Aeronautica Militare](/wiki/Category:Athletics_competitors_of_Centro_Sportivo_Aeronautica_Militare \"Athletics competitors of Centro Sportivo Aeronautica Militare\")\n[Category:European Athletics Championships medalists](/wiki/Category:European_Athletics_Championships_medalists \"European Athletics Championships medalists\")\n[Category:Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Italy](/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_Games_silver_medalists_for_Italy \"Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Italy\")\n[Category:Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Italy](/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_Games_bronze_medalists_for_Italy \"Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Italy\")\n[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1997 Mediterranean Games](/wiki/Category:Athletes_%28track_and_field%29_at_the_1997_Mediterranean_Games \"Athletes (track and field) at the 1997 Mediterranean Games\")\n[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2001 Mediterranean Games](/wiki/Category:Athletes_%28track_and_field%29_at_the_2001_Mediterranean_Games \"Athletes (track and field) at the 2001 Mediterranean Games\")\n[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for Italy](/wiki/Category:World_Athletics_Championships_athletes_for_Italy \"World Athletics Championships athletes for Italy\")\n[Category:Mediterranean Games medalists in athletics](/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_Games_medalists_in_athletics \"Mediterranean Games medalists in athletics\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from the Metropolitan City of Venice](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_the_Metropolitan_City_of_Venice \"Sportspeople from the Metropolitan City of Venice\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Italian women](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Italian_women \"20th-century Italian women\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Italian women](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Italian_women \"21st-century Italian women\")\n[Category:Italian Athletics Championships winners](/wiki/Category:Italian_Athletics_Championships_winners \"Italian Athletics Championships winners\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Toka
|
{
"id": [
26074453
],
"name": [
"Gotitbro"
]
}
|
o03jnme1h8fpiooadpxg68cvq89558c
|
2023-03-10T08:36:46Z
| 1,089,595,247 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Places",
"People",
"Given name",
"Surname",
"Characters",
"Other uses",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Toka** may refer to:\n\n",
"Places\n------\n\n* Toka, the Hungarian name for village, [Hodac](/wiki/Hodac \"Hodac\") Commune, Mureș County, Romania\n* [Toka Gorge](/wiki/Toka_Gorge \"Toka Gorge\"), in Norway\n* [Toka, Guyana](/wiki/Toka%2C_Guyana \"Toka, Guyana\"), a village in Guyana\n* Toka, a village near [Nevasa](/wiki/Nevasa \"Nevasa\") in Maharashtra, India\n",
"People\n------\n\n* [Tokaleya](/wiki/Tokaleya \"Tokaleya\"), people indigenous to the area surrounding Victoria Falls\n\n### Given name\n\n* [Toka Gaudi](/wiki/Toka_Gaudi \"Toka Gaudi\") (born 1972\\), Papua New Guinean cricketer\n* [Toka Natua](/wiki/Toka_Natua \"Toka Natua\") (born 1991\\), rugby union and rugby league footballer\n\n### Surname\n\n* [Gaudi Toka](/wiki/Gaudi_Toka \"Gaudi Toka\") (born 1994\\), Papua New Guinean cricketer\n* [Matt Toka](/wiki/Matt_Toka \"Matt Toka\"), American musician\n* [Salchak Toka](/wiki/Salchak_Toka \"Salchak Toka\") (1901–1973\\), Tuvan politician\n* [Taunga Toka](/wiki/Taunga_Toka \"Taunga Toka\"), Cook Islands politician\n",
"### Given name\n\n* [Toka Gaudi](/wiki/Toka_Gaudi \"Toka Gaudi\") (born 1972\\), Papua New Guinean cricketer\n* [Toka Natua](/wiki/Toka_Natua \"Toka Natua\") (born 1991\\), rugby union and rugby league footballer\n",
"### Surname\n\n* [Gaudi Toka](/wiki/Gaudi_Toka \"Gaudi Toka\") (born 1994\\), Papua New Guinean cricketer\n* [Matt Toka](/wiki/Matt_Toka \"Matt Toka\"), American musician\n* [Salchak Toka](/wiki/Salchak_Toka \"Salchak Toka\") (1901–1973\\), Tuvan politician\n* [Taunga Toka](/wiki/Taunga_Toka \"Taunga Toka\"), Cook Islands politician\n",
"Characters\n----------\n\n* [Tokka and Rahzar](/wiki/Tokka_and_Rahzar \"Tokka and Rahzar\"), characters in the \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" universe\n* Tōka Kamiazuma, protagonist of *[Tōka Gettan](/wiki/T%C5%8Dka_Gettan \"Tōka Gettan\")*\n* [Toka Heremaia](/wiki/Toka_Heremaia \"Toka Heremaia\"), *Shortland Street* character\n* Toka Yada (矢田 桃花), character from the *[Assassination Classroom manga](/wiki/Assassination_Classroom_manga \"Assassination Classroom manga\")* and anime series\n",
"Other uses\n----------\n\n* [Toka (instrument)](/wiki/Toka_%28instrument%29 \"Toka (instrument)\"), an instrument of Assam, India used in Bihu dance\n* Toka, a sports game played by women of the [Tohono O'odham](/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham \"Tohono O'odham\") people\n* [Toka (company)](/wiki/Toka_%28company%29 \"Toka (company)\"), a French video game company\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Tonka (disambiguation)](/wiki/Tonka_%28disambiguation%29 \"Tonka (disambiguation)\")\n* [Toska (disambiguation)](/wiki/Toska_%28disambiguation%29 \"Toska (disambiguation)\")\n* [Tova (disambiguation)](/wiki/Tova_%28disambiguation%29 \"Tova (disambiguation)\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective (gamebook)
|
{
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
}
|
lze4tu7j2rphd2fdkg0n310ch8usesi
|
2024-08-27T07:41:47Z
| 1,241,123,658 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Premise and gameplay",
"Reprints",
"Video game adaptations",
"Reception",
"Awards",
"Other reviews",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\n\n***Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective*** is a game originally published by Sleuth Publications in 1981\\. Multiple expansions and reprints of the game have since been released.\n\n",
"Premise and gameplay\n--------------------\n\n \nThe game consists of multiple independent cases taking place in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). For each case, the player (or players) reads a brief introduction, then decides where to look for clues, and consults a booklet telling what clues are found at that location. When a player believes he or she knows the details of the case, the player moves on to the quiz book and answers questions about the case. Players earn points by answering questions correctly, but lose points for each location visited beforehand.\n\nThe game is made up of booklets, [maps](/wiki/Map \"Map\"), a clue\\-filled reproduction of *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")* and a small directory telling the player which London locale to visit to speak to a character. Lacking a board, it functions as a hybrid between a traditional [gamebook](/wiki/Gamebook \"Gamebook\") and a conventional [tabletop game](/wiki/Tabletop_game \"Tabletop game\").\n\nThe original game contains ten scenarios. Expansion packs were released including *[The Mansion Murders](/wiki/The_Mansion_Murders \"The Mansion Murders\")* (1983, containing five adventures), *[The Queen's Park Affair](/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Park_Affair \"The Queen's Park Affair\")* (1984, one adventure over three days), and \"Adventures by Gaslight\" (1986, one adventure over five days). *West End Adventures* (1990, containing six adventures) was a stand\\-alone expansion. Other scenarios, like \"Sherlock Holmes \\& the Baby\" (1986\\) were printed in specialty publications.\n\nThe original game was packaged in a paperboard box; the deluxe edition was bound in a leatherette binder.\n\n***Gumshoe, the Hardboiled Detective in the Thirties*** (1985\\) by the same game designer and publisher has a similar premise. Here, the player assumes the role of a detective in 1930s [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). Clues are found in city maps, [mug shots](/wiki/Mug_shot \"Mug shot\"), [fingerprints](/wiki/Fingerprint \"Fingerprint\"), [newspapers](/wiki/Newspaper \"Newspaper\") and crime reports.\n\n",
"Reprints\n--------\n\nYstari Games published a [French](/wiki/French_language \"French language\") version of the game in 2011\\. The book was translated into [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") in 2012 and subsequently reprinted in 2015\\. Ystari has released expansions, some newly written by French authors and others taken from *The Queen's Park Affair* and *The Mansion Murders* sets.\n\nSince 2016, Space Cowboys has published a series of standalone *Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective* games with separate sets of 10 cases, which includes revised versions of older cases. These sets include \"Jack the Ripper \\& West End Adventures\" \\[West End Adventures], \"The Thames Murders and Other Cases\" \\[original 10 cases], and \"Carlton House and Queen's Park\" \\[Mansion Murders and Queen's Park Affair]. Those three sets are English translations from French versions from the original English editions published by Sleuth, with revisions made in the French iteration. A fourth set containing new cases, written in English and mostly preserving the original English, \"The Baker Street Irregulars\", was released in 2020\\.\n\n",
"Video game adaptations\n----------------------\n\n[ICOM Simulations](/wiki/ICOM_Simulations \"ICOM Simulations\") adapted *Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective* into a [video game](/wiki/Video_game \"Video game\"), also called *[Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective](/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes:Consulting_Detective \"Consulting Detective\")*, which they published in 1991\\. Two sequels followed in 1992 and 1993, respectively: *[Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective Vol. II](/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes:Consulting_Detective_Vol._II \"Consulting Detective Vol. II\")* and *[Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective Vol. III](/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes:Consulting_Detective_Vol._III \"Consulting Detective Vol. III\")*.\n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\nIn the May 1984 edition of *[Imagine](/wiki/Imagine_%28AD%26D_magazine%29 \"Imagine (AD&D magazine)\")* (Issue 14\\), Dave Durant gave a positive review, stating \"the game runs well and offers a different form of mental exercise to doing the crossword. A welcome change in the face of gaming.\"\n\nIn the August 1983 edition of *[White Dwarf](/wiki/White_Dwarf_%28magazine%29 \"White Dwarf (magazine)\")* (Issue 44\\), Charles Vasey commented, \"The success of *Consulting Detective* reminds me of the success of *Call of Cthulhu* both being fixed in an era that appears less amenable to fantasy than it has proved to be.\"\n\nIn the July 1984 edition of *White Dwarf* (Issue 55\\), Nic Grecas gave it an excellent overall rating of 9 out of 10, and stated that \"I like this game very much and urge you not to be put off by the high price \\- it's worth every penny!\"\n\nIn the November–December 1984 edition of *[Space Gamer](/wiki/Space_Gamer \"Space Gamer\")* (Issue 71\\), William A. Barton gave high marks for this game, saying, \"the *Sherlock Holmes Consulting Detective Game* is the best mystery game I've ever had the privilege to be stumped by. After acing most games of *Clue* or *221B Baker Street* with no sweat, it's a refreshing feeling. The folks at Sleuth Publications are to be commended for the effort they put into this game \\[...] As both a confirmed Sherlockian and a dedicated gamer, I can't recommend this game highly enough. Unless you simply *hate* mysteries \\- buy it! Definitely *not* elementary.\"\n\n*[Games](/wiki/Games_%28magazine%29 \"Games (magazine)\")* included this game' in its top 100 games of 1986, commenting \"The 10 cases supplied are detailed and atmospheric, giving you the uncanny feeling of actually living in a Holmes story.\"\n\nIn the January 1990 edition of *[Games International](/wiki/Games_International \"Games International\")* (Issue 12\\), Kevin Jacklin called it \"The best of all the Sherlock Holmes games.\" He commented that \"Although it is possible to play the game competitively (and extremely well solo), it is best enjoyed when players discuss amongst themselves the merits of visiting various clue points one at a time. The enjoyment comes from seeing if one can unscramble a case, not merely from scoring points.\"\n\nIn a retrospective review of *Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective* in *[Black Gate](/wiki/Black_Gate_%28magazine%29 \"Black Gate (magazine)\")*, Bob Byrne said \"Overall, it looks good, it definitely has a Holmes feel and it works solo. I’d give it three pipes on a scale of five.\"\n\n",
"Awards\n------\n\nAt the 1983 [Origins Awards](/wiki/Origins_Awards \"Origins Awards\"), *Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective* was awarded the [Charles S. Roberts Award](/wiki/Charles_S._Roberts_Award \"Charles S. Roberts Award\") for \"Best Fantasy Boardgame of 1982\".\n\nThe German translation of the game, *Sherlock Holmes Criminal\\-Cabinet*, won \"[Spiel des Jahres](/wiki/Spiel_des_Jahres \"Spiel des Jahres\")\" (\"Game of the Year\") in 1985\\.\n\n",
"Other reviews\n-------------\n\n* *[Casus Belli](/wiki/Casus_Belli_%28magazine%29 \"Casus Belli (magazine)\")* \\#31 (Feb 1986\\)\n* 1982 Games 100 in *[Games](/wiki/Games_%28magazine%29 \"Games (magazine)\")*\n* *[Asimov's Science Fiction](/wiki/Asimov%27s_Science_Fiction \"Asimov's Science Fiction\")* v7 n13 (1983 12 Mid)\n* *[Jeux \\& Stratégie](/wiki/Jeux_et_Strat%C3%A9gie \"Jeux et Stratégie\")* \\#25\n* *[Jeux \\& Stratégie](/wiki/Jeux_et_Strat%C3%A9gie \"Jeux et Stratégie\")* \\#36 (as \"Détective Conseil\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective site](https://www.spacecowboys.fr/sherlock-holmes-consultingdetective) at Space Cowboys\n[Category:Cooperative board games](/wiki/Category:Cooperative_board_games \"Cooperative board games\")\n[Category:Board games based on works](/wiki/Category:Board_games_based_on_works \"Board games based on works\")\n[Category:Origins Award winners](/wiki/Category:Origins_Award_winners \"Origins Award winners\")\n[Category:Sherlock Holmes in games](/wiki/Category:Sherlock_Holmes_in_games \"Sherlock Holmes in games\")\n[Category:Spiel des Jahres winners](/wiki/Category:Spiel_des_Jahres_winners \"Spiel des Jahres winners\")\n[Category:Tabletop games](/wiki/Category:Tabletop_games \"Tabletop games\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Pratt & Whitney PW1120
|
{
"id": [
38359508
],
"name": [
"Wunghuang"
]
}
|
szaatcak419ey0xsft8gsa0xmkqb99x
|
2024-10-06T00:57:44Z
| 1,245,428,404 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Development",
"Applications",
"Specification (PW1120)",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Pratt \\& Whitney PW1120** [turbojet](/wiki/Turbojet \"Turbojet\") is a derivative of the [F100 turbofan](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_F100 \"Pratt & Whitney F100\").<https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings/GT1984/79474/V002T02A008/234435> It was installed as a modification to a single F\\-4E fighter jet, and powered the canceled [IAI Lavi](/wiki/IAI_Lavi \"IAI Lavi\").\n\n",
"Development\n-----------\n\nThe development of the PW1120, according to [Israeli Air Force](/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force \"Israeli Air Force\") (IDF/AF) specifications, started in June 1980\\.FLIGHT INTERNATIONAL, 12 July 1980 It retained the F100 core module, gearbox, fuel pump, forward ducts, as well as the F100 digital electronic control, with only minor modifications. Unique PW1120 components included a wide chord low pressure (LP) compressor, single\\-stage uncooled low pressure (LP) turbine, simplified single stream augmentor, and a lightweight convergent/divergent nozzle. Full scale testing was initiated in June 1982, and flight clearance of the PW1120 was tested in August 1984\\. The PW1120 had 70 percent similarity with the F100, so the IDF/AF would not need a special facility for spare parts. It would be built under licence by [Bet\\-Shemesh Engines Limited](/wiki/Bet-Shemesh_Engines_Limited \"Bet-Shemesh Engines Limited\") in [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\").\n\nIAI installed one PW1120 in the starboard nacelle of an F\\-4E\\-32\\-MC of the IDF/AF (Number 334/66\\-0327\\) to explore the airframe/powerplant combination for an upgrade program of the F\\-4E, known as *Kurnass 2000* (\"Heavy Hammer\") or Super Phantom and to act as an engine testbed for the Lavi.FLIGHT INTERNATIONAL, 9 August 1986 The powerplant was more powerful, and more fuel efficient than the General Electric J79\\-GE\\-17 turbojet normally installed in the F\\-4E. The structural changes included modifying the air inlet ducts, new powerplant attachment points, new or modified powerplant bay doors, new airframe mounted gearbox with [integrated drive generators](/wiki/Integrated_Drive_Generator \"Integrated Drive Generator\") and automatic throttle system. It also included a modified bleed management and air\\-conditioning ducting system, modified fuel and hydraulic systems, and a powerplant control/airframe interface. It was first flown on 30 July 1986\\.\n\nTwo PW1120 powerplants were installed in the same F\\-4E and it was flown for the first time on 24 April 1987\\. This proved very successful, allowing the Kurnass 2000 to exceed Mach 1 without the afterburners, and endowing a combat thrust\\-to\\-weight ratio of 1\\.04 (17 per cent better than the F\\-4E). This improved the sustained turn rate by 15 per cent, the climb rate by 36 per cent, medium\\-level acceleration by 27 per cent and low\\-level speed with 18 bombs from 1,046 km/h to 1,120 km/h (654 \\- 700 mph or 565 kn to 605 kn). It was demonstrated at the [Paris Air Show](/wiki/Paris_Air_Show \"Paris Air Show\") in 1987\\.\n\n",
"Applications\n------------\n\n* [IAI Lavi](/wiki/IAI_Lavi \"IAI Lavi\")\n* [IAI Nammer](/wiki/IAI_Nammer \"IAI Nammer\") (as designed, not built)\n* Boeing Super Phantom (proposal)Spick 1985, pp. 289\\-90\\.\n* [F\\-4 Kurnass 2000 testbed](/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II \"F-4 Phantom II\")\n",
"Specification (PW1120\\)\n-----------------------\n\n* + - * + \n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* + - \n",
"References\n----------\n\n* Warplane magazine Issue 119, 1 January 1987\n* Elodie Roux. *Turbofan and Turbojet Engines: Database Handbook.* Elodie Roux, 2007 pg. 364\n* M. A. Zipkin. Senior VP — Programs Pratt \\& Whitney Aircraft. *A High Performance, Low Risk F100 Derivative.* . The American Society of Mechanical Engineers\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Pratt \\& Whitney](http://www.pw.utc.com/)\n* [Air International 1985\\-12](https://aviadejavu.ru/Site/Arts/Art7918.htm)\n* [\"Israeli Phantoms / RF\\-4E(S) / Super Phantom\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070901183835/http://www.airtoaircombat.com/background.asp?id=34&bg=416), Greg Goebel, AirtoAirCombat.com\n* [The Boeing Super Phantom; Making a Legend Even Greater \\- Forgotten Aircraft \\- Military Matters](https://militarymatters.online/forgotten-aircraft/the-boeing-super-phantom-making-a-legend-even-greater/)\n* [F\\-4 Super Phantom: Why the Israeli Air Force Said No To This Fighter Jet](https://web.archive.org/web/20220729130143/https://www.19fortyfive.com/2021/12/f-4-super-phantom-why-the-isreali-air-force-said-no-to-this-fighter-jet/)\n* [‘Super Phantom’: The Israeli Next Generation F\\-4 That Could Outperform an F\\-16](https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/super-phantom-the-israeli-next-generation-f-4-that-could-outperform-an-f-16#:~:text=The%20Super%20Phantom%20flew%20at,far%20the%20most%20capable%20ever)\n* [In the 1980s, Israel Developed a 'Heavy Hammer' F\\-4 Super Phantom: What Happened?](https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/1980s-israel-developed-heavy-hammer-f-4-super-phantom-what-happened-44702)\n* [PW1120 comparison to GE J79](https://slideplayer.com/slide/17493560/#google_vignette)\n\n[PW1120](/wiki/Category:Pratt_%26_Whitney_aircraft_engines \"Pratt & Whitney aircraft engines\")\n[Category:1970s turbojet engines](/wiki/Category:1970s_turbojet_engines \"1970s turbojet engines\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Boca Express Train Museum
|
{
"id": [
16528233
],
"name": [
"Isaidnoway"
]
}
|
5mq46ldc2szf6u0vzala3vie3frbjpj
|
2024-04-11T16:22:49Z
| 1,218,350,682 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Use as a passenger train station",
"Exhibits",
"For sale",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Boca Express Train Museum**, operated by the [Boca Raton Historical Society](/wiki/Boca_Raton_History_Museum \"Boca Raton History Museum\"), is housed in a restored 1930 [Florida East Coast Railway](/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway \"Florida East Coast Railway\") (FEC) [train station](/wiki/Train_station \"Train station\") in [Boca Raton, Florida](/wiki/Boca_Raton%2C_Florida \"Boca Raton, Florida\"). designed by [Chester G. Henninger](/wiki/Chester_G._Henninger \"Chester G. Henninger\"), built for [Clarence H. Geist](/wiki/Clarence_H._Geist \"Clarence H. Geist\"). It is located at 747 South [Dixie Highway](/wiki/Dixie_Highway \"Dixie Highway\"), off [U.S. 1 (Federal Highway)](/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Florida \"U.S. Route 1 in Florida\"). On October 24, 1980, it was added to the [U.S.](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\").\n\nThat the building was restored and turned into a museum must be credited to the philanthropist [Countess de Hoernle](/wiki/Count_and_Countess_de_Hoernle \"Count and Countess de Hoernle\"), who bought the abandoned building as a present for her husband.\n\n",
"Use as a passenger train station\n--------------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|300px\\|Historical plaque regarding the Boca Raton FEC station.](/wiki/File:FEC_Railway_Station_Boca_Raton_sign.jpg \"FEC Railway Station Boca Raton sign.jpg\")\nHistorically, the station served several long\\-distance trains and one or two local trains. Into the early 1960s, passengers could take one of two [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\")\\-bound trains (on alternating days), the *[City of Miami](/wiki/City_of_Miami_%28train%29 \"City of Miami (train)\")* or the *[South Wind](/wiki/South_Wind_%28train%29 \"South Wind (train)\")* (both via [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham%2C_Alabama \"Birmingham, Alabama\")) and the [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\")\\-bound *[East Coast Champion](/wiki/Champion_%28train%29 \"Champion (train)\"),* *Havana Special,* and *Miamian* from the FEC's station. Into the latter 1950s, passengers could take the *[Dixie Flagler](/wiki/Dixie_Flagler \"Dixie Flagler\")* to Chicago via [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\") from the station.Herr, Kincaid A. *University Press of Kentucky,* 1964, p. 273\\. The FEC operated local passenger service between [Jacksonville](/wiki/Jacksonville \"Jacksonville\") and the [Miami](/wiki/Miami \"Miami\") area until July 31, 1968\\.Bramson, Seth H. *Speedway to Sunshine: the story of the Florida East Coast Railway*, Boston Mills Press, 2010, p. 153\\. .\n\nService on the line was restored by [Brightline](/wiki/Brightline \"Brightline\"), with [a station](/wiki/Boca_Raton_station_%28Brightline%29 \"Boca Raton station (Brightline)\") north of the museum opening on December 21, 2022\\.\n\n",
"Exhibits\n--------\n\nThe museum contains two restored and unique 1947 [Seaboard Air Line](/wiki/Seaboard_Air_Line_Railroad \"Seaboard Air Line Railroad\") streamlined rail cars, a dining and a lounge car, built by the [Budd Company](/wiki/Budd_Company \"Budd Company\") and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Boca Express Train Museum also includes a 1946 [Atlantic Coast Line](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Line_Railroad \"Atlantic Coast Line Railroad\") [caboose](/wiki/Caboose \"Caboose\") and a 1930 Baldwin steam [switch engine](/wiki/Switch_engine \"Switch engine\").\n\n",
"For sale\n--------\n\nThe Boca Raton Historical Society put the Train Museum up for sale in 2017, saying that maintaining two historic buildings (the other is the Society's home, Boca Raton's first city hall) is draining the nonprofit's resources.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Seaboard Air Line 6113](/wiki/Seaboard_Air_Line_6113 \"Seaboard Air Line 6113\")\n* [Seaboard Air Line 6603](/wiki/Seaboard_Air_Line_6603 \"Seaboard Air Line 6603\")\n* [South Florida Railway Museum](/wiki/South_Florida_Railway_Museum \"South Florida Railway Museum\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* + - * + - * + \n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Boca Express Train Museum](http://www.bocahistory.org/tours-train-museum/) \\- Boca Raton Historical Society\n\n \n\n[Boca Raton](/wiki/Category:Former_Florida_East_Coast_Railway_stations \"Former Florida East Coast Railway stations\")\n[Category:Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida](/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Florida \"Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Boca Raton, Florida](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Boca_Raton%2C_Florida \"Buildings and structures in Boca Raton, Florida\")\n[Category:Former railway stations in Florida](/wiki/Category:Former_railway_stations_in_Florida \"Former railway stations in Florida\")\n[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Palm Beach County, Florida](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Palm_Beach_County%2C_Florida \"National Register of Historic Places in Palm Beach County, Florida\")\n[Category:Museums in Palm Beach County, Florida](/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Palm_Beach_County%2C_Florida \"Museums in Palm Beach County, Florida\")\n[Category:Railroad museums in Florida](/wiki/Category:Railroad_museums_in_Florida \"Railroad museums in Florida\")\n[Category:Transportation buildings and structures in Palm Beach County, Florida](/wiki/Category:Transportation_buildings_and_structures_in_Palm_Beach_County%2C_Florida \"Transportation buildings and structures in Palm Beach County, Florida\")\n[Category:Florida East Coast Railway](/wiki/Category:Florida_East_Coast_Railway \"Florida East Coast Railway\")\n[Category:Preserved steam locomotives of the United States](/wiki/Category:Preserved_steam_locomotives_of_the_United_States \"Preserved steam locomotives of the United States\")\n[Category:1930 establishments in Florida](/wiki/Category:1930_establishments_in_Florida \"1930 establishments in Florida\")\n[Category:Seaboard Air Line Railroad](/wiki/Category:Seaboard_Air_Line_Railroad \"Seaboard Air Line Railroad\")\n[Category:Atlantic Coast Line Railroad](/wiki/Category:Atlantic_Coast_Line_Railroad \"Atlantic Coast Line Railroad\")\n[Category:Budd Company](/wiki/Category:Budd_Company \"Budd Company\")\n[Category:Railway stations in the United States opened in 1930](/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_the_United_States_opened_in_1930 \"Railway stations in the United States opened in 1930\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Cabrerizos
|
{
"id": [
173996
],
"name": [
"Kelisi"
]
}
|
tpjdodjn24fwmwqctaxvhzdncu1pziq
|
2024-08-18T01:11:43Z
| 1,218,535,031 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Cabrerizos** is a [village](/wiki/Village \"Village\") and [municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain \"Municipalities of Spain\") in the province of [Salamanca](/wiki/Salamanca_%28province%29 \"Salamanca (province)\"), western [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"), part of the autonomous community of [Castile\\-Leon](/wiki/Castile-Leon \"Castile-Leon\"). It is located only from the city of [Salamanca](/wiki/Salamanca \"Salamanca\") and has a population of 4205 people. The [municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain \"Municipalities of Spain\") covers an area of 12 km2, lying above [sea level](/wiki/Sea_level \"Sea level\") and the [postal code](/wiki/Postal_code \"Postal code\") is 37193\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n[Category:Municipalities in the Province of Salamanca](/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_the_Province_of_Salamanca \"Municipalities in the Province of Salamanca\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Brian Lara Cricket '96
|
{
"id": [
46398735
],
"name": [
"Pharaoh496"
]
}
|
dp5x8wjhbp3vcpt5ulp7sfkp0so32nm
|
2024-05-11T12:38:42Z
| 1,187,758,575 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Gameplay",
"Development",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Brian Lara Cricket '96***, known as Lara '96 and ***Shane Warne Cricket*** in Australia and New Zealand, is the sequel to *[Brian Lara Cricket](/wiki/Brian_Lara_Cricket \"Brian Lara Cricket\")* and the second game in the [Brian Lara](/wiki/Brian_Lara \"Brian Lara\")\\-endorsed series of cricket video games. It was developed by [Audiogenic](/wiki/Audiogenic \"Audiogenic\") for [Codemasters](/wiki/Codemasters \"Codemasters\") and released in 1996 for the [Sega](/wiki/Sega \"Sega\") [Mega Drive](/wiki/Mega_Drive \"Mega Drive\"), [Amiga](/wiki/Amiga \"Amiga\") and [PC](/wiki/IBM_PC \"IBM PC\") systems.\n\n",
"Gameplay\n--------\n\nThe style and method of game play is almost identical to previous versions of the game. *Lara '96* featured the updated player names and statistics of the 1997 cricket season. Notable additional features include the capability to play as English county sides as well as a player editor.\n\nDue to “technical restrictions” the Amiga version of the game depicted all players as white, including Brian Lara himself.\n\n",
"Development\n-----------\n\n*Lara '96* uses the same [pseudo\\-3D](/wiki/Pseudo-3D \"Pseudo-3D\") graphics used in its predecessor, but the animations and sprites were updated. This game uses a serial EEPROM (24C65 type) for backup.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Brian Lara '96 review](http://www.sega-16.com/2014/11/brian-lara-cricket-96/) at Sega\\-16\\.com\n\n[Category:Amiga games](/wiki/Category:Amiga_games \"Amiga games\")\n[Category:Brian Lara video games](/wiki/Category:Brian_Lara_video_games \"Brian Lara video games\")\n[Category:Cricket video games](/wiki/Category:Cricket_video_games \"Cricket video games\")\n[Category:Sega Genesis games](/wiki/Category:Sega_Genesis_games \"Sega Genesis games\")\n[Category:1996 video games](/wiki/Category:1996_video_games \"1996 video games\")\n[Category:Video games developed in the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Video_games_developed_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Video games developed in the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:Multiplayer and single\\-player video games](/wiki/Category:Multiplayer_and_single-player_video_games \"Multiplayer and single-player video games\")\n[Category:Windows games](/wiki/Category:Windows_games \"Windows games\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Truce of Altmark
|
{
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
}
|
sd10wkd1spjrjggl9i34shbni1f8qd0
|
2024-08-26T17:21:30Z
| 1,237,590,851 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Provisions",
"See also",
"References",
"Other Sources",
"External links",
"Scan and edition of the treaty",
"Further reading"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
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"\n\n\\_\\_NOTOC\\_\\_\n* + \n\tThe six\\-year **Truce of Altmark** (or **Treaty of Stary Targ**, , ) was signed on 16 (O.S.)/26 (N.S.) September 1629 in the village of Altmark ([Stary Targ](/wiki/Stary_Targ \"Stary Targ\")), in Poland,by the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\") and [Sweden](/wiki/Swedish_Empire \"Swedish Empire\"), with helped by [Richelieu](/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu \"Cardinal Richelieu\")'s envoy [Charnacé](/wiki/Hercule_de_Charnac%C3%A9 \"Hercule de Charnacé\") ending the [Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629\\)](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_%281626%E2%80%931629%29 \"Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)\")，and freeing [Gustavus](/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus \"Gustavus Adolphus\") to enter the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\").\n\n",
"Provisions\n----------\n\nThe truce allowed Sweden to retain control of [Livonia](/wiki/Livonia \"Livonia\"). Sweden also evacuated most of the [Duchy of Prussia](/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia \"Duchy of Prussia\") but kept the coastal cities. Poland had other Swedish gains returned from the 1625 invasion. Most of Livonia north of the [Daugava River](/wiki/Daugava_River \"Daugava River\") was ceded to Sweden ([Swedish Livonia](/wiki/Swedish_Livonia \"Swedish Livonia\")), but [Latgale](/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship \"Inflanty Voivodeship\"), the southeastern area, remained under Polish rule. Sweden received the right to two third of all the shipping tolls at Polish ports, such as at [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk \"Gdańsk\") (Danzig) and [Elbląg (Elbing)](/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g \"Elbląg\") and from the [Duchy of Prussia](/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia \"Duchy of Prussia\"), for six years. The shipping tolls financed Sweden's involvement in the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\").\n\nThe Truce of Altmark was signed shortly after Sweden had been defeated by Poland led by [Field Crown Hetman](/wiki/Field_Crown_Hetman \"Field Crown Hetman\") [Stanisław Koniecpolski](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Koniecpolski \"Stanisław Koniecpolski\") and [Holy Roman Imperial](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\") troops at [Trzciana](/wiki/Battle_of_Trzciana \"Battle of Trzciana\"), which nearly lead to the capture of King [Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden](/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden \"Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden\"). Gustavus was wounded several times and was once saved by one of his men.\n\nThe Polish Parliament (*[Sejm](/wiki/General_sejm \"General sejm\")*) did not impose new taxes to pay the soldiers of the imperial army fighting under [Hans Georg von Arnim\\-Boitzenburg](/wiki/Hans_Georg_von_Arnim-Boitzenburg \"Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg\") and low morale made some of them mutiny or go over to Sweden. Several other countries intervened diplomatically, which eventually forced [Sigismund III of Poland](/wiki/Sigismund_III_of_Poland \"Sigismund III of Poland\") to enter the truce.\n\nIn 1635, the truce was extended by the [Treaty of Stuhmsdorf](/wiki/Treaty_of_Stuhmsdorf \"Treaty of Stuhmsdorf\"). Sweden gave up the Prussian ports, and Poland ceded most of Livonia with [Riga](/wiki/Riga \"Riga\") but kept the [Latgale](/wiki/Latgale \"Latgale\") region.\n\nThe most important result of the truce was that it solidified Sweden's position as the ruler of the northern part of the [Baltic Sea](/wiki/Baltic_Sea \"Baltic Sea\") down to the [Daugava](/wiki/Daugava \"Daugava\"), including [Riga](/wiki/Riga \"Riga\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of treaties](/wiki/List_of_treaties \"List of treaties\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Other Sources\n-------------\n\n* Ulf Sundberg (2002\\) *Svenska freder och stillestånd 1249\\-1814* (Hjalmarson \\& Högberg) \n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n### Scan and edition of the treaty\n\n* [Scan of the treaty at IEG Mainz](https://web.archive.org/web/20110719045350/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=site.htm&dir=&nav=&siteid=133&treaty=107&lastsiteid=77&searchquery=&is_fts=1&filter_select=&filter_wt=&filter_id=&filter_l=&filter_p=&searchlang=de&searchstring=1655&date=&year_from=&year_till=&location=)\n* [Annotated edition of the treaty at IEG Mainz](https://web.archive.org/web/20110719045500/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=comment.htm&dir=&treaty=107&comment=251¬rans=1)\n\n### Further reading\n\n* [Chronology of Sweden](https://web.archive.org/web/20060821094535/http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/swedhis/swed1600.htm)\n* [History of Latvia: A Brief Synopsis](https://web.archive.org/web/20061004211843/http://www.latvia-usa.org/hisoflatbrie.html)\n\n[Altmark](/wiki/Category:Truces_of_Poland \"Truces of Poland\")\n[Category:Swedish Livonia](/wiki/Category:Swedish_Livonia \"Swedish Livonia\")\n[Altmark](/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties_of_Sweden \"Peace treaties of Sweden\")\n[Category:Poland–Sweden relations](/wiki/Category:Poland%E2%80%93Sweden_relations \"Poland–Sweden relations\")\n[Category:1629 treaties](/wiki/Category:1629_treaties \"1629 treaties\")\n[Category:Treaties of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"Treaties of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\")\n[Category:Treaties of the Swedish Empire](/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Swedish_Empire \"Treaties of the Swedish Empire\")\n[Category:1629 in Europe](/wiki/Category:1629_in_Europe \"1629 in Europe\")\n[Category:1629 in Sweden](/wiki/Category:1629_in_Sweden \"1629 in Sweden\")\n[Category:1629 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Category:1629_in_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"1629 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\")\n\n",
"### Scan and edition of the treaty\n\n* [Scan of the treaty at IEG Mainz](https://web.archive.org/web/20110719045350/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=site.htm&dir=&nav=&siteid=133&treaty=107&lastsiteid=77&searchquery=&is_fts=1&filter_select=&filter_wt=&filter_id=&filter_l=&filter_p=&searchlang=de&searchstring=1655&date=&year_from=&year_till=&location=)\n* [Annotated edition of the treaty at IEG Mainz](https://web.archive.org/web/20110719045500/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=comment.htm&dir=&treaty=107&comment=251¬rans=1)\n",
"### Further reading\n\n* [Chronology of Sweden](https://web.archive.org/web/20060821094535/http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/swedhis/swed1600.htm)\n* [History of Latvia: A Brief Synopsis](https://web.archive.org/web/20061004211843/http://www.latvia-usa.org/hisoflatbrie.html)\n\n[Altmark](/wiki/Category:Truces_of_Poland \"Truces of Poland\")\n[Category:Swedish Livonia](/wiki/Category:Swedish_Livonia \"Swedish Livonia\")\n[Altmark](/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties_of_Sweden \"Peace treaties of Sweden\")\n[Category:Poland–Sweden relations](/wiki/Category:Poland%E2%80%93Sweden_relations \"Poland–Sweden relations\")\n[Category:1629 treaties](/wiki/Category:1629_treaties \"1629 treaties\")\n[Category:Treaties of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"Treaties of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\")\n[Category:Treaties of the Swedish Empire](/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Swedish_Empire \"Treaties of the Swedish Empire\")\n[Category:1629 in Europe](/wiki/Category:1629_in_Europe \"1629 in Europe\")\n[Category:1629 in Sweden](/wiki/Category:1629_in_Sweden \"1629 in Sweden\")\n[Category:1629 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Category:1629_in_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"1629 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Tokimeki Memorial Only Love
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"141.136.145.108"
]
}
|
25i8n0sadk4l7lst83hnfimir8mx4gz
|
2024-10-04T13:00:41Z
| 1,249,345,967 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot",
"Characters",
"Episodes",
"Theme songs",
"Opening theme",
"Ending themes",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\n\n is a Japanese [anime](/wiki/Anime \"Anime\") series produced by [Konami Digital Entertainment Co., Ltd.](/wiki/Konami \"Konami\"), based on Konami's popular *[Tokimeki Memorial](/wiki/Tokimeki_Memorial_%28series%29 \"Tokimeki Memorial (series)\")* dating simulation series, specifically *[Tokimeki Memorial Online](/wiki/Tokimeki_Memorial_Online \"Tokimeki Memorial Online\")*. It premiered October 3, 2006 across Japan on [TV Tokyo](/wiki/TV_Tokyo \"TV Tokyo\"). The anime series ended its run on March 27, 2007 with 25 episodes. The DVD release includes an additional episode (occurring between episodes 17 and 18\\) and a special compilation episode for a total of 27 episodes.\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nThe anime main line story revolves around a second year high school student, Riku Aoba, who has just recently transferred to Holy Cross High School, where he notices, upon joining, several unique and funny occurrences, often being the target of a series of events and races administered by the student council and its fun\\-seeking president.\n\nWhile at the academy, Riku meets the original *[Tokimeki Memorial Online](/wiki/Tokimeki_Memorial_Online \"Tokimeki Memorial Online\")* characters and the story begins.\n\n",
"Characters\n----------\n\nA second\\-year student at class 2\\-A and Sayuri's classmate. Before transferring to Tsugumi, Riku used to live in a snowy harbour in the northeast of Hokkaido. He is often a target of a series of bizarre events and races administered by the school council. Tsukasa, Sayuri, and Mina compete for his affections.\n\nA second\\-year student at class 2\\-A. Graceful and intelligent, Sayuri is an extremely popular girl at school, and is talented in academics and sports (and surprisingly video games), often being the subject of admiration from several of the school's male students. Numerous legends have been told of the greatness of her actions in the past year. She falls deeply in love with Riku after noticing he treats her like he treats everyone and she can be herself around him, though she has been hiding her true feelings from everyone's knowledge, including Riku's.\n\nA second\\-year student at class 2\\-B, Tsukasa is a highly skilled member of the school's volleyball team. She is a believer in destiny, and falls in love with Riku almost immediately after bumping into him one day, declaring that Aoba is her boyfriend from that point on. She is also a bad cook. She successfully changes this by learning from the home economics teacher, but she skips several of the classes afterwards and her cooking becomes terrible again.\n\nA first\\-year student at class 1\\-C, Mina is a member of the school's swimming team. She loves dolphins and is quite shy. She appeared first in the school library, Aoba helped her reach a book about dolphins. After Aoba agrees to become her coach, she falls in love with him. She is nervous to confess her true feelings to him. Also because of her love of the sea life she quite reluctant to prepare food from the sea.\n\nThe school council president, who is often engaged in arranging several strange and bizarre events, often involving Riku as the target. He appears to be much lazier or less responsible than expected as he tried to avoid work concerning the Cultural Festival and asked Riku to take part with helping in the Festival (this was possibly to lessen his own work load).\n\nSits next to Riku in class. He appears to be cold and distant from his other classmates even to his teachers, but is far kinder and warmer than he appears. His hobbies include painting and caring for small animals. Riku and him become good friends, which the latter won't actually admit but subtly. When hearing the news that Riku will transfer to another school on the day of the closing ceremony, Inukai is shocked about that.\n",
"Episodes\n--------\n\n| | Title | Original air date |\n|\n\n",
"Theme songs\n-----------\n\n### Opening theme\n\n\t+ Lyricist: Chihiro Kurosu\n\t+ Composition: Takuya Watanabe\n\t+ Arrangement: m\\-takeshi\n\t+ Performance: Yuki Makishima\n\n### Ending themes\n\n\t+ Lyricist: Akiko Watanabe\n\t+ Composition: Kazuya Komatsu\n\t+ Arrangement: [Ryosuke Nakanishi](/wiki/Ryosuke_Nakanishi \"Ryosuke Nakanishi\")\n\t+ Performance: Yuki Makishima, [Yukako Yoshikawa](/wiki/Yukako_Yoshikawa \"Yukako Yoshikawa\") and [Saki Fujita](/wiki/Saki_Fujita \"Saki Fujita\")\n\t+ Lyricist: Chihiro Kurosu\n\t+ Composition: Takeshi Uehara\n\t+ Arrangement: Hiroshi Matsui\n\t+ Performance: Yuki Makishima, Yukako Yoshikawa and Saki Fujita\n",
"### Opening theme\n\n\t+ Lyricist: Chihiro Kurosu\n\t+ Composition: Takuya Watanabe\n\t+ Arrangement: m\\-takeshi\n\t+ Performance: Yuki Makishima\n",
"### Ending themes\n\n\t+ Lyricist: Akiko Watanabe\n\t+ Composition: Kazuya Komatsu\n\t+ Arrangement: [Ryosuke Nakanishi](/wiki/Ryosuke_Nakanishi \"Ryosuke Nakanishi\")\n\t+ Performance: Yuki Makishima, [Yukako Yoshikawa](/wiki/Yukako_Yoshikawa \"Yukako Yoshikawa\") and [Saki Fujita](/wiki/Saki_Fujita \"Saki Fujita\")\n\t+ Lyricist: Chihiro Kurosu\n\t+ Composition: Takeshi Uehara\n\t+ Arrangement: Hiroshi Matsui\n\t+ Performance: Yuki Makishima, Yukako Yoshikawa and Saki Fujita\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [*Tokimeki Memorial Only Love*](https://web.archive.org/web/20071130070709/http://www.konami.jp/visual/tokimemo-anime/) at Konami (archived)\n* [*Tokimeki Memorial Only Love*](http://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/anime/tokimemo/) at TV Tokyo\n[Category:Anime television series based on video games](/wiki/Category:Anime_television_series_based_on_video_games \"Anime television series based on video games\")\n[Category:Anime International Company](/wiki/Category:Anime_International_Company \"Anime International Company\")\n[Category:Dengeki Comic Gao!](/wiki/Category:Dengeki_Comic_Gao%21 \"Dengeki Comic Gao!\")\n[Category:Konami](/wiki/Category:Konami \"Konami\")\n[Category:Anime and manga set in schools](/wiki/Category:Anime_and_manga_set_in_schools \"Anime and manga set in schools\")\n[Category:Tokimeki Memorial](/wiki/Category:Tokimeki_Memorial \"Tokimeki Memorial\")\n[Category:Works based on Konami video games](/wiki/Category:Works_based_on_Konami_video_games \"Works based on Konami video games\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Healthy Competition
|
{
"id": [
29463730
],
"name": [
"PrimeBOT"
]
}
|
08s72m8une0si6a07qne13oq7729x10
|
2024-09-07T13:42:54Z
| 1,237,148,241 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Synopsis",
"Episode cast",
"First appearances",
"Music",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + \n\t\"**Healthy Competition**\" is the second episode of series 3 of the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") [sitcom](/wiki/Sitcom \"Sitcom\") *[Only Fools and Horses](/wiki/Only_Fools_and_Horses \"Only Fools and Horses\")*. It was first broadcast on 17 November 1983\\. In the episode, [Rodney](/wiki/Rodney_Trotter \"Rodney Trotter\") decides to leave *Trotters Independent Traders* and go into business with Mickey Pearce, but soon learns it is harder than it looks.\n\n",
"Synopsis\n--------\n\nAfter an argument with [Del Boy](/wiki/Del_Boy \"Del Boy\") for failing to spot an approaching [policeman](/wiki/Policeman \"Policeman\") at the market, leading to a frantic chase scene, [Rodney](/wiki/Rodney_Trotter \"Rodney Trotter\") informs Del and [Grandad](/wiki/Grandad_%28Only_Fools_and_Horses%29 \"Grandad (Only Fools and Horses)\") that he has other things on his mind and is preparing to make a big announcement, namely he is leaving *Trotters Independent Traders* to set up a business partnership with his friend Mickey Pearce. Del and Grandad warn Rodney that Mickey Pearce is untrustworthy and has no business sense, but Rodney dismisses their claims. Del warns Rodney that going it alone means he has to pay for everything himself in future, but Rodney proceeds with it, insisting he can prove he is just as good as Del. Rodney raises his revenue by informing Del that he owns one half of *Trotters* to which Del, after slight hesitation, gives Rodney money from the pile (though clearly less than half, in keeping with his character).\n\nRodney and Mickey meet Del at a local auction the following day, and set their eyes on a set of glass goblets. Del then arrives and urges them not to buy Lot 37, claiming it is just scrap iron. Both Rodney and Mickey, thinking Del is trying to cheat them out of bidding for that lot, go ahead and purchase Lot 37, which turns out to be rusting and broken lawnmower engines. It also emerges Del was the one selling the engines in the first place, having drunkenly bought them off Alfie Flowers, an associate of his. Adding insult to injury, Rodney and Mickey have paid so wildly over the odds for the engines that Del ends up making a decent profit on the engines, with which he was able to buy the goblets they were after.\n\nThings immediately go downhill for Rodney. Whilst Del has a successful week and manages to sell all his merchandise, Rodney and Mickey are lumbered with the broken lawnmower engines, which are still stuck in Mickey's garden shed. Del tells Grandad about his own success and they both joke about Rodney's misfortune with the lawnmower engines. According to Del, two nights previously, someone broke into the shed and stole two of the engines, only to return them the next night. Rodney returns home and Grandad asks Del to leave him alone and not discuss the engines.\n\nRodney is clearly struggling but is determined to convince Del he is managing perfectly. He claims to have had plenty of clients asking about the engines, and his claims become more exaggerated as Del probes further into his business. Rodney asks for some food but Del refuses, telling Grandad not to cook him anything as he has not paid his housekeeping money. Rodney attempts to persuade him, but he does not budge. Grandad asks how Rodney could be struggling with money when he had the £200 given to him by Del out of their share of the partnership. It soon transpires that Mickey has gone on holiday to [Benidorm](/wiki/Benidorm \"Benidorm\") with the company finances, leaving Rodney with nothing.\n\nFeeling sorry for his brother, Del comes up with a scheme to get Rodney to rejoin Trotters Independent Traders with his pride intact and thinking that he has been successful. He pays another trader, Towser, to buy the lawnmower engines from Rodney for £200, despite having a scrap value of only £20, and to make up a story about a contact in the [GLC](/wiki/Greater_London_Council \"Greater London Council\") Parks Department who wants as many engines as he can get. Towser then asks what he should do with the engines, and Del tells him to give them back to Alfie. With Del's plan, Rodney will gain a bit of confidence and realise he would be better off being Del's partner again, and Del will get his money back when Rodney buys back into Trotters Independent Traders.\n\nThe next day, at *The Nag's Head*, Rodney tells Del he liquidated the partnership with Mickey, and proudly tells him that he has sold the lawnmower engines to Towser. Unfortunately, it becomes apparent that Del's plan has not quite worked out, and Towser only paid Rodney £165 and kept the remaining £35 for himself. Worse still, Rodney has invested all the proceeds in buying another set of lawnmower engines from Alfie Flowers which are, unknown to Rodney, the same ones Towser had just given back to him. He thus asks Del if he can borrow some money, and Del angrily bemoans what a \"42 carat plonker\" his brother is. Del gives Rodney an elastic band to put around his Gucci to stop the sole coming off.\n\n",
"Episode cast\n------------\n\n| Actor | Role |\n| --- | --- |\n| [David Jason](/wiki/David_Jason \"David Jason\") | [Derek Trotter](/wiki/Del_Boy \"Del Boy\") |\n| [Nicholas Lyndhurst](/wiki/Nicholas_Lyndhurst \"Nicholas Lyndhurst\") | [Rodney Trotter](/wiki/Rodney_Trotter \"Rodney Trotter\") |\n| [Lennard Pearce](/wiki/Lennard_Pearce \"Lennard Pearce\") | [Grandad Trotter](/wiki/Grandad_%28Only_Fools_and_Horses%29 \"Grandad (Only Fools and Horses)\") |\n| [Patrick Murray](/wiki/Patrick_Murray_%28actor%29 \"Patrick Murray (actor)\") | Mickey Pearce |\n| Mike Carnell | Young Towser |\n| Glynn Sweet | Auctioneer |\n| [Rex Robinson](/wiki/Rex_Robinson_%28actor%29 \"Rex Robinson (actor)\") | Harry (foreman) |\n| Dev Sagoo | Waiter |\n| Julie La Rousse | Julie (barmaid) |\n| Jay McGrath | Shop salesman |\n\n",
"First appearances\n-----------------\n\n* [Patrick Murray](/wiki/Patrick_Murray_%28actor%29 \"Patrick Murray (actor)\") as Mickey Pearce\n",
"Music\n-----\n\n**[John Williams](/wiki/John_Williams \"John Williams\")**: *[Jaws](/wiki/Jaws_%28film%29 \"Jaws (film)\")* theme\n\nNote: In the VHS/DVD versions, John Williams' \"*Jaws* theme\" is replaced by a similar\\-sounding piece of music.\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Only Fools and Horses series 3 episodes](/wiki/Category:Only_Fools_and_Horses_series_3_episodes \"Only Fools and Horses series 3 episodes\")\n[Category:1983 British television episodes](/wiki/Category:1983_British_television_episodes \"1983 British television episodes\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Book of Northern Qi
|
{
"id": [
7730667
],
"name": [
"Asdfghjohnkl"
]
}
|
q27581h76tfxdm5xtb94g40o0lt18su
|
2023-10-13T21:39:27Z
| 1,162,061,597 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Contents",
"Annals (紀)",
"Biographies (列傳)",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe ***Book of Northern Qi*** (), was the official history of the [Chinese](/wiki/History_of_China \"History of China\") dynasty [Northern Qi](/wiki/Northern_Qi \"Northern Qi\"). It was written by the [Tang dynasty](/wiki/Tang_dynasty \"Tang dynasty\") historian [Li Baiyao](/wiki/Li_Baiyao \"Li Baiyao\") (李百藥) and was completed in 636\\. It is listed among the official [Twenty\\-Four Histories](/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories \"Twenty-Four Histories\") of China. The original book contained 50 chapters but it was found during the [Song dynasty](/wiki/Song_dynasty \"Song dynasty\") that only 17 chapters were intact. The rest are lost.\n\n",
"Contents\n--------\n\n### Annals (紀)\n\n| \\# | Title | Translation | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Volume 1](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B71 \"北齊書/卷1\") | 帝紀第1 神武帝上 | [Emperor Shenwu](/wiki/Gao_Huan \"Gao Huan\") | |\n| [Volume 2](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B72 \"北齊書/卷2\") | 帝紀第2 神武帝下 | Emperor Shenwu | |\n| [Volume 3](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B73 \"北齊書/卷3\") | 帝紀第3 文襄帝 | [Emperor Wenxiang](/wiki/Gao_Cheng \"Gao Cheng\") | |\n| [Volume 4](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B74 \"北齊書/卷4\") | 帝紀第4 文宣帝 | [Emperor Wenxuan](/wiki/Emperor_Wenxuan_of_Northern_Qi \"Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi\") | |\n| [Volume 5](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B75 \"北齊書/卷5\") | 帝紀第5 廢帝 | [Emperor Fei](/wiki/Emperor_Fei_of_Northern_Qi \"Emperor Fei of Northern Qi\") | |\n| [Volume 6](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B76 \"北齊書/卷6\") | 帝紀第6 孝昭帝 | [Emperor Xiaozhao](/wiki/Emperor_Xiaozhao_of_Northern_Qi \"Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi\") | |\n| [Volume 7](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B77 \"北齊書/卷7\") | 帝紀第7 武成帝 | [Emperor Wucheng](/wiki/Emperor_Wucheng_of_Northern_Qi \"Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi\") | |\n| [Volume 8](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B78 \"北齊書/卷8\") | 帝紀第8 後主 幼主 | [Houzhu](/wiki/Gao_Wei \"Gao Wei\"); [Youzhu](/wiki/Gao_Heng \"Gao Heng\") | |\n|\n\n### Biographies (列傳)\n\n| \\# | Title | Translation | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Volume 9](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B79 \"北齊書/卷9\") | 列傳第1 後宮 | Empresses and Consorts | |\n| [Volume 10](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B710 \"北齊書/卷10\") | 列傳第2 高祖十一王 | Eleven Princes of Shenwu | |\n| [Volume 11](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B711 \"北齊書/卷11\") | 列傳第3 文襄六王 | Six Princes of Wenxiang | |\n| [Volume 12](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B712 \"北齊書/卷12\") | 列傳第4 文宣四王 孝昭六王 武成十二王 後主五男 | Four Princes of Wenxuan; Six Princes of Xiaozhao; Twelve Princes of Wucheng; Five Princes of Houzhu | |\n| [Volume 13](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B713 \"北齊書/卷13\") | 列傳第5 趙郡王琛 子叡 清河王岳 子勱 | [Gao Chen](/wiki/Gao_Chen \"Gao Chen\"); [Gao Rui (Northern Qi)](/wiki/Gao_Rui_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Gao Rui (Northern Qi)\"); [Gao Yue (Northern Qi)](/wiki/Gao_Yue_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Gao Yue (Northern Qi)\"); [Gao Mai](/wiki/Gao_Mai \"Gao Mai\") | |\n| [Volume 14](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B714 \"北齊書/卷14\") | 列傳第6 廣平公盛 陽州公永樂 弟長弼 襄樂王顯國 上洛王思宗 子元海 弟思好 平秦王歸彥 武興王普 長樂太守靈山 嗣子伏護 | Guangping Gongcheng; Yangzhou Gong Yongle; Di Zhangbi; Prince of Xiangle, Xiang Guo; Prince of Shangluo, Si Zong; Zi Yuanhai; Di Sihao; Prince of Pingqin, Guiyan; Prince Pu of Wuxing; Changle, Governor of Lingshan; Sizi Fuhu | |\n| [Volume 15](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B715 \"北齊書/卷15\") | 列傳第7 竇泰 尉景 婁昭 兄子叡 厙狄干 子士文 韓軌 潘樂 | [Dou Tai](/wiki/Dou_Tai \"Dou Tai\"); [Wei Jing](/wiki/Wei_Jing \"Wei Jing\"); [Lou Zhao](/wiki/Lou_Zhao \"Lou Zhao\"); [Lou Rui](/wiki/Lou_Rui \"Lou Rui\"); [Han Gui](/wiki/Han_Gui \"Han Gui\"); [Pan Le](/wiki/Pan_Le \"Pan Le\") | |\n| [Volume 16](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B716 \"北齊書/卷16\") | 列傳第8 段榮 子韶 | [Duan Rong](/wiki/Duan_Rong \"Duan Rong\"); [Duan Shao](/wiki/Duan_Shao \"Duan Shao\") | |\n| [Volume 17](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B717 \"北齊書/卷17\") | 列傳第9 斛律金 子光 羨 | [Hulü Jin](/wiki/Hul%C3%BC_Jin \"Hulü Jin\"); [Hulü Guang](/wiki/Hul%C3%BC_Guang \"Hulü Guang\"); [Hulü Xian](/wiki/Hul%C3%BC_Xian \"Hulü Xian\") | |\n| [Volume 18](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B718 \"北齊書/卷18\") | 列傳第10 孫騰 高隆之 司馬子如 | [Sun Teng](/wiki/Sun_Deng_%28Eastern_Wu%29 \"Sun Deng (Eastern Wu)\"); [Gao Longzhi](/wiki/Gao_Longzhi \"Gao Longzhi\"); [Sima Ziru](/wiki/Sima_Ziru \"Sima Ziru\") | |\n| [Volume 19](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B719 \"北齊書/卷19\") | 列傳第11 賀拔允 蔡儁 韓賢 尉長命 王懷 劉貴 任延敬 莫多婁貸文 高市貴 厙狄迴洛 厙狄盛 薛孤延 張保洛 侯莫陳相 | He Bayun; [Cai Jun](/wiki/Cai_Jun_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Cai Jun (Northern Qi)\"); Wei Zhangming; Wang Huai; [Liu Gui](/wiki/Liu_Gui \"Liu Gui\"); Ren Yanjing; Moduoluo Daiwen; [Gao Shigui](/wiki/Gao_Shigui \"Gao Shigui\"); Shidi Huiluo; She Dicheng; Xue Guyan; Zhang Baoluo; Houmo Chenxiang | |\n| [Volume 20](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B720 \"北齊書/卷20\") | 列傳第12 張瓊 斛律羌 堯雄 宋顯 王則 慕容紹宗 薛脩義 叱列平 步大汗薩 慕容儼 | Zhang Qiong; Hu Luqiang; Yao Xiong; Song Xian; Wang Ze; [Murong Shaozong](/wiki/Murong_Shaozong \"Murong Shaozong\"); Xue Xiuyi; Chi Lieping; Buda Hansa; Murong Yan | |\n| [Volume 21](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B721 \"北齊書/卷21\") | 列傳第13 高乾 封隆之 | [Gao Gan (Northern Qi)](/wiki/Gao_Gan_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Gao Gan (Northern Qi)\"); [Feng Longzhi](/wiki/Feng_Longzhi \"Feng Longzhi\") | |\n| [Volume 22](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B722 \"北齊書/卷22\") | 列傳第14 李元忠 盧文偉 李義深 | [Li Yuanzhong](/wiki/Li_Yuanzhong \"Li Yuanzhong\") | |\n| [Volume 23](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B723 \"北齊書/卷23\") | 列傳第15 魏蘭根 崔悛 | [Wei Lan'gen](/wiki/Wei_Lan%27gen \"Wei Lan'gen\") | |\n| [Volume 24](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B724 \"北齊書/卷24\") | 列傳第16 孫搴 陳元康 杜弼 | [Sun Qian (Eastern Wei)](/wiki/Sun_Qian_%28Eastern_Wei%29 \"Sun Qian (Eastern Wei)\"); [Chen Yuankang](/wiki/Chen_Yuankang \"Chen Yuankang\") | |\n| [Volume 25](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B725 \"北齊書/卷25\") | 列傳第17 張纂 張亮 張耀 趙起 徐遠 王峻 王紘 | Zhang Zuan; Zhang Liang; Zhang Yao; Zhang Qi; Xu Yuan; Wang Jun; Wang Hong | |\n| [Volume 26](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B726 \"北齊書/卷26\") | 列傳第18 薛琡 敬顯儁 平鑒 | Xue Chu; Jing Xianjun; Ping Jian | |\n| [Volume 27](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B727 \"北齊書/卷27\") | 列傳第19 万俟普 劉豐 破六韓常 金祚 韋子粲 | [Moqi Pu](/wiki/Moqi_Pu \"Moqi Pu\"); Liu Feng; [Poliuhan Chang](/wiki/Poliuhan_Chang \"Poliuhan Chang\"); Jin Zuo; [Wei Zican](/wiki/Wei_Zican \"Wei Zican\") | |\n| [Volume 28](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B728 \"北齊書/卷28\") | 列傳第20 元坦 元斌 元孝友 元暉業 元弼 元韶 | [Yuan Tan (Eastern Wei)](/wiki/Yuan_Tan_%28Eastern_Wei%29 \"Yuan Tan (Eastern Wei)\"); [Yuan Bin](/wiki/Yuan_Bin \"Yuan Bin\"); [Yuan Bi](/wiki/Yuan_Bi \"Yuan Bi\"); [Yuan Shao (Eastern Wei)](/wiki/Yuan_Shao_%28Eastern_Wei%29 \"Yuan Shao (Eastern Wei)\") | |\n| [Volume 29](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B729 \"北齊書/卷29\") | 列傳第21 李渾 李璵 鄭述祖 子元德 | [Li Hun](/wiki/Li_Hun \"Li Hun\"); [Li Yu](/wiki/Li_Yu_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Li Yu (Northern Qi)\"); Zheng Shuzu; Zi Yuande | |\n| [Volume 30](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B730 \"北齊書/卷30\") | 列傳第22 崔暹 高德政 崔昂 | [Cui Xian](/wiki/Cui_Xian \"Cui Xian\"); [Gao Dezheng](/wiki/Gao_Dezheng \"Gao Dezheng\"); Cui Ang | |\n| [Volume 31](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B731 \"北齊書/卷31\") | 列傳第23 王昕 弟晞 | Wang Xin; [Wang Xi](/wiki/Wang_Yanxi \"Wang Yanxi\") | |\n| [Volume 32](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B732 \"北齊書/卷32\") | 列傳第24 陸法和 王琳 | [Lu Fahe](/wiki/Lu_Fahe \"Lu Fahe\"); [Wang Lin (general)](/wiki/Wang_Lin_%28general%29 \"Wang Lin (general)\") | |\n| [Volume 33](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B733 \"北齊書/卷33\") | 列傳第25 蕭明 蕭祗 蕭退 蕭放 徐之才 | [Xiao Yuanming](/wiki/Xiao_Yuanming \"Xiao Yuanming\"); [Xiao Zhi (Liang)](/wiki/Xiao_Zhi_%28Liang%29 \"Xiao Zhi (Liang)\"); [Xiao Tui](/wiki/Xiao_Tui \"Xiao Tui\"); [Xiao Fang (Liang)](/wiki/Xiao_Fang_%28Liang%29 \"Xiao Fang (Liang)\"); [Xu Zhicai](/wiki/Xu_Zhicai \"Xu Zhicai\") | |\n| [Volume 34](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B734 \"北齊書/卷34\") | 列傳第26 楊愔 燕子獻 宋欽道 鄭頤 | [Yang Yin](/wiki/Yang_Yin \"Yang Yin\"); [Yan Zixian](/wiki/Yan_Zixian \"Yan Zixian\"); [Song Qindao](/wiki/Song_Qindao \"Song Qindao\"); | |\n| [Volume 35](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B735 \"北齊書/卷35\") | 列傳第27 裴讓之 李構 張宴之 陸卬 王松年 劉禕 | [Pei Rangzhi](/wiki/Pei_Rangzhi \"Pei Rangzhi\"); Li Guo; Zhang Yanzhi; Lu Ang; Wang Songnian; Liu Yi | |\n| [Volume 36](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B736 \"北齊書/卷36\") | 列傳第28 邢卲 | [Xing Shao](/wiki/Xing_Shao \"Xing Shao\") | |\n| [Volume 37](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B737 \"北齊書/卷37\") | 列傳第29 魏收 | [Wei Shou](/wiki/Wei_Shou \"Wei Shou\") | |\n| [Volume 38](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B738 \"北齊書/卷38\") | 列傳第30 辛術 元文遙 趙彥深 | [Xin Shu](/wiki/Xin_Shu \"Xin Shu\"); [Yuan Wenyao](/wiki/Yuan_Wenyao \"Yuan Wenyao\"); [Zhao Yanshen](/wiki/Zhao_Yanshen \"Zhao Yanshen\") | |\n| [Volume 39](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B739 \"北齊書/卷39\") | 列傳第31 崔季舒 祖珽 | [Cui Jishu](/wiki/Cui_Jishu \"Cui Jishu\"); [Zu Ting](/wiki/Zu_Ting \"Zu Ting\") | |\n| [Volume 40](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B740 \"北齊書/卷40\") | 列傳第32 尉瑾 馮子琮 赫連子悅 唐邕 白建 | [Yu Jin (Northern Qi)](/wiki/Yu_Jin_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Yu Jin (Northern Qi)\"); [Feng Zicong](/wiki/Feng_Zicong \"Feng Zicong\"); [Helian Ziyue](/wiki/Helian_Ziyue \"Helian Ziyue\"); [Tang Yong](/wiki/Tang_Yong \"Tang Yong\"); [Bai Jian](/wiki/Bai_Jian \"Bai Jian\") | |\n| [Volume 41](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B741 \"北齊書/卷41\") | 列傳第33 暴顯 皮景和 鮮于世榮 綦連猛 元景安 獨孤永業 傅伏 高保寧 | Bao Xian; [Pi Jinghe](/wiki/Pi_Jinghe \"Pi Jinghe\"); Xianyu Shirong; [Qilian Meng](/wiki/Qilian_Meng \"Qilian Meng\"); Yuan Jing'an; Dugu Yongye; Fu Fu; Gao Baoning | |\n| [Volume 42](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B742 \"北齊書/卷42\") | 列傳第34 陽斐 盧潛 崔劼 盧叔武 陽休之 袁聿修 | Yang Fei; [Lu Qian (Northern Qi)](/wiki/Lu_Qian_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Lu Qian (Northern Qi)\"); [Cui Jie (Northern Qi)](/wiki/Cui_Jie_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Cui Jie (Northern Qi)\"); [Yang Xiuzhi](/wiki/Yang_Xiuzhi \"Yang Xiuzhi\"); Yuan Yuxiu | |\n| [Volume 43](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B743 \"北齊書/卷43\") | 列傳第35 李稚廉 封述 許惇 羊烈 源彪 | Li Zhilian; Feng Shu; Xu Dun; Yang Lie; Yuan Biao | |\n| [Volume 44](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B744 \"北齊書/卷44\") | 列傳第36 儒林 | Confucian Scholars | |\n| [Volume 45](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B745 \"北齊書/卷45\") | 列傳第37 文苑 | Writers | |\n| [Volume 46](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B746 \"北齊書/卷46\") | 列傳第38 循吏 | Good Officials | |\n| [Volume 47](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B747 \"北齊書/卷47\") | 列傳第39 酷吏 | Cruel Officials | |\n| [Volume 48](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B748 \"北齊書/卷48\") | 列傳第40 外戚 | Imperial Affines | |\n| [Volume 49](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B749 \"北齊書/卷49\") | 列傳第41 方伎 | Arts | |\n| [Volume 50](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B750 \"北齊書/卷50\") | 列傳第42 恩倖 | The Emperor's Favor | |\n|\n\n",
"### Annals (紀)\n\n| \\# | Title | Translation | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Volume 1](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B71 \"北齊書/卷1\") | 帝紀第1 神武帝上 | [Emperor Shenwu](/wiki/Gao_Huan \"Gao Huan\") | |\n| [Volume 2](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B72 \"北齊書/卷2\") | 帝紀第2 神武帝下 | Emperor Shenwu | |\n| [Volume 3](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B73 \"北齊書/卷3\") | 帝紀第3 文襄帝 | [Emperor Wenxiang](/wiki/Gao_Cheng \"Gao Cheng\") | |\n| [Volume 4](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B74 \"北齊書/卷4\") | 帝紀第4 文宣帝 | [Emperor Wenxuan](/wiki/Emperor_Wenxuan_of_Northern_Qi \"Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi\") | |\n| [Volume 5](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B75 \"北齊書/卷5\") | 帝紀第5 廢帝 | [Emperor Fei](/wiki/Emperor_Fei_of_Northern_Qi \"Emperor Fei of Northern Qi\") | |\n| [Volume 6](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B76 \"北齊書/卷6\") | 帝紀第6 孝昭帝 | [Emperor Xiaozhao](/wiki/Emperor_Xiaozhao_of_Northern_Qi \"Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi\") | |\n| [Volume 7](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B77 \"北齊書/卷7\") | 帝紀第7 武成帝 | [Emperor Wucheng](/wiki/Emperor_Wucheng_of_Northern_Qi \"Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi\") | |\n| [Volume 8](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B78 \"北齊書/卷8\") | 帝紀第8 後主 幼主 | [Houzhu](/wiki/Gao_Wei \"Gao Wei\"); [Youzhu](/wiki/Gao_Heng \"Gao Heng\") | |\n|\n\n",
"### Biographies (列傳)\n\n| \\# | Title | Translation | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Volume 9](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B79 \"北齊書/卷9\") | 列傳第1 後宮 | Empresses and Consorts | |\n| [Volume 10](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B710 \"北齊書/卷10\") | 列傳第2 高祖十一王 | Eleven Princes of Shenwu | |\n| [Volume 11](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B711 \"北齊書/卷11\") | 列傳第3 文襄六王 | Six Princes of Wenxiang | |\n| [Volume 12](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B712 \"北齊書/卷12\") | 列傳第4 文宣四王 孝昭六王 武成十二王 後主五男 | Four Princes of Wenxuan; Six Princes of Xiaozhao; Twelve Princes of Wucheng; Five Princes of Houzhu | |\n| [Volume 13](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B713 \"北齊書/卷13\") | 列傳第5 趙郡王琛 子叡 清河王岳 子勱 | [Gao Chen](/wiki/Gao_Chen \"Gao Chen\"); [Gao Rui (Northern Qi)](/wiki/Gao_Rui_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Gao Rui (Northern Qi)\"); [Gao Yue (Northern Qi)](/wiki/Gao_Yue_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Gao Yue (Northern Qi)\"); [Gao Mai](/wiki/Gao_Mai \"Gao Mai\") | |\n| [Volume 14](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B714 \"北齊書/卷14\") | 列傳第6 廣平公盛 陽州公永樂 弟長弼 襄樂王顯國 上洛王思宗 子元海 弟思好 平秦王歸彥 武興王普 長樂太守靈山 嗣子伏護 | Guangping Gongcheng; Yangzhou Gong Yongle; Di Zhangbi; Prince of Xiangle, Xiang Guo; Prince of Shangluo, Si Zong; Zi Yuanhai; Di Sihao; Prince of Pingqin, Guiyan; Prince Pu of Wuxing; Changle, Governor of Lingshan; Sizi Fuhu | |\n| [Volume 15](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B715 \"北齊書/卷15\") | 列傳第7 竇泰 尉景 婁昭 兄子叡 厙狄干 子士文 韓軌 潘樂 | [Dou Tai](/wiki/Dou_Tai \"Dou Tai\"); [Wei Jing](/wiki/Wei_Jing \"Wei Jing\"); [Lou Zhao](/wiki/Lou_Zhao \"Lou Zhao\"); [Lou Rui](/wiki/Lou_Rui \"Lou Rui\"); [Han Gui](/wiki/Han_Gui \"Han Gui\"); [Pan Le](/wiki/Pan_Le \"Pan Le\") | |\n| [Volume 16](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B716 \"北齊書/卷16\") | 列傳第8 段榮 子韶 | [Duan Rong](/wiki/Duan_Rong \"Duan Rong\"); [Duan Shao](/wiki/Duan_Shao \"Duan Shao\") | |\n| [Volume 17](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B717 \"北齊書/卷17\") | 列傳第9 斛律金 子光 羨 | [Hulü Jin](/wiki/Hul%C3%BC_Jin \"Hulü Jin\"); [Hulü Guang](/wiki/Hul%C3%BC_Guang \"Hulü Guang\"); [Hulü Xian](/wiki/Hul%C3%BC_Xian \"Hulü Xian\") | |\n| [Volume 18](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B718 \"北齊書/卷18\") | 列傳第10 孫騰 高隆之 司馬子如 | [Sun Teng](/wiki/Sun_Deng_%28Eastern_Wu%29 \"Sun Deng (Eastern Wu)\"); [Gao Longzhi](/wiki/Gao_Longzhi \"Gao Longzhi\"); [Sima Ziru](/wiki/Sima_Ziru \"Sima Ziru\") | |\n| [Volume 19](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B719 \"北齊書/卷19\") | 列傳第11 賀拔允 蔡儁 韓賢 尉長命 王懷 劉貴 任延敬 莫多婁貸文 高市貴 厙狄迴洛 厙狄盛 薛孤延 張保洛 侯莫陳相 | He Bayun; [Cai Jun](/wiki/Cai_Jun_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Cai Jun (Northern Qi)\"); Wei Zhangming; Wang Huai; [Liu Gui](/wiki/Liu_Gui \"Liu Gui\"); Ren Yanjing; Moduoluo Daiwen; [Gao Shigui](/wiki/Gao_Shigui \"Gao Shigui\"); Shidi Huiluo; She Dicheng; Xue Guyan; Zhang Baoluo; Houmo Chenxiang | |\n| [Volume 20](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B720 \"北齊書/卷20\") | 列傳第12 張瓊 斛律羌 堯雄 宋顯 王則 慕容紹宗 薛脩義 叱列平 步大汗薩 慕容儼 | Zhang Qiong; Hu Luqiang; Yao Xiong; Song Xian; Wang Ze; [Murong Shaozong](/wiki/Murong_Shaozong \"Murong Shaozong\"); Xue Xiuyi; Chi Lieping; Buda Hansa; Murong Yan | |\n| [Volume 21](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B721 \"北齊書/卷21\") | 列傳第13 高乾 封隆之 | [Gao Gan (Northern Qi)](/wiki/Gao_Gan_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Gao Gan (Northern Qi)\"); [Feng Longzhi](/wiki/Feng_Longzhi \"Feng Longzhi\") | |\n| [Volume 22](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B722 \"北齊書/卷22\") | 列傳第14 李元忠 盧文偉 李義深 | [Li Yuanzhong](/wiki/Li_Yuanzhong \"Li Yuanzhong\") | |\n| [Volume 23](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B723 \"北齊書/卷23\") | 列傳第15 魏蘭根 崔悛 | [Wei Lan'gen](/wiki/Wei_Lan%27gen \"Wei Lan'gen\") | |\n| [Volume 24](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B724 \"北齊書/卷24\") | 列傳第16 孫搴 陳元康 杜弼 | [Sun Qian (Eastern Wei)](/wiki/Sun_Qian_%28Eastern_Wei%29 \"Sun Qian (Eastern Wei)\"); [Chen Yuankang](/wiki/Chen_Yuankang \"Chen Yuankang\") | |\n| [Volume 25](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B725 \"北齊書/卷25\") | 列傳第17 張纂 張亮 張耀 趙起 徐遠 王峻 王紘 | Zhang Zuan; Zhang Liang; Zhang Yao; Zhang Qi; Xu Yuan; Wang Jun; Wang Hong | |\n| [Volume 26](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B726 \"北齊書/卷26\") | 列傳第18 薛琡 敬顯儁 平鑒 | Xue Chu; Jing Xianjun; Ping Jian | |\n| [Volume 27](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B727 \"北齊書/卷27\") | 列傳第19 万俟普 劉豐 破六韓常 金祚 韋子粲 | [Moqi Pu](/wiki/Moqi_Pu \"Moqi Pu\"); Liu Feng; [Poliuhan Chang](/wiki/Poliuhan_Chang \"Poliuhan Chang\"); Jin Zuo; [Wei Zican](/wiki/Wei_Zican \"Wei Zican\") | |\n| [Volume 28](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B728 \"北齊書/卷28\") | 列傳第20 元坦 元斌 元孝友 元暉業 元弼 元韶 | [Yuan Tan (Eastern Wei)](/wiki/Yuan_Tan_%28Eastern_Wei%29 \"Yuan Tan (Eastern Wei)\"); [Yuan Bin](/wiki/Yuan_Bin \"Yuan Bin\"); [Yuan Bi](/wiki/Yuan_Bi \"Yuan Bi\"); [Yuan Shao (Eastern Wei)](/wiki/Yuan_Shao_%28Eastern_Wei%29 \"Yuan Shao (Eastern Wei)\") | |\n| [Volume 29](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B729 \"北齊書/卷29\") | 列傳第21 李渾 李璵 鄭述祖 子元德 | [Li Hun](/wiki/Li_Hun \"Li Hun\"); [Li Yu](/wiki/Li_Yu_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Li Yu (Northern Qi)\"); Zheng Shuzu; Zi Yuande | |\n| [Volume 30](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B730 \"北齊書/卷30\") | 列傳第22 崔暹 高德政 崔昂 | [Cui Xian](/wiki/Cui_Xian \"Cui Xian\"); [Gao Dezheng](/wiki/Gao_Dezheng \"Gao Dezheng\"); Cui Ang | |\n| [Volume 31](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B731 \"北齊書/卷31\") | 列傳第23 王昕 弟晞 | Wang Xin; [Wang Xi](/wiki/Wang_Yanxi \"Wang Yanxi\") | |\n| [Volume 32](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B732 \"北齊書/卷32\") | 列傳第24 陸法和 王琳 | [Lu Fahe](/wiki/Lu_Fahe \"Lu Fahe\"); [Wang Lin (general)](/wiki/Wang_Lin_%28general%29 \"Wang Lin (general)\") | |\n| [Volume 33](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B733 \"北齊書/卷33\") | 列傳第25 蕭明 蕭祗 蕭退 蕭放 徐之才 | [Xiao Yuanming](/wiki/Xiao_Yuanming \"Xiao Yuanming\"); [Xiao Zhi (Liang)](/wiki/Xiao_Zhi_%28Liang%29 \"Xiao Zhi (Liang)\"); [Xiao Tui](/wiki/Xiao_Tui \"Xiao Tui\"); [Xiao Fang (Liang)](/wiki/Xiao_Fang_%28Liang%29 \"Xiao Fang (Liang)\"); [Xu Zhicai](/wiki/Xu_Zhicai \"Xu Zhicai\") | |\n| [Volume 34](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B734 \"北齊書/卷34\") | 列傳第26 楊愔 燕子獻 宋欽道 鄭頤 | [Yang Yin](/wiki/Yang_Yin \"Yang Yin\"); [Yan Zixian](/wiki/Yan_Zixian \"Yan Zixian\"); [Song Qindao](/wiki/Song_Qindao \"Song Qindao\"); | |\n| [Volume 35](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B735 \"北齊書/卷35\") | 列傳第27 裴讓之 李構 張宴之 陸卬 王松年 劉禕 | [Pei Rangzhi](/wiki/Pei_Rangzhi \"Pei Rangzhi\"); Li Guo; Zhang Yanzhi; Lu Ang; Wang Songnian; Liu Yi | |\n| [Volume 36](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B736 \"北齊書/卷36\") | 列傳第28 邢卲 | [Xing Shao](/wiki/Xing_Shao \"Xing Shao\") | |\n| [Volume 37](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B737 \"北齊書/卷37\") | 列傳第29 魏收 | [Wei Shou](/wiki/Wei_Shou \"Wei Shou\") | |\n| [Volume 38](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B738 \"北齊書/卷38\") | 列傳第30 辛術 元文遙 趙彥深 | [Xin Shu](/wiki/Xin_Shu \"Xin Shu\"); [Yuan Wenyao](/wiki/Yuan_Wenyao \"Yuan Wenyao\"); [Zhao Yanshen](/wiki/Zhao_Yanshen \"Zhao Yanshen\") | |\n| [Volume 39](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B739 \"北齊書/卷39\") | 列傳第31 崔季舒 祖珽 | [Cui Jishu](/wiki/Cui_Jishu \"Cui Jishu\"); [Zu Ting](/wiki/Zu_Ting \"Zu Ting\") | |\n| [Volume 40](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B740 \"北齊書/卷40\") | 列傳第32 尉瑾 馮子琮 赫連子悅 唐邕 白建 | [Yu Jin (Northern Qi)](/wiki/Yu_Jin_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Yu Jin (Northern Qi)\"); [Feng Zicong](/wiki/Feng_Zicong \"Feng Zicong\"); [Helian Ziyue](/wiki/Helian_Ziyue \"Helian Ziyue\"); [Tang Yong](/wiki/Tang_Yong \"Tang Yong\"); [Bai Jian](/wiki/Bai_Jian \"Bai Jian\") | |\n| [Volume 41](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B741 \"北齊書/卷41\") | 列傳第33 暴顯 皮景和 鮮于世榮 綦連猛 元景安 獨孤永業 傅伏 高保寧 | Bao Xian; [Pi Jinghe](/wiki/Pi_Jinghe \"Pi Jinghe\"); Xianyu Shirong; [Qilian Meng](/wiki/Qilian_Meng \"Qilian Meng\"); Yuan Jing'an; Dugu Yongye; Fu Fu; Gao Baoning | |\n| [Volume 42](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B742 \"北齊書/卷42\") | 列傳第34 陽斐 盧潛 崔劼 盧叔武 陽休之 袁聿修 | Yang Fei; [Lu Qian (Northern Qi)](/wiki/Lu_Qian_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Lu Qian (Northern Qi)\"); [Cui Jie (Northern Qi)](/wiki/Cui_Jie_%28Northern_Qi%29 \"Cui Jie (Northern Qi)\"); [Yang Xiuzhi](/wiki/Yang_Xiuzhi \"Yang Xiuzhi\"); Yuan Yuxiu | |\n| [Volume 43](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B743 \"北齊書/卷43\") | 列傳第35 李稚廉 封述 許惇 羊烈 源彪 | Li Zhilian; Feng Shu; Xu Dun; Yang Lie; Yuan Biao | |\n| [Volume 44](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B744 \"北齊書/卷44\") | 列傳第36 儒林 | Confucian Scholars | |\n| [Volume 45](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B745 \"北齊書/卷45\") | 列傳第37 文苑 | Writers | |\n| [Volume 46](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B746 \"北齊書/卷46\") | 列傳第38 循吏 | Good Officials | |\n| [Volume 47](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B747 \"北齊書/卷47\") | 列傳第39 酷吏 | Cruel Officials | |\n| [Volume 48](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B748 \"北齊書/卷48\") | 列傳第40 外戚 | Imperial Affines | |\n| [Volume 49](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B749 \"北齊書/卷49\") | 列傳第41 方伎 | Arts | |\n| [Volume 50](/wiki/zh:%E5%8C%97%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B750 \"北齊書/卷50\") | 列傳第42 恩倖 | The Emperor's Favor | |\n|\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [*Book of Northern Qi* 《北齊書》](http://chinesenotes.com/beiqishu.html) Chinese text with matching English vocabulary\n\n[Category:Twenty\\-Four Histories](/wiki/Category:Twenty-Four_Histories \"Twenty-Four Histories\")\n[Category:7th\\-century history books](/wiki/Category:7th-century_history_books \"7th-century history books\")\n[Category:Northern Qi](/wiki/Category:Northern_Qi \"Northern Qi\")\n[Category:History books about the Northern and Southern dynasties](/wiki/Category:History_books_about_the_Northern_and_Southern_dynasties \"History books about the Northern and Southern dynasties\")\n[Category:Tang dynasty literature](/wiki/Category:Tang_dynasty_literature \"Tang dynasty literature\")\n[Category:7th\\-century Chinese books](/wiki/Category:7th-century_Chinese_books \"7th-century Chinese books\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Valencian Socialist Party
|
{
"id": [
25296459
],
"name": [
"Braganza"
]
}
|
75kbbdjes3tcz3eno7y0r83l8a12uv0
|
2024-09-03T12:32:48Z
| 1,209,525,103 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Valencian Socialist Party** () was a [political party](/wiki/Political_party \"Political party\") in [Valencia](/wiki/Valencian_Community \"Valencian Community\"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"). It existed informally between 1962 and 1968, during the [Francoist State](/wiki/Francoist_State \"Francoist State\"), which had banned all the political organizations other than those in the [Movimiento Nacional](/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional \"Movimiento Nacional\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nIts founders came from different left\\-wing currents. One sector came from *Joventuts del Rat Penat* led by Alfons Cucó.[Enciclopèdia onomàstica \\- Cu](http://www.marxists.org/catala/enciclopedia/people/c/u.htm) Another grouping had their origins in the [Valencian Marxist Front](/wiki/Valencian_Marxist_Front \"Valencian Marxist Front\") (including Eliseu Climent).[Enciclopèdia del marxisme \\- Pa](http://www.marxists.org/catala/enciclopedia/people/p/a.htm)\n\nIn 1964 [Valencian Socialist Action](/wiki/Valencian_Socialist_Action \"Valencian Socialist Action\") joined the PSV.\n\nThe PSV published *Esquerra*.[Biblioteca Virtual de Prensa Historica \\> Copia digital](http://www.mcu.es/prensahistorica/es/consulta/registro.cmd?id=4621)\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Socialist Party of the Valencian Country](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_the_Valencian_Country_%281974%29 \"Socialist Party of the Valencian Country (1974)\")\n* [Socialist Party of the Valencian Country\\-PSOE](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_the_Valencian_Country \"Socialist Party of the Valencian Country\")\n* [Valencian nationalism](/wiki/Valencian_nationalism \"Valencian nationalism\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* **Benito Sanz Díaz** and **Miquel Nadal i Tàrrega**: *Tradició i modernitat en el valencianisme*. [València](/wiki/Val%C3%A8ncia \"València\"), Edicions Tres i Quatre, 1996\n\n[Category:Political parties in the Valencian Community](/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_the_Valencian_Community \"Political parties in the Valencian Community\")\n[Category:Political parties established in 1962](/wiki/Category:Political_parties_established_in_1962 \"Political parties established in 1962\")\n[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1968](/wiki/Category:Political_parties_disestablished_in_1968 \"Political parties disestablished in 1968\")\n[Category:Socialist parties in Spain](/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties_in_Spain \"Socialist parties in Spain\")\n[Category:Anti\\-Francoism](/wiki/Category:Anti-Francoism \"Anti-Francoism\")\n[Category:Defunct nationalist parties in Spain](/wiki/Category:Defunct_nationalist_parties_in_Spain \"Defunct nationalist parties in Spain\")\n[Category:Left\\-wing nationalist parties in Spain](/wiki/Category:Left-wing_nationalist_parties_in_Spain \"Left-wing nationalist parties in Spain\")\n[Category:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party](/wiki/Category:Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party \"Spanish Socialist Workers' Party\")\n\n"
]
}
|
You're All Living in Cuckooland
|
{
"id": [
24323093
],
"name": [
"Helper201"
]
}
|
evfk23w8npuh3cabt2sfztowtfzk7n7
|
2024-09-02T03:01:16Z
| 1,242,304,753 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Track listing",
"Personnel",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***You're All Living in Cuckooland*** is the eleventh and final album by the [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_people \"Welsh people\") [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\") band [Budgie](/wiki/Budgie_%28band%29 \"Budgie (band)\"). Released in November 2006, it was their first official studio album in 24 years. It was accompanied by a UK tour.\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n",
"Personnel\n---------\n\nBudgie\n* [Burke Shelley](/wiki/Burke_Shelley \"Burke Shelley\") \\- vocals, bass\n* Simon Lees \\- guitar\n* Steve Williams \\- drums\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Budgie (band) albums](/wiki/Category:Budgie_%28band%29_albums \"Budgie (band) albums\")\n[Category:2006 albums](/wiki/Category:2006_albums \"2006 albums\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Giovanni Meli
|
{
"id": [
15587456
],
"name": [
"Rococo1700"
]
}
|
p2hhwhk6ilmo2c5juf6k1rp0il57xb4
|
2024-07-20T03:15:49Z
| 1,235,588,636 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Works",
"Achievements",
"Example",
"''Don Chisciotti e Sanciu Panza'' (Cantu quintu)",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n[thumb\\|right\\|**Giovanni Meli**](/wiki/File:Giovanni_Meli..jpg \"Giovanni Meli..jpg\")\n**Giovanni Meli** (4 March 1740 – 20 December 1815\\) was an [Italian](/wiki/Italians \"Italians\") poet.\n\nMeli was born in [Palermo](/wiki/Palermo \"Palermo\"). After studying [philosophy](/wiki/Philosophy \"Philosophy\") and [medicine](/wiki/Medicine \"Medicine\") he worked as a doctor in [Cinisi](/wiki/Cinisi \"Cinisi\") in the [province of Palermo](/wiki/Province_of_Palermo \"Province of Palermo\"). It was during this early period of his life that he discovered the [bucolic](/wiki/Bucolic \"Bucolic\") poets and the poetic value of his native [Sicilian](/wiki/Sicilian_language \"Sicilian language\") language, which he used thereafter in all of his literary works. There is a [Monument to Giovanni Meli](/wiki/Monument_to_Giovanni_Meli%2C_Palermo \"Monument to Giovanni Meli, Palermo\") in Piazza Stazione Lolli in Palermo, Sicily.\n\n",
"Works\n-----\n\nHis first published piece, *La Bucolica* (1766\\-1772\\), was inspired by *Arcadia* by [Jacopo Sannazaro](/wiki/Jacopo_Sannazaro \"Jacopo Sannazaro\"). It was written while he was still working as a doctor in [Cinisi](/wiki/Cinisi \"Cinisi\").\n\nHe returned to Palermo soon after, already widely known as a scientist and poet. He dedicated the rest of his life to both collecting works of Sicilian poetry, but most importantly, writing and publishing his own works. His *Poesii siciliani* in five volumes was published in 1787, and an edition in six volumes was published in 1814\\.\n\nBesides *La bucolica*, these collections also contain examples of his satirical verse, such as: *La fata galanti* (The courteous fairy, 1762\\); *Don Chisciotti e Sanciu Panza* (*Don Quixote and Sancho Panza*, 1785\\-1787, a parody inspired by [Miguel de Cervantes](/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes \"Miguel de Cervantes\")' *[Don Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote \"Don Quixote\")*); *Favuli murali* (moral fables, 1810\\-1814; *Origini dû munnu* (the origin of the world, 1768\\); *Elegii* (elegies) e *Canzunetti* (little songs).\n\n",
"Achievements\n------------\n\n \n\nOn the tondello (made in gold \\- unique example \\-, in silver and in bronze) the face of the poet with a graduate head is depicted on the obverse, while on the reverse the Meli is consecrated as the new \"Sicilian Anacreon\".\n\nThe only example in gold was delivered to Meli, together with an autograph letter sent on August 12 from Naples by Prince Leopold himself, composed as follows: \" *Abate Meli you liked to associate mine with your great name, dedicating your immortal poems to me, and you did it with so much spirit and with so much heart, that I would not be able to show you my liking enough: I should be showing you my particular esteem for your poetic talents and for your valuable personal qualities. I prefer to unite my desires with those of all the good ones, so that you may live long in virtue, and of the Letters of which you are the delight and the adornment.*\n\n*Apollo was the father of Aesculapius , and it is perhaps for this reason that you are just as good a doctor, and therefore everyone must have a new interest in your prosperity. I have procured to eternalize my admiration for you, by having a Medal coined in your honor, like one in gold for you, and others in silver and bronze for your friends, and with these the assurances of my particular consideration* ”.\n\n",
"Example\n-------\n\n### *Don Chisciotti e Sanciu Panza* (Cantu quintu)\n\n(\\~1790\\)\n\n| Sicilian | English |\n| --- | --- |\n| Stracanciatu di notti soli jiri; | Disguised he roams at night alone; |\n| S'ammuccia ntra purtuni e cantuneri; | Hiding in any nook and cranny; |\n| cu vacabunni ci mustra piaciri; | he enjoys the company of vagabonds; |\n| poi lu so sbiu sunnu li sumeri, | however, donkeys are his real diversion, |\n| li pruteggi e li pigghia a ben vuliri, | he protects them and looks after all their needs, |\n| li tratta pri parenti e amici veri; | treating them as real family and friends; |\n| siccomu ancora è n'amicu viraci | since he remains a true friend |\n| di li bizzarri, capricciusi e audaci. | of all who are bizarre, capricious and bold. |\n\n",
"### *Don Chisciotti e Sanciu Panza* (Cantu quintu)\n\n(\\~1790\\)\n\n| Sicilian | English |\n| --- | --- |\n| Stracanciatu di notti soli jiri; | Disguised he roams at night alone; |\n| S'ammuccia ntra purtuni e cantuneri; | Hiding in any nook and cranny; |\n| cu vacabunni ci mustra piaciri; | he enjoys the company of vagabonds; |\n| poi lu so sbiu sunnu li sumeri, | however, donkeys are his real diversion, |\n| li pruteggi e li pigghia a ben vuliri, | he protects them and looks after all their needs, |\n| li tratta pri parenti e amici veri; | treating them as real family and friends; |\n| siccomu ancora è n'amicu viraci | since he remains a true friend |\n| di li bizzarri, capricciusi e audaci. | of all who are bizarre, capricious and bold. |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* Accessed May 17, 2007\n\n[Category:1740 births](/wiki/Category:1740_births \"1740 births\")\n[Category:1815 deaths](/wiki/Category:1815_deaths \"1815 deaths\")\n[Category:Writers from Palermo](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Palermo \"Writers from Palermo\")\n[Category:Sicilian\\-language poets](/wiki/Category:Sicilian-language_poets \"Sicilian-language poets\")\n[Category:Burials at San Domenico, Palermo](/wiki/Category:Burials_at_San_Domenico%2C_Palermo \"Burials at San Domenico, Palermo\")\n[Category:Writers from the Kingdom of Sicily](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_the_Kingdom_of_Sicily \"Writers from the Kingdom of Sicily\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
History of Durrus and District
|
{
"id": [
262716
],
"name": [
"Guliolopez"
]
}
|
bye5u5ttsx6nhrgbvfnvtdvdpewlywb
|
2024-03-06T15:02:12Z
| 1,212,176,143 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Prehistory to middleages",
"Parish boundaries",
"Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries",
"Pilchard fishery c.1600–1750",
"Battle of Kinsale and Carew's assault on Dunboy Castle 1602/Dunmanus Castle",
"Garrison 1620-1630s Four Mile Water",
"Evansons",
"O'Donovans",
"Sir William Petty's Census, 1659",
"Naval battle, Bantry Bay, 1689",
"18th century",
"Indictment of priests in 1714",
"Irish Famine of 1740-41",
"Late 18th century subsistence agriculture",
"Vallancey Survey 1778",
"19th century",
"Anti-Tithe Meeting Mount Gabriel, April 1832.",
"Poor Inquiry 1833",
"Monster Meeting Curragh Hill, Skibbereen 1842",
"Famine",
"Improvement in agricultural conditions 1851-1859",
"Lord Bandon",
"Brahalish Bracelet",
"Griffith Valuation 1847-1849",
"Land Agitation 1880s",
"Land improvement/ Land Acts",
"Distress 1890-1891",
"20th century",
"World War I 1914–1918",
"Revolutionary period",
"Emergency/war",
"Post-war",
"1960s",
"Historical economy",
"Quarries/mines",
"Mill",
"Markets and fairs",
"Dairy and creamery",
"Fisheries",
"Petty Sessions Court",
"Churches",
"Catholic",
"Church of Ireland",
"Methodist",
"Catholic Four Mile Water",
"Church of Ireland schools",
"Aughagoheen Church of Ireland",
"Church of Ireland Durrus",
"Rooska School",
"Cashelane Church of Ireland School",
"Methodist",
"Church Society schools",
"Secondary school",
"Recreation",
"Patterns",
"Athletics",
"Bowling",
"Music",
"Transportation",
"Bus",
"Steamer",
"Rail",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
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3,
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2
],
"content": [
"\nThe area surrounding [Durrus](/wiki/Durrus \"Durrus\") village and [civil parish](/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Ireland \"Civil parishes in Ireland\") has been inhabited since [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic \"Neolithic\") times. The current layout of Durrus village, in [West Cork](/wiki/West_Cork \"West Cork\") in the south of Ireland, has its basis in developments during the 19th century.\n\n",
"Prehistory to middleages\n------------------------\n\n[Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic \"Neolithic\") (3500–1500 BC) monuments at [Coolcoulaghta](/wiki/Coolcoulaghta_Standing_Stones \"Coolcoulaghta Standing Stones\") and at Dunmanus provide evidence of pre\\-[Celtic](/wiki/Celt \"Celt\") population in the area. In 1700–1500 BC, copper was mined at [Mount Gabriel](/wiki/Mount_Gabriel \"Mount Gabriel\") and at Derrycarhoon. Later on, around 500 BC, the [Celts](/wiki/Celt \"Celt\") started arriving in a process that lasted for quite some time slowly overlaying the local population who adopted their language and culture.\n\nThe [Annals of Innisfallen](/wiki/Annals_of_Innisfallen \"Annals of Innisfallen\") state that [St. Ciarán](/wiki/St._Ciar%C3%A1n \"St. Ciarán\") of [Cape Clear](/wiki/Cape_Clear_Island \"Cape Clear Island\") came back to his native place from Rome in 402 AD and introduced Christianity to the area. By the sixth century AD, a number of [St. Finbarr](/wiki/St._Finbarr \"St. Finbarr\")'s disciples were living in [Muintir Bhaire](/wiki/Muintir_Bhaire \"Muintir Bhaire\"). Some time in the sixth or seventh century, the family now known as the [O'Mahonys](/wiki/O%27Mahony \"O'Mahony\") from the [Eoghanach](/wiki/Eoghanach \"Eoghanach\") in North [Munster](/wiki/Munster \"Munster\") arrived in the area. By the eighth century they were well settled in Muintir Bhaire.\n\n[The McCarthys](/wiki/The_McCarthys \"The McCarthys\") arrived in the twelfth century, and by 1185 they had secured the lands of the O'Mahonys. [Tadhg Rua McCarthy](/wiki/Tadhg_Rua_McCarthy \"Tadhg Rua McCarthy\") built a castle at [Scart](/wiki/Scart \"Scart\"), now demolished. He was called [Tadhg Rua na Scairte](/wiki/Tadhg_Rua_na_Scairte \"Tadhg Rua na Scairte\") and the family later built [Cul na Long](/wiki/Cul_na_Long \"Cul na Long\"), the fortified castle some outside [Durrus](/wiki/Durrus \"Durrus\"). The [O'Donovans](/wiki/O%27Donovan \"O'Donovan\") also arrived in the twelfth century and secured some of the O'Mahony lands. By 1190, the [Normans](/wiki/Norman_Ireland \"Norman Ireland\") had reached as far west as Durrus, but were repulsed by the *Desmumu* (people of South Munster).\n\nFrom 1375 onwards, the [herring fishery](/wiki/Herring_fishery \"Herring fishery\") was established in the area, and tribute was paid by the French and [Iberian](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula \"Iberian Peninsula\") fleets to the O'Mahony, O'Driscoll and McCarthy families. This conferred on them the right to fish and also to build on shore bases to salt their catch. This prosperity gave rise to the building of [tower houses](/wiki/Tower_houses \"Tower houses\") in the area. For example, the O'Mahonys built twelve fortifications, including examples at [Rossmore](/wiki/Rossmore%2C_County_Cork \"Rossmore, County Cork\"), [Dunbeacon](/wiki/Dunbeacon \"Dunbeacon\") and [Ballydevlin](/wiki/Ballydevlin \"Ballydevlin\").\n\n### Parish boundaries\n\nThe boundary between the baronies of [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\") and [Carbery](/wiki/Carbery_%28barony%29 \"Carbery (barony)\") coincided with those of Clann Taidhg Ruaidh and McCarthy's lands. The parts in Durrus Barony reaching from the site of [Bantry Abbey](/wiki/Bantry_Abbey \"Bantry Abbey\") along the bay to Rooska, was in the territory of O'Sullivans of [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\"). Clann Taidhg Ruaidh had no direct access to [Bantry Bay](/wiki/Bantry_Bay \"Bantry Bay\"), as the only [townland](/wiki/Townland \"Townland\") touching it in both Carbery, [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\") and [Durrus](/wiki/Durrus \"Durrus\") Parish was Killoveenogue. This was the property of Philip O'Sullivan in 1641\\. The territory of Clann Taidhg Ruaidh did not extend to the South side of Durrus Parish of [Four Mile Water River](/wiki/Four_Mile_Water_River \"Four Mile Water River\"). Here were the townlands of Coolcoulaghta, formerly Coorcoulaghta, Dromreagh, and Ballycommane. The first two formed part of the Taidhg O'Mahony lands, and the [Earl of Cork](/wiki/Earl_of_Cork \"Earl of Cork\") acquired Dromreagh prior to 1641\\. Ballycommane was part of the lands of the Clann Diarmada (McCarthy of Cloghane) which were confiscated after the attainder of Domnall MacCormaic, and was acquired by Sir Cormac Mac Taidhg of [Blarney](/wiki/Blarney \"Blarney\"), who later mortgaged it to Sir Walter Coppinger. The Clann Taidhg Ruaidh occupied the remainder of the old Durrus Parish, as far as the borders of the Kilcrohane Parish, which was the territory of the [O'Dalys](/wiki/O%27Daly \"O'Daly\"). From around the seventeenth century, the main focus of the area had shifted from Scart on the present Cork\\-Bantry Road and the [Dunmanus Bay](/wiki/Dunmanus_Bay \"Dunmanus Bay\") area, to the head of Dunmanus Bay. Canon Cahalane, parish priest 1955–1958, of Bantry, believed that there may have been a 'lost parish', 'Inis Cuinge' between the present parishes of [Durrus](/wiki/Durrus \"Durrus\") and [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\") and that [Whiddy Island](/wiki/Whiddy_Island \"Whiddy Island\") may have been part of it. An inquisition was held in 1731 which said that Aengus O'Daly of Ballyroon, Donnell O'Daly of Rossnacaigreagh and Teigh O'Daly of Mulanaskish [Ahakista](/wiki/Ahakista \"Ahakista\") originally held their lands from the Carews, and from the 1331 escheat of the Carew lands, they became tenants of the crown\n\nIn the [Hondius](/wiki/Jodocus_Hondius \"Jodocus Hondius\") map of 1591, the peninsulas of the South West appear. The Durrus river is named *Fl. Bellemire* and is shown flowing into [Dunmanus Bay](/wiki/Dunmanus_Bay \"Dunmanus Bay\").\n\n",
"### Parish boundaries\n\nThe boundary between the baronies of [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\") and [Carbery](/wiki/Carbery_%28barony%29 \"Carbery (barony)\") coincided with those of Clann Taidhg Ruaidh and McCarthy's lands. The parts in Durrus Barony reaching from the site of [Bantry Abbey](/wiki/Bantry_Abbey \"Bantry Abbey\") along the bay to Rooska, was in the territory of O'Sullivans of [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\"). Clann Taidhg Ruaidh had no direct access to [Bantry Bay](/wiki/Bantry_Bay \"Bantry Bay\"), as the only [townland](/wiki/Townland \"Townland\") touching it in both Carbery, [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\") and [Durrus](/wiki/Durrus \"Durrus\") Parish was Killoveenogue. This was the property of Philip O'Sullivan in 1641\\. The territory of Clann Taidhg Ruaidh did not extend to the South side of Durrus Parish of [Four Mile Water River](/wiki/Four_Mile_Water_River \"Four Mile Water River\"). Here were the townlands of Coolcoulaghta, formerly Coorcoulaghta, Dromreagh, and Ballycommane. The first two formed part of the Taidhg O'Mahony lands, and the [Earl of Cork](/wiki/Earl_of_Cork \"Earl of Cork\") acquired Dromreagh prior to 1641\\. Ballycommane was part of the lands of the Clann Diarmada (McCarthy of Cloghane) which were confiscated after the attainder of Domnall MacCormaic, and was acquired by Sir Cormac Mac Taidhg of [Blarney](/wiki/Blarney \"Blarney\"), who later mortgaged it to Sir Walter Coppinger. The Clann Taidhg Ruaidh occupied the remainder of the old Durrus Parish, as far as the borders of the Kilcrohane Parish, which was the territory of the [O'Dalys](/wiki/O%27Daly \"O'Daly\"). From around the seventeenth century, the main focus of the area had shifted from Scart on the present Cork\\-Bantry Road and the [Dunmanus Bay](/wiki/Dunmanus_Bay \"Dunmanus Bay\") area, to the head of Dunmanus Bay. Canon Cahalane, parish priest 1955–1958, of Bantry, believed that there may have been a 'lost parish', 'Inis Cuinge' between the present parishes of [Durrus](/wiki/Durrus \"Durrus\") and [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\") and that [Whiddy Island](/wiki/Whiddy_Island \"Whiddy Island\") may have been part of it. An inquisition was held in 1731 which said that Aengus O'Daly of Ballyroon, Donnell O'Daly of Rossnacaigreagh and Teigh O'Daly of Mulanaskish [Ahakista](/wiki/Ahakista \"Ahakista\") originally held their lands from the Carews, and from the 1331 escheat of the Carew lands, they became tenants of the crown\n\nIn the [Hondius](/wiki/Jodocus_Hondius \"Jodocus Hondius\") map of 1591, the peninsulas of the South West appear. The Durrus river is named *Fl. Bellemire* and is shown flowing into [Dunmanus Bay](/wiki/Dunmanus_Bay \"Dunmanus Bay\").\n\n",
"Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries\n------------------------------------\n\n### Pilchard fishery c.1600–1750\n\nThe pilchard industry was an important industry in the area. [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\") was the primary centre, together with outlying curing station called \"Pallices\" of which there were a number in Dunmanus and Bantry Bay areas. Fish was caught with the [seine net](/wiki/Seine_net \"Seine net\"), which together with the curing at the fish pallices had been introduced by English settlers in the period.\n\n### Battle of Kinsale and Carew's assault on Dunboy Castle 1602/Dunmanus Castle\n\nThe army of [Carew](/wiki/George_Carew%2C_1st_Earl_of_Totnes \"George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes\") embarked at [Kilevanoge](/wiki/Kilevanoge \"Kilevanoge\") to lay siege to [Dunboy Castle](/wiki/Dunboy_Castle \"Dunboy Castle\") on the opposite shore. Later on Carew and [Mountjoy](/wiki/Charles_Blount%2C_8th_Baron_Mountjoy \"Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy\") employed the services of Aongus O Dalaigh of [Kilcrohane](/wiki/Kilcrohane \"Kilcrohane\") the prime satirist of the times to compose a satire on '[The Tribes of Ireland](/wiki/The_Tribes_of_Ireland \"The Tribes of Ireland\")'. He was stabbed in 1617 by one of the [O'Meaghers](/wiki/O%27Meaghers \"O'Meaghers\") of [Tipperary](/wiki/County_Tipperary \"County Tipperary\") as a result of one of his satires.\n\nAfter the battle of Kinsale the O'Mahony family garrisoned [Dunmanus castle](/wiki/Dunmanus_castle \"Dunmanus castle\") and on 4 June 1602 one of Carew's officers accompanied by one of [Sir Owen O'Sullivan](/wiki/Sir_Owen_O%27Sullivan \"Sir Owen O'Sullivan\")'s sons raided the castle and kept it killing four of the guard. The O'Mahonys regained the castle but, in July, Captain Robert Harvey recovered it. The previous March the under\\-aged ward of Carew, [Donal O'Mahony](/wiki/Donal_O%27Mahony \"Donal O'Mahony\"), had succeeded as chief on his brother's death. As a minor and not taking part in the rising his lands were safe from forfeiture and the O'Mahonys continued to hold the castle. However, following the 1641 rising and the raid on Sir William Hull's fish palace involving the O'Mahonys of Dunmanus the lands comprising were confiscated, taking effect in 1649\\.\n\n### Garrison 1620\\-1630s Four Mile Water\n\nThere was a garrison in *Four Mile Water* as well as other centres in the region, for example, Bantry, 57 soldiers, [Crookhaven](/wiki/Crookhaven \"Crookhaven\"). Cul na Long Castle was built between 1610 and 1640 by Teige na Muclagh McCarthy in a transitional Irish\\-Jacobean style. Following the rising of 1641 the lands of McCarthy Muclagh belonging to Teig's sons Teige and Owen including Cul na Long were confiscated. In the opinion of Bantry antiquarian Paddy O' Keeffe, it was a unique example of the work of craftsmen who transferred the castle\\-monastic ornamentation to Cul na Long. He attempted unsuccessfully to have it taken into the care of the [Office of Public Works](/wiki/Office_of_Public_Works \"Office of Public Works\"). The property was granted to a Colonel Reide after 1641\\. It is believed that Lieutenant Nathaniel Evanson (he received at Castle Donovan after the 1641 rebellion) moved to Cul na Long after 1660, as Four Mile Water Castle. The adjoining Durrus Court was known as Brookfield in 1823 and the residence of Evanson, a magistrate. It came into the control of Lord Bandon by purchase from the Evansons by Judge Bernard before 1731\\. The last direct descendant of the McCarthy Muclaghs died in a cottage in Dunbeacon in 1795\\. Fr. Dan McCarthy, P.P. of Durrus in 1793 and a classical scholar (he was interpreter between General Dalrymple and French officer Prosseau in 1796\\) was a McCarthy Muclagh. There is still a headland near [Dunbeacon Castle](/wiki/Dunbeacon_Castle \"Dunbeacon Castle\") known as Muckla Point.\n\n### Evansons\n\nIn Bishop Dive Downes' tour 1699, he refers to Vicar Thomas Holmes of [Kilmacomoge](/wiki/Kilmacomoge \"Kilmacomoge\") preaching every fourth Sunday at Captain Evanson's house at [Four Mile Water](/wiki/Four_Mile_Water \"Four Mile Water\"). Nathaniel Evanson the elder had three children, a son with no issue, a daughter who married a Beamish and a son Charles who married Susan Arnap in 1688\\. Their eldest son was Nathaniel, who married Mary Alleyn in 1724\\. Their grandson Nathaniel was at Four Mile Water in the 1790s. He married Mary Townsend Baldwin in 1784 and their children were Alleyn who was ordained and Tonson (Richard) who built Friendly Cove. He married Melian Donovan in 1812 who died childless and then Mary Beamish in 1816\\. They had no sons and Friendly Cove passed to William Beamish Morris who married their daughter Catherine. In Pigot's Directory of 1824 Nathaniel Evanson and Richard Evansonis are at Four Mile Water Nathaniel Evanson, Sea Lodge, [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\") died in 1849 and the Rev. Alleyn Evanson died in 1853\\. In Slaters Directory of 1846 Allen Evanson lives at the court, Richard Tonson Evanson at Friendly Cove, Richard Tomson Evanson Jnr. at Ardgoina. There is no reference to them in Thom's 1862 Directory. There are two references to Evansons of Brookfield, Cork in the [King's Inns](/wiki/King%27s_Inns \"King's Inns\") Admission rolls for the early nineteenth century. The Rev. A. Evanson sat on a committee in Bantry in 1824 to petition against the withdrawal of the linen bounty.\n\n### O'Donovans\n\nOne of the O'Donovans of Clann Lochlainn received land in [fee simple](/wiki/Fee_simple \"Fee simple\") at Ardahill, [Kilcrohane](/wiki/Kilcrohane \"Kilcrohane\") but there is now no trace of this residence. Another O'Donovan of Clann Cathail held land of Congreve, [Mount Congreve](/wiki/Mount_Congreve \"Mount Congreve\") near [Waterford](/wiki/Waterford \"Waterford\") and their house was at Fort Lodge (O'Donovan's Cove) near Ahakista. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries families in [West Cork](/wiki/West_Cork \"West Cork\") and [South Kerry](/wiki/County_Kerry \"County Kerry\") such as the O'Donovans, the O'Leary, the O'Sullivans, the Sweeneys and McCarthys managed to acquire leasehold interests as middlemen and had close ties of marriage with each other. Richard O'Donovan of O'Donovan's Cove is listed in [Pigot's Directory](/wiki/Pigot%27s_Directory \"Pigot's Directory\") of 1824 but was at Fort Lodge in 1846, as recorded by Slater as well as being one of [County Cork](/wiki/County_Cork \"County Cork\")'s property owners in 187? at [Carrigboy](/wiki/Carrigboy \"Carrigboy\"). Daniel O'Donovan of Ahakista cottage (now demolished) was a [Magistrate](/wiki/Magistrate \"Magistrate\") according to Slater in 1862\\. Tim O'Donovan was at O'Donovan's Cove according to Thoms, 1862\\.\n\n### Sir William Petty's Census, 1659\n\nThis was compiled to provide a [tax base](/wiki/Tax_base \"Tax base\") which ultimately became a [heart tax](/wiki/Heart_tax \"Heart tax\"). The region was described as 'Part of Dunisse Parish.'\n\nA table sets out the land ownership. The total area is , with profitable, unprofitable. This document is the [Down Survey](/wiki/Down_Survey \"Down Survey\"), completed 1656 and published 1685 as part of [Hiberniae Delineatio](/wiki/Hiberniae_Delineatio \"Hiberniae Delineatio\") in the [National Library](/wiki/National_Library \"National Library\") Ms 714\\. Petty, in 1687, believed that land values were substantially higher than in 1641 even though the population had not recovered to its previous level.\n\n### Naval battle, Bantry Bay, 1689\n\nThere was a major naval engagement in Bantry Bay on 1 May 1689 involving the English and French fleets and the French are believed to have won a marginal victory. The English had 22 vessels and lost 96 killed, 269 wounded while the French fleet was 28 vessels and they lost 40 killed, 93 wounded.\n\n",
"### Pilchard fishery c.1600–1750\n\nThe pilchard industry was an important industry in the area. [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\") was the primary centre, together with outlying curing station called \"Pallices\" of which there were a number in Dunmanus and Bantry Bay areas. Fish was caught with the [seine net](/wiki/Seine_net \"Seine net\"), which together with the curing at the fish pallices had been introduced by English settlers in the period.\n\n",
"### Battle of Kinsale and Carew's assault on Dunboy Castle 1602/Dunmanus Castle\n\nThe army of [Carew](/wiki/George_Carew%2C_1st_Earl_of_Totnes \"George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes\") embarked at [Kilevanoge](/wiki/Kilevanoge \"Kilevanoge\") to lay siege to [Dunboy Castle](/wiki/Dunboy_Castle \"Dunboy Castle\") on the opposite shore. Later on Carew and [Mountjoy](/wiki/Charles_Blount%2C_8th_Baron_Mountjoy \"Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy\") employed the services of Aongus O Dalaigh of [Kilcrohane](/wiki/Kilcrohane \"Kilcrohane\") the prime satirist of the times to compose a satire on '[The Tribes of Ireland](/wiki/The_Tribes_of_Ireland \"The Tribes of Ireland\")'. He was stabbed in 1617 by one of the [O'Meaghers](/wiki/O%27Meaghers \"O'Meaghers\") of [Tipperary](/wiki/County_Tipperary \"County Tipperary\") as a result of one of his satires.\n\nAfter the battle of Kinsale the O'Mahony family garrisoned [Dunmanus castle](/wiki/Dunmanus_castle \"Dunmanus castle\") and on 4 June 1602 one of Carew's officers accompanied by one of [Sir Owen O'Sullivan](/wiki/Sir_Owen_O%27Sullivan \"Sir Owen O'Sullivan\")'s sons raided the castle and kept it killing four of the guard. The O'Mahonys regained the castle but, in July, Captain Robert Harvey recovered it. The previous March the under\\-aged ward of Carew, [Donal O'Mahony](/wiki/Donal_O%27Mahony \"Donal O'Mahony\"), had succeeded as chief on his brother's death. As a minor and not taking part in the rising his lands were safe from forfeiture and the O'Mahonys continued to hold the castle. However, following the 1641 rising and the raid on Sir William Hull's fish palace involving the O'Mahonys of Dunmanus the lands comprising were confiscated, taking effect in 1649\\.\n\n",
"### Garrison 1620\\-1630s Four Mile Water\n\nThere was a garrison in *Four Mile Water* as well as other centres in the region, for example, Bantry, 57 soldiers, [Crookhaven](/wiki/Crookhaven \"Crookhaven\"). Cul na Long Castle was built between 1610 and 1640 by Teige na Muclagh McCarthy in a transitional Irish\\-Jacobean style. Following the rising of 1641 the lands of McCarthy Muclagh belonging to Teig's sons Teige and Owen including Cul na Long were confiscated. In the opinion of Bantry antiquarian Paddy O' Keeffe, it was a unique example of the work of craftsmen who transferred the castle\\-monastic ornamentation to Cul na Long. He attempted unsuccessfully to have it taken into the care of the [Office of Public Works](/wiki/Office_of_Public_Works \"Office of Public Works\"). The property was granted to a Colonel Reide after 1641\\. It is believed that Lieutenant Nathaniel Evanson (he received at Castle Donovan after the 1641 rebellion) moved to Cul na Long after 1660, as Four Mile Water Castle. The adjoining Durrus Court was known as Brookfield in 1823 and the residence of Evanson, a magistrate. It came into the control of Lord Bandon by purchase from the Evansons by Judge Bernard before 1731\\. The last direct descendant of the McCarthy Muclaghs died in a cottage in Dunbeacon in 1795\\. Fr. Dan McCarthy, P.P. of Durrus in 1793 and a classical scholar (he was interpreter between General Dalrymple and French officer Prosseau in 1796\\) was a McCarthy Muclagh. There is still a headland near [Dunbeacon Castle](/wiki/Dunbeacon_Castle \"Dunbeacon Castle\") known as Muckla Point.\n\n",
"### Evansons\n\nIn Bishop Dive Downes' tour 1699, he refers to Vicar Thomas Holmes of [Kilmacomoge](/wiki/Kilmacomoge \"Kilmacomoge\") preaching every fourth Sunday at Captain Evanson's house at [Four Mile Water](/wiki/Four_Mile_Water \"Four Mile Water\"). Nathaniel Evanson the elder had three children, a son with no issue, a daughter who married a Beamish and a son Charles who married Susan Arnap in 1688\\. Their eldest son was Nathaniel, who married Mary Alleyn in 1724\\. Their grandson Nathaniel was at Four Mile Water in the 1790s. He married Mary Townsend Baldwin in 1784 and their children were Alleyn who was ordained and Tonson (Richard) who built Friendly Cove. He married Melian Donovan in 1812 who died childless and then Mary Beamish in 1816\\. They had no sons and Friendly Cove passed to William Beamish Morris who married their daughter Catherine. In Pigot's Directory of 1824 Nathaniel Evanson and Richard Evansonis are at Four Mile Water Nathaniel Evanson, Sea Lodge, [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\") died in 1849 and the Rev. Alleyn Evanson died in 1853\\. In Slaters Directory of 1846 Allen Evanson lives at the court, Richard Tonson Evanson at Friendly Cove, Richard Tomson Evanson Jnr. at Ardgoina. There is no reference to them in Thom's 1862 Directory. There are two references to Evansons of Brookfield, Cork in the [King's Inns](/wiki/King%27s_Inns \"King's Inns\") Admission rolls for the early nineteenth century. The Rev. A. Evanson sat on a committee in Bantry in 1824 to petition against the withdrawal of the linen bounty.\n\n",
"### O'Donovans\n\nOne of the O'Donovans of Clann Lochlainn received land in [fee simple](/wiki/Fee_simple \"Fee simple\") at Ardahill, [Kilcrohane](/wiki/Kilcrohane \"Kilcrohane\") but there is now no trace of this residence. Another O'Donovan of Clann Cathail held land of Congreve, [Mount Congreve](/wiki/Mount_Congreve \"Mount Congreve\") near [Waterford](/wiki/Waterford \"Waterford\") and their house was at Fort Lodge (O'Donovan's Cove) near Ahakista. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries families in [West Cork](/wiki/West_Cork \"West Cork\") and [South Kerry](/wiki/County_Kerry \"County Kerry\") such as the O'Donovans, the O'Leary, the O'Sullivans, the Sweeneys and McCarthys managed to acquire leasehold interests as middlemen and had close ties of marriage with each other. Richard O'Donovan of O'Donovan's Cove is listed in [Pigot's Directory](/wiki/Pigot%27s_Directory \"Pigot's Directory\") of 1824 but was at Fort Lodge in 1846, as recorded by Slater as well as being one of [County Cork](/wiki/County_Cork \"County Cork\")'s property owners in 187? at [Carrigboy](/wiki/Carrigboy \"Carrigboy\"). Daniel O'Donovan of Ahakista cottage (now demolished) was a [Magistrate](/wiki/Magistrate \"Magistrate\") according to Slater in 1862\\. Tim O'Donovan was at O'Donovan's Cove according to Thoms, 1862\\.\n\n",
"### Sir William Petty's Census, 1659\n\nThis was compiled to provide a [tax base](/wiki/Tax_base \"Tax base\") which ultimately became a [heart tax](/wiki/Heart_tax \"Heart tax\"). The region was described as 'Part of Dunisse Parish.'\n\nA table sets out the land ownership. The total area is , with profitable, unprofitable. This document is the [Down Survey](/wiki/Down_Survey \"Down Survey\"), completed 1656 and published 1685 as part of [Hiberniae Delineatio](/wiki/Hiberniae_Delineatio \"Hiberniae Delineatio\") in the [National Library](/wiki/National_Library \"National Library\") Ms 714\\. Petty, in 1687, believed that land values were substantially higher than in 1641 even though the population had not recovered to its previous level.\n\n",
"### Naval battle, Bantry Bay, 1689\n\nThere was a major naval engagement in Bantry Bay on 1 May 1689 involving the English and French fleets and the French are believed to have won a marginal victory. The English had 22 vessels and lost 96 killed, 269 wounded while the French fleet was 28 vessels and they lost 40 killed, 93 wounded.\n\n",
"18th century\n------------\n\n### Indictment of priests in 1714\n\nOn 9 April 1714, Fr. Humphrey O'Sullivan P.P. Durrus, Fr. Daniel McCarthy, P.P. [Schull](/wiki/Schull \"Schull\"), Fr. Teige McCarthy P.P. [Caheragh](/wiki/Caheragh \"Caheragh\"), Fr. George Gould, P.P. [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\") were indicted at the general assizes and gaol delivery at [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\")\n\n### Irish Famine of 1740\\-41\n\nIn March 1741 [Thomas Prior](/wiki/Thomas_Prior \"Thomas Prior\") founder of the [RDS](/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Society \"Royal Dublin Society\") said that Sir Thomas Cox of [Dunmanway](/wiki/Dunmanway \"Dunmanway\") related that due to a failure of the potato crop 500 people had died in his area. Around 350,000 people died including one fifth of [Munster](/wiki/Munster \"Munster\")'s population. It was referred to as Bliain an Air, the year of the slaughter. This famine may have been even more severe than the great famine of 1847 in terms of mortality from starvation and disease.\n\n### Late 18th century subsistence agriculture\n\nIn O'Flanagan and Buttimer's work, Cork History and Society they single out the insular peninsular world of [Schull](/wiki/Schull \"Schull\")\\-[Kilcrohane](/wiki/Kilcrohane \"Kilcrohane\")\\-[Beara](/wiki/Beara_Peninsula \"Beara Peninsula\") as showing a pattern of densely populated clustered settlements with population densities of [South East Asian](/wiki/South_East_Asian \"South East Asian\") proportions. This was possible due to complex partnership arrangements in the organisation of land use and work rhythms and the use of the [spade](/wiki/Spade \"Spade\") for cultivation due to a surplus of labour. Joint farming was integral and marine resources of [seaweed](/wiki/Seaweed \"Seaweed\") and [marine coral sand](/wiki/Marine_coral_sand \"Marine coral sand\") was extensively used. In [Dunmanus Bay](/wiki/Dunmanus_Bay \"Dunmanus Bay\") this came from Carbery Island among other places. Seasonal migration to the better farmlands of [East Cork](/wiki/East_Cork \"East Cork\") and [Munster](/wiki/Munster \"Munster\") also added to income. In South [Kilkenny](/wiki/Kilkenny \"Kilkenny\"), Amhloaimh O Suilleabhain (Humphrey O'Sullivan) said that a \"spailpina bochta\" could earn 8d. a day and the sickle men \"lucht corain \"15d. Added to this widespread sub\\-division, early marriages, the availability of wasteland, [smallpox](/wiki/Smallpox \"Smallpox\") [inoculation](/wiki/Inoculation \"Inoculation\") and the presence of a [cottier](/wiki/Cottier_%28farmer%29 \"Cottier (farmer)\") [textile industry](/wiki/Textile_industry \"Textile industry\") and the contribution of fishing allowed a massive population expansion. Land was let by the '[gneeve](/wiki/Gneeve \"Gneeve\")' i.e. the grass of one cow or one twelfth of a [ploughland](/wiki/Ploughland \"Ploughland\"). The contribution of the wife by keeping poultry and [spinning](/wiki/Spinning_%28textiles%29 \"Spinning (textiles)\") was important. Between 1766 and 1821 the number of households in the Durrus area increased by 60/69%, the population rose significantly.\n\nFrom the land appropriations of the 1650s and 1660s, to the [Rising of 1798](/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798 \"Irish Rebellion of 1798\") and the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\") there was a long period of peace and prosperity. The gradual introduction of those with expertise and the new technology to improve farming practices, contributed to a prosperity, which engendered rapid population expansion. During this period, [South Munster](/wiki/South_Munster \"South Munster\") was transformed into a major agricultural area, centred on the [Port of Cork](/wiki/Port_of_Cork \"Port of Cork\"). [Cork City](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\") underwent a phenomenal expansion, with rapid population growth with hinterland immigration and from abroad. Central to its growth was the provisioning of the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") for what was termed \"[wet goods](/wiki/Wet_goods \"Wet goods\")\" (dairy products, salted and cured meats). [Dry goods](/wiki/Dry_goods \"Dry goods\") for the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") were provided from [East Anglia](/wiki/East_Anglia \"East Anglia\"). Important in securing [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") contracts were [London](/wiki/London \"London\") based families with Cork connections, such as the [Southwells](/wiki/Southwells \"Southwells\") (also of Kinsale), and descendants of the Boyle/Shannon families, who were influential in official circles at the time. The benefits reached into the furthest peninsulas, old tradition has it that people travelled from [Kilcrohane](/wiki/Kilcrohane \"Kilcrohane\") to Cork with [butter](/wiki/Butter \"Butter\"), and from as far as [Dursey](/wiki/Dursey_Island \"Dursey Island\") on the [Beara Peninsula](/wiki/Beara_Peninsula \"Beara Peninsula\"), to [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\") with pigs. A considerable amount of the trade would have been sea\\-borne, in small wooden vessels, to Cork.\n\n### Vallancey Survey 1778\n\nGeneral [Charles Vallancey](/wiki/Charles_Vallancey \"Charles Vallancey\") was sent to Ireland to assist in a [military survey](/wiki/Military_survey \"Military survey\"), remained and became an authority on Irish antiquities. He wrote a report on the [West Cork](/wiki/West_Cork \"West Cork\") area which should also hold true for [Durrus](/wiki/Durrus \"Durrus\") at the period, 'there was only one road between [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\") and [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\"); you may now proceed by eight carriage roads beside several horse tracks branching off from these great roads, from Bantry the country is mountainous and from the high road has the appearance of being barren and very thinly populated; yet the valleys abound with, corn and potatoes and the mountains are covered with black cattle in 1760, twenty years ago it was so thinly inhabited an army of 10,000 men could not possible have found subsistence between Bantry and [Bandon](/wiki/Bandon%2C_County_Cork \"Bandon, County Cork\"). The face of the country now wears a different aspect: the sides of the hill are under the plough, the verges of the bogs are reclaimed and the southern coast from [Skibbereen](/wiki/Skibbereen \"Skibbereen\") to [Bandon](/wiki/Bandon%2C_County_Cork \"Bandon, County Cork\") is one continued garden of grain and potatoes except the barren pinnacles of some hills and the boggy hollows between which are preserved for fuel' (Original in [British Library](/wiki/British_Library \"British Library\"))\n\n",
"### Indictment of priests in 1714\n\nOn 9 April 1714, Fr. Humphrey O'Sullivan P.P. Durrus, Fr. Daniel McCarthy, P.P. [Schull](/wiki/Schull \"Schull\"), Fr. Teige McCarthy P.P. [Caheragh](/wiki/Caheragh \"Caheragh\"), Fr. George Gould, P.P. [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\") were indicted at the general assizes and gaol delivery at [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\")\n\n",
"### Irish Famine of 1740\\-41\n\nIn March 1741 [Thomas Prior](/wiki/Thomas_Prior \"Thomas Prior\") founder of the [RDS](/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Society \"Royal Dublin Society\") said that Sir Thomas Cox of [Dunmanway](/wiki/Dunmanway \"Dunmanway\") related that due to a failure of the potato crop 500 people had died in his area. Around 350,000 people died including one fifth of [Munster](/wiki/Munster \"Munster\")'s population. It was referred to as Bliain an Air, the year of the slaughter. This famine may have been even more severe than the great famine of 1847 in terms of mortality from starvation and disease.\n\n",
"### Late 18th century subsistence agriculture\n\nIn O'Flanagan and Buttimer's work, Cork History and Society they single out the insular peninsular world of [Schull](/wiki/Schull \"Schull\")\\-[Kilcrohane](/wiki/Kilcrohane \"Kilcrohane\")\\-[Beara](/wiki/Beara_Peninsula \"Beara Peninsula\") as showing a pattern of densely populated clustered settlements with population densities of [South East Asian](/wiki/South_East_Asian \"South East Asian\") proportions. This was possible due to complex partnership arrangements in the organisation of land use and work rhythms and the use of the [spade](/wiki/Spade \"Spade\") for cultivation due to a surplus of labour. Joint farming was integral and marine resources of [seaweed](/wiki/Seaweed \"Seaweed\") and [marine coral sand](/wiki/Marine_coral_sand \"Marine coral sand\") was extensively used. In [Dunmanus Bay](/wiki/Dunmanus_Bay \"Dunmanus Bay\") this came from Carbery Island among other places. Seasonal migration to the better farmlands of [East Cork](/wiki/East_Cork \"East Cork\") and [Munster](/wiki/Munster \"Munster\") also added to income. In South [Kilkenny](/wiki/Kilkenny \"Kilkenny\"), Amhloaimh O Suilleabhain (Humphrey O'Sullivan) said that a \"spailpina bochta\" could earn 8d. a day and the sickle men \"lucht corain \"15d. Added to this widespread sub\\-division, early marriages, the availability of wasteland, [smallpox](/wiki/Smallpox \"Smallpox\") [inoculation](/wiki/Inoculation \"Inoculation\") and the presence of a [cottier](/wiki/Cottier_%28farmer%29 \"Cottier (farmer)\") [textile industry](/wiki/Textile_industry \"Textile industry\") and the contribution of fishing allowed a massive population expansion. Land was let by the '[gneeve](/wiki/Gneeve \"Gneeve\")' i.e. the grass of one cow or one twelfth of a [ploughland](/wiki/Ploughland \"Ploughland\"). The contribution of the wife by keeping poultry and [spinning](/wiki/Spinning_%28textiles%29 \"Spinning (textiles)\") was important. Between 1766 and 1821 the number of households in the Durrus area increased by 60/69%, the population rose significantly.\n\nFrom the land appropriations of the 1650s and 1660s, to the [Rising of 1798](/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798 \"Irish Rebellion of 1798\") and the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\") there was a long period of peace and prosperity. The gradual introduction of those with expertise and the new technology to improve farming practices, contributed to a prosperity, which engendered rapid population expansion. During this period, [South Munster](/wiki/South_Munster \"South Munster\") was transformed into a major agricultural area, centred on the [Port of Cork](/wiki/Port_of_Cork \"Port of Cork\"). [Cork City](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\") underwent a phenomenal expansion, with rapid population growth with hinterland immigration and from abroad. Central to its growth was the provisioning of the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") for what was termed \"[wet goods](/wiki/Wet_goods \"Wet goods\")\" (dairy products, salted and cured meats). [Dry goods](/wiki/Dry_goods \"Dry goods\") for the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") were provided from [East Anglia](/wiki/East_Anglia \"East Anglia\"). Important in securing [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") contracts were [London](/wiki/London \"London\") based families with Cork connections, such as the [Southwells](/wiki/Southwells \"Southwells\") (also of Kinsale), and descendants of the Boyle/Shannon families, who were influential in official circles at the time. The benefits reached into the furthest peninsulas, old tradition has it that people travelled from [Kilcrohane](/wiki/Kilcrohane \"Kilcrohane\") to Cork with [butter](/wiki/Butter \"Butter\"), and from as far as [Dursey](/wiki/Dursey_Island \"Dursey Island\") on the [Beara Peninsula](/wiki/Beara_Peninsula \"Beara Peninsula\"), to [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\") with pigs. A considerable amount of the trade would have been sea\\-borne, in small wooden vessels, to Cork.\n\n",
"### Vallancey Survey 1778\n\nGeneral [Charles Vallancey](/wiki/Charles_Vallancey \"Charles Vallancey\") was sent to Ireland to assist in a [military survey](/wiki/Military_survey \"Military survey\"), remained and became an authority on Irish antiquities. He wrote a report on the [West Cork](/wiki/West_Cork \"West Cork\") area which should also hold true for [Durrus](/wiki/Durrus \"Durrus\") at the period, 'there was only one road between [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\") and [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\"); you may now proceed by eight carriage roads beside several horse tracks branching off from these great roads, from Bantry the country is mountainous and from the high road has the appearance of being barren and very thinly populated; yet the valleys abound with, corn and potatoes and the mountains are covered with black cattle in 1760, twenty years ago it was so thinly inhabited an army of 10,000 men could not possible have found subsistence between Bantry and [Bandon](/wiki/Bandon%2C_County_Cork \"Bandon, County Cork\"). The face of the country now wears a different aspect: the sides of the hill are under the plough, the verges of the bogs are reclaimed and the southern coast from [Skibbereen](/wiki/Skibbereen \"Skibbereen\") to [Bandon](/wiki/Bandon%2C_County_Cork \"Bandon, County Cork\") is one continued garden of grain and potatoes except the barren pinnacles of some hills and the boggy hollows between which are preserved for fuel' (Original in [British Library](/wiki/British_Library \"British Library\"))\n\n",
"19th century\n------------\n\n### Anti\\-Tithe Meeting Mount Gabriel, April 1832\\.\n\nIn the pre\\-reformation period [tithes](/wiki/Tithes \"Tithes\") were a voluntary offering to the clergy in thanks for their work. It was divided in three, one third was for to provide education for all the poor and youth in the parish, one third to provide for the needs of the impoverished and the balance for the upkeep of the church. This was written By [Dáibhí de Barra](/wiki/D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD_de_Barra \"Dáibhí de Barra\") in an account of a tithe affray at Rossmore Strand, Carrightohill. After the [Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\") the tithes went to the Protestant clergy and it was also levied on crops not on grassland.\n\nA monster meeting was held at the base of Mount Gabriel to protest against tithes attended by tithe payers from [Schull](/wiki/Schull \"Schull\"), [Kilmoe](/wiki/Kilmoe \"Kilmoe\") and [Durrus](/wiki/Durrus \"Durrus\"). Many Protestants and [Methodists](/wiki/Methodists \"Methodists\") attended. The men of Durrus were under the command of Richard O’Donovan of Tullagh accompanied by the Parish Priest Fr. Quinn and his curate Fr. Kelleher. Later Frs. Quinn and Kelleher were prosecuted for urging their flock not to pay tithes,\n\nIn the context of resolving the ongoing agitation in relation to tithes in 1827, a new valuation system was undertaken, with the intention of extending the tithe to pastures as well as tillage, to try to ensure a more equitable system. The land was classified as arable, pasture, mountain or bogland. The rate levied on arable land was 7¾%, and 2½% on bog and mountain.\n\n### Poor Inquiry 1833\n\nIt was advised by Fr. Kelleher, Curate of Durrus, that 'the lands are let to the highest bidder; the competition is very great, the tenant holds no tenure in almost every case, but his landlord's will or caprice and that neither landlord or tenant look beyond the gain of the hour the face of the country testifies'\n\n### Monster Meeting Curragh Hill, Skibbereen 1842\n\n[Daniel O'Connell](/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell \"Daniel O'Connell\") presided at a monster meeting in July 1842 attended by an enormous crowd from all districts of West Cork. Prior to the meeting he lodged with Fr. Doheney P.P. [Dunmanway](/wiki/Dunmanway \"Dunmanway\") and travelled with him by coach and four, as they approached Skibbereen they were feted by a procession made up of bakers, blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors and weavers preceded by a band. The Liberator's carriage was followed by those of gentlemen and clergy. He started the address sin Irish and then switched to English. He spent the night with the administrator Fr. Fitzpatrick and was presented with £500 repeal rent. It is regarded as the largest crowd ever to gather in West Cork. In the memoirs of [T. D.Sullivan](/wiki/Timothy_Daniel_Sullivan \"Timothy Daniel Sullivan\") (one of the Home Rule MPs from Bantry/Durrus Cross), he describes the temperance bands going from Bantry to the Monster Meetings in Skibbereen during his youth.\n\n### Famine\n\nThere were 'minor' famines in 1817 and 1822\\. There was a very wet and cold summer and autumn in 1816, a typhus epidemic broke out and up to 65,000 died countrywide from fever. In 1822 reports of distress commenced in April. Among the relief measures was the efforts of the City of London Tavern a grouping of business and banking people in London and they sent the [Rev. John Jagoe](/wiki/John_Jagoe \"John Jagoe\") (Schull) a cargo of meal for Schull and Durrus. Relief was carried out on a cross community basis. The ratio of the population receiving rations in Durrus Parish was between 60 and 70 percent. The Vicar, William Moore Crosthwaite received 20 barrels of meal from the [Quaker](/wiki/Quaker \"Quaker\") [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") Relief Committee. His health suffered and caused his eventual death in 1855\\. The Rev Allen Evanson received £25 for 20 bags of rice from the Friends Central Relief Committee on 12 April 1847\\. Both O'Donovan and the Evansons seek grants under the [Land Improvement Act of 1848](/wiki/Land_Improvement_Act_of_1848 \"Land Improvement Act of 1848\") on 2 February. In February 1848 there were 191 from Durrus in the [Bantry Workhouse](/wiki/Bantry_General_Hospital \"Bantry General Hospital\"). Pre famine the population was in 1841, 3731 and in 1851? this dropped to 2003, the number of houses went from 595 to 324\\. A sworn enquiry was held and the physician was called on to resign and the master and matron dismissed.\n\n### Improvement in agricultural conditions 1851\\-1859\n\nThe price of butter on the Cork Market rose by 45% from 1851 and 1859 and store cattle by 50%. Guano a natural fertilizer from [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\") was used together with mangolds turnips and improved grass varieties on the more progressive farms. Around this time the [Royal Dublin Society](/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Society \"Royal Dublin Society\") was sending Inspectors around the area to teach best practice. Coral sand and seaweed were used to improve the soil. In [Bantry Bay](/wiki/Bantry_Bay \"Bantry Bay\") boats were engaged in coral sand, it would take three hours to load a boat and the cargo would fetch 8s. There were also twenty boats involved in the collection of seaweed, with a crew of two men and two boys earning 6\\-7s in the season. There was reorganisation of scattered land holdings. This tied in with the Bandon Estate taking over the Evanson holdings in Durrus. It is not clear if this was because of lease expiry or purchase. The Bandon Estate invested heavily, rebuilt the village in its present form in the 1850s and carried out land improvements. The records of the Dohertys, managers of the Estate would suggest a commercial and competent management, however the nature of the land and the poor condition of many of the tenants may have militated against the success of this. In 1860 a memorial was presented in Bantry to establish a branch of the [National Bank](/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland \"Bank of Ireland\"), it was pointed out that there was a lack of coins and notes restricting commerce. Eventually in March 1865 the [Munster and Leinster Bank](/wiki/Munster_and_Leinster_Bank \"Munster and Leinster Bank\") established a branch in Bantry. There was a further period of distress in 1860\\. There were very large imports of [Indian meal](/wiki/Indian_meal \"Indian meal\") to Bantry in the 1860s as it had become a staple part of the diet.\n\n### Lord Bandon\n\nThe Bernards of Bandon became the Earls of Bandon in 1800\\. Sometime in the 1840/50s they came into possession of estates in Durrus, comprising townlands around the village and west to [Ahakista](/wiki/Ahakista \"Ahakista\"). Lord Bandon is reputed to have built the folly at Drumnea, Kilcrohane as relief work 1n 1847\\. May Roberts, Brahalish in the 1890s remembers Lord Bandon arriving in the area in a four\\-wheeled car drawn by a pair of fine grey horses with Timmy Burke, the coachman on top. The Philips family were local agents.\n\n### Brahalish Bracelet\n\nIn 1843 the present road from Durrus to Kilcrohane was being built a gold bracelet was discovered at the Red Cliff at Brahalish. The *Archaeological Journal*s [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\") correspondent Edward Hoare reported that it had been sent to the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum \"British Museum\"). It is dated at 500 BC.\n\n### Griffith Valuation 1847\\-1849\n\nAs a consequence of the [Poor Relief (Ireland) Act of 1838](/wiki/Poor_Relief_%28Ireland%29_Act_of_1838 \"Poor Relief (Ireland) Act of 1838\") a requirement for a new system of valuation to ensure the tax to be known as \"Rates\" would be assessed, on a consistent basis. It became known as [Griffith's Valuation](/wiki/Griffith%27s_Valuation \"Griffith's Valuation\") (the primary valuation of tenants) was commenced in [West Corkin](/wiki/West_Cork \"West Cork\") 1847–1849\\. [Richard Griffith](/wiki/Richard_Griffith_%28surveyor%29 \"Richard Griffith (surveyor)\") was the Director of the Valuation, he had previously been responsible for the building of the road from [Skibbereen](/wiki/Skibbereen \"Skibbereen\") to [Crookhaven](/wiki/Crookhaven \"Crookhaven\"), and the improvement of the road from [Dunmanway](/wiki/Dunmanway \"Dunmanway\") to [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\"). Most of the detailed survey work in the area was done by Thomas Cox and J.H.Colthurst. In their valuations they had regard to the availability of sea manure i.e. sea sand and sea weed. Sea sand had been used in the area for 300 years before the survey. Sea Sand would be taken up to 10–15 miles inland and seaweed 2 to . In [Durrus](/wiki/Durrus \"Durrus\") four of the nine [townlands](/wiki/Townlands \"Townlands\") had rights to seaweed, and a respect of sea sand 18/\\- was the cost of a large boat load of sand containing about 16 one\\-horse cart loads. Land was valued at a premium of 12\\.5% to 20% and sometimes higher if it had access to a shore supply of manure, Dromreagh \"it is 1 ½ miles from the shore\". It might be noted that the (coral) sand of [Bantry Bay](/wiki/Bantry_Bay \"Bantry Bay\") is an algal growth as opposed to shell sand.\nA tenement was defined as holding land or a building, or both together, and it was valued at 1850 prices, having regard to the fertility of the soil, and lands and buildings were valued separately. The division of a tenement into sub\\-tenements was indicated by the use of letters, and holdings in common were bracketed together. It is still the case that certain lands are held in common, for example in [Coomkeen](/wiki/Coomkeen \"Coomkeen\") some of the rough land in held in shares of one seventh accruing to the farms there or in Classadoo. This is officially reflected in the [Land Registry](/wiki/Land_Registry \"Land Registry\") [Folio](/wiki/Folio_%28printing%29 \"Folio (printing)\"). Joe O’Driscoll b.1924 remembers old people minding cattle in [Dunbeacon](/wiki/Dunbeacon \"Dunbeacon\") on the undivided part of larger fields. This may indicate a survival of the rundale system of land ownership. A House List accompanied the Survey, indicating the dimensions of each particular building.\n\nThe Survey did not, however, record the presence of cottiers, or those who did not have a legal interest in the land which they occupied.\n\n### Land Agitation 1880s\n\nMuch of the land in Durrus was owned by the Bandon Estate and was managed by the Doherty Family (their estate papers are in the Cork Archive Institute but are uncatalogued). In July 1882 R.W. Doherty Jnr. complained that tenants 'but principally those of Durrus near Bantry had paid no rent since 1880, his father had said in September 1881 'The Land Leagues are destroying the country and a lot of Protestants have joined them ... the Protestants at Durrus would pay no rent unless allowed 25% off. More like savages then human beings'.\n\n### Land improvement/ Land Acts\n\nIn the period after the famine the larger farms were run on more commercial lines and firms such as Warners in Bantry supplied an increasing range of machinery. This included furze cutting machines mangle grinders which had their logo and a range of horse drawn machinery. George Vickery, Ballycomane was a prizewinner in the Carbery Show, Skibbereen in 1896 and 1897\\.\n\n### Distress 1890\\-1891\n\nThere was a failure of the potato crop in 1889 which caused widespread distress in 1890\\. A public meeting was held in November 1890 headed by Fr. Kearney and the Rev. John Pratt and suggested the extension of the railway line from Durrus road to Dunmanus Bay.\n\n",
"### Anti\\-Tithe Meeting Mount Gabriel, April 1832\\.\n\nIn the pre\\-reformation period [tithes](/wiki/Tithes \"Tithes\") were a voluntary offering to the clergy in thanks for their work. It was divided in three, one third was for to provide education for all the poor and youth in the parish, one third to provide for the needs of the impoverished and the balance for the upkeep of the church. This was written By [Dáibhí de Barra](/wiki/D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD_de_Barra \"Dáibhí de Barra\") in an account of a tithe affray at Rossmore Strand, Carrightohill. After the [Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\") the tithes went to the Protestant clergy and it was also levied on crops not on grassland.\n\nA monster meeting was held at the base of Mount Gabriel to protest against tithes attended by tithe payers from [Schull](/wiki/Schull \"Schull\"), [Kilmoe](/wiki/Kilmoe \"Kilmoe\") and [Durrus](/wiki/Durrus \"Durrus\"). Many Protestants and [Methodists](/wiki/Methodists \"Methodists\") attended. The men of Durrus were under the command of Richard O’Donovan of Tullagh accompanied by the Parish Priest Fr. Quinn and his curate Fr. Kelleher. Later Frs. Quinn and Kelleher were prosecuted for urging their flock not to pay tithes,\n\nIn the context of resolving the ongoing agitation in relation to tithes in 1827, a new valuation system was undertaken, with the intention of extending the tithe to pastures as well as tillage, to try to ensure a more equitable system. The land was classified as arable, pasture, mountain or bogland. The rate levied on arable land was 7¾%, and 2½% on bog and mountain.\n\n",
"### Poor Inquiry 1833\n\nIt was advised by Fr. Kelleher, Curate of Durrus, that 'the lands are let to the highest bidder; the competition is very great, the tenant holds no tenure in almost every case, but his landlord's will or caprice and that neither landlord or tenant look beyond the gain of the hour the face of the country testifies'\n\n",
"### Monster Meeting Curragh Hill, Skibbereen 1842\n\n[Daniel O'Connell](/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell \"Daniel O'Connell\") presided at a monster meeting in July 1842 attended by an enormous crowd from all districts of West Cork. Prior to the meeting he lodged with Fr. Doheney P.P. [Dunmanway](/wiki/Dunmanway \"Dunmanway\") and travelled with him by coach and four, as they approached Skibbereen they were feted by a procession made up of bakers, blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors and weavers preceded by a band. The Liberator's carriage was followed by those of gentlemen and clergy. He started the address sin Irish and then switched to English. He spent the night with the administrator Fr. Fitzpatrick and was presented with £500 repeal rent. It is regarded as the largest crowd ever to gather in West Cork. In the memoirs of [T. D.Sullivan](/wiki/Timothy_Daniel_Sullivan \"Timothy Daniel Sullivan\") (one of the Home Rule MPs from Bantry/Durrus Cross), he describes the temperance bands going from Bantry to the Monster Meetings in Skibbereen during his youth.\n\n",
"### Famine\n\nThere were 'minor' famines in 1817 and 1822\\. There was a very wet and cold summer and autumn in 1816, a typhus epidemic broke out and up to 65,000 died countrywide from fever. In 1822 reports of distress commenced in April. Among the relief measures was the efforts of the City of London Tavern a grouping of business and banking people in London and they sent the [Rev. John Jagoe](/wiki/John_Jagoe \"John Jagoe\") (Schull) a cargo of meal for Schull and Durrus. Relief was carried out on a cross community basis. The ratio of the population receiving rations in Durrus Parish was between 60 and 70 percent. The Vicar, William Moore Crosthwaite received 20 barrels of meal from the [Quaker](/wiki/Quaker \"Quaker\") [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") Relief Committee. His health suffered and caused his eventual death in 1855\\. The Rev Allen Evanson received £25 for 20 bags of rice from the Friends Central Relief Committee on 12 April 1847\\. Both O'Donovan and the Evansons seek grants under the [Land Improvement Act of 1848](/wiki/Land_Improvement_Act_of_1848 \"Land Improvement Act of 1848\") on 2 February. In February 1848 there were 191 from Durrus in the [Bantry Workhouse](/wiki/Bantry_General_Hospital \"Bantry General Hospital\"). Pre famine the population was in 1841, 3731 and in 1851? this dropped to 2003, the number of houses went from 595 to 324\\. A sworn enquiry was held and the physician was called on to resign and the master and matron dismissed.\n\n",
"### Improvement in agricultural conditions 1851\\-1859\n\nThe price of butter on the Cork Market rose by 45% from 1851 and 1859 and store cattle by 50%. Guano a natural fertilizer from [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\") was used together with mangolds turnips and improved grass varieties on the more progressive farms. Around this time the [Royal Dublin Society](/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Society \"Royal Dublin Society\") was sending Inspectors around the area to teach best practice. Coral sand and seaweed were used to improve the soil. In [Bantry Bay](/wiki/Bantry_Bay \"Bantry Bay\") boats were engaged in coral sand, it would take three hours to load a boat and the cargo would fetch 8s. There were also twenty boats involved in the collection of seaweed, with a crew of two men and two boys earning 6\\-7s in the season. There was reorganisation of scattered land holdings. This tied in with the Bandon Estate taking over the Evanson holdings in Durrus. It is not clear if this was because of lease expiry or purchase. The Bandon Estate invested heavily, rebuilt the village in its present form in the 1850s and carried out land improvements. The records of the Dohertys, managers of the Estate would suggest a commercial and competent management, however the nature of the land and the poor condition of many of the tenants may have militated against the success of this. In 1860 a memorial was presented in Bantry to establish a branch of the [National Bank](/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland \"Bank of Ireland\"), it was pointed out that there was a lack of coins and notes restricting commerce. Eventually in March 1865 the [Munster and Leinster Bank](/wiki/Munster_and_Leinster_Bank \"Munster and Leinster Bank\") established a branch in Bantry. There was a further period of distress in 1860\\. There were very large imports of [Indian meal](/wiki/Indian_meal \"Indian meal\") to Bantry in the 1860s as it had become a staple part of the diet.\n\n",
"### Lord Bandon\n\nThe Bernards of Bandon became the Earls of Bandon in 1800\\. Sometime in the 1840/50s they came into possession of estates in Durrus, comprising townlands around the village and west to [Ahakista](/wiki/Ahakista \"Ahakista\"). Lord Bandon is reputed to have built the folly at Drumnea, Kilcrohane as relief work 1n 1847\\. May Roberts, Brahalish in the 1890s remembers Lord Bandon arriving in the area in a four\\-wheeled car drawn by a pair of fine grey horses with Timmy Burke, the coachman on top. The Philips family were local agents.\n\n",
"### Brahalish Bracelet\n\nIn 1843 the present road from Durrus to Kilcrohane was being built a gold bracelet was discovered at the Red Cliff at Brahalish. The *Archaeological Journal*s [Cork](/wiki/Cork_%28city%29 \"Cork (city)\") correspondent Edward Hoare reported that it had been sent to the [British Museum](/wiki/British_Museum \"British Museum\"). It is dated at 500 BC.\n\n",
"### Griffith Valuation 1847\\-1849\n\nAs a consequence of the [Poor Relief (Ireland) Act of 1838](/wiki/Poor_Relief_%28Ireland%29_Act_of_1838 \"Poor Relief (Ireland) Act of 1838\") a requirement for a new system of valuation to ensure the tax to be known as \"Rates\" would be assessed, on a consistent basis. It became known as [Griffith's Valuation](/wiki/Griffith%27s_Valuation \"Griffith's Valuation\") (the primary valuation of tenants) was commenced in [West Corkin](/wiki/West_Cork \"West Cork\") 1847–1849\\. [Richard Griffith](/wiki/Richard_Griffith_%28surveyor%29 \"Richard Griffith (surveyor)\") was the Director of the Valuation, he had previously been responsible for the building of the road from [Skibbereen](/wiki/Skibbereen \"Skibbereen\") to [Crookhaven](/wiki/Crookhaven \"Crookhaven\"), and the improvement of the road from [Dunmanway](/wiki/Dunmanway \"Dunmanway\") to [Bantry](/wiki/Bantry \"Bantry\"). Most of the detailed survey work in the area was done by Thomas Cox and J.H.Colthurst. In their valuations they had regard to the availability of sea manure i.e. sea sand and sea weed. Sea sand had been used in the area for 300 years before the survey. Sea Sand would be taken up to 10–15 miles inland and seaweed 2 to . In [Durrus](/wiki/Durrus \"Durrus\") four of the nine [townlands](/wiki/Townlands \"Townlands\") had rights to seaweed, and a respect of sea sand 18/\\- was the cost of a large boat load of sand containing about 16 one\\-horse cart loads. Land was valued at a premium of 12\\.5% to 20% and sometimes higher if it had access to a shore supply of manure, Dromreagh \"it is 1 ½ miles from the shore\". It might be noted that the (coral) sand of [Bantry Bay](/wiki/Bantry_Bay \"Bantry Bay\") is an algal growth as opposed to shell sand.\nA tenement was defined as holding land or a building, or both together, and it was valued at 1850 prices, having regard to the fertility of the soil, and lands and buildings were valued separately. The division of a tenement into sub\\-tenements was indicated by the use of letters, and holdings in common were bracketed together. It is still the case that certain lands are held in common, for example in [Coomkeen](/wiki/Coomkeen \"Coomkeen\") some of the rough land in held in shares of one seventh accruing to the farms there or in Classadoo. This is officially reflected in the [Land Registry](/wiki/Land_Registry \"Land Registry\") [Folio](/wiki/Folio_%28printing%29 \"Folio (printing)\"). Joe O’Driscoll b.1924 remembers old people minding cattle in [Dunbeacon](/wiki/Dunbeacon \"Dunbeacon\") on the undivided part of larger fields. This may indicate a survival of the rundale system of land ownership. A House List accompanied the Survey, indicating the dimensions of each particular building.\n\nThe Survey did not, however, record the presence of cottiers, or those who did not have a legal interest in the land which they occupied.\n\n",
"### Land Agitation 1880s\n\nMuch of the land in Durrus was owned by the Bandon Estate and was managed by the Doherty Family (their estate papers are in the Cork Archive Institute but are uncatalogued). In July 1882 R.W. Doherty Jnr. complained that tenants 'but principally those of Durrus near Bantry had paid no rent since 1880, his father had said in September 1881 'The Land Leagues are destroying the country and a lot of Protestants have joined them ... the Protestants at Durrus would pay no rent unless allowed 25% off. More like savages then human beings'.\n\n",
"### Land improvement/ Land Acts\n\nIn the period after the famine the larger farms were run on more commercial lines and firms such as Warners in Bantry supplied an increasing range of machinery. This included furze cutting machines mangle grinders which had their logo and a range of horse drawn machinery. George Vickery, Ballycomane was a prizewinner in the Carbery Show, Skibbereen in 1896 and 1897\\.\n\n",
"### Distress 1890\\-1891\n\nThere was a failure of the potato crop in 1889 which caused widespread distress in 1890\\. A public meeting was held in November 1890 headed by Fr. Kearney and the Rev. John Pratt and suggested the extension of the railway line from Durrus road to Dunmanus Bay.\n\n",
"20th century\n------------\n\n### World War I 1914–1918\n\nDuring World War I, [Bere Island](/wiki/Bere_Island \"Bere Island\") was the base of the British Atlantic fleet and was the operating base for a [flotilla](/wiki/Flotilla \"Flotilla\") of small boats and trawlers engaged in anti\\-[U\\-boat](/wiki/U-boat \"U-boat\") activities. There was also a kite balloon station in the area, the [U.S. Naval Air Station at Berehaven](/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland \"U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland\"), which was used for anti\\-U\\-boat activities on a site. Bere Island hosted a [military hospital](/wiki/Military_hospital \"Military hospital\") opened in 1915\\. It was also a training camp.\n\nThe US Navy's Air Wing established a [seaplane](/wiki/Seaplane \"Seaplane\") base on the eastern end of [Whiddy Island](/wiki/Whiddy_Island \"Whiddy Island\"). This base, the [U.S. Naval Air Station at Whiddy Island](/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Whiddy_Island_Ireland \"U.S. Naval Air Station Whiddy Island Ireland\"), became operational on 25 September 1918 and was used to patrol an area around Fastnet. The station closed in January 1919\\.\n\n### Revolutionary period\n\nThe memoirs of Willie Kingston, Solicitor, [Skibbereen](/wiki/Skibbereen \"Skibbereen\") (1885–1965\\), provide an interesting insight into the [Irish revolutionary period](/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period \"Irish revolutionary period\") from a [Protestant](/wiki/Protestant \"Protestant\"). He was born a [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\") and qualified as a solicitor working in his cousin Jasper Wolfe's office. He sympathised with the objectives of [Sinn Féin](/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in \"Sinn Féin\"), but abhorred the brutalities committed by both sides. He described his shock at the killings of William Connell and Matt Sweetman by the [Irish Republican Army](/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army \"Irish Republican Army\") (IRA) on 19 February 1921\\. He wrote that at the end of 1920, when it became apparent that the troubles would continue a wave of emigration included some of his own friends. He described the period after the truce, when in April 1922 a wave of killings by [Irregulars](/wiki/Irregulars \"Irregulars\") included Solicitor Francis Fitzmaurice in Dunmanway whom he had considered joining in practice. Others were shot around this time and rumours spread of a general massacre of Protestants. He decided to \"clear off to Dublin\" on 29 April 1922\\. He described the train from Cork to Dublin as filled with frightened Protestants. In the course of the journey, an explosion hit the tunnel in Cork, shots were fired at Limerick Junction and he saw a man with a revolver.\n\nIn an attack by 5th Battalion, Cork No. 3 Brigade led by Ted O'Sullivan, on Durrus [Royal Irish Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary \"Royal Irish Constabulary\") (RIC) Barracks, Constable Donovan injured his right hand and eventually lost it. O'Farrell claimed one RIC man was killed. Bantry Courthouse Burned 25 June 1920\\. Bantry RIC Barracks burnt 1920 (now part of Bantry Bay Hotel).\n\nAn ambush on RIC on Bog Road, Clonee killed Constable Brett on 21 June 1920\\. He had been in the RIC for 30 years, the last 8 in Bantry. He was cycling with Constable Cleary, Sergeant Driscoll and Constables Cuniffe and Quinn. When they arrived at Clonee Wood on the road to Durrus from Bantry, they were raked by gunfire. Between 20 and 30 assailants were involved. The inquest in Bantry was presided over by Coroner Neville, with input from a number of jurors. It was said at the inquest that \"no policeman that ever came to Bantry was more popular, and, deservedly so\".\n\nBigg's Mill burned at the Quay in Bantry on 25 July. G. W. Biggs wrote a letter to a newspaper stating that this was not the work of Sinn Féin. The barytes mine was raided with explosives. Vickeries Hotel burnt in May 1921\\. Two bridges were blown up at the creamery and Dunbeacon Road.\n\nIn April 1921, Wolfe, Kingston and Miss Brown motored to Durrus where Wolfe had a case at Petty Sessions. Kingston had been in Bantry earlier where he saw two men coming towards him, one saying to the other \"that's him\". He thought it was a case of mistaken identity. Later he met Jasper at the hotel. The group added cattle dealer (Bawnie) TT McCarthy earlier and drove to Durrus. Leaving Durrus for Caheragh, McCarthy was in front with Jasper.\n\n### Emergency/war\n\nAfter World War II began, compulsory tillage affected a percentage of tilled land in the area. The only cars in the parish at the outbreak of war, belonged to the priest, the minister, Dinny John L O'Sullivan and Barry. The train took four hours to reach Cork. Coal was unavailable. The train stopped at each station to take on timber and turf.\n\nThe [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe \"Luftwaffe\") flew weather [reconnaissance aircraft](/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft \"Reconnaissance aircraft\") over the area and used the lighthouse at [Dursey Island](/wiki/Dursey_Island \"Dursey Island\") as a landmark. The keepers got used to a [Junkers](/wiki/Junkers \"Junkers\") plane that used to fly from [Merignac](/wiki/Bordeaux_-_M%C3%A9rignac_Airport \"Bordeaux - Mérignac Airport\") near [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux \"Bordeaux\").\n\nA German plane was hit by the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\")'s SS Major C and crashed into Cashelane Hill, Dunbeacon on 5 February 1941, killing five of its crew while one was taken prisoner. A German plane crash\\-landed on Mount Gabriel on 3 March 1942 killing all aboard. They were interred in Bentry Abbey. On 23 July 1943 another aircraft crashed on the island killing its crew of four. The [National Library](/wiki/National_Library \"National Library\")'s Photographic Archive includes photographs taken by the Luftwaffe's aerial photographic wing of military barracks, the airport, railway stations and Dublin city centre.\n\n### Post\\-war\n\nEmigration continued amid widespread poverty and stagnation, apart from a brief uplift in the late 1940s. As John Crowley and the then chairman of [Drinagh](/wiki/Drinagh \"Drinagh\") Co\\-Op drove west passing ruined houses, the chairman remarked that it was only a matter of time before no one was left on the Peninsula. Political excitement was provided by a new political party *[Clann na Poblachta](/wiki/Clann_na_Poblachta \"Clann na Poblachta\")*. Bottled gas, yellow for Kosangas and silver and red for Calor gas became available for cooking and lighting using a silk mantle. Some continued to use [paraffin](/wiki/Paraffin_wax \"Paraffin wax\") and [Tilley lamps](/wiki/Tilley_lamp \"Tilley lamp\"). In the late 1950s [rural electrification](/wiki/Rural_electrification \"Rural electrification\") brought electricity. Some residents distrusted electricity and insisted that poles and meters be removed.\n\nThe Land Project aimed to increase farm productivity by [reclamation](/wiki/Land_reclamation \"Land reclamation\"), drainage and better [animal husbandry](/wiki/Animal_husbandry \"Animal husbandry\"). Lorries carrying lime, sea sand, pipes and machinery supplied reclamation assisted by grants. Tractors appeared and older cattle breeds were replaced over with black Anglias became common.\n\n### 1960s\n\nIn the early 1960s, old cowhalachts (old houses/ruins) began to be rebuilt. Englishwoman Mrs. Burton redeveloped the cottage at Ahagouna Bridge, Tom Mahony's house, the O'Sullivan house both in Coomkeen and The Old Mill. In the mid\\-1960s, [Gulf Oil](/wiki/Gulf_Oil \"Gulf Oil\") built an oil storage complex on Whiddy Island. The complex started a boom, attracting workers to settle in the district. Local people acquired skills in construction and worked on major projects such as [Pfizer](/wiki/Pfizer \"Pfizer\")'s in Cork and [Alcan](/wiki/Alcan \"Alcan\") Aluminium in Limerick. The first supertanker *Universe Ireland* arrived at Whiddy in October 1968\\. The tankers were serviced by four tugs, *Bantry Bay*, *Dingle Bay*, *Brandon Bay*, *Tralee Bay*. The terminal closed on 8 January 1979 when the *[Betelgeuse](/wiki/Betelgeuse \"Betelgeuse\")* exploded, killing fifty people.\n\nTourism catered to English visitors in [bed and breakfast](/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast \"Bed and breakfast\") inns and premises such as Ballyrooster House. The renewal of the [troubles](/wiki/Troubles \"Troubles\") in Northern Ireland and competition from Spain crimped the industry.\n\n",
"### World War I 1914–1918\n\nDuring World War I, [Bere Island](/wiki/Bere_Island \"Bere Island\") was the base of the British Atlantic fleet and was the operating base for a [flotilla](/wiki/Flotilla \"Flotilla\") of small boats and trawlers engaged in anti\\-[U\\-boat](/wiki/U-boat \"U-boat\") activities. There was also a kite balloon station in the area, the [U.S. Naval Air Station at Berehaven](/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Berehaven_Ireland \"U.S. Naval Air Station Berehaven Ireland\"), which was used for anti\\-U\\-boat activities on a site. Bere Island hosted a [military hospital](/wiki/Military_hospital \"Military hospital\") opened in 1915\\. It was also a training camp.\n\nThe US Navy's Air Wing established a [seaplane](/wiki/Seaplane \"Seaplane\") base on the eastern end of [Whiddy Island](/wiki/Whiddy_Island \"Whiddy Island\"). This base, the [U.S. Naval Air Station at Whiddy Island](/wiki/U.S._Naval_Air_Station_Whiddy_Island_Ireland \"U.S. Naval Air Station Whiddy Island Ireland\"), became operational on 25 September 1918 and was used to patrol an area around Fastnet. The station closed in January 1919\\.\n\n",
"### Revolutionary period\n\nThe memoirs of Willie Kingston, Solicitor, [Skibbereen](/wiki/Skibbereen \"Skibbereen\") (1885–1965\\), provide an interesting insight into the [Irish revolutionary period](/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period \"Irish revolutionary period\") from a [Protestant](/wiki/Protestant \"Protestant\"). He was born a [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\") and qualified as a solicitor working in his cousin Jasper Wolfe's office. He sympathised with the objectives of [Sinn Féin](/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in \"Sinn Féin\"), but abhorred the brutalities committed by both sides. He described his shock at the killings of William Connell and Matt Sweetman by the [Irish Republican Army](/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army \"Irish Republican Army\") (IRA) on 19 February 1921\\. He wrote that at the end of 1920, when it became apparent that the troubles would continue a wave of emigration included some of his own friends. He described the period after the truce, when in April 1922 a wave of killings by [Irregulars](/wiki/Irregulars \"Irregulars\") included Solicitor Francis Fitzmaurice in Dunmanway whom he had considered joining in practice. Others were shot around this time and rumours spread of a general massacre of Protestants. He decided to \"clear off to Dublin\" on 29 April 1922\\. He described the train from Cork to Dublin as filled with frightened Protestants. In the course of the journey, an explosion hit the tunnel in Cork, shots were fired at Limerick Junction and he saw a man with a revolver.\n\nIn an attack by 5th Battalion, Cork No. 3 Brigade led by Ted O'Sullivan, on Durrus [Royal Irish Constabulary](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary \"Royal Irish Constabulary\") (RIC) Barracks, Constable Donovan injured his right hand and eventually lost it. O'Farrell claimed one RIC man was killed. Bantry Courthouse Burned 25 June 1920\\. Bantry RIC Barracks burnt 1920 (now part of Bantry Bay Hotel).\n\nAn ambush on RIC on Bog Road, Clonee killed Constable Brett on 21 June 1920\\. He had been in the RIC for 30 years, the last 8 in Bantry. He was cycling with Constable Cleary, Sergeant Driscoll and Constables Cuniffe and Quinn. When they arrived at Clonee Wood on the road to Durrus from Bantry, they were raked by gunfire. Between 20 and 30 assailants were involved. The inquest in Bantry was presided over by Coroner Neville, with input from a number of jurors. It was said at the inquest that \"no policeman that ever came to Bantry was more popular, and, deservedly so\".\n\nBigg's Mill burned at the Quay in Bantry on 25 July. G. W. Biggs wrote a letter to a newspaper stating that this was not the work of Sinn Féin. The barytes mine was raided with explosives. Vickeries Hotel burnt in May 1921\\. Two bridges were blown up at the creamery and Dunbeacon Road.\n\nIn April 1921, Wolfe, Kingston and Miss Brown motored to Durrus where Wolfe had a case at Petty Sessions. Kingston had been in Bantry earlier where he saw two men coming towards him, one saying to the other \"that's him\". He thought it was a case of mistaken identity. Later he met Jasper at the hotel. The group added cattle dealer (Bawnie) TT McCarthy earlier and drove to Durrus. Leaving Durrus for Caheragh, McCarthy was in front with Jasper.\n\n",
"### Emergency/war\n\nAfter World War II began, compulsory tillage affected a percentage of tilled land in the area. The only cars in the parish at the outbreak of war, belonged to the priest, the minister, Dinny John L O'Sullivan and Barry. The train took four hours to reach Cork. Coal was unavailable. The train stopped at each station to take on timber and turf.\n\nThe [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe \"Luftwaffe\") flew weather [reconnaissance aircraft](/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft \"Reconnaissance aircraft\") over the area and used the lighthouse at [Dursey Island](/wiki/Dursey_Island \"Dursey Island\") as a landmark. The keepers got used to a [Junkers](/wiki/Junkers \"Junkers\") plane that used to fly from [Merignac](/wiki/Bordeaux_-_M%C3%A9rignac_Airport \"Bordeaux - Mérignac Airport\") near [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux \"Bordeaux\").\n\nA German plane was hit by the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\")'s SS Major C and crashed into Cashelane Hill, Dunbeacon on 5 February 1941, killing five of its crew while one was taken prisoner. A German plane crash\\-landed on Mount Gabriel on 3 March 1942 killing all aboard. They were interred in Bentry Abbey. On 23 July 1943 another aircraft crashed on the island killing its crew of four. The [National Library](/wiki/National_Library \"National Library\")'s Photographic Archive includes photographs taken by the Luftwaffe's aerial photographic wing of military barracks, the airport, railway stations and Dublin city centre.\n\n",
"### Post\\-war\n\nEmigration continued amid widespread poverty and stagnation, apart from a brief uplift in the late 1940s. As John Crowley and the then chairman of [Drinagh](/wiki/Drinagh \"Drinagh\") Co\\-Op drove west passing ruined houses, the chairman remarked that it was only a matter of time before no one was left on the Peninsula. Political excitement was provided by a new political party *[Clann na Poblachta](/wiki/Clann_na_Poblachta \"Clann na Poblachta\")*. Bottled gas, yellow for Kosangas and silver and red for Calor gas became available for cooking and lighting using a silk mantle. Some continued to use [paraffin](/wiki/Paraffin_wax \"Paraffin wax\") and [Tilley lamps](/wiki/Tilley_lamp \"Tilley lamp\"). In the late 1950s [rural electrification](/wiki/Rural_electrification \"Rural electrification\") brought electricity. Some residents distrusted electricity and insisted that poles and meters be removed.\n\nThe Land Project aimed to increase farm productivity by [reclamation](/wiki/Land_reclamation \"Land reclamation\"), drainage and better [animal husbandry](/wiki/Animal_husbandry \"Animal husbandry\"). Lorries carrying lime, sea sand, pipes and machinery supplied reclamation assisted by grants. Tractors appeared and older cattle breeds were replaced over with black Anglias became common.\n\n",
"### 1960s\n\nIn the early 1960s, old cowhalachts (old houses/ruins) began to be rebuilt. Englishwoman Mrs. Burton redeveloped the cottage at Ahagouna Bridge, Tom Mahony's house, the O'Sullivan house both in Coomkeen and The Old Mill. In the mid\\-1960s, [Gulf Oil](/wiki/Gulf_Oil \"Gulf Oil\") built an oil storage complex on Whiddy Island. The complex started a boom, attracting workers to settle in the district. Local people acquired skills in construction and worked on major projects such as [Pfizer](/wiki/Pfizer \"Pfizer\")'s in Cork and [Alcan](/wiki/Alcan \"Alcan\") Aluminium in Limerick. The first supertanker *Universe Ireland* arrived at Whiddy in October 1968\\. The tankers were serviced by four tugs, *Bantry Bay*, *Dingle Bay*, *Brandon Bay*, *Tralee Bay*. The terminal closed on 8 January 1979 when the *[Betelgeuse](/wiki/Betelgeuse \"Betelgeuse\")* exploded, killing fifty people.\n\nTourism catered to English visitors in [bed and breakfast](/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast \"Bed and breakfast\") inns and premises such as Ballyrooster House. The renewal of the [troubles](/wiki/Troubles \"Troubles\") in Northern Ireland and competition from Spain crimped the industry.\n\n",
"Historical economy\n------------------\n\n### Quarries/mines\n\nRossmore slate quarry was owned by a Liverpool Company in 1865 with exports to England, Scotland and France. The quarry ceased operations in 1917\\. The remains of the powder store and tool shed are still visible. Friendly Cove Slate Quarry opened in the 1870s by Mr. Morris. Scart [Barytes](/wiki/Barytes \"Barytes\") Mine supplied Harris paint factory in 1886\\. ore was exported in loads of 200–300 tons for [porcelain](/wiki/Porcelain \"Porcelain\") manufacture. Rooska and Killeveenogue Silver and Lead Mine produced 65 tons of lead and 70 ounces of silver between 1849 and 1852, but ran out of capital. A quarry owned by Timothy McCarthy operated in 1912\\.\n\nDereenalomane Barytes Mine was originally worked as a [copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\") mine Traill and Thomas in 1840, producing 19 tons of copper, before shifting to barium sulphate, a heavy white mineral, (used for paint, papermaking, etc.) [Josiah Wedgwood](/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood \"Josiah Wedgwood\") used it for making [pottery](/wiki/Pottery \"Pottery\"). Geologist T. D. Triphook, was involved in 1854 when it was known as the Bandon Barytes Mines. From 1860 the mine was managed by Charles Thomas, a Cornish Mining Captain, followed by George Ellis in the 1870s. From 1820 to 1920 intermittently when 2,500 tons were raised in 1851 compared to only 800 tons in three other centres in the former United Kingdom. The material was washed, dried, crushed and milled. It was packed into bags and sent to an island jetty in [Dunmanus Bay](/wiki/Dunmanus_Bay \"Dunmanus Bay\") by a aerial ropeway. In 1917 a major fire caused extensive damage including the underground workings. Although repairs were carried out the mine never reached its former output. Mining historian Grenville AJ Cole regarded it as the first in Ireland and one of the earliest in the world. The companies listed as having worked the mine were, Marty Dennis and Co., British Barytes Co., Durrus Barytes Co., Mount Gabriel Barytes and Umber Co., Irish Barytes and Umber Co., Dereenlomane, Barytes Mines Ltd., Dunmanus Barytes Mines Ltd.\n\n### Mill\n\nThe Moynihan family operated a water mill fed by a sluice from the Durrus River, starting at the Creamery and continuing to the Mill. It had extensive use during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"). Moynihan was the headmaster in the school. In the 19th century there was also a scutch mill listed in Griffiths Valuations.\n\n### Markets and fairs\n\nIn 1912, butter markets operated on Wednesdays and Fridays near the present creamery. The main market was in Bantry with fair day the first Friday each month. The pig fair was held on a Thursday. In the early 20th century, Bantry celebrated the fourth largest fair in Ireland. The railway ran as many as eight carriages to carry cattle and pigs to Cork. The annual horse fair was Ballibui in August in Dunmanway. When the marts started, especially [Bandon](/wiki/Bandon%2C_County_Cork \"Bandon, County Cork\") and [Skibbereen](/wiki/Skibbereen \"Skibbereen\") (started by Cork Co\\-Operative Marts in 1958\\) it sounded the death knell of the cattle fair. Durrus Fair held near Creamery and was revived in 1937 after 20 years.\n\n### Dairy and creamery\n\nBy the mid\\-18th century, the dairy trade in the area sent butter to the Cork market, but the round trip by horse\\-drawn cart from [Skibbereen](/wiki/Skibbereen \"Skibbereen\") could take eight days. In the 1730s, Cork merchants came to Bantry every summer, primarily in connection with the [pilchard](/wiki/Pilchard \"Pilchard\") trade, but also to export butter. In addition, farmers and car men faced the hazards of highwaymen. Many did not use carts. This was evidenced by [Sir John Carr](/wiki/Sir_John_Carr \"Sir John Carr\") in 1805, who wrote \"peasants with horses carrying barrels of butter to Cork secured as usual with ropes of hay\" and [Sir Richard Colt Hoare](/wiki/Sir_Richard_Colt_Hoare \"Sir Richard Colt Hoare\") in 1806, who said \"numerous troops of pack horses conveying casks of salt butter from the interior to Cork\".\n\nPatrick and Andrew Gallwey of Bantry wrote in 1737 that the small cows in the district would have produced from half to two\\-thirds of a hundredweight of butter per annum. In the post\\-famine era, with consolidation of holdings and the collapse of grain prices with the passing of the [Corn Laws](/wiki/Corn_Laws \"Corn Laws\"), dairying assumed greater importance. The merchants would receive butter in amounts of 20 or and salt and make it up to , the measure of a firkin, they would pay the same as applied in the Cork Butter Market.\n\nThe railway reduced the time to take butter to market by 75%. William Warner of Bantry, owned creameries at [Killarney](/wiki/Killarney \"Killarney\"), Enniskeane and Ballinacarriga and developed butter aimed at the export market. In partnership with James Manders, who later left the partnership he started a factory at William Street, by 1886 its production was £6,000 in the summer and employed a hundred men including fifty coopers. Before the Land Acts that transferred ownership to tenants in the early\\-20th century, it was common for land to be worked by a combination of owner and dairyman. In one such case, the Sullivan dairy family at Moulivard and elsewhere agreed in 1897 to work lands at Rusheenisca.\n\nBy agreement of 13 January 1897 between Robert Phillips, Church House, Clowes, Worcestershire, England, and John Sullivan of Durrus, the owner agreed to give the milk and produce of 27 in\\-calf cows and any cows that the owner may buy, to make up the above number and calves, on or above 15 May 1898 for the Dairy Year of 1898\\. The dairyman was given liberty to graze six sheep, to grow potatoes for his own use and he was equipped with dairy utensils and a half tonne of bran. He was to be permitted to sow last year's tillage to oats and wheat for his own use, with the straw to be the owner's property. In return, the dairyman was to pay Phillips £6\\.15\\.0d. for each cow and the owner was to allow Sullivan £6\\.0s.0d. for properly protecting the hay. The dairyman was to pay the sum of £100 0s.0d., with the balance to be secured by a [promissory note](/wiki/Promissory_note \"Promissory note\"). Should the dairyman decide not to renew the dairy agreement for the year 1898, he was to be allowed such root crops.\n\nA creamery was established in the area in the 1930s. It was largely built by cross\\-community voluntary labour. Work started in 1933 and it opened in the spring of 1934\\. Farmers gave a week at a time with horse and cart. Gravel was sourced from the strand and rock was quarried east of Ballycommane Road. It was necessary to register 1,000 cows and guarantee £1,000 over three years. McManaway was also involved in starting the creamery at [Kilcrohane](/wiki/Kilcrohane \"Kilcrohane\") and [Dunmanway](/wiki/Dunmanway \"Dunmanway\") and worked closely with Fr. McSweeney.\n\nThis creamery was opened before those at Caheragh, Kealkil and Bantry and apart from Durrus farmers, other suppliers from those areas delivered their milk on floats carrying 15 or more churns. Butter was sold to Jeremiah O'Sulivan's stores for 4d/lb and was packed in boxes. It went by horse and cart to Durrus Road Station and then to Cork. The creamery operated as a general store where farmers could make purchases against their cheques. It purchased chickens and turkeys and supplied meal and other farm supplies.\n\n### Fisheries\n\nIn the 1960s and 1970s, a [sea urchin](/wiki/Sea_urchin \"Sea urchin\") [fishery](/wiki/Fishery \"Fishery\") operated in Dunmanus Bay, at a point where the waters are shallow, which encouraged urchin growth. At different stages, four or five boats operated, and the urchins were picked from the seabed by divers. The urchins were sold on the French market live and were shipped through Cork Airport. The fishery was effectively wiped out with the sudden onset of [red tide](/wiki/Red_tide \"Red tide\") in the early eighties and by overharvesting, preventing regeneration. Kenmare Bay suffered a similar fate and urchin \"fishing\" is now unheard of in these bays.\n\nScallops were also harvested locally. In the 1940s, the catch was exported to the UK while an ever\\-increasing demand for seafood at home supported local fishermen in later years. Winkles have been harvested along the shores of Dunmanus Bay for many years, and in the past were purchased for the French market by a company operating from Crookhaven who stored them in ponds awaiting transportation. They were collected on a regular basis by truck.\n\n",
"### Quarries/mines\n\nRossmore slate quarry was owned by a Liverpool Company in 1865 with exports to England, Scotland and France. The quarry ceased operations in 1917\\. The remains of the powder store and tool shed are still visible. Friendly Cove Slate Quarry opened in the 1870s by Mr. Morris. Scart [Barytes](/wiki/Barytes \"Barytes\") Mine supplied Harris paint factory in 1886\\. ore was exported in loads of 200–300 tons for [porcelain](/wiki/Porcelain \"Porcelain\") manufacture. Rooska and Killeveenogue Silver and Lead Mine produced 65 tons of lead and 70 ounces of silver between 1849 and 1852, but ran out of capital. A quarry owned by Timothy McCarthy operated in 1912\\.\n\nDereenalomane Barytes Mine was originally worked as a [copper](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\") mine Traill and Thomas in 1840, producing 19 tons of copper, before shifting to barium sulphate, a heavy white mineral, (used for paint, papermaking, etc.) [Josiah Wedgwood](/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood \"Josiah Wedgwood\") used it for making [pottery](/wiki/Pottery \"Pottery\"). Geologist T. D. Triphook, was involved in 1854 when it was known as the Bandon Barytes Mines. From 1860 the mine was managed by Charles Thomas, a Cornish Mining Captain, followed by George Ellis in the 1870s. From 1820 to 1920 intermittently when 2,500 tons were raised in 1851 compared to only 800 tons in three other centres in the former United Kingdom. The material was washed, dried, crushed and milled. It was packed into bags and sent to an island jetty in [Dunmanus Bay](/wiki/Dunmanus_Bay \"Dunmanus Bay\") by a aerial ropeway. In 1917 a major fire caused extensive damage including the underground workings. Although repairs were carried out the mine never reached its former output. Mining historian Grenville AJ Cole regarded it as the first in Ireland and one of the earliest in the world. The companies listed as having worked the mine were, Marty Dennis and Co., British Barytes Co., Durrus Barytes Co., Mount Gabriel Barytes and Umber Co., Irish Barytes and Umber Co., Dereenlomane, Barytes Mines Ltd., Dunmanus Barytes Mines Ltd.\n\n",
"### Mill\n\nThe Moynihan family operated a water mill fed by a sluice from the Durrus River, starting at the Creamery and continuing to the Mill. It had extensive use during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"). Moynihan was the headmaster in the school. In the 19th century there was also a scutch mill listed in Griffiths Valuations.\n\n",
"### Markets and fairs\n\nIn 1912, butter markets operated on Wednesdays and Fridays near the present creamery. The main market was in Bantry with fair day the first Friday each month. The pig fair was held on a Thursday. In the early 20th century, Bantry celebrated the fourth largest fair in Ireland. The railway ran as many as eight carriages to carry cattle and pigs to Cork. The annual horse fair was Ballibui in August in Dunmanway. When the marts started, especially [Bandon](/wiki/Bandon%2C_County_Cork \"Bandon, County Cork\") and [Skibbereen](/wiki/Skibbereen \"Skibbereen\") (started by Cork Co\\-Operative Marts in 1958\\) it sounded the death knell of the cattle fair. Durrus Fair held near Creamery and was revived in 1937 after 20 years.\n\n",
"### Dairy and creamery\n\nBy the mid\\-18th century, the dairy trade in the area sent butter to the Cork market, but the round trip by horse\\-drawn cart from [Skibbereen](/wiki/Skibbereen \"Skibbereen\") could take eight days. In the 1730s, Cork merchants came to Bantry every summer, primarily in connection with the [pilchard](/wiki/Pilchard \"Pilchard\") trade, but also to export butter. In addition, farmers and car men faced the hazards of highwaymen. Many did not use carts. This was evidenced by [Sir John Carr](/wiki/Sir_John_Carr \"Sir John Carr\") in 1805, who wrote \"peasants with horses carrying barrels of butter to Cork secured as usual with ropes of hay\" and [Sir Richard Colt Hoare](/wiki/Sir_Richard_Colt_Hoare \"Sir Richard Colt Hoare\") in 1806, who said \"numerous troops of pack horses conveying casks of salt butter from the interior to Cork\".\n\nPatrick and Andrew Gallwey of Bantry wrote in 1737 that the small cows in the district would have produced from half to two\\-thirds of a hundredweight of butter per annum. In the post\\-famine era, with consolidation of holdings and the collapse of grain prices with the passing of the [Corn Laws](/wiki/Corn_Laws \"Corn Laws\"), dairying assumed greater importance. The merchants would receive butter in amounts of 20 or and salt and make it up to , the measure of a firkin, they would pay the same as applied in the Cork Butter Market.\n\nThe railway reduced the time to take butter to market by 75%. William Warner of Bantry, owned creameries at [Killarney](/wiki/Killarney \"Killarney\"), Enniskeane and Ballinacarriga and developed butter aimed at the export market. In partnership with James Manders, who later left the partnership he started a factory at William Street, by 1886 its production was £6,000 in the summer and employed a hundred men including fifty coopers. Before the Land Acts that transferred ownership to tenants in the early\\-20th century, it was common for land to be worked by a combination of owner and dairyman. In one such case, the Sullivan dairy family at Moulivard and elsewhere agreed in 1897 to work lands at Rusheenisca.\n\nBy agreement of 13 January 1897 between Robert Phillips, Church House, Clowes, Worcestershire, England, and John Sullivan of Durrus, the owner agreed to give the milk and produce of 27 in\\-calf cows and any cows that the owner may buy, to make up the above number and calves, on or above 15 May 1898 for the Dairy Year of 1898\\. The dairyman was given liberty to graze six sheep, to grow potatoes for his own use and he was equipped with dairy utensils and a half tonne of bran. He was to be permitted to sow last year's tillage to oats and wheat for his own use, with the straw to be the owner's property. In return, the dairyman was to pay Phillips £6\\.15\\.0d. for each cow and the owner was to allow Sullivan £6\\.0s.0d. for properly protecting the hay. The dairyman was to pay the sum of £100 0s.0d., with the balance to be secured by a [promissory note](/wiki/Promissory_note \"Promissory note\"). Should the dairyman decide not to renew the dairy agreement for the year 1898, he was to be allowed such root crops.\n\nA creamery was established in the area in the 1930s. It was largely built by cross\\-community voluntary labour. Work started in 1933 and it opened in the spring of 1934\\. Farmers gave a week at a time with horse and cart. Gravel was sourced from the strand and rock was quarried east of Ballycommane Road. It was necessary to register 1,000 cows and guarantee £1,000 over three years. McManaway was also involved in starting the creamery at [Kilcrohane](/wiki/Kilcrohane \"Kilcrohane\") and [Dunmanway](/wiki/Dunmanway \"Dunmanway\") and worked closely with Fr. McSweeney.\n\nThis creamery was opened before those at Caheragh, Kealkil and Bantry and apart from Durrus farmers, other suppliers from those areas delivered their milk on floats carrying 15 or more churns. Butter was sold to Jeremiah O'Sulivan's stores for 4d/lb and was packed in boxes. It went by horse and cart to Durrus Road Station and then to Cork. The creamery operated as a general store where farmers could make purchases against their cheques. It purchased chickens and turkeys and supplied meal and other farm supplies.\n\n",
"### Fisheries\n\nIn the 1960s and 1970s, a [sea urchin](/wiki/Sea_urchin \"Sea urchin\") [fishery](/wiki/Fishery \"Fishery\") operated in Dunmanus Bay, at a point where the waters are shallow, which encouraged urchin growth. At different stages, four or five boats operated, and the urchins were picked from the seabed by divers. The urchins were sold on the French market live and were shipped through Cork Airport. The fishery was effectively wiped out with the sudden onset of [red tide](/wiki/Red_tide \"Red tide\") in the early eighties and by overharvesting, preventing regeneration. Kenmare Bay suffered a similar fate and urchin \"fishing\" is now unheard of in these bays.\n\nScallops were also harvested locally. In the 1940s, the catch was exported to the UK while an ever\\-increasing demand for seafood at home supported local fishermen in later years. Winkles have been harvested along the shores of Dunmanus Bay for many years, and in the past were purchased for the French market by a company operating from Crookhaven who stored them in ponds awaiting transportation. They were collected on a regular basis by truck.\n\n",
"Petty Sessions Court\n--------------------\n\nThe Courthouse is still in the village between O'Sullivans and the Sheep's Head public houses. These courts were set up in the early 19th century. Before that magistrates administered justice according to their whim. Fr. Collins Administrator of Skibbereen, giving evidence to select committees of the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\") and [Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons \"British House of Commons\") in 1824 referred to 'presents' being given to the [Magistrates](/wiki/Magistrates \"Magistrates\") of corn, cattle money and having their turf cut. The Government pressured the Magistrates to hold the Petty Sessions in public with three or four sittings in March 1822\\. This was formalised under the Petty Sessions Act of 1827\\. The petty session's nearest modern equivalent is the [District Court](/wiki/District_Court_%28Ireland%29 \"District Court (Ireland)\") except that the Petty Sessions operated with the involvement of local prominent people with no legal qualifications. Under the Peace Preservation Act 1814 the resident magistrates appointed were generally strangers and therefore presumably immune to pressures applied to local magistrates.\n\n",
"Churches\n--------\n\n### Catholic\n\nIt is believed a thatched church on the site of the Old Mill, now Cois Abhann was built around 1750\\. Mass Rocks church, one in [Coomkeen](/wiki/Coomkeen \"Coomkeen\") in the lands of Timmy Whelly and one at Kealties. A church at Kealties was a thatched structure erected c.1780\\. The old Durrus Church at Moulivard was in use mid\\-17th century, but according to Brady was in ruins by 1699\\. Tradition located a church at Coolculachta. After the 1798 Rebellion and the arrival of the [French Armada](/wiki/French_Armada \"French Armada\") in Bantry the church was forced to close. The former church at Chapel Rock (on the site of the present National School) was built by Fr. Quinn in 1820 and was a slated structure. Fr. Richard Quinn arrived in the parish from Onoyne, in County Tipperary in 1818\\. In 1820 he started the parish register of births, marriages and deaths.\n\nThe church was replaced when the Church of the Sacred Heart was built in 1901\\. This was built on a site of by way of lease to Fr. O'Leary from the Earl of Bandon for 990 years at a rent of 10 shillings per annum. The first sod was cut by Dan Keohane and John Sullivan, Clonee. The contractor was Daniel O'Donovan, Bantry and the stone was provided from a quarry at Fahies, Clashadoo owned by the Shannon family and drawn to the site by Patrick Crowley of Ahagouna. The cost of the church was £2,900 and the Architect was Maurice Alphonsus Hennessy from the [South Mall, Cork](/wiki/South_Mall%2C_Cork \"South Mall, Cork\") A mural tablet to the Blair family of Blairscove and outside a [Celtic Cross](/wiki/Celtic_Cross \"Celtic Cross\") is a memorial to the Tobin family in Irish and English.\n\nThe Stations are an old tradition going back to [Penal times](/wiki/Penal_times \"Penal times\"). In each [townland](/wiki/Townland \"Townland\") families in turn rotated to have [mass](/wiki/Mass_%28liturgy%29 \"Mass (liturgy)\") in the house where the parish dues were taken. It was and is a time of great preparation with help from neighbours in the preparations. A wax candle blessed on [Candlemas Day](/wiki/Candlemas_Day \"Candlemas Day\") 2 February was used.\n\n### Church of Ireland\n\nBrady mentions a church and chancel in Durrus in 1615 and the Rector Thomas Barnam says in 1639 that it was in good condition unlike the one in Kilcrohane. The Cork Directory of 1875 mentions a ruined church near Durrus Court. On 27 November 1792 by order of the [Lord Lieutenant](/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant \"Lord Lieutenant\") in Council the parishes of [Kilcrohan](/wiki/Kilcrohan \"Kilcrohan\"), [Durrus](/wiki/Durrus \"Durrus\") and [Kilmacomoge](/wiki/Kilmacomoge \"Kilmacomoge\") were divided and the new parish of Durrus and Kilcrohan were created. St. James, [Church of Ireland](/wiki/Church_of_Ireland \"Church of Ireland\"), built 1792, at a cost of £461 10s. 9\\.25d. The aisle was rebuilt following collapse. A south aisle was added in 1867 design by William Atkins.\n\nThe Rectory (Glebe) was built by the Rev. Edward Jones Alcock in 1831, following Glebe at Cappanahola. Licensed places of Worship in Glenlough and Rooska (1852–1866\\) were in schoolhouses. In 1935 the entrance was widened, railings were erected and gates were added. This work was done by Dick Gay and Eddie Brooks and paid for by a former parishioner Mr. Hosford, resident in England. In 1940 the Vestry Room was built. In 1949 gas lighting was installed followed by electricity in the early 1960s. In 1989 extensive renovations were carried out. A parochial hall was built partly by voluntary labour at the Rectory and opened on 22 August 1951\\. The new Rectory was completed in 1965\\. The parishes of Durrus and Kilcrohane seem to have been separated between 1634 and 1639, but reunited by 1663\\.\n\nSome of the services and sermons were conducted in Irish c. 1850 when the Rev. Crosthwaite's services were attended by thirty [converts](/wiki/Converts \"Converts\") and several poor Protestants who traveled six to ten miles to attend the Parish Church. Rooska Church was built 1866 to a design of William Atkins. This Church closed in January 1988\\.\n\n### Methodist\n\nThe [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\") church was built in 1827 as Four Mile Water Church Hall in village. The last church on the Dunbeacon Road, it was built c. 1930 and closed in the early 1950s. Durrus was part of the Skibereen circuit that included the Berehaven Mines, Fivemile Water, Durrus and [Drimoleague](/wiki/Drimoleague \"Drimoleague\"), with a Minister resident in Bantry. Methodist families included two Brooks and Kingstons in Dromreagh, Vickeries in Ballycomane and Rooska and Millars in Coolcolacta.\n\n### Catholic Four Mile Water\n\nAn application to register the female school was made in 1853, 1860 and 1865\\. The latter succeeded but the school was struck off in 1880 and restored later. The male school applied in 1868 and 1883\\. In 1868, a 17\\-year\\-old assistant teacher, John Leary was present. The monitor, John Canty resigned in September 1868\\. The principal was Denis Leary who taught 3rd. class. 97 pupils enrolled with an average attendance of 63\\.3–64\\.8\\. The manager was Fr. O'Flynn PP. The 1875 student body include 131 boys and 161 girls.\n\n### Church of Ireland schools\n\nThese schools remained outside the [National School](/wiki/National_school_%28Ireland%29 \"National school (Ireland)\") system until later in the 19th century and were supported by the [Church Education Society](/wiki/Church_Education_Society \"Church Education Society\") In the 1840s the Rev. Crosthwaithe received support for schools from the Coast and Islands Society which continued until near the end of the century.\n\n### Aughagoheen Church of Ireland\n\nRev. William O'Grady on a \"Bantry Club\" letterhead wrote seeking the entry of Aughagoheen into the National System. It had been under the [Church Education Society](/wiki/Church_Education_Society \"Church Education Society\") (founded 1839\\) whose involvement would finish upon recognition. The patrons were O'Grady and EE Leigh White Esq. He proposed to provide privies and that George Patison aged 18\\.5 would be the teacher and live in a parish house provided. An inspection disclosed school hours of 10 am to 2:30 pm with religion 2–2:30\\. The school enrolled 16 pupils: nine males and six females. Annie Stephens later applied to teach. She had been a monitor at Carrigbui up to third class and was in sole charge for ten months (this may have been Durrus C of I school). She would be eligible to substitute and was to go for training later. The file indicated that the school was unable to supplement the teacher's salary. O'Grady proposed to later pay £10 in addition to the state salary. Stephens was prepared to work without a local subvention. The appointment went instead to Susanna Perrott, aged 20\\. From 1 September 1902, she had trained at the Church of Ireland College at [Kildare Street](/wiki/Kildare_Street \"Kildare Street\"). The school was expected to have 29\\-plus pupils, including two from Scart Catholic School which at that time had attendance averaging between 24\\.9 and 38\\.4\\. After recognition the roll was 17 boys and six girls and the attendance ranged between 10\\.0 and 18\\.5\\. Rebecca Kingston resigned as teacher from 10 March 1910 and it was suggested that the school close and that the students would go to Bantry at a conveyance cost of £63 per annum. O'Grady appealed this on hardship grounds, pointing out that many of the children had to come up side roads. The Inspector conducted an enquiry looking at the distances the children had to travel and suggested that the school stay open. The family names of the children were Swanton (three families), Love, Foley, Jago, Sullivan, Shannon and Deane. Florence M. Clarke resigned on 28 August 1914 replaced by Ella Newman (she had been a junior literary mistress in Bantry from 8 August 1911\\). Newman had trained at St. Mary's Shandon and passed the relevant exam and was given provisional recognition from 22 October 1915\\.\n\n### Church of Ireland Durrus\n\nThe original school at Clashadoo was built c.1780\\. In 1875 60 pupils were enrolled. It was replaced by the school at Ahagouna in 1937 after a [diphtheria](/wiki/Diphtheria \"Diphtheria\") [epidemic](/wiki/Epidemic \"Epidemic\") killing several children. This school cost £1,600\\. A second teacher was employed. This school in turn is to be replaced by a new school under construction only in 2006 on an adjoining site acquired from John McCarthy. Schools also operated at Rooska and Dunbeacon. In 1947–50 school transport was provided by Lottie Dukelow by pony and trap. Earlier Bert Dukelow provided transport with a horse and trap for the children on the south side of the bay.\n\n### Rooska School\n\nRev. Pratt applied for recognition as a National School in 1898\\. The old school was built around 1822/1823 when Captain White gave a permanent lease. The school was inspected on 9 February 1898\\. He reported the building in fair condition, one room, no privies, stone and mortar and drew attention to needed improvements. Other nearby schools were Gurtalasa, Four Mile Water, Durrus, Bantry, Whiddy, Rusnacaharagh and Morragh (Methodist Durrus). Normally a school would have to be more than three miles (5 km) from another school but in this case the application was approved from 1 January 1898 in the exceptional circumstance of a mountain range preventing children from attending. The school had been supported by the Island and Coast Society £20, The Church Education Society £7, The Diocesan Board £5 and the Manager £3\\. The roll was 12 boys and 6 girls.\n\n### Cashelane Church of Ireland School\n\nRev. R. H. Carroll the Manager of Altar Rectory, [Toormore](/wiki/Toormore \"Toormore\"), applied for a grant to build a school. The mixed school would have 30 children. In 1902 the average attendance was 10\\.7–11\\. The nearby Catholic School at Dunbeacon had an average attendance of 54\\.8–68\\.3, and included 11 Established Church children and had an assistant teacher. Ms. Trinder, who had qualified from the [Church of Ireland](/wiki/Church_of_Ireland \"Church of Ireland\") College in 1894 and had taught at Kilcoe/Corrovally was appointed. The new manager was Rev. A. J. Brady as the school was now in his parish. In October 1906 the attendance was 10 boys and 10 girls.\n\n### Methodist\n\nThe Methodist school at Morragh applied to become a National School in 1882 and 1883\\. The site was leased from Richard Tonson Evans 1 May 1862 by way of a \"lease of three lives\" (a lease that continues as long as all three of the leaseholders survive.) In 1907 the school merged with the Church of Ireland school in Durrus. Only 4 of the 30 pupils were Methodist.\n\n### Church Society schools\n\nSchools at Knockroe, Gearhies and Gortalassa employed Irish\\-speaking teachers including Seamus O'Suilleabhain of the Ui Shuilleabhain Fachdnaidh at Bonane near [Kenmare](/wiki/Kenmare \"Kenmare\"). It is believed that the Irish Society was active in this regard.\n\n### Secondary school\n\nThe Mercy Order started a school for girls in 1863, initially on a National School Curriculum. The curriculum later expanded to include bookkeeping, agriculture, horticulture, mechanical drawing, dressmaking and cookery. Art, craft and design vocal, choral and instrumental music and song were included. Children were prepared for civil service exams and trained as monitors who would teach in the National Schools. The Intermediate Course started in 1911 and in 1927 a Secondary \"top\" was attached to the National School. In 1878 the two schools became distinct and the convent school was the only one in the area to provide full\\-time second level education. In the absence of transport the secondary school was of limited use to children in outlying areas such as Durrus.\n\n",
"### Catholic\n\nIt is believed a thatched church on the site of the Old Mill, now Cois Abhann was built around 1750\\. Mass Rocks church, one in [Coomkeen](/wiki/Coomkeen \"Coomkeen\") in the lands of Timmy Whelly and one at Kealties. A church at Kealties was a thatched structure erected c.1780\\. The old Durrus Church at Moulivard was in use mid\\-17th century, but according to Brady was in ruins by 1699\\. Tradition located a church at Coolculachta. After the 1798 Rebellion and the arrival of the [French Armada](/wiki/French_Armada \"French Armada\") in Bantry the church was forced to close. The former church at Chapel Rock (on the site of the present National School) was built by Fr. Quinn in 1820 and was a slated structure. Fr. Richard Quinn arrived in the parish from Onoyne, in County Tipperary in 1818\\. In 1820 he started the parish register of births, marriages and deaths.\n\nThe church was replaced when the Church of the Sacred Heart was built in 1901\\. This was built on a site of by way of lease to Fr. O'Leary from the Earl of Bandon for 990 years at a rent of 10 shillings per annum. The first sod was cut by Dan Keohane and John Sullivan, Clonee. The contractor was Daniel O'Donovan, Bantry and the stone was provided from a quarry at Fahies, Clashadoo owned by the Shannon family and drawn to the site by Patrick Crowley of Ahagouna. The cost of the church was £2,900 and the Architect was Maurice Alphonsus Hennessy from the [South Mall, Cork](/wiki/South_Mall%2C_Cork \"South Mall, Cork\") A mural tablet to the Blair family of Blairscove and outside a [Celtic Cross](/wiki/Celtic_Cross \"Celtic Cross\") is a memorial to the Tobin family in Irish and English.\n\nThe Stations are an old tradition going back to [Penal times](/wiki/Penal_times \"Penal times\"). In each [townland](/wiki/Townland \"Townland\") families in turn rotated to have [mass](/wiki/Mass_%28liturgy%29 \"Mass (liturgy)\") in the house where the parish dues were taken. It was and is a time of great preparation with help from neighbours in the preparations. A wax candle blessed on [Candlemas Day](/wiki/Candlemas_Day \"Candlemas Day\") 2 February was used.\n\n",
"### Church of Ireland\n\nBrady mentions a church and chancel in Durrus in 1615 and the Rector Thomas Barnam says in 1639 that it was in good condition unlike the one in Kilcrohane. The Cork Directory of 1875 mentions a ruined church near Durrus Court. On 27 November 1792 by order of the [Lord Lieutenant](/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant \"Lord Lieutenant\") in Council the parishes of [Kilcrohan](/wiki/Kilcrohan \"Kilcrohan\"), [Durrus](/wiki/Durrus \"Durrus\") and [Kilmacomoge](/wiki/Kilmacomoge \"Kilmacomoge\") were divided and the new parish of Durrus and Kilcrohan were created. St. James, [Church of Ireland](/wiki/Church_of_Ireland \"Church of Ireland\"), built 1792, at a cost of £461 10s. 9\\.25d. The aisle was rebuilt following collapse. A south aisle was added in 1867 design by William Atkins.\n\nThe Rectory (Glebe) was built by the Rev. Edward Jones Alcock in 1831, following Glebe at Cappanahola. Licensed places of Worship in Glenlough and Rooska (1852–1866\\) were in schoolhouses. In 1935 the entrance was widened, railings were erected and gates were added. This work was done by Dick Gay and Eddie Brooks and paid for by a former parishioner Mr. Hosford, resident in England. In 1940 the Vestry Room was built. In 1949 gas lighting was installed followed by electricity in the early 1960s. In 1989 extensive renovations were carried out. A parochial hall was built partly by voluntary labour at the Rectory and opened on 22 August 1951\\. The new Rectory was completed in 1965\\. The parishes of Durrus and Kilcrohane seem to have been separated between 1634 and 1639, but reunited by 1663\\.\n\nSome of the services and sermons were conducted in Irish c. 1850 when the Rev. Crosthwaite's services were attended by thirty [converts](/wiki/Converts \"Converts\") and several poor Protestants who traveled six to ten miles to attend the Parish Church. Rooska Church was built 1866 to a design of William Atkins. This Church closed in January 1988\\.\n\n",
"### Methodist\n\nThe [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\") church was built in 1827 as Four Mile Water Church Hall in village. The last church on the Dunbeacon Road, it was built c. 1930 and closed in the early 1950s. Durrus was part of the Skibereen circuit that included the Berehaven Mines, Fivemile Water, Durrus and [Drimoleague](/wiki/Drimoleague \"Drimoleague\"), with a Minister resident in Bantry. Methodist families included two Brooks and Kingstons in Dromreagh, Vickeries in Ballycomane and Rooska and Millars in Coolcolacta.\n\n",
"### Catholic Four Mile Water\n\nAn application to register the female school was made in 1853, 1860 and 1865\\. The latter succeeded but the school was struck off in 1880 and restored later. The male school applied in 1868 and 1883\\. In 1868, a 17\\-year\\-old assistant teacher, John Leary was present. The monitor, John Canty resigned in September 1868\\. The principal was Denis Leary who taught 3rd. class. 97 pupils enrolled with an average attendance of 63\\.3–64\\.8\\. The manager was Fr. O'Flynn PP. The 1875 student body include 131 boys and 161 girls.\n\n",
"### Church of Ireland schools\n\nThese schools remained outside the [National School](/wiki/National_school_%28Ireland%29 \"National school (Ireland)\") system until later in the 19th century and were supported by the [Church Education Society](/wiki/Church_Education_Society \"Church Education Society\") In the 1840s the Rev. Crosthwaithe received support for schools from the Coast and Islands Society which continued until near the end of the century.\n\n",
"### Aughagoheen Church of Ireland\n\nRev. William O'Grady on a \"Bantry Club\" letterhead wrote seeking the entry of Aughagoheen into the National System. It had been under the [Church Education Society](/wiki/Church_Education_Society \"Church Education Society\") (founded 1839\\) whose involvement would finish upon recognition. The patrons were O'Grady and EE Leigh White Esq. He proposed to provide privies and that George Patison aged 18\\.5 would be the teacher and live in a parish house provided. An inspection disclosed school hours of 10 am to 2:30 pm with religion 2–2:30\\. The school enrolled 16 pupils: nine males and six females. Annie Stephens later applied to teach. She had been a monitor at Carrigbui up to third class and was in sole charge for ten months (this may have been Durrus C of I school). She would be eligible to substitute and was to go for training later. The file indicated that the school was unable to supplement the teacher's salary. O'Grady proposed to later pay £10 in addition to the state salary. Stephens was prepared to work without a local subvention. The appointment went instead to Susanna Perrott, aged 20\\. From 1 September 1902, she had trained at the Church of Ireland College at [Kildare Street](/wiki/Kildare_Street \"Kildare Street\"). The school was expected to have 29\\-plus pupils, including two from Scart Catholic School which at that time had attendance averaging between 24\\.9 and 38\\.4\\. After recognition the roll was 17 boys and six girls and the attendance ranged between 10\\.0 and 18\\.5\\. Rebecca Kingston resigned as teacher from 10 March 1910 and it was suggested that the school close and that the students would go to Bantry at a conveyance cost of £63 per annum. O'Grady appealed this on hardship grounds, pointing out that many of the children had to come up side roads. The Inspector conducted an enquiry looking at the distances the children had to travel and suggested that the school stay open. The family names of the children were Swanton (three families), Love, Foley, Jago, Sullivan, Shannon and Deane. Florence M. Clarke resigned on 28 August 1914 replaced by Ella Newman (she had been a junior literary mistress in Bantry from 8 August 1911\\). Newman had trained at St. Mary's Shandon and passed the relevant exam and was given provisional recognition from 22 October 1915\\.\n\n",
"### Church of Ireland Durrus\n\nThe original school at Clashadoo was built c.1780\\. In 1875 60 pupils were enrolled. It was replaced by the school at Ahagouna in 1937 after a [diphtheria](/wiki/Diphtheria \"Diphtheria\") [epidemic](/wiki/Epidemic \"Epidemic\") killing several children. This school cost £1,600\\. A second teacher was employed. This school in turn is to be replaced by a new school under construction only in 2006 on an adjoining site acquired from John McCarthy. Schools also operated at Rooska and Dunbeacon. In 1947–50 school transport was provided by Lottie Dukelow by pony and trap. Earlier Bert Dukelow provided transport with a horse and trap for the children on the south side of the bay.\n\n",
"### Rooska School\n\nRev. Pratt applied for recognition as a National School in 1898\\. The old school was built around 1822/1823 when Captain White gave a permanent lease. The school was inspected on 9 February 1898\\. He reported the building in fair condition, one room, no privies, stone and mortar and drew attention to needed improvements. Other nearby schools were Gurtalasa, Four Mile Water, Durrus, Bantry, Whiddy, Rusnacaharagh and Morragh (Methodist Durrus). Normally a school would have to be more than three miles (5 km) from another school but in this case the application was approved from 1 January 1898 in the exceptional circumstance of a mountain range preventing children from attending. The school had been supported by the Island and Coast Society £20, The Church Education Society £7, The Diocesan Board £5 and the Manager £3\\. The roll was 12 boys and 6 girls.\n\n",
"### Cashelane Church of Ireland School\n\nRev. R. H. Carroll the Manager of Altar Rectory, [Toormore](/wiki/Toormore \"Toormore\"), applied for a grant to build a school. The mixed school would have 30 children. In 1902 the average attendance was 10\\.7–11\\. The nearby Catholic School at Dunbeacon had an average attendance of 54\\.8–68\\.3, and included 11 Established Church children and had an assistant teacher. Ms. Trinder, who had qualified from the [Church of Ireland](/wiki/Church_of_Ireland \"Church of Ireland\") College in 1894 and had taught at Kilcoe/Corrovally was appointed. The new manager was Rev. A. J. Brady as the school was now in his parish. In October 1906 the attendance was 10 boys and 10 girls.\n\n",
"### Methodist\n\nThe Methodist school at Morragh applied to become a National School in 1882 and 1883\\. The site was leased from Richard Tonson Evans 1 May 1862 by way of a \"lease of three lives\" (a lease that continues as long as all three of the leaseholders survive.) In 1907 the school merged with the Church of Ireland school in Durrus. Only 4 of the 30 pupils were Methodist.\n\n",
"### Church Society schools\n\nSchools at Knockroe, Gearhies and Gortalassa employed Irish\\-speaking teachers including Seamus O'Suilleabhain of the Ui Shuilleabhain Fachdnaidh at Bonane near [Kenmare](/wiki/Kenmare \"Kenmare\"). It is believed that the Irish Society was active in this regard.\n\n",
"### Secondary school\n\nThe Mercy Order started a school for girls in 1863, initially on a National School Curriculum. The curriculum later expanded to include bookkeeping, agriculture, horticulture, mechanical drawing, dressmaking and cookery. Art, craft and design vocal, choral and instrumental music and song were included. Children were prepared for civil service exams and trained as monitors who would teach in the National Schools. The Intermediate Course started in 1911 and in 1927 a Secondary \"top\" was attached to the National School. In 1878 the two schools became distinct and the convent school was the only one in the area to provide full\\-time second level education. In the absence of transport the secondary school was of limited use to children in outlying areas such as Durrus.\n\n",
"Recreation\n----------\n\n### Patterns\n\nIn the 18th and early 19th century \"patterns\" at [holy wells](/wiki/Holy_wells \"Holy wells\") or at Gougan Barra were very popular. In theory these were religious, but in practice they were a form of recreation. In 1813, folklorist [Thomas Crofton Croker](/wiki/Thomas_Crofton_Croker \"Thomas Crofton Croker\") (1798–1854\\) attended a pattern at Gougan Barra on [St.John's Eve](/wiki/St.John%27s_Eve \"St.John's Eve\"). Large crowds gathered along the lakeshore and in and around the chapels. Penitents inside were on their knees, some with arms uplifted praying aloud others counting rosary beads or using a small pebble or cutting notches on a stick to indicate the number of prayers to be repeated. A rusty piece of iron was passed from one pilgrim to the next and placed on the head three times, accompanied by a prayer.\n\nA man belonging to a mendicant order scratched the wall of the well with a piece of slate, following the imprint of the cross. The pieces of slate were sold to pilgrims afterwards as relics. Inside the door of the well seven or eight people were in the water exhibiting their sores. Outside little bottles of glass water were sold and applied to an infected part. Women waited with naked infants to dip them into the well waters.\n\nTented merchants sold whiskey, [porter](/wiki/Porter_%28beer%29 \"Porter (beer)\") and bread. In most tents a [piper](/wiki/Bagpipes \"Bagpipes\") played and young people danced, the women choosing the partner. Twenty or thirty people were in each tent, drinking heavily and singing rebellious songs that were greeted with howls of approval. By evening most were drunk, [cudgels](/wiki/Cudgel \"Cudgel\") were brandished amid general mayhem. Attendees unleashed *a confused uproar of prayers and oaths of sanctity and blasphemy sounded in the same instant of the ear.* The Bishop of Cork, [Dr. John Murphy](/wiki/Dr._John_Murphy \"Dr. John Murphy\") banned the Gougan pattern in 1818\\. The Protestant clergyman [Caesar Otway](/wiki/Caesar_Otway \"Caesar Otway\") (1780–1842\\) visited in 1827 and counted 936 Paters, Aves and Credos.\n\n### Athletics\n\nIn the post\\-famine era dejection led to mass emigration. By the 1870s extant works offer many references to races, weight throwing and events in Kilcrohane and Ahakista. It was common for people to cross Dunmanus Bay for events on the other side or to meet half way in Carbery Island.\n\n### Bowling\n\nThe introduction of [flax](/wiki/Flax \"Flax\") in the mid\\-18th century followed by the introduction of weaving families from the north of Ireland may have introduced [bowling](/wiki/Bowling \"Bowling\") to [West Cork](/wiki/West_Cork \"West Cork\"). With the improvement in the roads in the late 19th century it begins to register in the folklore with names such as Skuse of Brahalish and Barrett of Colomane mentioned.\n\n### Music\n\nIn the 1850s, when [Francis O'Neill](/wiki/Francis_O%27Neill \"Francis O'Neill\") (Irish Music collector) was a child, many musicians played in his parents' house. In Durrus, Nell Burke [Coomkeen](/wiki/Coomkeen \"Coomkeen\"), played the [melodian](/wiki/Melodian \"Melodian\") in her younger days. In the 1930s the Station Heights in Dunbeacon was a centre for dancing and music in particular the Daly house. Music was supplied by the two Mahony Brothers. A wooden platform on Dunbeacon crossroads for dancing was in use over the weekend and put away on Sunday night.\n\nIn the early 1960s or the late 1950s, Eugene Wiseman formed a five\\-piece dance band that became very popular known as \"The Roving Serenaders\". Pete Sullivan, Bill Cotter, Mary Minehane and Michael Cotter on vocals were the mainstays. Wiseman created another band called \"The Fastnet Five\" performing all over the County.\n\n",
"### Patterns\n\nIn the 18th and early 19th century \"patterns\" at [holy wells](/wiki/Holy_wells \"Holy wells\") or at Gougan Barra were very popular. In theory these were religious, but in practice they were a form of recreation. In 1813, folklorist [Thomas Crofton Croker](/wiki/Thomas_Crofton_Croker \"Thomas Crofton Croker\") (1798–1854\\) attended a pattern at Gougan Barra on [St.John's Eve](/wiki/St.John%27s_Eve \"St.John's Eve\"). Large crowds gathered along the lakeshore and in and around the chapels. Penitents inside were on their knees, some with arms uplifted praying aloud others counting rosary beads or using a small pebble or cutting notches on a stick to indicate the number of prayers to be repeated. A rusty piece of iron was passed from one pilgrim to the next and placed on the head three times, accompanied by a prayer.\n\nA man belonging to a mendicant order scratched the wall of the well with a piece of slate, following the imprint of the cross. The pieces of slate were sold to pilgrims afterwards as relics. Inside the door of the well seven or eight people were in the water exhibiting their sores. Outside little bottles of glass water were sold and applied to an infected part. Women waited with naked infants to dip them into the well waters.\n\nTented merchants sold whiskey, [porter](/wiki/Porter_%28beer%29 \"Porter (beer)\") and bread. In most tents a [piper](/wiki/Bagpipes \"Bagpipes\") played and young people danced, the women choosing the partner. Twenty or thirty people were in each tent, drinking heavily and singing rebellious songs that were greeted with howls of approval. By evening most were drunk, [cudgels](/wiki/Cudgel \"Cudgel\") were brandished amid general mayhem. Attendees unleashed *a confused uproar of prayers and oaths of sanctity and blasphemy sounded in the same instant of the ear.* The Bishop of Cork, [Dr. John Murphy](/wiki/Dr._John_Murphy \"Dr. John Murphy\") banned the Gougan pattern in 1818\\. The Protestant clergyman [Caesar Otway](/wiki/Caesar_Otway \"Caesar Otway\") (1780–1842\\) visited in 1827 and counted 936 Paters, Aves and Credos.\n\n",
"### Athletics\n\nIn the post\\-famine era dejection led to mass emigration. By the 1870s extant works offer many references to races, weight throwing and events in Kilcrohane and Ahakista. It was common for people to cross Dunmanus Bay for events on the other side or to meet half way in Carbery Island.\n\n",
"### Bowling\n\nThe introduction of [flax](/wiki/Flax \"Flax\") in the mid\\-18th century followed by the introduction of weaving families from the north of Ireland may have introduced [bowling](/wiki/Bowling \"Bowling\") to [West Cork](/wiki/West_Cork \"West Cork\"). With the improvement in the roads in the late 19th century it begins to register in the folklore with names such as Skuse of Brahalish and Barrett of Colomane mentioned.\n\n",
"### Music\n\nIn the 1850s, when [Francis O'Neill](/wiki/Francis_O%27Neill \"Francis O'Neill\") (Irish Music collector) was a child, many musicians played in his parents' house. In Durrus, Nell Burke [Coomkeen](/wiki/Coomkeen \"Coomkeen\"), played the [melodian](/wiki/Melodian \"Melodian\") in her younger days. In the 1930s the Station Heights in Dunbeacon was a centre for dancing and music in particular the Daly house. Music was supplied by the two Mahony Brothers. A wooden platform on Dunbeacon crossroads for dancing was in use over the weekend and put away on Sunday night.\n\nIn the early 1960s or the late 1950s, Eugene Wiseman formed a five\\-piece dance band that became very popular known as \"The Roving Serenaders\". Pete Sullivan, Bill Cotter, Mary Minehane and Michael Cotter on vocals were the mainstays. Wiseman created another band called \"The Fastnet Five\" performing all over the County.\n\n",
"Transportation\n--------------\n\n### Bus\n\nBefore the extension of the railway from [Drimoleague](/wiki/Drimoleague \"Drimoleague\") to Bantry, a coach service was provided from Bandon to Bantry. Travel time by train and coach from Cork to Bantry was approximately 6½ hours. The fare was 4s.\n\n### Steamer\n\nA steamer service operated between Cork and [Dingle](/wiki/Dingle \"Dingle\"), between the late 1850s and 1905\\. The Clyde Shipping Company took over this service in 1876, calling at Bantry to pick up pig and millstuffs.\n\n### Rail\n\nAs early as 1836, consulting engineer [Charles Vignoles](/wiki/Charles_Vignoles \"Charles Vignoles\") put forward a scheme to the Railway Commission for a trunk line from Dublin to Cork, including a branch running from [Blarney](/wiki/Blarney \"Blarney\") through [Macroom](/wiki/Macroom \"Macroom\") and [Glengarriff](/wiki/Glengarriff \"Glengarriff\") to Castletownebere. The report, however, made no mention of the line to service [West Cork](/wiki/West_Cork \"West Cork\"). A Company proposed a line from Cork to Bandon in 1845 and in 1846, which included a projected line to Bantry. Work commenced in November 1879, opening for business in 1881\\. In the line's heyday in the early 20th century, four services traveled each day to and from Cork.\n\nThe line became an important link in the \"Prince of Wales Route\" from Cork to Killarney via Bantry and [Glengarriff](/wiki/Glengarriff \"Glengarriff\"). In 1902 the company opened a circular route from Bantry to Dunmanus Bay. Inclusive fares were 13s.6d. First Class, 12s.0d. Second Class, and 10s.0d Third Class, to include luncheon at Ahakista Hotel and tea at Bantry. To encourage tourism, the Local Development Syndicate (which had acquired the coaching business of Vickery of Bantry) agreed to do the coach and provide refreshments at 7/\\- a head. The Company agreed to provide a special train to Bantry and back and to contribute half the cost of the refreshments.\n\nThe line suffered significantly during the Troubles and Civil War. In an ambush on the train at Upton on 15 February 1921, six were killed, and two days later Scart Bridge was blown up, stopping service west of [Drimoleague](/wiki/Drimoleague \"Drimoleague\"). On 7 August 1922, (the Civil War had started in June 1922\\) [Chetwynd Viaduct](/wiki/Chetwynd_Viaduct \"Chetwynd Viaduct\") was severely damaged by explosives. Service to Bantry resumed only in April 1923\\. Signal Cabins and Staff Instruments were destroyed by fire at Durrus Road Station.\n\nWith the introduction of a diesel locomotive in 1954, passenger numbers increased from 20 to between 80 and 130\\. However, a policy of closing rail lines, and the loss of the [Bandon](/wiki/Bandon%2C_County_Cork \"Bandon, County Cork\") section along with financial losses £91,000 [stg.](/wiki/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\"), which together with the prevailing mood at the time, ended the entire West Cork system. The last train went from Bantry to Cork on Good Friday, 31 March 1961\\.\n\n",
"### Bus\n\nBefore the extension of the railway from [Drimoleague](/wiki/Drimoleague \"Drimoleague\") to Bantry, a coach service was provided from Bandon to Bantry. Travel time by train and coach from Cork to Bantry was approximately 6½ hours. The fare was 4s.\n\n",
"### Steamer\n\nA steamer service operated between Cork and [Dingle](/wiki/Dingle \"Dingle\"), between the late 1850s and 1905\\. The Clyde Shipping Company took over this service in 1876, calling at Bantry to pick up pig and millstuffs.\n\n",
"### Rail\n\nAs early as 1836, consulting engineer [Charles Vignoles](/wiki/Charles_Vignoles \"Charles Vignoles\") put forward a scheme to the Railway Commission for a trunk line from Dublin to Cork, including a branch running from [Blarney](/wiki/Blarney \"Blarney\") through [Macroom](/wiki/Macroom \"Macroom\") and [Glengarriff](/wiki/Glengarriff \"Glengarriff\") to Castletownebere. The report, however, made no mention of the line to service [West Cork](/wiki/West_Cork \"West Cork\"). A Company proposed a line from Cork to Bandon in 1845 and in 1846, which included a projected line to Bantry. Work commenced in November 1879, opening for business in 1881\\. In the line's heyday in the early 20th century, four services traveled each day to and from Cork.\n\nThe line became an important link in the \"Prince of Wales Route\" from Cork to Killarney via Bantry and [Glengarriff](/wiki/Glengarriff \"Glengarriff\"). In 1902 the company opened a circular route from Bantry to Dunmanus Bay. Inclusive fares were 13s.6d. First Class, 12s.0d. Second Class, and 10s.0d Third Class, to include luncheon at Ahakista Hotel and tea at Bantry. To encourage tourism, the Local Development Syndicate (which had acquired the coaching business of Vickery of Bantry) agreed to do the coach and provide refreshments at 7/\\- a head. The Company agreed to provide a special train to Bantry and back and to contribute half the cost of the refreshments.\n\nThe line suffered significantly during the Troubles and Civil War. In an ambush on the train at Upton on 15 February 1921, six were killed, and two days later Scart Bridge was blown up, stopping service west of [Drimoleague](/wiki/Drimoleague \"Drimoleague\"). On 7 August 1922, (the Civil War had started in June 1922\\) [Chetwynd Viaduct](/wiki/Chetwynd_Viaduct \"Chetwynd Viaduct\") was severely damaged by explosives. Service to Bantry resumed only in April 1923\\. Signal Cabins and Staff Instruments were destroyed by fire at Durrus Road Station.\n\nWith the introduction of a diesel locomotive in 1954, passenger numbers increased from 20 to between 80 and 130\\. However, a policy of closing rail lines, and the loss of the [Bandon](/wiki/Bandon%2C_County_Cork \"Bandon, County Cork\") section along with financial losses £91,000 [stg.](/wiki/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\"), which together with the prevailing mood at the time, ended the entire West Cork system. The last train went from Bantry to Cork on Good Friday, 31 March 1961\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* Bantry Historical Journal, Vol 1,2\\.\n* Evelyn Bolster: A History of the Diocese of Cork, Tower Books, Cork, 1982, , Catholic Central Library, Dublin\n* [James I. C. Boyd](/wiki/James_I._C._Boyd \"James I. C. Boyd\"), The Schull and Skibbereen Railway, the Oakwood Press, 1999 \n* W. Maziere Brady: Clerical and Parochial Records of Cork, Cloyne and Ross, (3 Vols, Dublin, 1864\\).\n* Tim Cadogan and Jeremiah Falvey, A Biographical Dictionart of Cork, 2006, Four Courts Press \n* Seamus Cahalane, Cartographer's Carbery 1581 Map, Mizen Journal 1997\n* Archive of Dioceses of Cork and Ross, Paddy O'Keeffe, archive for list of priests, handwritten, dates preferred to those in diocesan archive\n* M.F. Cusack: History of the City and County of Cork, Guys, Cork, 1875, Catholic Central Library, Dublin\n* David Dickson:Old World Colony, Cork and South Munster 1630–1830, Cork University press, 2005,\n* 'Under the Shadow of Seefin' Ann McCarthy\n* Irish words collected by Joe O'Driscoll NT Dunbeacon and Dublin in the 1930s\n* John Quinn: Down in the Free State, War Time Crashes, WWII (1\\) WG 1999, \n* Uilliam O Dalaigh: The O Dalys of Muintir Bhaire and the bardic tradition, 2006, Clolucht Bhearra.\n* Frank O'Mahony, The story of Kilcrohane\n* T.P. O'Neill, 'The Administration of Relief ', Studies in Irish history, the great famine 1845–52, Dublin pp. 156–242\n* J.G. White: History and Topographical Notes, Catholic Central Library, Dublin\n* The Fold Magazine (Cork Dioceses), 2001, re Durrus Catholic Church\n* Fr. T.J. Walsh (parish priest of Durrus), An Irish Rural Parish past and Present Muinter Bhaire, Capuchin Journal 1972\n* Padraig O Maidin, Cork Examiner 19 November 1960 re tithes (from POK papers)\n* Donal J. O'Sullivan 'The history of Caheragh Parish, 'The Captain Francis O'Neill Memorial Company Ltd'., Caheragh, 2002\n* \"A Census of Ireland c1659, from the Poll Money Ordinances 1660–1661\", edited Seamus Pender Irish Manuscript Commission, Dublin 2002 \n* Colin Rynne: At the sign of the Cow, the Cork Butter Market 1770–1924, The Collins Press, 1998, .\n* Richard S. Harrison: Bantry in olden days, 1992, published by author, also on Warner's butter, Southern Star, 24 January 1990, Flax Growing in West Cork Southern Star 2 February 1991, Methodists in West Cork, Southern Star, 9 February 1991\n* Willie Kingston: From Victorian Boyhood to the Troubles: A Skibbereen Memoir, Skibbereen Historical Journal Vol 1 2005, extracts edited by his niece Daisy Swanton and Jasper Ungoed\\-Thomas, grandson of Jasper Wolfe, and Vol 2\\.\n* Mizen Journals 1–12\\.\n* Bantry Historical and Archaeological Society Journal. vol 2, 1994 ISSN 0791\\-6612 Journal\n* [National Library](/wiki/National_Library \"National Library\"), Dublin has the 19th Century list (on microfilm) of Births Marriages and a list of the priests who served in the Carholic Parish, box. 4799\\.\n* Office of Public Works Archaeological Inventory of Co. Cork\n* Penelope Durrell, Dursey\n* West Cork Railway inc. Colm Creedon's Works, Privately published Magazine Road, Cork\n* Diarmuid O Murchadha, Battle of Callann AD 1261, JCHAS, 1961 no. 204 pp. 105–16\n* Index to Administration Bonds Dioceses of Cork and Ross 1612–1858, WW8\n* [Durrus Graveyards](https://web.archive.org/web/20110519110540/http://picasaweb.google.com/patrick56quiet/DurrusGraveyards2005) \n\n[History](/wiki/Category:Durrus \"Durrus\")\n[Category:History of County Cork](/wiki/Category:History_of_County_Cork \"History of County Cork\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Forward caste
|
{
"id": [
39114795
],
"name": [
"Dympies"
]
}
|
dg02fv9jhzr0zo0r76za2h5ojutzodv
|
2024-09-22T07:49:34Z
| 1,236,946,166 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"General caste",
"Economic and educational status",
"Reservation for economically backward among forward castes",
"Timeline",
"Shrinking educational opportunities",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Forward caste** (or **General caste**) is a term used in [India](/wiki/India \"India\") to denote [castes](/wiki/Caste \"Caste\") which are not listed in [SC](/wiki/Scheduled_caste \"Scheduled caste\"), [ST](/wiki/Scheduled_tribe \"Scheduled tribe\") or [OBC](/wiki/Other_backward_classes \"Other backward classes\") reservation lists. They are on average considered ahead of other castes economically and educationally. They account for about 30\\.8% of the population based on Schedule 10 of available data from the [National Sample Survey Organisation](/wiki/National_Sample_Survey_Organisation \"National Sample Survey Organisation\") 55th (1999–2000\\) and [National Sample Survey Organisation](/wiki/National_Sample_Survey_Organisation \"National Sample Survey Organisation\") 61st Rounds (2004–05\\) Round Survey.\n\nThose groups that qualify for reservation benefits are listed as [Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes](/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes \"Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\"), [Other backward class](/wiki/Other_backward_class \"Other backward class\") and [Economically Weaker Section](/wiki/Economically_Weaker_Section \"Economically Weaker Section\"). They can avail defined quotas amongst other benefits for education, special government schemes, government employment and political representation. The lists of Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward class are compiled irrespective of religion.\n\n[Economically Weaker Section](/wiki/Economically_Weaker_Section \"Economically Weaker Section\") among forward castes were later granted less than 10% reservation by government.\n\n",
"General caste\n-------------\n\nGeneral caste is an informal relative term which may refer to a caste which is not listed in the SC, ST or OBC lists.\n\n",
"Economic and educational status\n-------------------------------\n\n, forward castes had to compete only in the open category, as they are considered socially, educationally, and economically advanced. The open category seats can be competed and filled by any section of the society irrespective of the caste. Due to rigorous demand and the relative financial weakness of the people of the General category, the Government of India introduced 10% as EWS quota for them, which makes their total reservation to 10%. However, in certain states, such as [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\"), the reservation percentage is around 69%.[Tamil Nadu's quota stir an assertion of its 69 percent? (NEWS ANALYSIS) \\- India](http://news.monstersandcritics.com/india/news/article_1285498.php/Tamil_Nadus_quota_stir_an_assertion_of_its_69_percent%0A_NEWS_ANALYSIS_) \n\n",
"Reservation for economically backward among forward castes\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nBefore 2019, forward castes were only allowed to compete for seats in the unreserved category in educational institutions and central government jobs, regardless of their educational/economical status in society. A significant percentage of the forward caste lives below the poverty line, and more than 30% of the members of this community are illiterate. To meet their aspirations, demands have been raised for providing separate reservations for the poor among forward caste populations. Many political parties like [BJP](/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party \"Bharatiya Janata Party\"), [Samajwadi Party](/wiki/Samajwadi_Party \"Samajwadi Party\"), [LJP](/wiki/Lok_Janshakti_Party \"Lok Janshakti Party\"), [Rastriya Janata Dal](/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dal \"Rashtriya Janata Dal\"), [Communist Party of India (Marxist)](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_%28Marxist%29 \"Communist Party of India (Marxist)\"), [Bahujan Samaj Party](/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Party \"Bahujan Samaj Party\")[Laloo bats for upper caste reservations](http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=67190), ExpressIndia, 5 May 2006\\. [Left strikes a masterstroke](http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=67837), ExpressIndia, 17 May 2006\\. have supported proposals for providing a separate reservation for the poor among the forward castes.\n\n### Timeline\n\n* 1991: Congress government headed by Narasimha Rao introduced 10% separate reservation for poor among forward castes.\n* 1992: The Supreme Court has ruled in the [Indra Sawhney \\& Others v. Union of India](/wiki/Indra_Sawhney_%26_Others_v._Union_of_India \"Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India\") case that separate reservation for poor among forward castes is invalid. Government has withdrawn separate reservation as per supreme court judgement.\n* 2003: BJP government appointed a group of ministers for suggesting measures for implementation of separate reservation for the poor among forward castes.\n* 2004: A task force has been set up to determine modalities for providing reservations to the poor among forward castes. No information available regarding a report submitted by this task force.\n* 2006: Congress government appointed commission to study separate reservation for economically backward class.\n* 2006: The Communist government in [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\") earmarked 12% of the seats in private professional colleges for the economically poor among forward castes.\nState and central governments have not released adequate data regarding the representation of various communities in their services and admissions to educational institutions. Most of the private companies in India do not collect data regarding the community of their employees.\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.75\\|Rural landholding pattern of various social groups calculated by National Sample Survey 99\\-00 indicate that OBC and forward castes are comparable in wealth](/wiki/File:RuralLandholding.jpg \"RuralLandholding.jpg\")\n* In Tamil Nadu forward castes have secured around 1\\.9% of the seats in medical colleges in 2004 and 2\\.68% of the seats in 2005, against their population percentage of 13%. This trend of poor representation has continued for the last 10 years as claimed by lawyers in one of the reservation cases, because other communities are very competitive and secure seats in general quote because of education has reached beyond forward communities.\n* The Narendra committee report in Kerala has pointed out that forward castes representation in public services and PSU units is around 36 to 38%, which is more or less equal to their population percentage.\n* The Karnataka minister in the state Assembly has announced that the per capita income of the [Brahmins](/wiki/Brahmins \"Brahmins\") is less than that of all communities including scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.\n* The oversight committee in its final report has indicated that forward castes are placed better than backward castes in some indicators and are comparable with backward castes concerning some few indicators and that backward castes are superior in some parameters like health indicators in states like Assam, Maharashtra, Haryana, West Bengal, etc.[FINAL OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE \\-3\\.10\\.2006\\.doc](http://oversightcommittee.gov.in/ocrep.pdf)\n* The national survey 99\\-00 indicates that forward castes are better placed than SC/ST in almost all parameters. In rural unemployment, forward castes score worse than all other communities.\n* The provisional report of the National Sample Survey Organisation (2004–05\\) states that buying capacities of backward castes in rural and urban areas are comparable to forward castes. It also revises the backward castes figure as 41%. It states that landownership of backward castes are comparable to forward castes. It reiterates its earlier finding (in 99\\-00 survey) that forward castes are poorly employed (more unemployment).\n* The national surveys used rural landholding pattern to assess wealthiness of various social groups. Its findings indicate that OBC and FC are comparable and there is a very small difference between them. There is a big difference between OBC/FC and SC. Even Scheduled Tribes are placed better than Scheduled castes. Experts who analysed the national survey results point out that other backward castes are near average in many parameters. Please see the chart.Surjit S Bhalla, [OBC: the Oh, so average Indian](https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/surjit-s-bhalla-obc-the-oh-so-average-indian-106111101030_1.html), Business Standard, 14 June 2013\\.\n* On 7 January 2019, the [Union Council of Ministers](/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers \"Union Council of Ministers\") approved a 10% reservation in government jobs and educational institutions for the [Economically Weaker Section](/wiki/Economically_Weaker_Section \"Economically Weaker Section\") (EWS) in the forward castes. The cabinet decided that this would be over and above the existing 50% reservation for SC/ST/OBC categories.\n* On 7 November 2022, [Supreme Court of India](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India \"Supreme Court of India\") by a 3:2 verdict in the Janhit Abhiyan vs Union Of India Writ Petition (Civil) No(S). 55 OF 2019, upheld the validity of the 103rd constitutional amendment carried out to provide legal sanction to carve out a 10% reservation for the economically weaker sections from unreserved classes for admission in educational institutions and government jobs and held that the 50% cap on quota is not inviolable and affirmative action on economic basis may go a long way in eradicating caste\\-based reservation. This constitutional amendment pushed the total reservation to 59\\.50% in central institutions.\n",
"### Timeline\n\n* 1991: Congress government headed by Narasimha Rao introduced 10% separate reservation for poor among forward castes.\n* 1992: The Supreme Court has ruled in the [Indra Sawhney \\& Others v. Union of India](/wiki/Indra_Sawhney_%26_Others_v._Union_of_India \"Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India\") case that separate reservation for poor among forward castes is invalid. Government has withdrawn separate reservation as per supreme court judgement.\n* 2003: BJP government appointed a group of ministers for suggesting measures for implementation of separate reservation for the poor among forward castes.\n* 2004: A task force has been set up to determine modalities for providing reservations to the poor among forward castes. No information available regarding a report submitted by this task force.\n* 2006: Congress government appointed commission to study separate reservation for economically backward class.\n* 2006: The Communist government in [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\") earmarked 12% of the seats in private professional colleges for the economically poor among forward castes.\nState and central governments have not released adequate data regarding the representation of various communities in their services and admissions to educational institutions. Most of the private companies in India do not collect data regarding the community of their employees.\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.75\\|Rural landholding pattern of various social groups calculated by National Sample Survey 99\\-00 indicate that OBC and forward castes are comparable in wealth](/wiki/File:RuralLandholding.jpg \"RuralLandholding.jpg\")\n* In Tamil Nadu forward castes have secured around 1\\.9% of the seats in medical colleges in 2004 and 2\\.68% of the seats in 2005, against their population percentage of 13%. This trend of poor representation has continued for the last 10 years as claimed by lawyers in one of the reservation cases, because other communities are very competitive and secure seats in general quote because of education has reached beyond forward communities.\n* The Narendra committee report in Kerala has pointed out that forward castes representation in public services and PSU units is around 36 to 38%, which is more or less equal to their population percentage.\n* The Karnataka minister in the state Assembly has announced that the per capita income of the [Brahmins](/wiki/Brahmins \"Brahmins\") is less than that of all communities including scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.\n* The oversight committee in its final report has indicated that forward castes are placed better than backward castes in some indicators and are comparable with backward castes concerning some few indicators and that backward castes are superior in some parameters like health indicators in states like Assam, Maharashtra, Haryana, West Bengal, etc.[FINAL OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE \\-3\\.10\\.2006\\.doc](http://oversightcommittee.gov.in/ocrep.pdf)\n* The national survey 99\\-00 indicates that forward castes are better placed than SC/ST in almost all parameters. In rural unemployment, forward castes score worse than all other communities.\n* The provisional report of the National Sample Survey Organisation (2004–05\\) states that buying capacities of backward castes in rural and urban areas are comparable to forward castes. It also revises the backward castes figure as 41%. It states that landownership of backward castes are comparable to forward castes. It reiterates its earlier finding (in 99\\-00 survey) that forward castes are poorly employed (more unemployment).\n* The national surveys used rural landholding pattern to assess wealthiness of various social groups. Its findings indicate that OBC and FC are comparable and there is a very small difference between them. There is a big difference between OBC/FC and SC. Even Scheduled Tribes are placed better than Scheduled castes. Experts who analysed the national survey results point out that other backward castes are near average in many parameters. Please see the chart.Surjit S Bhalla, [OBC: the Oh, so average Indian](https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/surjit-s-bhalla-obc-the-oh-so-average-indian-106111101030_1.html), Business Standard, 14 June 2013\\.\n* On 7 January 2019, the [Union Council of Ministers](/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers \"Union Council of Ministers\") approved a 10% reservation in government jobs and educational institutions for the [Economically Weaker Section](/wiki/Economically_Weaker_Section \"Economically Weaker Section\") (EWS) in the forward castes. The cabinet decided that this would be over and above the existing 50% reservation for SC/ST/OBC categories.\n* On 7 November 2022, [Supreme Court of India](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India \"Supreme Court of India\") by a 3:2 verdict in the Janhit Abhiyan vs Union Of India Writ Petition (Civil) No(S). 55 OF 2019, upheld the validity of the 103rd constitutional amendment carried out to provide legal sanction to carve out a 10% reservation for the economically weaker sections from unreserved classes for admission in educational institutions and government jobs and held that the 50% cap on quota is not inviolable and affirmative action on economic basis may go a long way in eradicating caste\\-based reservation. This constitutional amendment pushed the total reservation to 59\\.50% in central institutions.\n",
"Shrinking educational opportunities\n-----------------------------------\n\nDuring April 2006, India's Human Resource Minister announced that 27% seats will be reserved exclusively for candidates from Other Backward class in addition to existing 22\\.5% reservation for Scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes.\n\nMany states do not have 27% of Other Backward class population, as per national sample surveys. (This includes major Indian states like Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Punjab, West Bengal). Some Indian states like Assam , Goa , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , have more than 50% Forward castes population, which means the number of seats secured by Forward castes will not be equal to their population proportion even if they secure 100% seats in open competition in central government institutions of these states. Central government, however, excluded 27% reservations to Other Backward class to the areas with high tribal populations.\n\nHowever, on 7 January 2019, the [Union Council of Ministers](/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers \"Union Council of Ministers\") approved 10% reservation for the forward castes in government jobs and educational institutions. This group is classified as the [Economically Weaker Section](/wiki/Economically_Weaker_Section \"Economically Weaker Section\") (EWS). The cabinet decided that this would be over and above the existing 50% reservation for SC/ST/OBC categories.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of Other Backward Classes](/wiki/List_of_Other_Backward_Classes \"List of Other Backward Classes\")\n* [Socio Economic Caste Census 2011](/wiki/Socio_Economic_Caste_Census_2011 \"Socio Economic Caste Census 2011\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Reservation in India](/wiki/Category:Reservation_in_India \"Reservation in India\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Karakallou Monastery
|
{
"id": [
2559432
],
"name": [
"Thriley"
]
}
|
90jek27ycl1s6lbe49ivb7zz6k17v2k
|
2023-04-09T03:16:12Z
| 1,148,925,434 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Nearby sites",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Karakallou Monastery** () is an [Eastern Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\") [monastery](/wiki/Monastery \"Monastery\") at the monastic state of [Mount Athos](/wiki/Mount_Athos \"Mount Athos\") in [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\"). It stands on the south\\-eastern side of the peninsula and ranks eleventh in the hierarchy of the Athonite monasteries. The monastery has 50 working monks, and its library holds 330 manuscripts, and about 3,000 printed books.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nIt was founded in the 11th century. In the 13th century, as a result of the activity of pirates and Latins, Karakallou was totally deserted.\n\nBy the end of the 15th century according to the Russian pilgrim Isaiah, the monastery was Albanian. The monastery was rebuilt in the 16th century by Moldavian *voievod* [Peter IV Rareș](/wiki/Peter_IV_Rare%C8%99 \"Peter IV Rareș\").\n\n",
"Nearby sites\n------------\n\nLocated near Karakallou Monastery, the , or Mylopotamos, is a [kathisma](/wiki/Kathisma%23Monastic_cell \"Kathisma#Monastic cell\") (cell) belonging to the Monastery of [Great Lavra](/wiki/Great_Lavra \"Great Lavra\"). It was founded by St. Athanasius to serve as a place of [convalescence](/wiki/Convalescence \"Convalescence\") for monks. It is a complex with a defensive tower and vineyards. [Patriarch Joachim III of Constantinople](/wiki/Patriarch_Joachim_III_of_Constantinople \"Patriarch Joachim III of Constantinople\"), also rested here in the 19th century. Today it is used as a winery and is known for its excellent quality wine. \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Karakallou monastery at Mount Athos](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190514/http://www.mountathos.gr/active.aspx?mode=en%7Bed693ed8-3d08-46b2-a84c-66077a9e702e%7DView)\n* [Greek Ministry of Culture: Holy Monastery of Karakallou](https://web.archive.org/web/20061029194451/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/212/21210a/e212ja21.html)\n\n[Category:Christian monasteries established in the 11th century](/wiki/Category:Christian_monasteries_established_in_the_11th_century \"Christian monasteries established in the 11th century\")\n[Category:Monasteries on Mount Athos](/wiki/Category:Monasteries_on_Mount_Athos \"Monasteries on Mount Athos\")\n[Category:Greek Orthodox monasteries](/wiki/Category:Greek_Orthodox_monasteries \"Greek Orthodox monasteries\")\n[Category:Byzantine monasteries in Greece](/wiki/Category:Byzantine_monasteries_in_Greece \"Byzantine monasteries in Greece\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Piedmont High School
|
{
"id": [
20761916
],
"name": [
"Jim Carter"
]
}
|
bj6j2odw79q627p4w5t7d3h8lkpigwl
|
2014-05-02T10:21:54Z
| 276,439,053 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Piedmont High School"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Piedmont High School** may refer to one of several high schools in the United States:\n\n* [Piedmont High School (Alabama)](/wiki/Piedmont_High_School_%28Alabama%29 \"Piedmont High School (Alabama)\") — [Piedmont, Alabama](/wiki/Piedmont%2C_Alabama \"Piedmont, Alabama\")\n* [Piedmont High School (California)](/wiki/Piedmont_High_School_%28California%29 \"Piedmont High School (California)\") — Piedmont, California\n* [Piedmont High School (North Carolina)](/wiki/Piedmont_High_School_%28North_Carolina%29 \"Piedmont High School (North Carolina)\") — Monroe, North Carolina\n* [Piedmont High School (Oklahoma)](/wiki/Piedmont_High_School_%28Oklahoma%29 \"Piedmont High School (Oklahoma)\") — [Piedmont, Oklahoma](/wiki/Piedmont%2C_Oklahoma \"Piedmont, Oklahoma\")\n* [Piedmont Hills High School](/wiki/Piedmont_Hills_High_School \"Piedmont Hills High School\") — San Jose, California\n\n"
]
}
|
Violin Sonata No. 3 (Beethoven)
|
{
"id": [
47744138
],
"name": [
"Cializirier"
]
}
|
a9qkxhw4jpbpoj3klvqk98a4wng7m3n
|
2024-09-11T15:13:46Z
| 1,149,802,025 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"The **Violin Sonata No. 3** of [Ludwig van Beethoven](/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Ludwig van Beethoven\") in [E\\-flat major](/wiki/E-flat_major \"E-flat major\"), the third of his Opus 12 set, was written in [1798](/wiki/1798_in_music \"1798 in music\") and dedicated to his teacher [Antonio Salieri](/wiki/Antonio_Salieri \"Antonio Salieri\"). It has three [movements](/wiki/Movement_%28music%29 \"Movement (music)\"):\n\n1. *Allegro con spirito*\n2. *Adagio con molta espressione* \\- in C major\n3. *Rondo: Allegro molto*\n\nThe work takes approximately 18 minutes to perform.\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Performance of Violin Sonata No. 3](http://traffic.libsyn.com/gardnermuseum/beethoven_o12n3.mp3) by [Corey Cerovsek](/wiki/Corey_Cerovsek \"Corey Cerovsek\") (violin) and Paavali Jumppanen (piano) from the [Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum](/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum \"Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum\")\n* [List of works by Beethoven](http://www.uquebec.ca/musique/catal/beethoven/beelvcat1.html) with dates, keys and internal movement keys including for example that for opus 12/2\\.\n\n[Violin Sonata 03](/wiki/Category:Violin_sonatas_by_Ludwig_van_Beethoven \"Violin sonatas by Ludwig van Beethoven\")\n[Category:1798 compositions](/wiki/Category:1798_compositions \"1798 compositions\")\n[Category:Compositions in E\\-flat major](/wiki/Category:Compositions_in_E-flat_major \"Compositions in E-flat major\")\n[Category:Music dedicated to students or teachers](/wiki/Category:Music_dedicated_to_students_or_teachers \"Music dedicated to students or teachers\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Tonkori
|
{
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
}
|
ogiryv3wjx9jegr7bmonygmsz7155ms
|
2023-02-18T16:11:15Z
| 1,060,175,179 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Construction",
"Performance",
"Revival",
"Etymology",
"Players",
"See also",
"External links",
"Further reading",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|150px](/wiki/File:Tonkori.jpg \"Tonkori.jpg\")\nThe is a plucked string instrument played by the [Ainu people](/wiki/Ainu_people \"Ainu people\") of [Hokkaidō](/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D \"Hokkaidō\"), northern Japan and [Sakhalin](/wiki/Sakhalin \"Sakhalin\"). It generally has five strings, which are not stopped or [fretted](/wiki/Fret_%28music%29 \"Fret (music)\") but simply played \"[open](/wiki/Open_string_%28music%29 \"Open string (music)\")\". The instrument is believed to have been developed in Sakhalin. By the 1970s the instrument was practically extinct, but is experiencing a revival along with the increased interest in Ainu heritage.Takashi Ogawa. *Traditional Music of the Ainu* Journal of the International Folk Music Council, Vol. 13, (1961\\) \\- Notes that at publication the instrument was only found in museums\n\n",
"Construction\n------------\n\nThe instrument is typically constructed of a single piece of [Jezo spruce](/wiki/Jezo_spruce \"Jezo spruce\") approximately a metre long. Its shape is traditionally said to resemble a woman's body, and the corresponding words are used for its parts. A pebble is placed within the body\\-cavity of the instrument, granting it a \"soul\". The instrument tends to measure approximately 120 cm long, 10 cm wide, and 5 cm thick.\n\nThe tonkori's strings are made of [gut](/wiki/Catgut \"Catgut\"), deer tendon, or vegetable fiber. While five\\-string tonkori are the most frequently mentioned, they could have as few as two or as many as six strings. The strings are not tuned in order of pitch, but are instead in a [reentrant tuning](/wiki/Reentrant_tuning \"Reentrant tuning\") alternating between higher and lower strings, rising and falling by a [fifths](/wiki/Perfect_fifth \"Perfect fifth\") in a [pentatonic scale](/wiki/Pentatonic_scale \"Pentatonic scale\"), often a\\-d'\\-g'\\-c'\\-f'. A similar style of reentrant tuning a was used by the ancient Japanese version of the [koto](/wiki/Koto_%28musical_instrument%29 \"Koto (musical instrument)\"), the [wagon](/wiki/Yamatogoto \"Yamatogoto\").\n\n",
"Performance\n-----------\n\n[left\\|200px\\|thumb](/wiki/File:Woman_playing_traditional_Ainu_instrument.jpg \"Woman playing traditional Ainu instrument.jpg\")\nThe tonkori is played angled across the chest, strings outward, while both hands pluck the open strings from opposite sides. The instrument was used to accompany songs or dances, or played solo. The tonkori was traditionally played by both men and women.\n\nOne description of traditional tonkori technique noted that a player would strum across all the strings, and then pluck a single string with his opposite hand. Another description notes that \"the thumbs pluck in an outward direction only.\"\n\n",
"Revival\n-------\n\n[right\\|200px\\|thumb\\|The Oki Ainu Dub Band in 2007](/wiki/File:Oki_Ainu_Dub_Band_at_tff.Rudolstadt_2007.jpg \"Oki Ainu Dub Band at tff.Rudolstadt 2007.jpg\")\nThe most prominent modern tonkori performer is [Oki Kano](/wiki/Oki_Kano \"Oki Kano\"), who often uses the instrument in contemporary and cross\\-cultural performances and recordings.\n\nThe researcher [Nobuhiko Chiba](/wiki/Nobuhiko_Chiba \"Nobuhiko Chiba\") has been prominent among those researching and analysing the instrument and its music.\n\n",
"Etymology\n---------\n\nThe term *tonkori* is an onomatopoeic description of the sound of the instrument.[New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians](/wiki/New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians \"New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians\"), Vol. 12 pg 383f. The tonkori was also referred to as the ***ka*** (\"string\"). The late\\-1800s explorer [A. H. Savage Landor](/wiki/A._H._Savage_Landor \"A. H. Savage Landor\") documented the tonkori, stating that it was referred to only as **mukko** (\"musical instrument\").A. H. Savage Landor. *[Alone With the Hairy Ainu, or 3,800 Miles on a Pack Saddle In Yezo and a Cruise to the Kurile Islands](http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37873/37873-h/37873-h.htm).* John Murray, Albemarle Street, London 1893\\.\n\nLinguist [Emiko Ohnuki\\-Tierney](/wiki/Emiko_Ohnuki-Tierney \"Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney\") noted that /tonkori/ was sometimes pronounced with either a voiced or voiceless stop on the initial sound: \\[donkori] or \\[tonkori]. One 1962 French publication notes the usage of the spelling **donkori** in an earlier work, \\- *donkori 'Musical instr. stringed like thé samisen', (B) tonkori 'A harp' (traduction médiocre ; sa traduction japonaise, 'ainu no koto* while the 1969 *[Asian Review](/wiki/Asian_Review \"Asian Review\")* appears to use **tonguri** and **tongari** as alternate spellings.\n\n",
"Players\n-------\n\n* [Oki Kano](/wiki/Oki_Kano \"Oki Kano\")\n* [K.D earth](/wiki/K.D_earth \"K.D earth\") \n* Sanpe (Nobuhiko Chiba)\n* ToyToy (Motoi Ogawa)\n* Kumiko Sukegawa\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Ainu music](/wiki/Ainu_music \"Ainu music\")\n* [Ainu fiddle](/wiki/Ainu_fiddle \"Ainu fiddle\")\n* [Nares\\-jux](/wiki/Nares-jux \"Nares-jux\"), a similar instrument of Siberia\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Tonkori.com](http://www.tonkori.com)\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* *The Ainu Tonkori: A Manual for Learning and Guide to Performance Practice*, Jack Claar, Dr. Joseph Amato\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Zithers](/wiki/Category:Zithers \"Zithers\")\n[Category:Ainu musical instruments](/wiki/Category:Ainu_musical_instruments \"Ainu musical instruments\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Ligue nationaliste canadienne
|
{
"id": [
152145
],
"name": [
"Red dwarf"
]
}
|
se6hqne8c4h4zt46zw6pki6x4dwukae
|
2024-04-22T20:46:35Z
| 1,178,285,058 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"The **Ligue nationaliste canadienne**, also known as the **Ligue nationaliste**, was a [nationalist](/wiki/Quebec_nationalism \"Quebec nationalism\") and [anti\\-imperialist](/wiki/Anti-imperialist \"Anti-imperialist\") organization in [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), during the early 20th century. Founded by [Henri Bourassa](/wiki/Henri_Bourassa \"Henri Bourassa\") and journalist [Olivar Asselin](/wiki/Olivar_Asselin \"Olivar Asselin\"), the newspaper *[Le Nationaliste](/wiki/Le_Nationaliste \"Le Nationaliste\")* was its official organ until 1910, when Bourassa founded *[Le Devoir](/wiki/Le_Devoir \"Le Devoir\")* which became the Ligue's mouthpiece.\n\nThe party was created in 1903 to counter what was perceived to be the evils of imperialism and to instill a pan\\-Canadian nationalist spirit in the Francophone population. The League opposed political dependence on either [Britain](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") or the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), supporting instead Canadian autonomy within the British Empire.\n\nIn the [1908 Quebec election](/wiki/1908_Quebec_general_election \"1908 Quebec general election\"), the Ligue won three seats in the [Quebec Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Quebec_Legislative_Assembly \"Quebec Legislative Assembly\"); Bourassa won in two seats ([Montreal Division \\#2](/wiki/Saint-Jacques_%28provincial_electoral_district%29 \"Saint-Jacques (provincial electoral district)\") and [Saint\\-Hyacinthe](/wiki/Saint-Hyacinthe_%28provincial_electoral_district%29 \"Saint-Hyacinthe (provincial electoral district)\")) and chose to sit for the latter, and [Armand Lavergne](/wiki/Armand_Lavergne \"Armand Lavergne\") was elected in [Montmagny](/wiki/Montmagny_%28provincial_electoral_district%29 \"Montmagny (provincial electoral district)\"). Bourassa did not run for re\\-election in [1912 Quebec election](/wiki/1912_Quebec_general_election \"1912 Quebec general election\"); Lavergne served as the party's only member until leaving office in the 1916 election.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Quebec nationalism](/wiki/Quebec_nationalism \"Quebec nationalism\")\n* [Politics of Quebec](/wiki/Politics_of_Quebec \"Politics of Quebec\")\n* [History of Quebec](/wiki/History_of_Quebec \"History of Quebec\")\n* [Timeline of Quebec history](/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history \"Timeline of Quebec history\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Civic and political organizations of Canada](/wiki/Category:Civic_and_political_organizations_of_Canada \"Civic and political organizations of Canada\")\n[Category:Political history of Quebec](/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Quebec \"Political history of Quebec\")\n[Category:Defunct provincial political parties in Quebec](/wiki/Category:Defunct_provincial_political_parties_in_Quebec \"Defunct provincial political parties in Quebec\")\n[Category:1903 establishments in Quebec](/wiki/Category:1903_establishments_in_Quebec \"1903 establishments in Quebec\")\n[Category:Political parties established in 1903](/wiki/Category:Political_parties_established_in_1903 \"Political parties established in 1903\")\n[Category:Canadian nationalism](/wiki/Category:Canadian_nationalism \"Canadian nationalism\")\n[Category:1910s disestablishments in Quebec](/wiki/Category:1910s_disestablishments_in_Quebec \"1910s disestablishments in Quebec\")\n[Category:Political parties disestablished in the 1910s](/wiki/Category:Political_parties_disestablished_in_the_1910s \"Political parties disestablished in the 1910s\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Ghost River Wilderness Area
|
{
"id": [
20612
],
"name": [
"Indefatigable"
]
}
|
d9vad1fzlw25t7q03aoe1v079fhpqme
|
2023-04-15T15:57:53Z
| 1,101,026,295 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Ghost River Valley, Alberta (1970\\)](/wiki/File:View_of_Edward%27s_house_and_Ghost_River_from_Renee%27s_veranda._1970.JPG \"View of Edward's house and Ghost River from Renee's veranda. 1970.JPG\")\nThe **Ghost River Wilderness Area** is a [provincially designated](/wiki/Government_of_Alberta \"Government of Alberta\") [wilderness area](/wiki/Wilderness_area \"Wilderness area\") in the [Canadian Rockies](/wiki/Canadian_Rockies \"Canadian Rockies\") of [Alberta](/wiki/Alberta \"Alberta\") protecting the headwaters of the [Ghost River](/wiki/Ghost_River_%28Alberta%29 \"Ghost River (Alberta)\"). It was established in 1967 and it, as one of the three wilderness areas of Alberta, has the strictest form of government protection available in Canada. All development is forbidden, and only travel by foot is permitted. Hunting and fishing are not allowed. The other two wilderness areas are [White Goat Wilderness Area](/wiki/White_Goat_Wilderness_Area \"White Goat Wilderness Area\") and [Siffleur Wilderness Area](/wiki/Siffleur_Wilderness_Area \"Siffleur Wilderness Area\") and together the three areas total .\n\nSituated west of [Calgary](/wiki/Calgary \"Calgary\") and bordering [Banff National Park](/wiki/Banff_National_Park \"Banff National Park\"), the Ghost Wilderness spans the area north of the [Trans\\-Canada Highway (Highway 1\\)](/wiki/Alberta_Highway_1 \"Alberta Highway 1\") along the eastern slope of the [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains \"Rocky Mountains\") up to the [Red Deer River](/wiki/Red_Deer_River \"Red Deer River\"). It lies just slightly north of [Lake Minnewanka](/wiki/Lake_Minnewanka \"Lake Minnewanka\"). Mountains rise to . The area has rugged mountains, glacier\\-carved valleys, mountain lakes, and alpine meadows. There are two distinct vegetation zones. Above , the [tree line](/wiki/Tree_line \"Tree line\"), are grasses, sedges and wildflowers. Below that are subalpine forests of spruce, fir, and lodgepole pine. There are many rare species of butterflies. Animals include [Bighorn Sheep](/wiki/Bighorn_Sheep \"Bighorn Sheep\"), deer, [moose](/wiki/Western_moose \"Western moose\"), [cougars](/wiki/North_American_cougar \"North American cougar\"), bears, wild horses, and [timber wolves](/wiki/Northwestern_wolf \"Northwestern wolf\"). The area is a world\\-class venue for [ice climbing](/wiki/Ice_climbing \"Ice climbing\").\n\nThe area was also a filming location for the Academy Award\\-winning 1994 epic drama film *[Legends of the Fall](/wiki/Legends_of_the_Fall \"Legends of the Fall\")*.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Alberta Parks](https://web.archive.org/web/20091227091906/http://www.albertaparks.ca/aboutparks.aspx)\n\n[Category:Municipal District of Bighorn No. 8](/wiki/Category:Municipal_District_of_Bighorn_No._8 \"Municipal District of Bighorn No. 8\")\n[Category:Protected areas of Alberta](/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Alberta \"Protected areas of Alberta\")\n[Category:Parks in the Canadian Rockies](/wiki/Category:Parks_in_the_Canadian_Rockies \"Parks in the Canadian Rockies\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Folly (disambiguation)
|
{
"id": [
40192293
],
"name": [
"Sahaib"
]
}
|
ppu0ak1utiicuvn0q982mebuj0gcqw6
|
2023-07-04T18:12:42Z
| 1,118,712,192 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Arts and entertainment",
"Places",
"New Zealand",
"United States",
"Rivers in England",
"Other uses",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nA **[folly](/wiki/Folly \"Folly\")** is a decorative building. The term was also once used for a circular plantation or [tree ring](/wiki/Tree_ring_enclosure \"Tree ring enclosure\").\n\n**Folly** most often also refers to:\n* [Foolishness](/wiki/Foolishness \"Foolishness\"), the lack of wisdom\n* [Folly fort](/wiki/Folly_fort \"Folly fort\"), a military fort built on water near a shore\n\n**Folly** may also refer to:\n\n",
"Arts and entertainment\n----------------------\n\n* [Folly (allegory)](/wiki/Folly_%28allegory%29 \"Folly (allegory)\"), a common allegorical figure in medieval morality plays and in allegorical artwork through the Renaissance\n* [Folly (band)](/wiki/Folly_%28band%29 \"Folly (band)\"), a band from Sussex, New Jersey\n* *Folly*, an 1886 statue by [Edward Onslow Ford](/wiki/Edward_Onslow_Ford \"Edward Onslow Ford\")\n* *Folly*, a 1994 novel by [Susan Minot](/wiki/Susan_Minot \"Susan Minot\")\n",
"Places\n------\n\n### New Zealand\n\n* [Folly Island, New Zealand](/wiki/Folly_Island%2C_New_Zealand \"Folly Island, New Zealand\"), in the Campbell Island group\n\n### United States\n\n* [Folly, Virginia](/wiki/Folly%2C_Virginia \"Folly, Virginia\"), an unincorporated community\n* [Folly (Staunton, Virginia)](/wiki/Folly_%28Staunton%2C_Virginia%29 \"Folly (Staunton, Virginia)\"), a historic plantation house\n* [Folly Island](/wiki/Folly_Island \"Folly Island\"), a barrier island near Charleston, South Carolina\n\n### Rivers in England\n\n* [Folly Brook](/wiki/Folly_Brook \"Folly Brook\"), Barnet, London\n* Folly Brook, a tributary of the [River Frome, Bristol](/wiki/River_Frome%2C_Bristol \"River Frome, Bristol\")\n* Folly Brook, a tributary of the [River Clun, Shropshire](/wiki/River_Clun%2C_Shropshire \"River Clun, Shropshire\")\n",
"### New Zealand\n\n* [Folly Island, New Zealand](/wiki/Folly_Island%2C_New_Zealand \"Folly Island, New Zealand\"), in the Campbell Island group\n",
"### United States\n\n* [Folly, Virginia](/wiki/Folly%2C_Virginia \"Folly, Virginia\"), an unincorporated community\n* [Folly (Staunton, Virginia)](/wiki/Folly_%28Staunton%2C_Virginia%29 \"Folly (Staunton, Virginia)\"), a historic plantation house\n* [Folly Island](/wiki/Folly_Island \"Folly Island\"), a barrier island near Charleston, South Carolina\n",
"### Rivers in England\n\n* [Folly Brook](/wiki/Folly_Brook \"Folly Brook\"), Barnet, London\n* Folly Brook, a tributary of the [River Frome, Bristol](/wiki/River_Frome%2C_Bristol \"River Frome, Bristol\")\n* Folly Brook, a tributary of the [River Clun, Shropshire](/wiki/River_Clun%2C_Shropshire \"River Clun, Shropshire\")\n",
"Other uses\n----------\n\n* [Folly (color)](/wiki/Folly_%28color%29 \"Folly (color)\"), a color one\\-fourth of the way between crimson and rose, closer to crimson than to rose\n* , a sailing schooner that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel during World War I\n* [Yoann Folly](/wiki/Yoann_Folly \"Yoann Folly\") (born 1985\\), French\\-born Togolese football player\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Seward's Folly](/wiki/Seward%27s_Folly \"Seward's Folly\"), another name for the purchase of Alaska\n* [Folie (disambiguation)](/wiki/Folie_%28disambiguation%29 \"Folie (disambiguation)\")\n* [Follies (disambiguation)](/wiki/Follies_%28disambiguation%29 \"Follies (disambiguation)\")\n* [Foley (disambiguation)](/wiki/Foley_%28disambiguation%29 \"Foley (disambiguation)\")\n* [FoLLI](/wiki/FoLLI \"FoLLI\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Chingeltei
|
{
"id": [
8766034
],
"name": [
"Chongkian"
]
}
|
3ryjt1414uehx5wqc9f3d01mxpiunjq
|
2024-08-31T03:55:17Z
| 1,238,253,098 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Tourist attractions",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Chingeltei** () is one of nine [Düüregs](/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCreg \"Düüreg\") (districts) of the [Mongolian](/wiki/Mongolia \"Mongolia\") capital [Ulaanbaatar](/wiki/Ulaanbaatar \"Ulaanbaatar\"). It is subdivided into 18 [Khoroos](/wiki/Khoroo \"Khoroo\") (subdistricts).\n\nChingeltei is located in the north, at the foot of one of the four mountains of Ulaanbaatar, the [Chingeltei Uul](/wiki/Chingeltei_Uul \"Chingeltei Uul\").\n\n",
"Tourist attractions\n-------------------\n\n* [Chinggis Khaan National Museum](/wiki/Chinggis_Khaan_National_Museum \"Chinggis Khaan National Museum\")\n* [Fine Arts Zanabazar Museum](/wiki/Fine_Arts_Zanabazar_Museum \"Fine Arts Zanabazar Museum\")\n* [Mongolian Natural History Museum](/wiki/Mongolian_Natural_History_Museum \"Mongolian Natural History Museum\")\n* [National Museum of Mongolia](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Mongolia \"National Museum of Mongolia\")\n* [State Department Store](/wiki/State_Department_Store \"State Department Store\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"2601:249:9301:D570:544B:6C9:6D97:A2FF"
]
}
|
i9z978byzkpqukmurosv7swscdufaom
|
2024-09-15T00:43:42Z
| 1,240,819,195 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"References",
"Citations",
"Sources"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias** (4 December 1571 – 18 October 1578\\) was a member of the [House of Habsburg](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg \"House of Habsburg\") who was [heir apparent](/wiki/Heir_apparent \"Heir apparent\") to the Spanish throne.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\n[thumb\\|Painting by Titian of Ferdinand's father offering him to victory\\|left](/wiki/File:Philip_II_offering_Fernando_to_Victory.png \"Philip II offering Fernando to Victory.png\")\nBorn on 4 December 1571 at the [Royal Alcázar of Madrid](/wiki/Royal_Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Madrid \"Royal Alcázar of Madrid\"), Ferdinand was the eldest child of Philip II and Anne of Austria. His mother was Philip II's niece and fourth wife. His elder half\\-brother, [Don Carlos](/wiki/Carlos%2C_Prince_of_Asturias \"Carlos, Prince of Asturias\"), had died in 1568, which meant that he was the new heir\\-apparent at birth and therefore [Prince of Asturias](/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias \"Prince of Asturias\"). To thank God for the birth of the long\\-awaited son, prisoners were released – as commemorated in [Titian](/wiki/Titian \"Titian\")'s painting, *Philip II Offering Don Fernando to Victory*.\n\nMost of his time was spent with his mother, his nurses and his two elder half sisters [Catherine](/wiki/Catherine_Michelle_of_Spain \"Catherine Michelle of Spain\") and [Isabella](/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia \"Isabella Clara Eugenia\"). \n\nOn 31 May 1573, Ferdinand was officially made Prince of Asturias at [San Jerónimo el Real](/wiki/San_Jer%C3%B3nimo_el_Real \"San Jerónimo el Real\").\n\nFerdinand died of [dysentery](/wiki/Dysentery \"Dysentery\"). His father was eventually succeeded by his youngest brother, [Philip III of Spain](/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain \"Philip III of Spain\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n### Citations\n\n### Sources\n\n[Category:1571 births](/wiki/Category:1571_births \"1571 births\")\n[Category:1578 deaths](/wiki/Category:1578_deaths \"1578 deaths\")\n[Category:16th\\-century House of Habsburg](/wiki/Category:16th-century_House_of_Habsburg \"16th-century House of Habsburg\")\n[Category:Princes of Asturias](/wiki/Category:Princes_of_Asturias \"Princes of Asturias\")\n[Category:Dukes of Montblanc](/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Montblanc \"Dukes of Montblanc\")\n[Category:Heirs apparent who never acceded](/wiki/Category:Heirs_apparent_who_never_acceded \"Heirs apparent who never acceded\")\n[Category:Children of Philip II of Spain](/wiki/Category:Children_of_Philip_II_of_Spain \"Children of Philip II of Spain\")\n[Category:Burials in the Pantheon of Infantes at El Escorial](/wiki/Category:Burials_in_the_Pantheon_of_Infantes_at_El_Escorial \"Burials in the Pantheon of Infantes at El Escorial\")\n[Category:Royalty who died as children](/wiki/Category:Royalty_who_died_as_children \"Royalty who died as children\")\n[Category:Sons of kings](/wiki/Category:Sons_of_kings \"Sons of kings\")\n[Category:Sons of dukes](/wiki/Category:Sons_of_dukes \"Sons of dukes\")\n[Category:Sons of counts](/wiki/Category:Sons_of_counts \"Sons of counts\")\n\n",
"### Citations\n\n",
"### Sources\n\n[Category:1571 births](/wiki/Category:1571_births \"1571 births\")\n[Category:1578 deaths](/wiki/Category:1578_deaths \"1578 deaths\")\n[Category:16th\\-century House of Habsburg](/wiki/Category:16th-century_House_of_Habsburg \"16th-century House of Habsburg\")\n[Category:Princes of Asturias](/wiki/Category:Princes_of_Asturias \"Princes of Asturias\")\n[Category:Dukes of Montblanc](/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Montblanc \"Dukes of Montblanc\")\n[Category:Heirs apparent who never acceded](/wiki/Category:Heirs_apparent_who_never_acceded \"Heirs apparent who never acceded\")\n[Category:Children of Philip II of Spain](/wiki/Category:Children_of_Philip_II_of_Spain \"Children of Philip II of Spain\")\n[Category:Burials in the Pantheon of Infantes at El Escorial](/wiki/Category:Burials_in_the_Pantheon_of_Infantes_at_El_Escorial \"Burials in the Pantheon of Infantes at El Escorial\")\n[Category:Royalty who died as children](/wiki/Category:Royalty_who_died_as_children \"Royalty who died as children\")\n[Category:Sons of kings](/wiki/Category:Sons_of_kings \"Sons of kings\")\n[Category:Sons of dukes](/wiki/Category:Sons_of_dukes \"Sons of dukes\")\n[Category:Sons of counts](/wiki/Category:Sons_of_counts \"Sons of counts\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Madhu Sapre
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"106.215.83.125"
]
}
|
ovv1aynrwdor5ekv8nnaq34hg222amd
|
2024-09-27T17:02:01Z
| 1,239,420,665 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"Personal life",
"Filmography",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Madhu Sapre** (born 14 July 1971\\) is an Indian [supermodel](/wiki/Model_%28person%29 \"Model (person)\") and beauty pageant titleholder. She won [Femina Miss India](/wiki/Femina_Miss_India \"Femina Miss India\") 1992\\.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nIn the 1990s, Sapre was an athlete who rose to fame when she started modeling at a very young age. As [Miss India](/wiki/Femina_Miss_India \"Femina Miss India\") she represented India at the 1992 [Miss Universe](/wiki/Miss_Universe_1992 \"Miss Universe 1992\") pageant, where she was the 2nd runner up.\n\nMadhu says \"All the officials had told us that our answers had to be truthful,\" she says, \"and coming from the heart. Nobody told us we had to be politically correct. I said what my heart told me and I lost. According to me India has been in poverty for many years, so it was not going to suddenly change in one year by my becoming the prime minister. But there are other areas like art and sports in which we can improve. And being a sportsgirl I had suffered because we don't have the equipment and the grounds in India. In the brief time you get to answer I wanted to say all this but perhaps because of my inadequacy in English, I could not express myself.\" She has also acted in the 2003 film *[Boom](/wiki/Boom_%282003_film%29 \"Boom (2003 film)\")*.\n\n[Milind Soman](/wiki/Milind_Soman \"Milind Soman\"), a male supermodel and her then\\-boyfriend, posed nude with her in a print ad for Tuff Shoes. The social service branch of the [Mumbai police](/wiki/Mumbai_police \"Mumbai police\") had registered a case in August 1995 after Sapre and Soman posed in the nude, wearing only shoes and a python wrapped around them. Another case was filed under the [Wildlife Protection Act](/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act \"Wildlife Protection Act\") against the advertising agency for illegal use of the python. The accused include the publishers and distributors of two magazines that featured the controversial ad, the advertising agency, the two models and the photographers. The case lasted for 14 years, after which the courts acquitted the accused.\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nSapre lives in [Riccione](/wiki/Riccione \"Riccione\"), a small town on the east coast of [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") with her husband, Italian businessman Gian Maria Emendatori and shuttles between India and Italy.[Celebrity Surfing with Madhu Sapre](http://www.rediff.com/netguide/2002/may/30madhu.htm) They have a daughter together named Indira.[Madhu Sapre delivers baby girl](http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/madhu-sapre-delivers-baby-girl/)\nShe met Emendatori through mutual friends while he was in [India](/wiki/India \"India\") on a holiday. They got married in 2001, after which she moved to Riccione.[Madhu Sapre\\- Supermodel to Supermom](http://m.hindustantimes.com/brunch/mother-s-day-special-madhu-sapre-s-fairy-tale-life-in-italy/story-io9yCpz4z5wyXVwvfKG95I.html)\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Language | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2003 | *[Boom](/wiki/Boom_%282003_film%29 \"Boom (2003 film)\")* | Anu Gaekwad | Hindi | |\n|\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Model marriages, indeed](http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020428/spectrum/main7.htm) The Tribune – 28 April 2002\n* [Good guy turns bad](http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030922/edit.htm) The Tribune – 22 September 2003\n\n[Category:1971 births](/wiki/Category:1971_births \"1971 births\")\n[Category:Femina Miss India winners](/wiki/Category:Femina_Miss_India_winners \"Femina Miss India winners\")\n[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners](/wiki/Category:Indian_beauty_pageant_winners \"Indian beauty pageant winners\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Marathi people](/wiki/Category:Marathi_people \"Marathi people\")\n[Category:Miss Universe 1992 contestants](/wiki/Category:Miss_Universe_1992_contestants \"Miss Universe 1992 contestants\")\n[Category:Actresses from Nagpur](/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Nagpur \"Actresses from Nagpur\")\n[Category:Female models from Maharashtra](/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Maharashtra \"Female models from Maharashtra\")\n[Category:Actresses in Hindi television](/wiki/Category:Actresses_in_Hindi_television \"Actresses in Hindi television\")\n[Category:Indian television actresses](/wiki/Category:Indian_television_actresses \"Indian television actresses\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Indian actresses](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Indian_actresses \"21st-century Indian actresses\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
1867 English cricket season
|
{
"id": [
28896247
],
"name": [
"Boca Jóvenes"
]
}
|
nzih4zk0qneuqye2fx5q0wqv2gk5u82
|
2022-12-17T14:03:01Z
| 1,118,695,414 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Events",
"Playing record (by county)",
"Leading batsmen (qualification 10 innings)",
"Leading bowlers (qualification 800 balls)",
"References",
"Annual reviews",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n1867 was the 81st season of [cricket](/wiki/Cricket \"Cricket\") in England since the foundation of [Marylebone Cricket Club](/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club \"Marylebone Cricket Club\") (MCC). Yorkshire achieved a [perfect season](/wiki/Perfect_season \"Perfect season\") in first\\-class cricket, something not likely to be equaled on covered pitches due to the high frequency of drawn matches, and even beforehand much more difficult due to the increased scoring after 1870, produced by the usage of a [heavy roller](/wiki/Heavy_roller \"Heavy roller\") and the disappearance of the abundant [shooters](/wiki/Shooter_%28cricket%29 \"Shooter (cricket)\"), which previously made batting very tough.Green, Benny; *Wisden Anthology 1864–1900* p. 604 The season is, however, best known for a schism between the northern and southern professionals that led to the [North v South](/wiki/North_v_South \"North v South\") game, one of the major \"representative\" fixtures of the time, being suspended for several years because northern professionals refused to play in London for want of better conditions.\n\n",
"Events\n------\n\n* 30 May: In the first county match of the season, [James Ricketts](/wiki/James_Ricketts_%28cricketer%29 \"James Ricketts (cricketer)\"), on his first\\-class debut, scores 195 not out. At the time it was the highest score in purely county cricket, and it was the highest score by a batsman on debut in first\\-class cricket between [Tom Marsden](/wiki/Tom_Marsden \"Tom Marsden\")'s 227 [in 1826](/wiki/1826_English_cricket_season \"1826 English cricket season\") and [Norman Callaway](/wiki/Norman_Callaway \"Norman Callaway\") scoring 207 in his sole first\\-class match in February 1915\\.Webber, Roy; *The Playfair Book of Cricket Records*; pp. 60–62\\. Published 1951 by Playfair Books.\n* 13 June: [Charles Robertson Young](/wiki/Charles_Young_%28cricketer%29 \"Charles Young (cricketer)\") becomes the youngest to play first\\-class cricket in England until [Barney Gibson](/wiki/Barney_Gibson \"Barney Gibson\") [in 2011](/wiki/2011_English_cricket_season \"2011 English cricket season\") when he played for Hampshire against Kent at fifteen years 131 daysBrindall, Bill; *The Guinness Book of Cricket Fact and Feats*; p. 90\\. \n* A schism between the northern professionals (Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire and Cambridgeshire) and their southern counterparts,*Baily's Magazine of Sports \\& Pastimes*, Volume 12 (1867\\); pp. 203–204 led by [veteran batsman George Parr](/wiki/George_Parr_%28cricketer%29 \"George Parr (cricketer)\"), who demanded improved remuneration and guaranteed benefits for their services, dominated the season.Rae, Simon W. G. Grace: A Life; pp. 73–79\\. This schism, which had roots dating back to 1864, meant that in 1867 and 1868:\n1. the annual match between the All England Eleven and the [United All England Eleven](/wiki/United_All_England_Eleven \"United All England Eleven\"), which had been played [since 1857](/wiki/1857_English_cricket_season \"1857 English cricket season\") in London was played very early in the season at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford_Cricket_Ground \"Old Trafford Cricket Ground\") \\- then in its infancy as a first\\-class venue \\- then permanently cancelled. The United All England Eleven later divided into the \"United North of England Eleven\" and \"United South of England Eleven\", with the latter being dominated by [W. G. Grace](/wiki/W._G._Grace \"W. G. Grace\").\n2. the northern professionals were not seen at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\") or [The Oval](/wiki/Kennington_Oval \"Kennington Oval\") and the Players' elevens for the two annual Gentlemen v Players games in London was composed of Surrey and Marylebone players only, and their attraction to the public was materially reduced*Baily's Magazine of Sports \\& Pastimes*, Volume 13 (1867\\); p. 290\n3. the [North v South](/wiki/North_v_South \"North v South\") game was replaced by \"North of [the Thames](/wiki/Thames_River \"Thames River\") v South of the Thames\"\n* Yorkshire County Cricket Club won all seven of its matches played. Except for Sussex in 1871 and Lancashire in 1872, who both played only four games against weak opponents, no county since has equalled this \"[perfect season](/wiki/Perfect_season \"Perfect season\")\", though [Gloucestershire](/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club \"Gloucestershire County Cricket Club\") in 1877 came within one wicket of doing so and Nottinghamshire in 1884 within three. Since the official [County Championship](/wiki/County_Championship \"County Championship\") began in 1890, the nearest approaches to winning every game have been:\n1. Surrey [in 1892](/wiki/1892_English_cricket_season \"1892 English cricket season\") with thirteen wins, two losses and a draw in sixteen games\n2. Surrey [in 1894](/wiki/1894_English_cricket_season \"1894 English cricket season\") with thirteen wins, two losses and a tie in sixteen games\n3. Nottinghamshire [in 1907](/wiki/1907_English_cricket_season \"1907 English cricket season\") with fifteen wins, four draws and one abandoned game in a twenty\\-game schedule\n4. Surrey [in 1955](/wiki/1995_English_cricket_season \"1995 English cricket season\") with 23 wins and five losses in a twenty\\-eight game schedule\n5. [Warwickshire](/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Warwickshire County Cricket Club\") [in 1995](/wiki/1995_English_cricket_season \"1995 English cricket season\") with fourteen wins, two losses and one draw in seventeen games\n",
"Playing record (by county)\n--------------------------\n\n| County | Played | Won | Lost | Drawn |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Cambridgeshire](/wiki/Cambridgeshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club\") | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 |\n| [Hampshire](/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Hampshire County Cricket Club\") | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 |\n| [Kent](/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club \"Kent County Cricket Club\") | 8 | 3 | 3 | 2 |\n| [Lancashire](/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club \"Lancashire County Cricket Club\") | 5 | 0 | 3 | 2 |\n| [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club \"Middlesex County Cricket Club\") | 4 | 0 | 3 | 1 |\n| [Nottinghamshire](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club\") | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 |\n| [Surrey](/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club \"Surrey County Cricket Club\") | 10 | 3 | 3 | 4 |\n| [Sussex](/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club \"Sussex County Cricket Club\") | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 |\n| [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Yorkshire County Cricket Club\") | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 |\n\nWynne\\-Thomas, Peter; *The Rigby A\\-Z of Cricket Records*; p. 53 \n\n",
"Leading batsmen (qualification 10 innings)\n------------------------------------------\n\n| 1867 English season leading batsmen | | | | | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Name | Team | Matches | Innings | Not outs | Runs | Highest score | Average | 100s | 50s |\n| [Richard Daft](/wiki/Richard_Daft \"Richard Daft\") | [Nottinghamshire](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club\")[All England Eleven](/wiki/All_England_Eleven \"All England Eleven\") | 6 | 12 | 6 | 377 | 111 not out | 53\\.85 | 1 | 2 |\n| [George Lyttelton](/wiki/George_William_Spencer_Lyttelton \"George William Spencer Lyttelton\") | [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University_cricket_team \"Cambridge University cricket team\") | 6 | 10 | 1 | 341 | 114 | 37\\.88 | 1 | 1 |\n| [Roger Iddison](/wiki/Roger_Iddison \"Roger Iddison\") | [Lancashire](/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club \"Lancashire County Cricket Club\")[Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Yorkshire County Cricket Club\") | 10 | 17 | 3 | 460 | 71 not out | 32\\.85 | 0 | 4 |\n| [Bransby Cooper](/wiki/Bransby_Cooper \"Bransby Cooper\") | [MCC](/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club \"Marylebone Cricket Club\")[Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club \"Middlesex County Cricket Club\") | 6 | 10 | 1 | 288 | 86 | 32\\.00 | 0 | 2 |\n| [Tom Hayward senior](/wiki/Thomas_Hayward_%28cricketer%29 \"Thomas Hayward (cricketer)\") | [Cambridgeshire](/wiki/Cambridgeshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club\")[All England Eleven](/wiki/All_England_Eleven \"All England Eleven\") | 7 | 13 | 3 | 300 | 55 not out | 30\\.00 | 0 | 2 |\n\n",
"Leading bowlers (qualification 800 balls)\n-----------------------------------------\n\n| 1867 English season leading bowlers | | | | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Name | Team | Balls bowled | Runs conceded | Wickets taken | Average | Best bowling | 5 wicketsin innings | 10 wicketsin match |\n| [Tom Emmett](/wiki/Tom_Emmett \"Tom Emmett\") | [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Yorkshire County Cricket Club\") | 954 | 368 | 48 | 7\\.66 | 6/7 | 7 | 2 |\n| [George Freeman](/wiki/George_Freeman_%28cricketer%29 \"George Freeman (cricketer)\") | [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Yorkshire County Cricket Club\") | 2255 | 552 | 66 | 8\\.36 | 7/10 | 7 | 2 |\n| [George Tarrant](/wiki/George_Tarrant \"George Tarrant\") | [Cambridgeshire](/wiki/Cambridgeshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club\") | 1380 | 383 | 44 | 8\\.70 | 7/33 | 5 | 2 |\n| [Luke Greenwood](/wiki/Luke_Greenwood \"Luke Greenwood\") | [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Yorkshire County Cricket Club\") | 1211 | 368 | 34 | 10\\.82 | 8/35 | 4 | 1 |\n| [George Wootton](/wiki/George_Wootton \"George Wootton\") | [MCC](/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club \"Marylebone Cricket Club\")[Nottinghamshire](/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club\") | 4950 | 1644 | 142 | 11\\.57 | 8/15 | 16 | 6 |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Annual reviews\n--------------\n\n* *John Lillywhite's Cricketer's Companion* (Green Lilly), Lillywhite, 1868\n* [Arthur Haygarth](/wiki/Arthur_Haygarth \"Arthur Haygarth\"), *Scores \\& Biographies, Volume 10 (1867–1868\\)*, Lillywhite, 1869\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [CricketArchive – season summaries](http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/1867_ENG.html)\n\n[Category:1867 in English cricket](/wiki/Category:1867_in_English_cricket \"1867 in English cricket\")\n[Category:English cricket seasons in the 19th century](/wiki/Category:English_cricket_seasons_in_the_19th_century \"English cricket seasons in the 19th century\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Leon Duray
|
{
"id": [
43270683
],
"name": [
"RegalZ8790"
]
}
|
97pi806a2mxj1xkqbu5luhpadrh2hq2
|
2024-03-02T23:36:15Z
| 1,196,085,264 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Motorsports career results",
"Indianapolis 500 results",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Leon Duray** (born **George Gardner Stewart**, April 30, 1894 – May 12, 1956\\) was an American [racing driver](/wiki/Racing_driver \"Racing driver\") active in the 1920s. He was nicknamed \"The Flying Frenchman\", and legally changed his name in tribute to pioneer auto racer [Arthur Duray](/wiki/Arthur_Duray \"Arthur Duray\").1996 Indianapolis 500 Radio Broadcast \\- [Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_Radio_Network \"Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network\") ([Donald Davidson](/wiki/Donald_Davidson_%28historian%29 \"Donald Davidson (historian)\") commentary), May 26, 1996\n\n",
"Motorsports career results\n--------------------------\n\n### Indianapolis 500 results\n\n| Year | Car | Start | Qual | Rank | Finish | Laps | Led | Retired |\n| [1922](/wiki/1922_Indianapolis_500 \"1922 Indianapolis 500\") | 4 | 4 | 99\\.250 | 4 | 22 | 94 | 2 | Axle |\n| [1923](/wiki/1923_Indianapolis_500 \"1923 Indianapolis 500\") | 28 | 21 | 89\\.900 | 20 | 13 | 136 | 0 | Rod |\n| [1925](/wiki/1925_Indianapolis_500 \"1925 Indianapolis 500\") | 28 |1\n\n 113\\.196 |\n1\n\n 6 |\n 200 |\n 0 |\n Running |\n| [1926](/wiki/1926_Indianapolis_500 \"1926 Indianapolis 500\") | 10 | 3 | 109\\.186 | 3 | 23 | 33 | 0 | Broken axle |\n| [1927](/wiki/1927_Indianapolis_500 \"1927 Indianapolis 500\") | 12 | 3 | 118\\.788 | 3 | 27 | 26 | 0 | Fuel tank leak |\n| [1928](/wiki/1928_Indianapolis_500 \"1928 Indianapolis 500\") | 4 |1\n\n 122\\.391 |\n1\n\n 19 |\n 133 |\n 59 |\n Overheating |\n| [1929](/wiki/1929_Indianapolis_500 \"1929 Indianapolis 500\") | 21 | 2 | 119\\.087 | 2 | 22 | 65 | 7 | Carburetor |\n| [1931](/wiki/1931_Indianapolis_500 \"1931 Indianapolis 500\") | 54 | 29 | 103\\.134 | 32 | 37 | 6 | 0 | Overheating |\n|**Totals**\n\n 693 |\n 68 |\n |\n\n| Starts | 8 |\n| Poles | 2 |\n| Front Row | 5 |\n| Wins | 0 |\n| Top 5 | 0 |\n| Top 10 | 1 |\n| Retired | 7 |\n\n* Duray's starts from 1925 thru 1929 stood as the best five race starting streak from 1929 until 1990, when his record was bested by [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears \"Rick Mears\"). His streak currently stands as third best in \"500\" history.\n* [Leon Duray \"Jigger\" Sirois](/wiki/Leon_Sirois \"Leon Sirois\"), a USAC Indy car driver active in the 1960s and 1970s, was named after Leon Duray.\n",
"### Indianapolis 500 results\n\n| Year | Car | Start | Qual | Rank | Finish | Laps | Led | Retired |\n| [1922](/wiki/1922_Indianapolis_500 \"1922 Indianapolis 500\") | 4 | 4 | 99\\.250 | 4 | 22 | 94 | 2 | Axle |\n| [1923](/wiki/1923_Indianapolis_500 \"1923 Indianapolis 500\") | 28 | 21 | 89\\.900 | 20 | 13 | 136 | 0 | Rod |\n| [1925](/wiki/1925_Indianapolis_500 \"1925 Indianapolis 500\") | 28 |1\n\n 113\\.196 |\n1\n\n 6 |\n 200 |\n 0 |\n Running |\n| [1926](/wiki/1926_Indianapolis_500 \"1926 Indianapolis 500\") | 10 | 3 | 109\\.186 | 3 | 23 | 33 | 0 | Broken axle |\n| [1927](/wiki/1927_Indianapolis_500 \"1927 Indianapolis 500\") | 12 | 3 | 118\\.788 | 3 | 27 | 26 | 0 | Fuel tank leak |\n| [1928](/wiki/1928_Indianapolis_500 \"1928 Indianapolis 500\") | 4 |1\n\n 122\\.391 |\n1\n\n 19 |\n 133 |\n 59 |\n Overheating |\n| [1929](/wiki/1929_Indianapolis_500 \"1929 Indianapolis 500\") | 21 | 2 | 119\\.087 | 2 | 22 | 65 | 7 | Carburetor |\n| [1931](/wiki/1931_Indianapolis_500 \"1931 Indianapolis 500\") | 54 | 29 | 103\\.134 | 32 | 37 | 6 | 0 | Overheating |\n|**Totals**\n\n 693 |\n 68 |\n |\n\n| Starts | 8 |\n| Poles | 2 |\n| Front Row | 5 |\n| Wins | 0 |\n| Top 5 | 0 |\n| Top 10 | 1 |\n| Retired | 7 |\n\n* Duray's starts from 1925 thru 1929 stood as the best five race starting streak from 1929 until 1990, when his record was bested by [Rick Mears](/wiki/Rick_Mears \"Rick Mears\"). His streak currently stands as third best in \"500\" history.\n* [Leon Duray \"Jigger\" Sirois](/wiki/Leon_Sirois \"Leon Sirois\"), a USAC Indy car driver active in the 1960s and 1970s, was named after Leon Duray.\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n[Category:1894 births](/wiki/Category:1894_births \"1894 births\")\n[Category:1956 deaths](/wiki/Category:1956_deaths \"1956 deaths\")\n[Category:Indianapolis 500 drivers](/wiki/Category:Indianapolis_500_drivers \"Indianapolis 500 drivers\")\n[Category:Indianapolis 500 polesitters](/wiki/Category:Indianapolis_500_polesitters \"Indianapolis 500 polesitters\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from Cleveland](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_Cleveland \"Sportspeople from Cleveland\")\n[Category:Racing drivers from Ohio](/wiki/Category:Racing_drivers_from_Ohio \"Racing drivers from Ohio\")\n[Category:AAA Championship Car drivers](/wiki/Category:AAA_Championship_Car_drivers \"AAA Championship Car drivers\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Nicky Gargano
|
{
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
}
|
6xfcvvaph4bguip06kvg7b6avtdt2lj
|
2024-10-03T13:52:52Z
| 1,222,324,407 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Amateur career",
"Olympic results",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Nicolo Gargano** (1 November 1934 – 28 March 2016\\) was an English [boxer](/wiki/Boxing \"Boxing\"), who won the bronze medal in the [welterweight](/wiki/Welterweight \"Welterweight\") division (– 67 kg) at the [1956 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics \"1956 Summer Olympics\") in [Melbourne, Australia](/wiki/Melbourne%2C_Australia \"Melbourne, Australia\"). He fought as **Nicky Gargano**.\n\n",
"Amateur career\n--------------\n\nGargano won the 1954, 1955 and 1956 [Amateur Boxing Association](/wiki/England_Boxing \"England Boxing\") British [welterweight title](/wiki/England_Boxing_National_Amateur_Championships_Welterweight_Champions \"England Boxing National Amateur Championships Welterweight Champions\"), when boxing for the Army and later the Covent Gardens ABC. In 1954, he won the gold medal in the welterweight category at the [1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games](/wiki/1954_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games \"1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games\").[Nicholas Gargano's obituary](http://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/14434557.Nicky__Gargano/)\n\n### Olympic results\n\n* Defeated [Eduard Borysov](/wiki/Eduard_Borysov \"Eduard Borysov\") (Soviet Union) points\n* Defeated [Francisco Gelabert](/wiki/Francisco_Gelabert \"Francisco Gelabert\") (Argentina) points\n* Lost to [Nicolae Linca](/wiki/Nicolae_Linca \"Nicolae Linca\") (Romania) points\n",
"### Olympic results\n\n* Defeated [Eduard Borysov](/wiki/Eduard_Borysov \"Eduard Borysov\") (Soviet Union) points\n* Defeated [Francisco Gelabert](/wiki/Francisco_Gelabert \"Francisco Gelabert\") (Argentina) points\n* Lost to [Nicolae Linca](/wiki/Nicolae_Linca \"Nicolae Linca\") (Romania) points\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [databaseOlympics](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930051050/http://www.databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=GARGANIC01)\n\n[Category:1934 births](/wiki/Category:1934_births \"1934 births\")\n[Category:2016 deaths](/wiki/Category:2016_deaths \"2016 deaths\")\n[Category:English male boxers](/wiki/Category:English_male_boxers \"English male boxers\")\n[Category:English people of Italian descent](/wiki/Category:English_people_of_Italian_descent \"English people of Italian descent\")\n[Category:Sportspeople of Italian descent](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_of_Italian_descent \"Sportspeople of Italian descent\")\n[Category:Welterweight boxers](/wiki/Category:Welterweight_boxers \"Welterweight boxers\")\n[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England](/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_Games_gold_medallists_for_England \"Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England\")\n[Category:Boxers at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Category:Boxers_at_the_1954_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games \"Boxers at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games\")\n[Category:Boxers at the 1956 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Boxers_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics \"Boxers at the 1956 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Olympic boxers for Great Britain](/wiki/Category:Olympic_boxers_for_Great_Britain \"Olympic boxers for Great Britain\")\n[Category:Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain](/wiki/Category:Olympic_bronze_medallists_for_Great_Britain \"Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain\")\n[Category:Olympic medalists in boxing](/wiki/Category:Olympic_medalists_in_boxing \"Olympic medalists in boxing\")\n[Category:Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Medalists_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics \"Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in boxing](/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_Games_medallists_in_boxing \"Commonwealth Games medallists in boxing\")\n[Category:England Boxing champions](/wiki/Category:England_Boxing_champions \"England Boxing champions\")\n[Category:Medallists at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Category:Medallists_at_the_1954_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games \"Medallists at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Romania at the 1980 Winter Olympics
|
{
"id": [
20015159
],
"name": [
"UCO2009bluejay"
]
}
|
98mruur77vessyc0awgsqnlu2515ne4
|
2024-08-11T20:46:51Z
| 1,193,819,004 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Bobsleigh",
"Ice hockey",
"First round - Blue Division",
"Luge",
"Speed skating",
"References",
"Sources"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**[Romania](/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania \"Socialist Republic of Romania\")** competed at the **[1980 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics \"1980 Winter Olympics\")** in [Lake Placid](/wiki/Lake_Placid%2C_New_York \"Lake Placid, New York\"), [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\").\n\n",
"Bobsleigh\n---------\n\n|Sled\n\nAthletes\n\nEvent\n\nRun 1\n\nRun 2\n\nRun 3\n\nRun 4\n\nTotal\n\n| Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |\n|ROU\\-1\n\n [Dragoş Panaitescu\\-Rapan](/wiki/Drago%C5%9F_Panaitescu-Rapan \"Dragoş Panaitescu-Rapan\")[Gheorghe Lixandru](/wiki/Gheorghe_Lixandru \"Gheorghe Lixandru\") |\n Two\\-man |\n1:03\\.99\n\n13\n\n1:04\\.30\n\n13\n\n1:03\\.75\n\n12\n\n1:04\\.00\n\n12\n\n4:16\\.04\n\n11\n\n|ROU\\-2\n\n [Constantin Iancu](/wiki/Constantin_Iancu_%28bobsleigh%29 \"Constantin Iancu (bobsleigh)\")[Constantin Obreja](/wiki/Constantin_Obreja \"Constantin Obreja\") |\n Two\\-man |\n1:04\\.58\n\n16\n\n1:04\\.52\n\n15\n\n1:04\\.76\n\n19\n\n1:04\\.77\n\n18\n\n4:18\\.63\n\n18\n\n|Sled\n\nAthletes\n\nEvent\n\nRun 1\n\nRun 2\n\nRun 3\n\nRun 4\n\nTotal\n\n| Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |\n|ROU\\-1\n\n [Dragoş Panaitescu\\-Rapan](/wiki/Drago%C5%9F_Panaitescu-Rapan \"Dragoş Panaitescu-Rapan\")[Dorel Cristudor](/wiki/Dorel_Cristudor \"Dorel Cristudor\")[Sandu Mitrofan](/wiki/Sandu_Mitrofan \"Sandu Mitrofan\")[Gheorghe Lixandru](/wiki/Gheorghe_Lixandru \"Gheorghe Lixandru\") |\n Four\\-man |\n1:01\\.42\n\n10\n\n1:01\\.32\n\n9\n\n1:00\\.61\n\n9\n\n1:01\\.33\n\n9\n\n4:04\\.68\n\n8\n\n|ROU\\-2\n\n [Constantin Iancu](/wiki/Constantin_Iancu_%28bobsleigh%29 \"Constantin Iancu (bobsleigh)\")[Ion Duminicel](/wiki/Ion_Duminicel \"Ion Duminicel\")[Doru Frîncu](/wiki/Doru_Fr%C3%AEncu \"Doru Frîncu\")[Constantin Obreja](/wiki/Constantin_Obreja \"Constantin Obreja\") |\n Four\\-man |\n1:01\\.85\n\n17\n\n1:02\\.16\n\n16\n\n1:01\\.74\n\n15\n\n1:01\\.76\n\n13\n\n4:07\\.51\n\n14\n\n",
"Ice hockey\n----------\n\n### First round \\- Blue Division\n\n| | Team advanced to the Final Round |\n| --- | --- |\n| | Team advanced to Consolation Round |\n\n|Team\n\n| |\n\n 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 26 | 7 | **9** |\n\n 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 25 | 10 | **9** |\n\n 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 34 | 16 | **6** ||\n\n 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 29 | **3** |\n|\n\n 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 21 | 30 | **2** |\n|\n\n 5 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 36 | **1** |\n\nAll times are local ([UTC\\-5](/wiki/UTC-5 \"UTC-5\")).\n\n| |**Contestants** \n\n| --- |\n\n",
"### First round \\- Blue Division\n\n| | Team advanced to the Final Round |\n| --- | --- |\n| | Team advanced to Consolation Round |\n\n|Team\n\n| |\n\n 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 26 | 7 | **9** |\n\n 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 25 | 10 | **9** |\n\n 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 34 | 16 | **6** ||\n\n 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 29 | **3** |\n|\n\n 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 21 | 30 | **2** |\n|\n\n 5 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 36 | **1** |\n\nAll times are local ([UTC\\-5](/wiki/UTC-5 \"UTC-5\")).\n\n| |**Contestants** \n\n| --- |\n\n",
"Luge\n----\n\n**(Men's) Doubles**\n\n|Athletes\n\nRun 1\n\nRun 2\n\nTotal\n\n| Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |\n| [Ioan Apostol](/wiki/Ioan_Apostol \"Ioan Apostol\")[Cristinel Piciorea](/wiki/Cristinel_Piciorea \"Cristinel Piciorea\") |40\\.757\n\n15\n\n41\\.909\n\n16\n\n1:22\\.666\n\n15\n\nWomen\n\n|Athlete\n\nRun 1\n\nRun 2\n\nRun 3\n\nRun 4\n\nTotal\n\n| Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |\n| [Maria Maioru](/wiki/Maria_Maioru \"Maria Maioru\") |41\\.071\n\n25\n\n41\\.054\n\n21\n\n41\\.120\n\n19\n\n41\\.350\n\n22\n\n2:44\\.595\n\n21\n\n| [Elena Stan](/wiki/Elena_Stan \"Elena Stan\") |40\\.852\n\n21\n\n41\\.489\n\n24\n\n41\\.085\n\n18\n\n41\\.040\n\n18\n\n2:44\\.466\n\n20\n\n",
"Speed skating\n-------------\n\nMen\n\n|Event\n\nAthlete\n\nRace\n\n| Time | Rank |\n|500 m\n\n [Dezsö Jenei](/wiki/Dezs%C3%B6_Jenei \"Dezsö Jenei\") |\n40\\.84\n\n30\n\n| [Vasile Coroş](/wiki/Vasile_Coro%C5%9F \"Vasile Coroş\") |40\\.30\n\n27\n\n|1000 m\n\n [Dezsö Jenei](/wiki/Dezs%C3%B6_Jenei \"Dezsö Jenei\") |\n1:22\\.66\n\n33\n\n| [Vasile Coroş](/wiki/Vasile_Coro%C5%9F \"Vasile Coroş\") |1:21\\.89\n\n31\n\n| 5000 m | [Andrei Erdely](/wiki/Andrei_Erdely \"Andrei Erdely\") |7:34\\.41\n\n22\n\n| 10,000 m | [Andrei Erdely](/wiki/Andrei_Erdely \"Andrei Erdely\") |15:31\\.73\n\n20\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n* [Official Olympic Reports](http://www.la84foundation.org/5va/reports_frmst.htm) \n* [Olympic Winter Games 1980, full results by sports\\-reference.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417042617/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1980/)\n\n[Category:Nations at the 1980 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Category:Nations_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics \"Nations at the 1980 Winter Olympics\")\n[1980](/wiki/Category:Romania_at_the_Winter_Olympics_by_year \"Romania at the Winter Olympics by year\")\n[Category:1980 in Romanian sport](/wiki/Category:1980_in_Romanian_sport \"1980 in Romanian sport\")\n\n"
]
}
|
South Kent College
|
{
"id": [
754619
],
"name": [
"BrownHairedGirl"
]
}
|
rwkoovux2ny4sq8lvlelm3f9ghpo630
|
2022-04-10T09:04:34Z
| 1,058,677,356 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Campuses",
"Notable former pupils",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**South Kent College** (SKC) was a college of [further](/wiki/Further_Education \"Further Education\") and [higher education](/wiki/Higher_education \"Higher education\") in southeast [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). The main campus was in [Folkestone](/wiki/Folkestone \"Folkestone\"), with satellites in [Dover](/wiki/Dover \"Dover\") and at several sites in [Ashford](/wiki/Ashford%2C_Kent \"Ashford, Kent\"). Following a [KPMG](/wiki/KPMG \"KPMG\") report in 2008 that recommended a merger, in April 2010 SKC joined West Kent College to form South \\& West Kent College, trading as [K College](/wiki/K_College \"K College\").\n\n",
"Campuses\n--------\n\n* Ashford\n\t+ South Kent College \\& Ashford Sixth Form Centre, Jemmett Road\n\t+ Ashford School of Art \\& Design, Tufton Street\n\t+ Ashford School of Art \\& Design, Henwood Industrial Estate\n\t+ An \"Ashford Learning Campus\" was proposed, teaching up to 14,000 students from 2011\\. After the merger, this was replaced with a £20m plan for a new campus at the Elwick Road site in spring 2013 and the sale of the Jemmet Road site.\n* [Dover](/wiki/Dover \"Dover\") Campus\n* [Folkestone](/wiki/Folkestone \"Folkestone\") Campus\n",
"Notable former pupils\n---------------------\n\n* [Richard Huckle](/wiki/Richard_Huckle \"Richard Huckle\"), serial child sex offender\n* Dominic King, radio broadcaster\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website](http://www.southkent.ac.uk) ([archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090415172547/http://www.southkent.ac.uk) at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\") on 15 April 2009\\)\n\n \n\n[Category:Dover District](/wiki/Category:Dover_District \"Dover District\")\n[Category:Ashford, Kent](/wiki/Category:Ashford%2C_Kent \"Ashford, Kent\")\n[Category:Higher education colleges in England](/wiki/Category:Higher_education_colleges_in_England \"Higher education colleges in England\")\n[Category:Further education colleges in Kent](/wiki/Category:Further_education_colleges_in_Kent \"Further education colleges in Kent\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Alone Again (Naturally)
|
{
"id": [
18872885
],
"name": [
"WikiCleanerBot"
]
}
|
owkpcu93iphdjfkk24y0m1ar9wqg3br
|
2024-10-14T21:21:30Z
| 1,249,121,046 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Lyrics",
"Musical Structure",
"Reception",
"Chart performance",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + \n\n\"**Alone Again (Naturally)**\" is a song by Irish singer\\-songwriter [Gilbert O'Sullivan](/wiki/Gilbert_O%27Sullivan \"Gilbert O'Sullivan\"). Recorded in 1971, it became a worldwide hit. The song did not originally appear on his 1972 studio album *[Back to Front](/wiki/Back_to_Front_%28Gilbert_O%27Sullivan_album%29 \"Back to Front (Gilbert O'Sullivan album)\")*, but has been included in reissues (often replacing \"[Clair](/wiki/Clair_%28song%29 \"Clair (song)\")\").\n\nThe single spent six non\\-consecutive weeks at number one on *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")'s* [Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") between late July and early September 1972 in America. It ranked number two in the year\\-end chart and sold over two million copies.['\"Alone Again Naturally\" by Gilbert O'Sullivan'](https://www.songfacts.com/facts/gilbert-osullivan/alone-again-naturally). Song Facts (undated), accessed 27 November 2022\n\nThe song was involved in a notable 1991 court case in which it set a precedent for the music industry that unauthorized sampling of music can constitute copyright infringement.\n\n",
"Lyrics\n------\n\n\"Alone Again (Naturally)\" is a melancholy, introspective [ballad](/wiki/Ballad \"Ballad\"). In the first verse, the singer contemplates suicide after having been left at the altar; in the second, he wonders if there is a God; finally, he laments the death of his parents. O'Sullivan has said the song is not autobiographical: for example, his mother was alive during its composition, and he was not close to his father, who was abusive to his mother and died when the singer was 11 years old.\n\n",
"Musical Structure\n-----------------\n\nDespite being essentially a pop ballad, the song has musical structure and harmony untypical to pop songs. It contains 3 verses and a bridge, with no chorus, as every verse ends with the song's title line \\- \"Alone again, Naturally\". The verses are in the key of F\\# major and the bridge (after the 2 verses) changes the key to A major before returning to F\\# major for the 3rd and final verse. The song has a relatively complex harmony using chords and progressions more common in jazz than in pop music, such as [half diminished](/wiki/Half-diminished_seventh_chord \"Half-diminished seventh chord\") and flat [ninth chords](/wiki/Ninth_chord \"Ninth chord\"). The piano technique used on the song is typical to O'Sullivan's playing style with a percussive bass note on the left hand and the chord changes on the right. \n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\nThe song received extensive radio airplay in the months after its release and was critically praised. O'Sullivan commented: “[Neil Diamond](/wiki/Neil_Diamond \"Neil Diamond\") covered 'Alone Again (Naturally)' and said he couldn't believe a 21\\-year\\-old wrote it, but for me it was just one song I had written.” [Neil Sedaka](/wiki/Neil_Sedaka \"Neil Sedaka\") stated when he covered the song in 2020 that he wished that he himself had written the song, because its complexity was more typical of someone much older than 21\\.\n\n### Chart performance\n\nBetween late July and early September 1972 in America the single spent six non\\-consecutive weeks at number one on *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")'s* [Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") – interrupted by [Looking Glass](/wiki/Looking_Glass_%28band%29 \"Looking Glass (band)\")'s \"[Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)](/wiki/Brandy_%28You%27re_a_Fine_Girl%29 \"Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)\")\" – and ranked no. 2 in the [year\\-end chart](/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1972 \"Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972\"). It spent six weeks at number one, 11 weeks in the Top Ten, 15 weeks in the Top 40 and 18 weeks on the Hot 100\\. In a decade\\-end survey as counted down on syndicated radio show [Casey Kasem](/wiki/Casey_Kasem \"Casey Kasem\")'s [American Top 40](/wiki/American_Top_40 \"American Top 40\"), using *Billboard* statistics, \"Alone Again (Naturally)\" ranked five. It also spent six weeks at number one on *Billboard'''s [Easy Listening](/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary \"Hot adult contemporary\") chart. In April 1972 \"Alone Again\" peaked at no. 3 on the [UK singles chart](/wiki/UK_singles_chart \"UK singles chart\").*\n\n### Weekly charts\n\n|Chart (1972\\)\n\nPeak \nposition\n\n| |\n|Australia ([KMR](/wiki/Kent_Music_Report \"Kent Music Report\"))\n\n 2 |\n|Canada ([*RPM*](/wiki/RPM_%28magazine%29 \"RPM (magazine)\") Top Singles)\n\n 1 |\n|Canada ([*RPM*](/wiki/RPM_%28magazine%29 \"RPM (magazine)\") Adult Contemporary)\n\n 1 |\n| France ([IFOP](/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27opinion_publique \"Institut français d'opinion publique\")) |1\n\n| |\n|\n\n|\n\n|New Zealand (*[Listener](/wiki/New_Zealand_Listener \"New Zealand Listener\")*)\n\n 2 |\n|\n\n|\n\n|\n\n| US [*Cash Box*](/wiki/Cashbox_%28magazine%29 \"Cashbox (magazine)\") Top 100 | 1 |\n\n### Year\\-end charts\n\n|Chart (1972\\)\n\n Rank |\n| --- |\n| Australia | 13 |\n| Canada | 6 |\n| UK | 36 |\n| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 2 |\n| US *Cash Box* | 2 |\n\n### All\\-time charts\n\n| Chart (1958\\-2018\\) | Position |\n| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 137 |\n\nCopyright lawsuit\n-----------------\n\nGrand Upright Music, Ltd v. Warner Bros. Records Inc. was a [copyright](/wiki/Copyright \"Copyright\") case heard in 1991 by the [United States District Court for the Southern District of New York](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York \"United States District Court for the Southern District of New York\"). The case pitted O'Sullivan against [Biz Markie](/wiki/Biz_Markie \"Biz Markie\"), after the rapper [sampled](/wiki/Sampling_%28music%29 \"Sampling (music)\") O'Sullivan's song \"Alone Again (Naturally)\". The court ruled that sampling without permission can be copyright infringement. The judgment changed the [hip hop music](/wiki/Hip_hop_music \"Hip hop music\") industry, requiring that music sampling be preapproved by the original copyright owners to avoid a lawsuit.\nCover versions\n--------------\n\n A recording by [Andy Williams](/wiki/Andy_Williams \"Andy Williams\") was the title track for the U.S. release of [his album of cover songs](/wiki/Alone_Again_%28Naturally%29_%28album%29 \"Alone Again (Naturally) (album)\") later in 1972\\.\n[Nina Simone](/wiki/Nina_Simone \"Nina Simone\"), included as a bonus track on the 1988 digital reissue of her 1982 album * + [Fodder on My Wings](/wiki/Fodder_on_My_Wings \"Fodder on My Wings\").'' Simone's version has rewritten lyrics, and refer to her troubled relationship with her late father\n* [Diana Krall](/wiki/Diana_Krall \"Diana Krall\") released a duet version with [Michael Bublé](/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9 \"Michael Bublé\") on her 2015 album [*Wallflower*](/wiki/Wallflower_%28Diana_Krall_album%29 \"Wallflower (Diana Krall album)\").\n* [UFO](/wiki/UFO_%28band%29 \"UFO (band)\") recording a cover of this song in their 1977 album \"Lights Out\".\n* [Vulfmon](/wiki/Vulfmon \"Vulfmon\"), the solo moniker of Jack Stratton of [Vulfpeck](/wiki/Vulfpeck \"Vulfpeck\"), included a cover of the song, featuring vocals by Monica Martin and additional instrumentation by MAE.SUN, in his 2022 debut album under the new alias, titled \"Here We Go Jack.\"\n",
"### Chart performance\n\nBetween late July and early September 1972 in America the single spent six non\\-consecutive weeks at number one on *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")'s* [Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") – interrupted by [Looking Glass](/wiki/Looking_Glass_%28band%29 \"Looking Glass (band)\")'s \"[Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)](/wiki/Brandy_%28You%27re_a_Fine_Girl%29 \"Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)\")\" – and ranked no. 2 in the [year\\-end chart](/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1972 \"Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972\"). It spent six weeks at number one, 11 weeks in the Top Ten, 15 weeks in the Top 40 and 18 weeks on the Hot 100\\. In a decade\\-end survey as counted down on syndicated radio show [Casey Kasem](/wiki/Casey_Kasem \"Casey Kasem\")'s [American Top 40](/wiki/American_Top_40 \"American Top 40\"), using *Billboard* statistics, \"Alone Again (Naturally)\" ranked five. It also spent six weeks at number one on *Billboard'''s [Easy Listening](/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary \"Hot adult contemporary\") chart. In April 1972 \"Alone Again\" peaked at no. 3 on the [UK singles chart](/wiki/UK_singles_chart \"UK singles chart\").*\n\n### Weekly charts\n\n|Chart (1972\\)\n\nPeak \nposition\n\n| |\n|Australia ([KMR](/wiki/Kent_Music_Report \"Kent Music Report\"))\n\n 2 |\n|Canada ([*RPM*](/wiki/RPM_%28magazine%29 \"RPM (magazine)\") Top Singles)\n\n 1 |\n|Canada ([*RPM*](/wiki/RPM_%28magazine%29 \"RPM (magazine)\") Adult Contemporary)\n\n 1 |\n| France ([IFOP](/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27opinion_publique \"Institut français d'opinion publique\")) |1\n\n| |\n|\n\n|\n\n|New Zealand (*[Listener](/wiki/New_Zealand_Listener \"New Zealand Listener\")*)\n\n 2 |\n|\n\n|\n\n|\n\n| US [*Cash Box*](/wiki/Cashbox_%28magazine%29 \"Cashbox (magazine)\") Top 100 | 1 |\n\n### Year\\-end charts\n\n|Chart (1972\\)\n\n Rank |\n| --- |\n| Australia | 13 |\n| Canada | 6 |\n| UK | 36 |\n| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 2 |\n| US *Cash Box* | 2 |\n\n### All\\-time charts\n\n| Chart (1958\\-2018\\) | Position |\n| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 137 |\n\nCopyright lawsuit\n-----------------\n\nGrand Upright Music, Ltd v. Warner Bros. Records Inc. was a [copyright](/wiki/Copyright \"Copyright\") case heard in 1991 by the [United States District Court for the Southern District of New York](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York \"United States District Court for the Southern District of New York\"). The case pitted O'Sullivan against [Biz Markie](/wiki/Biz_Markie \"Biz Markie\"), after the rapper [sampled](/wiki/Sampling_%28music%29 \"Sampling (music)\") O'Sullivan's song \"Alone Again (Naturally)\". The court ruled that sampling without permission can be copyright infringement. The judgment changed the [hip hop music](/wiki/Hip_hop_music \"Hip hop music\") industry, requiring that music sampling be preapproved by the original copyright owners to avoid a lawsuit.\nCover versions\n--------------\n\n A recording by [Andy Williams](/wiki/Andy_Williams \"Andy Williams\") was the title track for the U.S. release of [his album of cover songs](/wiki/Alone_Again_%28Naturally%29_%28album%29 \"Alone Again (Naturally) (album)\") later in 1972\\.\n[Nina Simone](/wiki/Nina_Simone \"Nina Simone\"), included as a bonus track on the 1988 digital reissue of her 1982 album * + [Fodder on My Wings](/wiki/Fodder_on_My_Wings \"Fodder on My Wings\").'' Simone's version has rewritten lyrics, and refer to her troubled relationship with her late father\n* [Diana Krall](/wiki/Diana_Krall \"Diana Krall\") released a duet version with [Michael Bublé](/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9 \"Michael Bublé\") on her 2015 album [*Wallflower*](/wiki/Wallflower_%28Diana_Krall_album%29 \"Wallflower (Diana Krall album)\").\n* [UFO](/wiki/UFO_%28band%29 \"UFO (band)\") recording a cover of this song in their 1977 album \"Lights Out\".\n* [Vulfmon](/wiki/Vulfmon \"Vulfmon\"), the solo moniker of Jack Stratton of [Vulfpeck](/wiki/Vulfpeck \"Vulfpeck\"), included a cover of the song, featuring vocals by Monica Martin and additional instrumentation by MAE.SUN, in his 2022 debut album under the new alias, titled \"Here We Go Jack.\"\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1971 songs](/wiki/Category:1971_songs \"1971 songs\")\n[Category:1972 singles](/wiki/Category:1972_singles \"1972 singles\")\n[Category:Songs written by Gilbert O'Sullivan](/wiki/Category:Songs_written_by_Gilbert_O%27Sullivan \"Songs written by Gilbert O'Sullivan\")\n[Category:Gilbert O'Sullivan songs](/wiki/Category:Gilbert_O%27Sullivan_songs \"Gilbert O'Sullivan songs\")\n[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number\\-one singles](/wiki/Category:Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles \"Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles\")\n[Category:Cashbox number\\-one singles](/wiki/Category:Cashbox_number-one_singles \"Cashbox number-one singles\")\n[Category:RPM Top Singles number\\-one singles](/wiki/Category:RPM_Top_Singles_number-one_singles \"RPM Top Singles number-one singles\")\n[Category:Number\\-one singles in Brazil](/wiki/Category:Number-one_singles_in_Brazil \"Number-one singles in Brazil\")\n[Category:Number\\-one singles in France](/wiki/Category:Number-one_singles_in_France \"Number-one singles in France\")\n[Category:Songs about death](/wiki/Category:Songs_about_death \"Songs about death\")\n[Category:Songs about loneliness](/wiki/Category:Songs_about_loneliness \"Songs about loneliness\")\n[Category:Songs about suicide](/wiki/Category:Songs_about_suicide \"Songs about suicide\")\n[Category:MAM Records singles](/wiki/Category:MAM_Records_singles \"MAM Records singles\")\n[Category:1970s ballads](/wiki/Category:1970s_ballads \"1970s ballads\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Cliff College
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"80.247.30.172"
]
}
|
ifod2jvhrjzk9tfrqgf7rrxzmuhsatl
|
2024-10-17T21:56:29Z
| 1,214,200,092 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Faculty",
"Programmes of study",
"Festival",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Cliff College** is a [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") theological college in [Calver](/wiki/Calver \"Calver\"), [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire \"Derbyshire\"), that teaches Biblical Theology at the undergraduate level and a number of mission courses to postgraduates. There are currently about 30 full\\-time undergraduates, 80 part\\-time undergraduates and 100 part\\-time postgraduates. There are also a number of research (MPhil and PhD) students and full\\-time postgraduates enrolled at the College. College courses up to and including MA level are validated by [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester \"University of Manchester\"), and students at higher levels are jointly enrolled at both institutions. The college hosts the UK headquarters of the [Girls' Brigade](/wiki/Girls%27_Brigade \"Girls' Brigade\").\n\n",
"Faculty\n-------\n\nSince the summer of 2017, the Principal of Cliff College has been Rev Ashley Cooper. The Vice Principal (Academic) is Rev Dr Andrew Stobart, and the Director of Academic Delivery is Dr Sandra Brower.[Cliff College website](https://cliffcollege.ac.uk/study/staff-faculty)\n\n",
"Programmes of study\n-------------------\n\nUndergraduate degrees, Master's degrees and research programmes are validated by the [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester \"University of Manchester\"), and the college also run a broad range of short courses, validated by a Cliff College Certificate.\n\n",
"Festival\n--------\n\nEach year, over the May Whitsun Bank Holiday (late bank holiday in May), the college holds an annual all age Cliff Festival event which includes worship, bible study, a variety of seminars, entertainment and outdoor activities led by tutors of the college, as well as outside guests.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Cliff College website](http://www.cliffcollege.ac.uk)\n\n[Category:Bible colleges, seminaries and theological colleges in England](/wiki/Category:Bible_colleges%2C_seminaries_and_theological_colleges_in_England \"Bible colleges, seminaries and theological colleges in England\")\n[Category:Derbyshire Dales](/wiki/Category:Derbyshire_Dales \"Derbyshire Dales\")\n[Category:Education in Derbyshire](/wiki/Category:Education_in_Derbyshire \"Education in Derbyshire\")\n[Category:Methodist universities and colleges](/wiki/Category:Methodist_universities_and_colleges \"Methodist universities and colleges\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Germinal epithelium
|
{
"id": [
15449111
],
"name": [
"DPL bot"
]
}
|
ad1fwbiwoil5tz6ulfmhbhs58smlf65
|
2021-10-25T05:50:27Z
| 1,051,551,313 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Germinal epithelium",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"**Germinal epithelium** can refer to:\n* [Germinal epithelium (female)](/wiki/Germinal_epithelium_%28female%29 \"Germinal epithelium (female)\"), a layer of cells covering the ovary\n* [Germinal epithelium (male)](/wiki/Germinal_epithelium_%28male%29 \"Germinal epithelium (male)\"), a layer of cells covering the testicle\n* [Germ layer](/wiki/Germ_layer \"Germ layer\"), primary tissue layer formed during embryogenesis in animals\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Germinal (disambiguation)](/wiki/Germinal_%28disambiguation%29 \"Germinal (disambiguation)\")\n* [Epithelium](/wiki/Epithelium \"Epithelium\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Live from Deep in the Heart of Texas
|
{
"id": [
42049783
],
"name": [
"RockabillyRaccoon"
]
}
|
3gs4p5pmrywpsio9h74vknofjet3bwy
|
2022-08-01T23:47:02Z
| 1,101,815,794 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Critical reception",
"Track listing",
"Personnel",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n***Live from Deep in the Heart of Texas*** is an album by American rock band [Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen](/wiki/Commander_Cody_and_His_Lost_Planet_Airmen \"Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen\"). It was recorded live at the [Armadillo World Headquarters](/wiki/Armadillo_World_Headquarters \"Armadillo World Headquarters\") in [Austin, Texas](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") in November 1973, and released in 1974\\. Unlike many live albums, it contains mostly new material and features only two previously released songs. It reached \\#105 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") album sales chart.\n\nThe album cover art is by [Jim Franklin](/wiki/Jim_Franklin_%28artist%29 \"Jim Franklin (artist)\") and depicts a flood of [armadillos](/wiki/Armadillo \"Armadillo\") overwhelming a concert stage. More songs recorded at the Armadillo World Headquarters during these concerts were released on later albums, such as *Sleazy Roadside Stories*, but *Live from Deep in the Heart of Texas* is considered by many fans to be the group's best album.\n\n",
"Critical reception\n------------------\n\nOn [AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic \"AllMusic\"), Jana Pendragon said, \"This is Commander Cody \\& His Lost Planet Airmen at their best, live on\\-stage and out on the road with the [New Riders of the Purple Sage](/wiki/New_Riders_of_the_Purple_Sage \"New Riders of the Purple Sage\"). What a bill and what a grand time for a live album. This is how it really was – wild, loud, and fun. Again, they intersperse their own songs with old favorites.... Every cut is perfection, every cut is substantial.\"\n\nIn the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*, [Buddy Seigal](/wiki/Buddy_Seigal \"Buddy Seigal\") wrote, \"Live, this band was definitely in its element... [Bill Kirchen](/wiki/Bill_Kirchen \"Bill Kirchen\") was one of the most underrated guitarists of the '70s, Bobby Black remains one of the top [steel](/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar \"Pedal steel guitar\") players in the world, and the Commander himself is no slouch on the [88s](/wiki/Piano \"Piano\"), but to dissect and analyze this music too much is to defeat its purpose. Crank this sucker up at a lagging social affair, and you’ve got instant party.\"\n\n[Robert Christgau](/wiki/Robert_Christgau \"Robert Christgau\") said, \"The rockers are hot, the slow ones are soulful, and the whole thing does justice to the endearingly sloppy shuffle of a band that refuses to be pretentious about its lack of pretensions.\"\n\nWhen the album was released, *[Cash Box](/wiki/Cashbox_%28magazine%29 \"Cashbox (magazine)\")* magazine wrote, \"The irrepressible Commander is at it again, \nand this LP is a stunning collection of some strong material done with the unique country style the group has become so popular with.... They have succeeded in the difficult task of capturing their essence on record in this collection and should be praised for it.\"\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n**Side A**\n1. \"Armadillo Stomp\" ([Andy Stein](/wiki/Andy_Stein \"Andy Stein\"), Rick Higginbotham) – 2:00\n2. \"[Good Rockin' Tonight](/wiki/Good_Rockin%27_Tonight \"Good Rockin' Tonight\")\" ([Roy Brown](/wiki/Roy_Brown_%28blues_musician%29 \"Roy Brown (blues musician)\")) – 2:46\n3. \"I'm Coming Home\" ([Johnny Horton](/wiki/Johnny_Horton \"Johnny Horton\")) – 2:42\n4. \"Seeds and Stems Again Blues\" (George Frayne, Billy C. Farlow) – 4:03\n5. \"Sunset on the Sage\" (Michael J Richards) – 4:45\n6. \"Little Sally Walker\" (C.F. Turner) – 2:26\n7. \"Git It\" (Bob Kelly) – 2:27\n\n**Side B**\n1. \"Oh Mama Mama\" (Frayne, Farlow, John Tichy) – 4:29\n2. \"[Crying Time](/wiki/Crying_Time \"Crying Time\")\" ([Buck Owens](/wiki/Buck_Owens \"Buck Owens\")) – 3:09\n3. \"[Diggy Liggy Lo](/wiki/Diggy_Liggy_Lo \"Diggy Liggy Lo\")\" ([J. D. \"Jay\" Miller](/wiki/J._D._%22Jay%22_Miller \"J. D. \")) – 2:28\n4. \"[Riot in Cell Block \\#9](/wiki/Riot_in_Cell_Block_Number_9 \"Riot in Cell Block Number 9\")\" ([Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller](/wiki/Jerry_Leiber_and_Mike_Stoller \"Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller\")) – 3:15\n5. \"Too Much Fun\" (Farlow, [Bill Kirchen](/wiki/Bill_Kirchen \"Bill Kirchen\")) – 3:26\n6. \"[Mean Woman Blues](/wiki/Mean_Woman_Blues \"Mean Woman Blues\")\" ([Claude Demetrius](/wiki/Claude_Demetrius \"Claude Demetrius\")) – 4:37\n",
"Personnel\n---------\n\n**Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen**\n* [George Frayne](/wiki/George_Frayne \"George Frayne\") (Commander Cody) – piano, keyboards, vocals\n* [Billy C. Farlow](/wiki/Billy_C._Farlow \"Billy C. Farlow\") – harmonica, vocals\n* [Bill Kirchen](/wiki/Bill_Kirchen \"Bill Kirchen\") – guitar, vocals\n* [John Tichy](/wiki/John_Tichy \"John Tichy\") – guitar, vocals\n* [Lance Dickerson](/wiki/Lance_Dickerson \"Lance Dickerson\") – drums, vocals\n* [Bruce Barlow](/wiki/Bruce_Barlow \"Bruce Barlow\") – bass, vocals\n* [Andy Stein](/wiki/Andy_Stein \"Andy Stein\") – violin, saxophone\n* [Bobby Black](/wiki/Bobby_Black_%28musician%29 \"Bobby Black (musician)\") – steel guitar, vocals\n**Production**\n* Producer: Steve Jarvis\n* Recording: Gabby Garcia, Ken Caliat, Bill Broms, Jerry Stroud\n* Studio engineers: Steve Jarvis, Steve Montoani\n* Album cover art: [Jim Franklin](/wiki/Jim_Franklin_%28artist%29 \"Jim Franklin (artist)\")\n* Photography: J.D. Black, Melinda Wickman, Coy Featherstone\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen albums](/wiki/Category:Commander_Cody_and_His_Lost_Planet_Airmen_albums \"Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen albums\")\n[Category:1974 live albums](/wiki/Category:1974_live_albums \"1974 live albums\")\n[Category:Paramount Records (1969\\) albums](/wiki/Category:Paramount_Records_%281969%29_albums \"Paramount Records (1969) albums\")\n[Category:MCA Records live albums](/wiki/Category:MCA_Records_live_albums \"MCA Records live albums\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Polygala tenuifolia
|
{
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
}
|
4hwz0ujs3t4ecvasyzsirk01vt17om2
|
2023-06-23T13:19:44Z
| 1,158,170,658 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Phytochemistry",
"Medicinal uses",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Polygala tenuifolia*** (**yuǎn zhì**; ) is an herb in the family [Polygalaceae](/wiki/Polygalaceae \"Polygalaceae\") which is hardy to [USDA Zone](/wiki/Plant_hardiness_zone \"Plant hardiness zone\") 6\\.\n\n",
"Phytochemistry\n--------------\n\n*P. tenuifolia* contains [tenuifolin](/wiki/Tenuifolin \"Tenuifolin\"), [senegenin](/wiki/Senegenin \"Senegenin\"), and [polygalacic acid](/wiki/Polygalacic_acid \"Polygalacic acid\").\n\n",
"Medicinal uses\n--------------\n\nYuan zhi is used primarily as an [expectorant](/wiki/Mucolytic_agent \"Mucolytic agent\"). It is one of the [50 fundamental herbs](/wiki/Chinese_herbology%2350_fundamental_herbs \"Chinese herbology#50 fundamental herbs\") used in [traditional Chinese medicine](/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine \"Traditional Chinese medicine\"), where it is called *yuǎn zhì* () and believed to have neuropsychiatric effects. It has been studied as a potential drug source in depression and Alzheimer's. However, quality of the herb varies widely, and as of 2020 there have been no toxicological studies or clinical trials.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[tenuifolia](/wiki/Category:Polygala \"Polygala\")\n[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine](/wiki/Category:Plants_used_in_traditional_Chinese_medicine \"Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Shambuko
|
{
"id": [
45809629
],
"name": [
"Dabbi2023"
]
}
|
g20qewnch9oxf4f2kdhi8jt3jxmpr44
|
2023-04-24T11:38:21Z
| 807,114,179 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Shambuko** (, ) is a small town in the [Gash\\-Barka](/wiki/Gash-Barka \"Gash-Barka\") Region of [Eritrea](/wiki/Eritrea \"Eritrea\"). The town was overrun by [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopia \"Ethiopia\") during the [Eritrean\\-Ethiopian War](/wiki/Eritrean-Ethiopian_War \"Eritrean-Ethiopian War\") when the population fled from there.\n\n[Category:Gash\\-Barka Region](/wiki/Category:Gash-Barka_Region \"Gash-Barka Region\")\n[Category:Populated places in Eritrea](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Eritrea \"Populated places in Eritrea\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Nagoya Municipal Subway
|
{
"id": [
41195652
],
"name": [
"Qwerfjkl"
]
}
|
8zv8sjskmzwmt07n31eozyqq3x70mgf
|
2024-08-19T14:57:06Z
| 1,229,176,523 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Lines and infrastructure",
"List of Nagoya Municipal Subway lines",
"Notes",
"Connecting services",
"JR Central",
"Meitetsu (Nagoya Railroad)",
"Kintetsu",
"Nagoya Rinkai Rapid Transit",
"Aichi Rapid Transit",
"Network map",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\n\nThe , also referred to as simply the **Nagoya Subway**, is a [rapid transit](/wiki/Rapid_transit \"Rapid transit\") system serving [Nagoya](/wiki/Nagoya \"Nagoya\"), the capital of [Aichi Prefecture](/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture \"Aichi Prefecture\") in Japan. It consists of six lines that cover of route and serve 87 stations. Approximately 90% of the subway's total track length is underground.\n\nThe subway system is owned and operated by the [Nagoya City Transportation Bureau](/wiki/Nagoya_City_Transportation_Bureau \"Nagoya City Transportation Bureau\") and, like other large Japanese cities including [Tokyo](/wiki/Transport_in_Greater_Tokyo \"Transport in Greater Tokyo\") and [Osaka](/wiki/Transport_in_Keihanshin \"Transport in Keihanshin\"), is heavily complemented by [suburban rail](/wiki/Suburban_rail \"Suburban rail\"), together forming [an extensive network](/wiki/Transport_in_Greater_Nagoya \"Transport in Greater Nagoya\") of 47 lines in and around [Greater Nagoya](/wiki/Greater_Nagoya \"Greater Nagoya\"). Of them, the subway lines represent 38% of Greater Nagoya's total rail ridership of 3 million passengers a day.\n\nIn 2002, the system introduced [Hatchii](/wiki/Hatchii \"Hatchii\") as its official mascot.\n\\_\\_TOC\\_\\_\n\n",
"Lines and infrastructure\n------------------------\n\nThe six lines that comprise the Nagoya subway network are, for the most part, independent. However, Meikō Line services partially interline with the Meijō Line, and the operations of both lines are combined. Therefore, there are in fact five distinct services on the subway. They are mostly self\\-contained, but two of its lines have [through services](/wiki/Through_train \"Through train\") onto lines owned and operated by [Meitetsu](/wiki/Meitetsu \"Meitetsu\"), the largest [private railway](/wiki/Private_railway \"Private railway\") operator in the region. One of these, the Kamiida Line, is essentially an extension of the Meitetsu Komaki Line to which it connects.\n\nThe first two subway lines, the Higashiyama and Meijō/Meikō Lines, run on [standard gauge](/wiki/Standard_gauge \"Standard gauge\") track and use 600 volt [DC](/wiki/Direct_current \"Direct current\") electrification from a [third rail](/wiki/Third_rail \"Third rail\"). They are three of the eleven subway lines in Japan which use both third\\-rail electrification and standard gauge track (the [Ginza](/wiki/Ginza_Line \"Ginza Line\") and [Marunouchi](/wiki/Marunouchi_Line \"Marunouchi Line\") lines in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo_Metro \"Tokyo Metro\") are the only other two lines to use third rail at that voltage; five of the eight lines of the [Osaka Metro](/wiki/Osaka_Metro \"Osaka Metro\") and the [Blue Line](/wiki/Blue_Line_%28Yokohama%29 \"Blue Line (Yokohama)\") in [Yokohama](/wiki/Yokohama_Municipal_Subway \"Yokohama Municipal Subway\") all use 750 V DC third rail). Subsequent lines were built to [narrow gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge \"Narrow gauge\") and employ 1,500 volt DC electrification from [overhead lines](/wiki/Overhead_line \"Overhead line\"), in common with most other rapid transit lines in the country.\n\nAs with other [railway lines in Japan](/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Japan \"Rail transport in Japan\"), tickets can be purchased from [ticket vending machines](/wiki/Ticket_vending_machine \"Ticket vending machine\") in stations. Since February 2011, this has largely been supplemented by [Manaca](/wiki/Manaca \"Manaca\"), a rechargeable [smart card](/wiki/Smart_card \"Smart card\"). In 2012, Manaca replaced [Tranpass](/wiki/Tranpass \"Tranpass\"), the predecessor [integrated ticketing](/wiki/Integrated_ticketing \"Integrated ticketing\") system, which was also able to be used at subway stations and for other connected transportation systems in the region.\n\nOn January 4, 2023, four stations were renamed:<https://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/en/pc/OTHER/TRP0001448/Subway%20Station%20Name%20Change_.pdf> \n* Nakamura Kuyakusho → [Taiko\\-dori](/wiki/Taiko-dori_Station \"Taiko-dori Station\")\n* Shiyakusho (City Hall) → [Nagoyajo (Nagoya Castle)](/wiki/Nagoyajo_Station \"Nagoyajo Station\")\n* Temma\\-cho → [Atsuta Jingu Temma\\-cho](/wiki/Atsuta_Jingu_Temma-cho_Station \"Atsuta Jingu Temma-cho Station\")\n* Jingu Nishi → [Atsuta Jingu Nishi](/wiki/Atsuta_Jingu_Nishi_Station \"Atsuta Jingu Nishi Station\")\n\n### List of Nagoya Municipal Subway lines\n\n| Line color | Line icon | Line number | Name | Japanese | Route | Stations | Length | Train Length | First Opened | Last Opened | Gauge | Current supply |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | [25px](/wiki/File:Nagoya_Subway_Logo_V2_%28Higashiyama_Line%29.svg \"Nagoya Subway Logo V2 (Higashiyama Line).svg\") | Line 1 | [Higashiyama Line](/wiki/Higashiyama_Line \"Higashiyama Line\") | | to | 22 | | 6 cars | 1957 | 1982 | | 600 V DC, third rail |\n| | [25px](/wiki/File:Nagoya_Subway_Logo_V2_%28Meijo_Line%29.svg \"Nagoya Subway Logo V2 (Meijo Line).svg\") | Line 2 | [Meijō Line](/wiki/Meij%C5%8D_Line \"Meijō Line\") | | to via | 12Including [Ōzone Station](/wiki/%C5%8Czone_Station \"Ōzone Station\") | | 1965Between [Ōzone Station](/wiki/%C5%8Czone_Station \"Ōzone Station\"), [Sakae Station](/wiki/Sakae_Station_%28Aichi%29 \"Sakae Station (Aichi)\") and [Kanayama Station (Aichi)](/wiki/Kanayama_Station_%28Aichi%29 \"Kanayama Station (Aichi)\") | 1971 |\n| Line 4 | to via | 17 | | 1974Between [Ōzone Station](/wiki/%C5%8Czone_Station \"Ōzone Station\"), [Nagoya Daigaku Station](/wiki/Nagoya_Daigaku_Station \"Nagoya Daigaku Station\") and [Kanayama Station (Aichi)](/wiki/Kanayama_Station_%28Aichi%29 \"Kanayama Station (Aichi)\") | 2004 |\n| [25px](/wiki/File:Nagoya_Subway_Logo_V2_%28Meiko_Line%29.svg \"Nagoya Subway Logo V2 (Meiko Line).svg\") | Line 2 | [Meikō Line](/wiki/Meik%C5%8D_Line \"Meikō Line\") | | to | 7Including [Kanayama Station (Aichi)](/wiki/Kanayama_Station_%28Aichi%29 \"Kanayama Station (Aichi)\") | | 1971Between [Kanayama Station (Aichi)](/wiki/Kanayama_Station_%28Aichi%29 \"Kanayama Station (Aichi)\") and [Nagoyako Station](/wiki/Nagoyako_Station \"Nagoyako Station\") | – |\n| | [25px](/wiki/File:Nagoya_Subway_Logo_V2_%28Tsurumai_Line%29.svg \"Nagoya Subway Logo V2 (Tsurumai Line).svg\") | *Via trackage rights* | *[Meitetsu Inuyama Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Inuyama_Line \"Meitetsu Inuyama Line\")* | | to | *13*Including [Kamiotai Station](/wiki/Kamiotai_Station \"Kamiotai Station\") | ** | *1993*Between [Inuyama Station](/wiki/Inuyama_Station \"Inuyama Station\") and [Kamiotai Station](/wiki/Kamiotai_Station \"Kamiotai Station\") | – | | 1,500 V DC, overhead supply |\n| Line 3 | [Tsurumai Line](/wiki/Tsurumai_Line \"Tsurumai Line\") | | to | 20 | | 1977 | 1993 |\n| *Via trackage rights* | *[Meitetsu Toyota Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Toyota_Line \"Meitetsu Toyota Line\")* | | to | *8*Including Akaike Station | ** | *1979*Between [Akaike Station](/wiki/Akaike_Station_%28Aichi%29 \"Akaike Station (Aichi)\") and [Umetsubo Station](/wiki/Umetsubo_Station \"Umetsubo Station\") | – |\n| *[Meitetsu Mikawa Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Mikawa_Line \"Meitetsu Mikawa Line\")* | | to | *2* | ** | *N/A*Between [Umetsubo Station](/wiki/Umetsubo_Station \"Umetsubo Station\") and [Toyotashi Station](/wiki/Toyotashi_Station \"Toyotashi Station\") | – |\n| | [25px](/wiki/File:Nagoya_Subway_Logo_V2_%28Sakura-dori_Line%29.svg \"Nagoya Subway Logo V2 (Sakura-dori Line).svg\") | Line 6 | [Sakura\\-dōri Line](/wiki/Sakura-d%C5%8Dri_Line \"Sakura-dōri Line\") | | to | 21 | | 5 cars | 1989 | 2011 |\n| | [25px](/wiki/File:Nagoya_Subway_Logo_V2_%28Kamiiida_Line%29.svg \"Nagoya Subway Logo V2 (Kamiiida Line).svg\") | *Via trackage rights* | *[Meitetsu Komaki Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Komaki_Line \"Meitetsu Komaki Line\")* | | to | *13*Including [Ajima Station](/wiki/Ajima_Station \"Ajima Station\") | ** | 4 cars | *2003*Between [Inuyama Station](/wiki/Inuyama_Station \"Inuyama Station\") and [Ajima Station](/wiki/Ajima_Station \"Ajima Station\") | – |\n| to | *2*Including [Ajima Station](/wiki/Ajima_Station \"Ajima Station\") and [Kamiiida Station](/wiki/Kamiiida_Station \"Kamiiida Station\") | ** | *2003*Owned by [Kamiiida Link Line](/wiki/Kamiiida_Link_Line \"Kamiiida Link Line\") between [Ajima Station](/wiki/Ajima_Station \"Ajima Station\") and [Kamiiida Station](/wiki/Kamiiida_Station \"Kamiiida Station\") | – |\n| Line 7 | [Kamiiida Line](/wiki/Kamiiida_Line \"Kamiiida Line\") | | to | 2Including [Kamiiida Station](/wiki/Kamiiida_Station \"Kamiiida Station\") | | 2003Owned by [Kamiiida Link Line](/wiki/Kamiiida_Link_Line \"Kamiiida Link Line\") between [Kamiiida Station](/wiki/Kamiiida_Station \"Kamiiida Station\") and [Heian\\-dori Station](/wiki/Heian-dori_Station \"Heian-dori Station\") | – |\n| **Total (Subway only – not incl. *trackage rights* portions):** | | | | | | **87** | **** | | | | | |\n\n### Notes\n\n[Platform of Nagoyajo Station\\|thumb](/wiki/File:Platform_Shiyakusho_Station_%28Nagoya-Japan%29.jpg \"Platform Shiyakusho Station (Nagoya-Japan).jpg\")\n[Entrance to Nagoyajo Station\\|thumb](/wiki/File:Shiyakusho_Station_1060.JPG \"Shiyakusho Station 1060.JPG\")\n[Ticket gates (also referred to as \"[wickets](/wiki/Wicket \"Wicket\")\" on city signage)\\|thumb](/wiki/File:Ticket_gates_Shiyakusho_Station_%28Nagoya-Japan%29.jpg \"Ticket gates Shiyakusho Station (Nagoya-Japan).jpg\")\n[Ticket vending machines\\|thumb](/wiki/File:Ticket_vending_machines_Shiyakusho_Station_%28Nagoya-Japan%29.JPG \"Ticket vending machines Shiyakusho Station (Nagoya-Japan).JPG\")\n\n",
"### List of Nagoya Municipal Subway lines\n\n| Line color | Line icon | Line number | Name | Japanese | Route | Stations | Length | Train Length | First Opened | Last Opened | Gauge | Current supply |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | [25px](/wiki/File:Nagoya_Subway_Logo_V2_%28Higashiyama_Line%29.svg \"Nagoya Subway Logo V2 (Higashiyama Line).svg\") | Line 1 | [Higashiyama Line](/wiki/Higashiyama_Line \"Higashiyama Line\") | | to | 22 | | 6 cars | 1957 | 1982 | | 600 V DC, third rail |\n| | [25px](/wiki/File:Nagoya_Subway_Logo_V2_%28Meijo_Line%29.svg \"Nagoya Subway Logo V2 (Meijo Line).svg\") | Line 2 | [Meijō Line](/wiki/Meij%C5%8D_Line \"Meijō Line\") | | to via | 12Including [Ōzone Station](/wiki/%C5%8Czone_Station \"Ōzone Station\") | | 1965Between [Ōzone Station](/wiki/%C5%8Czone_Station \"Ōzone Station\"), [Sakae Station](/wiki/Sakae_Station_%28Aichi%29 \"Sakae Station (Aichi)\") and [Kanayama Station (Aichi)](/wiki/Kanayama_Station_%28Aichi%29 \"Kanayama Station (Aichi)\") | 1971 |\n| Line 4 | to via | 17 | | 1974Between [Ōzone Station](/wiki/%C5%8Czone_Station \"Ōzone Station\"), [Nagoya Daigaku Station](/wiki/Nagoya_Daigaku_Station \"Nagoya Daigaku Station\") and [Kanayama Station (Aichi)](/wiki/Kanayama_Station_%28Aichi%29 \"Kanayama Station (Aichi)\") | 2004 |\n| [25px](/wiki/File:Nagoya_Subway_Logo_V2_%28Meiko_Line%29.svg \"Nagoya Subway Logo V2 (Meiko Line).svg\") | Line 2 | [Meikō Line](/wiki/Meik%C5%8D_Line \"Meikō Line\") | | to | 7Including [Kanayama Station (Aichi)](/wiki/Kanayama_Station_%28Aichi%29 \"Kanayama Station (Aichi)\") | | 1971Between [Kanayama Station (Aichi)](/wiki/Kanayama_Station_%28Aichi%29 \"Kanayama Station (Aichi)\") and [Nagoyako Station](/wiki/Nagoyako_Station \"Nagoyako Station\") | – |\n| | [25px](/wiki/File:Nagoya_Subway_Logo_V2_%28Tsurumai_Line%29.svg \"Nagoya Subway Logo V2 (Tsurumai Line).svg\") | *Via trackage rights* | *[Meitetsu Inuyama Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Inuyama_Line \"Meitetsu Inuyama Line\")* | | to | *13*Including [Kamiotai Station](/wiki/Kamiotai_Station \"Kamiotai Station\") | ** | *1993*Between [Inuyama Station](/wiki/Inuyama_Station \"Inuyama Station\") and [Kamiotai Station](/wiki/Kamiotai_Station \"Kamiotai Station\") | – | | 1,500 V DC, overhead supply |\n| Line 3 | [Tsurumai Line](/wiki/Tsurumai_Line \"Tsurumai Line\") | | to | 20 | | 1977 | 1993 |\n| *Via trackage rights* | *[Meitetsu Toyota Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Toyota_Line \"Meitetsu Toyota Line\")* | | to | *8*Including Akaike Station | ** | *1979*Between [Akaike Station](/wiki/Akaike_Station_%28Aichi%29 \"Akaike Station (Aichi)\") and [Umetsubo Station](/wiki/Umetsubo_Station \"Umetsubo Station\") | – |\n| *[Meitetsu Mikawa Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Mikawa_Line \"Meitetsu Mikawa Line\")* | | to | *2* | ** | *N/A*Between [Umetsubo Station](/wiki/Umetsubo_Station \"Umetsubo Station\") and [Toyotashi Station](/wiki/Toyotashi_Station \"Toyotashi Station\") | – |\n| | [25px](/wiki/File:Nagoya_Subway_Logo_V2_%28Sakura-dori_Line%29.svg \"Nagoya Subway Logo V2 (Sakura-dori Line).svg\") | Line 6 | [Sakura\\-dōri Line](/wiki/Sakura-d%C5%8Dri_Line \"Sakura-dōri Line\") | | to | 21 | | 5 cars | 1989 | 2011 |\n| | [25px](/wiki/File:Nagoya_Subway_Logo_V2_%28Kamiiida_Line%29.svg \"Nagoya Subway Logo V2 (Kamiiida Line).svg\") | *Via trackage rights* | *[Meitetsu Komaki Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Komaki_Line \"Meitetsu Komaki Line\")* | | to | *13*Including [Ajima Station](/wiki/Ajima_Station \"Ajima Station\") | ** | 4 cars | *2003*Between [Inuyama Station](/wiki/Inuyama_Station \"Inuyama Station\") and [Ajima Station](/wiki/Ajima_Station \"Ajima Station\") | – |\n| to | *2*Including [Ajima Station](/wiki/Ajima_Station \"Ajima Station\") and [Kamiiida Station](/wiki/Kamiiida_Station \"Kamiiida Station\") | ** | *2003*Owned by [Kamiiida Link Line](/wiki/Kamiiida_Link_Line \"Kamiiida Link Line\") between [Ajima Station](/wiki/Ajima_Station \"Ajima Station\") and [Kamiiida Station](/wiki/Kamiiida_Station \"Kamiiida Station\") | – |\n| Line 7 | [Kamiiida Line](/wiki/Kamiiida_Line \"Kamiiida Line\") | | to | 2Including [Kamiiida Station](/wiki/Kamiiida_Station \"Kamiiida Station\") | | 2003Owned by [Kamiiida Link Line](/wiki/Kamiiida_Link_Line \"Kamiiida Link Line\") between [Kamiiida Station](/wiki/Kamiiida_Station \"Kamiiida Station\") and [Heian\\-dori Station](/wiki/Heian-dori_Station \"Heian-dori Station\") | – |\n| **Total (Subway only – not incl. *trackage rights* portions):** | | | | | | **87** | **** | | | | | |\n\n",
"### Notes\n\n[Platform of Nagoyajo Station\\|thumb](/wiki/File:Platform_Shiyakusho_Station_%28Nagoya-Japan%29.jpg \"Platform Shiyakusho Station (Nagoya-Japan).jpg\")\n[Entrance to Nagoyajo Station\\|thumb](/wiki/File:Shiyakusho_Station_1060.JPG \"Shiyakusho Station 1060.JPG\")\n[Ticket gates (also referred to as \"[wickets](/wiki/Wicket \"Wicket\")\" on city signage)\\|thumb](/wiki/File:Ticket_gates_Shiyakusho_Station_%28Nagoya-Japan%29.jpg \"Ticket gates Shiyakusho Station (Nagoya-Japan).jpg\")\n[Ticket vending machines\\|thumb](/wiki/File:Ticket_vending_machines_Shiyakusho_Station_%28Nagoya-Japan%29.JPG \"Ticket vending machines Shiyakusho Station (Nagoya-Japan).JPG\")\n\n",
"Connecting services\n-------------------\n\n### JR Central\n\n* **[Tōkaidō Shinkansen](/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Shinkansen \"Tōkaidō Shinkansen\")**: at [Nagoya](/wiki/Nagoya_Station \"Nagoya Station\")\n\n(for Shin\\-Yokohama, Tokyo, Kyoto, and Shin\\-Osaka)\n* **[Tōkaidō Main Line](/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Main_Line \"Tōkaidō Main Line\")**: at Nagoya and [Kanayama](/wiki/Kanayama_Station_%28Aichi%29 \"Kanayama Station (Aichi)\")\n\n(for Gifu, Ōgaki, Obu, Kariya, Okazaki, Toyohashi, and Hamamatsu)\n* **[Chūō Main Line](/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Main_Line \"Chūō Main Line\")**: at Nagoya, Kanayama, Tsurumai, Chikusa, and Ōzone\n\n(for Kozoji (transfer to former [Expo Site](/wiki/Expo_2005 \"Expo 2005\")), Tajimi, and Nakatsugawa)\n* **[Kansai Main Line](/wiki/Kansai_Main_Line \"Kansai Main Line\")**: at Nagoya and Hatta\n\n(for Yokkaichi, Tsu and Kameyama)\n* **[Takayama Main Line](/wiki/Takayama_Main_Line \"Takayama Main Line\")**: at Nagoya\n\n(Limited Express only, for Gero and Takayama)\n### Meitetsu (Nagoya Railroad)\n\n* **[Meitetsu Nagoya Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Nagoya_Line \"Meitetsu Nagoya Line\")**: at Nagoya and Kanayama\n\n(for Meitetsu Gifu, Chiryu, Hekinan, Nishio, Higashi Okazaki, Toyohashi, and Toyokawa Inari)\n* **[Meitetsu Tokoname Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Tokoname_Line \"Meitetsu Tokoname Line\")**: at Nagoya and Kanayama\n\n(for Otagawa, Chita Handa, Kowa, Utsumi, Tokoname, and Central Japan Int'l Airport)\n* **[Meitetsu Inuyama Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Inuyama_Line \"Meitetsu Inuyama Line\")**: at Nagoya, Kanayama, and Kami\\-Otai\n\n(for Iwakura, Inuyama, Mikakino and Shin Kani)\n* **[Meitetsu Tsushima Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Tsushima_Line \"Meitetsu Tsushima Line\")**: at Nagoya and Kanayama\n\n(for Tsushima, Saya and Yatomi)\n* **[Meitetsu Seto Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Seto_Line \"Meitetsu Seto Line\")**: at Sakae and Ōzone\n\n(for Owari Seto)\n* **[Meitetsu Toyota Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Toyota_Line \"Meitetsu Toyota Line\")**: at Akaike\n\n(for Toyotashi)\n### Kintetsu\n\n* **[Kintetsu](/wiki/Kintetsu_Railway \"Kintetsu Railway\") [Nagoya Line](/wiki/Nagoya_Line_%28Kintetsu%29 \"Nagoya Line (Kintetsu)\")**: at Nagoya and Hatta\n\n(for Yokkaichi, Tsu, Nakagawa, Matsusaka, Ise, Toba, and Osaka)\n### Nagoya Rinkai Rapid Transit\n\n* **[Aonami Line](/wiki/Aonami_Line \"Aonami Line\")**: at Nagoya\n\n(for Kinjo\\-Futo (Nagoya International Exhibition Hall))\n### Aichi Rapid Transit\n\n* **[Linimo](/wiki/Linimo \"Linimo\")**: at Fujigaoka\n\n(for Yakusa, Aichikyūhaku\\-kinen\\-kōen ([Expo](/wiki/Expo_2005 \"Expo 2005\") Memorial Park))\n",
"### JR Central\n\n* **[Tōkaidō Shinkansen](/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Shinkansen \"Tōkaidō Shinkansen\")**: at [Nagoya](/wiki/Nagoya_Station \"Nagoya Station\")\n\n(for Shin\\-Yokohama, Tokyo, Kyoto, and Shin\\-Osaka)\n* **[Tōkaidō Main Line](/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Main_Line \"Tōkaidō Main Line\")**: at Nagoya and [Kanayama](/wiki/Kanayama_Station_%28Aichi%29 \"Kanayama Station (Aichi)\")\n\n(for Gifu, Ōgaki, Obu, Kariya, Okazaki, Toyohashi, and Hamamatsu)\n* **[Chūō Main Line](/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Main_Line \"Chūō Main Line\")**: at Nagoya, Kanayama, Tsurumai, Chikusa, and Ōzone\n\n(for Kozoji (transfer to former [Expo Site](/wiki/Expo_2005 \"Expo 2005\")), Tajimi, and Nakatsugawa)\n* **[Kansai Main Line](/wiki/Kansai_Main_Line \"Kansai Main Line\")**: at Nagoya and Hatta\n\n(for Yokkaichi, Tsu and Kameyama)\n* **[Takayama Main Line](/wiki/Takayama_Main_Line \"Takayama Main Line\")**: at Nagoya\n\n(Limited Express only, for Gero and Takayama)\n",
"### Meitetsu (Nagoya Railroad)\n\n* **[Meitetsu Nagoya Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Nagoya_Line \"Meitetsu Nagoya Line\")**: at Nagoya and Kanayama\n\n(for Meitetsu Gifu, Chiryu, Hekinan, Nishio, Higashi Okazaki, Toyohashi, and Toyokawa Inari)\n* **[Meitetsu Tokoname Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Tokoname_Line \"Meitetsu Tokoname Line\")**: at Nagoya and Kanayama\n\n(for Otagawa, Chita Handa, Kowa, Utsumi, Tokoname, and Central Japan Int'l Airport)\n* **[Meitetsu Inuyama Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Inuyama_Line \"Meitetsu Inuyama Line\")**: at Nagoya, Kanayama, and Kami\\-Otai\n\n(for Iwakura, Inuyama, Mikakino and Shin Kani)\n* **[Meitetsu Tsushima Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Tsushima_Line \"Meitetsu Tsushima Line\")**: at Nagoya and Kanayama\n\n(for Tsushima, Saya and Yatomi)\n* **[Meitetsu Seto Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Seto_Line \"Meitetsu Seto Line\")**: at Sakae and Ōzone\n\n(for Owari Seto)\n* **[Meitetsu Toyota Line](/wiki/Meitetsu_Toyota_Line \"Meitetsu Toyota Line\")**: at Akaike\n\n(for Toyotashi)\n",
"### Kintetsu\n\n* **[Kintetsu](/wiki/Kintetsu_Railway \"Kintetsu Railway\") [Nagoya Line](/wiki/Nagoya_Line_%28Kintetsu%29 \"Nagoya Line (Kintetsu)\")**: at Nagoya and Hatta\n\n(for Yokkaichi, Tsu, Nakagawa, Matsusaka, Ise, Toba, and Osaka)\n",
"### Nagoya Rinkai Rapid Transit\n\n* **[Aonami Line](/wiki/Aonami_Line \"Aonami Line\")**: at Nagoya\n\n(for Kinjo\\-Futo (Nagoya International Exhibition Hall))\n",
"### Aichi Rapid Transit\n\n* **[Linimo](/wiki/Linimo \"Linimo\")**: at Fujigaoka\n\n(for Yakusa, Aichikyūhaku\\-kinen\\-kōen ([Expo](/wiki/Expo_2005 \"Expo 2005\") Memorial Park))\n",
"Network map\n-----------\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of metro systems](/wiki/List_of_metro_systems \"List of metro systems\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Nagoya City Transportation Bureau – English website](https://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/en/pc/OTHER/TRP0001448.htm)\n* [Nagoya City Transportation Bureau – Japanese website](https://www.kotsu.city.nagoya.jp/)\n* [Nagoya Subway at *UrbanRail.net*](http://www.urbanrail.net/as/jp/nagoya/nagoya.htm)\n\n"
]
}
|
Alexandreis
|
{
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
}
|
pm8mz9yz4b73k8w8juh9apj2ij431l4
|
2024-04-08T12:32:46Z
| 1,213,719,725 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Translations",
"Contents",
"Bibliography",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"[thumb\\|Alexandreis](/wiki/File:L%E2%80%99Alexandr%C3%A9ide_1558_page_de_titre.jpg \"L’Alexandréide 1558 page de titre.jpg\")\n\nThe ***Alexandreis*** (or ***Alexandreid***) is a medieval [Latin](/wiki/Latin_language \"Latin language\") [epic poem](/wiki/Epic_poetry \"Epic poetry\") by [Walter of Châtillon](/wiki/Walter_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon \"Walter of Châtillon\"), a 12th\\-century [French](/wiki/France \"France\") writer and [theologian](/wiki/Theology \"Theology\"). It gives an account of the life of [Alexander the Great](/wiki/Alexander_the_Great \"Alexander the Great\"), based on [Quintus Curtius Rufus](/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus \"Quintus Curtius Rufus\")' *Historia Alexandri Magni*. The poem was popular and influential in Walter's own times: according to [Henry of Ghent](/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent \"Henry of Ghent\"), it was more popular than [Virgil](/wiki/Virgil \"Virgil\")'s *[Aeneid](/wiki/Aeneid \"Aeneid\")* in thirteenth\\-century schools. Translations were made into Old Spanish (*[Libro de Alexandre](/wiki/Libro_de_Alexandre \"Libro de Alexandre\")*), Middle Dutch ([Jacob van Maerlant](/wiki/Jacob_van_Maerlant \"Jacob van Maerlant\")'s *Alexanders Geesten*) into Old Norse as the *[Alexanderssaga](/wiki/Alexanders_saga \"Alexanders saga\")*; [Matthew of Vendôme](/wiki/Matthew_of_Vend%C3%B4me \"Matthew of Vendôme\") and [Alan of Lille](/wiki/Alan_of_Lille \"Alan of Lille\") borrowed from it and [Henry of Settimello](/wiki/Henry_of_Settimello \"Henry of Settimello\") imitated it, but it is now seldom read. One line is sometimes quoted:\n\n*Incidis in Scyllam cupiens vitare Charybdim* (You run into [Scylla](/wiki/Scylla \"Scylla\"), desiring to avoid [Charybdis](/wiki/Charybdis \"Charybdis\")) (V.301\\).Some versions have *qui vult vitare....* (\"who wishes to avoid...\") instead\nVerses from the poem are quoted by the Lion and the Unicorn in [Aesop](/wiki/Aesop \"Aesop\")'s fable 110\\. \n",
"Translations\n------------\n\nIn 1996, David Townsend published an English translation of the *Alexandreis*.\n\n",
"Contents\n--------\n\n1. [Aristotle](/wiki/Aristotle \"Aristotle\") warned by Alexander his pupil; destruction of [Thebes](/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_%28Boeotia%29 \"Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)\"); description of Asia; Alexander journeys to [Ilium](/wiki/Troy \"Troy\"); account of the dream of Alexander\n2. Alexander solves the [Gordian knot](/wiki/Gordian_knot \"Gordian knot\"); illness of Alexander; the Persian army; the shield of king [Darius](/wiki/Darius_III_of_Persia \"Darius III of Persia\")\n3. Battle of the Issus; [Tyre](/wiki/Tyre%2C_Lebanon \"Tyre, Lebanon\") and [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") are taken; Alexander's journey to the [oracle of Ammon](/wiki/Oracle_of_Ammon \"Oracle of Ammon\"); death of the queen of Persia in captivity; message from the sarcophagus of the queen\n4. Alexander's dream of the goddess [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28mythology%29 \"Victoria (mythology)\")\n5. [Battle of Arbela](/wiki/Battle_of_Arbela \"Battle of Arbela\"); Alexander is victorious and enters [Babylon](/wiki/Babylon \"Babylon\")\n6. [Susa](/wiki/Susa \"Susa\") and [Persepolis](/wiki/Persepolis \"Persepolis\") are taken; the doubts of Darius\n7. Darius flees and is slain at Bessus; message from the tomb of Darius\n8. War against the Hyrcani and [Scythians](/wiki/Scythians \"Scythians\"); meeting of [Thalestris](/wiki/Thalestris \"Thalestris\") queen of the [Amazons](/wiki/Amazons \"Amazons\") with Alexander\n9. Journey of the army to [India](/wiki/India \"India\"); king Porus subdued by Alexander; description of India; weariness of the soldiers\n10. Journey to the underworld; the oath; granting of the world; death of Alexander\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n* F. J. E. Raby, *A History of Secular Latin Poetry in the Middle Ages* (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934\\. ) vol. 2 pp. 72–80\\.\n* J. Blänsdorf, *Einführung in Walther von Châtillon, Alexandreis* ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20070911073305/http://www.jblaensdorf\\-mainz.homepage.t\\-online.de/Walther\\_\\_Alexandr\\_/walther\\_\\_alexandr\\_.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20070911073305/http://www.jblaensdorf-mainz.homepage.t-online.de/Walther__Alexandr_/walther__alexandr_.html) )\n* M. Colker, \"Galteri de Castellione Alexandreis\" (Padua: In aedibus Antenoreis, 1978\\.)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* Latin text of the *Alexandreis* at the [Bibliotheca Augustana](http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost12/Gualterus/gua_al00.html)\n\n[Category:12th\\-century books in Latin](/wiki/Category:12th-century_books_in_Latin \"12th-century books in Latin\")\n[Category:Epic poems in Latin](/wiki/Category:Epic_poems_in_Latin \"Epic poems in Latin\")\n[Category:Medieval Latin poetry](/wiki/Category:Medieval_Latin_poetry \"Medieval Latin poetry\")\n[Category:Alexander Romance](/wiki/Category:Alexander_Romance \"Alexander Romance\")\n[Category:Historical poems](/wiki/Category:Historical_poems \"Historical poems\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Gan Kim Yong
|
{
"id": [
995019
],
"name": [
"Freelance Intellectual"
]
}
|
02f2vn2j18zblegmr79unfomy3ujyvi
|
2024-10-09T09:44:53Z
| 1,248,490,191 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Education",
"Career",
"Political career",
"Personal life",
"Notes",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Gan Kim Yong** (born 9 February 1959\\) is a Singaporean politician who has been serving as [Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore](/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Singapore \"Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore\") since 2024 and [Minister for Trade and Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)\") since 2021\\. A member of the governing [People's Action Party](/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party \"People's Action Party\"), he has been the [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore \"Parliament of Singapore\") (MP) representing the [Choa Chu Kang](/wiki/Choa_Chu_Kang \"Choa Chu Kang\") division of [Choa Chu Kang GRC](/wiki/Chua_Chu_Kang_Group_Representation_Constituency \"Chua Chu Kang Group Representation Constituency\") since 2011\\. \n\nPrior to entering politics, Gan worked in the [Ministry of Trade and Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)\") (MTI) and [Ministry of Home Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Home Affairs (Singapore)\") (MHA). He joined [NatSteel](/wiki/Tata_Steel%23Acquisitions \"Tata Steel#Acquisitions\") in 1989 and became the [chief executive officer](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer \"Chief executive officer\") (CEO) and [president](/wiki/President_%28corporate_title%29 \"President (corporate title)\") of NatSteel in 2005\\. Gan made his political debut in the [2001 general election](/wiki/2001_Singaporean_general_election \"2001 Singaporean general election\") as part of a five\\-member PAP team contesting in [Holland–Bukit Panjang GRC](/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Bukit_Panjang_Group_Representation_Constituency \"Holland–Bukit Panjang Group Representation Constituency\") and won by an uncontested walkover.\n\nGan previously served as [Minister for Manpower](/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)\") between 2008 and 2011, [Minister for Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Health (Singapore)\") between 2011 and 2021, Chairman of the [People's Action Party](/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party \"People's Action Party\") between 2018 and 2022 and Deputy Chairman of the [Monetary Authority of Singapore](/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore \"Monetary Authority of Singapore\") from 3 July 2023 to 14 May 2024\\. The [Monetary Authority of Singapore](/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore \"Monetary Authority of Singapore\") announced Gan as the new Chairman of MAS from 15 May 2024, the same day Wong relinquished his position as chairman and became Prime Minister, who also appointed Gan as his Deputy Prime Minister in his cabinet whilst retaining his Trade and Industry portfolio. On 12 June 2024, it was announced that Gan had become the new chairman of the Economic Development Board's International Advisory Council since 1 June 2024, taking over from Wong who previously assumed the chairmanship from July 2023 following Tharman's resignation. On 24 September 2024, it was announced that Gan would be joining the [GIC](/wiki/GIC_%28sovereign_wealth_fund%29 \"GIC (sovereign wealth fund)\") as a Director from 1 October. \n\n",
"Education\n---------\n\nGan was educated at [Catholic High School](/wiki/Catholic_High_School%2C_Singapore \"Catholic High School, Singapore\") and [National Junior College](/wiki/National_Junior_College \"National Junior College\") before he received an Overseas Merit Scholarship from the Singapore Government to study at the [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\"), where he completed a [Bachelor of Arts](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts \"Bachelor of Arts\") degree in [electrical engineering](/wiki/Electrical_engineering \"Electrical engineering\") in 1981\\.\n\nHe subsequently received a [Master of Arts](/wiki/Master_of_Arts_%28Oxford%2C_Cambridge%2C_and_Dublin%29 \"Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)\") from the University of Cambridge in 1985\\.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nGan began his career in the [Civil Service](/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Service \"Singapore Civil Service\"), working at the [Ministry of Trade and Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)\") (MTI) and [Ministry of Home Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Home Affairs (Singapore)\") (MHA). He left the Civil Service for the private sector in 1989 and joined [NatSteel](/wiki/Tata_Steel%23Acquisitions \"Tata Steel#Acquisitions\"). In 1996, he became Executive Vice President of NatSteel and CEO of NatSteel Resorts International and NatSteel Properties. In 2005, he became President and CEO of NatSteel.\n\n### Political career\n\nGan made his political debut in the [2001 general election](/wiki/2001_Singaporean_general_election \"2001 Singaporean general election\") as part of a five\\-member PAP team contesting in [Holland–Bukit Panjang GRC](/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Bukit_Panjang_Group_Representation_Constituency \"Holland–Bukit Panjang Group Representation Constituency\") and won by an uncontested walkover. Gan was subsequently elected as the Member of Parliament representing the Zhenghua ward of Holland–Bukit Panjang GRC. In 2005, he was appointed as [Minister of State for Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Education (Singapore)\") and [Minister of State for Manpower](/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)\").\n\nDuring the [2006 general election](/wiki/2006_Singapore_general_election \"2006 Singapore general election\"), Gan replaced Low Seow Chay as the PAP candidate contesting in [Chua Chu Kang SMC](/wiki/Chua_Chu_Kang_Single_Member_Constituency \"Chua Chu Kang Single Member Constituency\") and won 60\\.37% of the vote. On 1 April 2008, he was appointed as Acting [Minister for Manpower](/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)\") and later promoted to full Minister on 1 April 2009\\.\n\nDuring the [2011 general election](/wiki/2011_Singaporean_general_election \"2011 Singaporean general election\"), Gan led the five\\-member PAP team contesting in the newly\\-formed [Chua Chu Kang GRC](/wiki/Chua_Chu_Kang_Group_Representation_Constituency \"Chua Chu Kang Group Representation Constituency\") and won 61\\.20% of the vote. He continued serving as the Member of Parliament representing the Chua Chu Kang ward of Chua Chu Kang GRC. On 21 May 2011, he relinquished his portfolio as Minister for Manpower and took up a new portfolio as [Minister for Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Health (Singapore)\").\n\nDuring the [2015 general election](/wiki/2015_Singaporean_general_election \"2015 Singaporean general election\"), Gan led the four\\-member PAP team contesting in Chua Chu Kang GRC and won 76\\.89% of the vote. On 23 November 2018, Gan succeeded [Khaw Boon Wan](/wiki/Khaw_Boon_Wan \"Khaw Boon Wan\") as Chairman of the [People's Action Party](/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party \"People's Action Party\").\n\nIn February 2018, Gan was appointed by the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) to serve on the Commission on Non\\-Communicable Diseases, which aims to identify innovative ways to curb diseases that are not transmitted from person to person, such as diabetes, cancer and heart disease, and extend life expectancy.\n\nDuring the [2020 general election](/wiki/2020_Singaporean_general_election \"2020 Singaporean general election\"), Gan led the five\\-member PAP team contesting in Chua Chu Kang GRC and won about 59% of the vote. During the [COVID\\-19 pandemic in Singapore](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore \"COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore\"), Gan and [Lawrence Wong](/wiki/Lawrence_Wong \"Lawrence Wong\") were appointed co\\-chairs of a multi\\-ministerial committee set up by the government on 22 January 2020 to manage the situation. Following a [Cabinet reshuffle](/wiki/Fifth_Lee_Hsien_Loong_Cabinet \"Fifth Lee Hsien Loong Cabinet\"), on 15 May 2021, Gan became [Minister for Trade and Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)\").\n\nOn 15 May 2024, Gan was promoted to the position of [Deputy Prime Minister](/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Singapore \"Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore\") after a cabinet reshuffle. Gan also took over as Chairman of MAS on the same day, with his appointment announced by the [Monetary Authority of Singapore](/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore \"Monetary Authority of Singapore\") on 13 May 2024\\. He was also appointed as \"Acting Prime Minister in the Prime Minister's Absence\" as well as tasked with overseeing the strategy group in the Prime Minister's Office. On 12 June 2024, it was announced that Gan had become the new chairman of the Economic Development Board's International Advisory Council since 1 June 2024, taking over from Lawrence Wong who previously assumed the chairmanship following Tharman's resignation. On 24 September, it was announced that Gan would join the [GIC](/wiki/GIC_%28sovereign_wealth_fund%29 \"GIC (sovereign wealth fund)\") as a Director from 1 October.[https://www.straitstimes.com/business/dpm\\-gan\\-kim\\-yong\\-appointed\\-director\\-of\\-gic\\-board](https://www.straitstimes.com/business/dpm-gan-kim-yong-appointed-director-of-gic-board) \n\n",
"### Political career\n\nGan made his political debut in the [2001 general election](/wiki/2001_Singaporean_general_election \"2001 Singaporean general election\") as part of a five\\-member PAP team contesting in [Holland–Bukit Panjang GRC](/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Bukit_Panjang_Group_Representation_Constituency \"Holland–Bukit Panjang Group Representation Constituency\") and won by an uncontested walkover. Gan was subsequently elected as the Member of Parliament representing the Zhenghua ward of Holland–Bukit Panjang GRC. In 2005, he was appointed as [Minister of State for Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Education (Singapore)\") and [Minister of State for Manpower](/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)\").\n\nDuring the [2006 general election](/wiki/2006_Singapore_general_election \"2006 Singapore general election\"), Gan replaced Low Seow Chay as the PAP candidate contesting in [Chua Chu Kang SMC](/wiki/Chua_Chu_Kang_Single_Member_Constituency \"Chua Chu Kang Single Member Constituency\") and won 60\\.37% of the vote. On 1 April 2008, he was appointed as Acting [Minister for Manpower](/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)\") and later promoted to full Minister on 1 April 2009\\.\n\nDuring the [2011 general election](/wiki/2011_Singaporean_general_election \"2011 Singaporean general election\"), Gan led the five\\-member PAP team contesting in the newly\\-formed [Chua Chu Kang GRC](/wiki/Chua_Chu_Kang_Group_Representation_Constituency \"Chua Chu Kang Group Representation Constituency\") and won 61\\.20% of the vote. He continued serving as the Member of Parliament representing the Chua Chu Kang ward of Chua Chu Kang GRC. On 21 May 2011, he relinquished his portfolio as Minister for Manpower and took up a new portfolio as [Minister for Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Health (Singapore)\").\n\nDuring the [2015 general election](/wiki/2015_Singaporean_general_election \"2015 Singaporean general election\"), Gan led the four\\-member PAP team contesting in Chua Chu Kang GRC and won 76\\.89% of the vote. On 23 November 2018, Gan succeeded [Khaw Boon Wan](/wiki/Khaw_Boon_Wan \"Khaw Boon Wan\") as Chairman of the [People's Action Party](/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party \"People's Action Party\").\n\nIn February 2018, Gan was appointed by the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) to serve on the Commission on Non\\-Communicable Diseases, which aims to identify innovative ways to curb diseases that are not transmitted from person to person, such as diabetes, cancer and heart disease, and extend life expectancy.\n\nDuring the [2020 general election](/wiki/2020_Singaporean_general_election \"2020 Singaporean general election\"), Gan led the five\\-member PAP team contesting in Chua Chu Kang GRC and won about 59% of the vote. During the [COVID\\-19 pandemic in Singapore](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore \"COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore\"), Gan and [Lawrence Wong](/wiki/Lawrence_Wong \"Lawrence Wong\") were appointed co\\-chairs of a multi\\-ministerial committee set up by the government on 22 January 2020 to manage the situation. Following a [Cabinet reshuffle](/wiki/Fifth_Lee_Hsien_Loong_Cabinet \"Fifth Lee Hsien Loong Cabinet\"), on 15 May 2021, Gan became [Minister for Trade and Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_%28Singapore%29 \"Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)\").\n\nOn 15 May 2024, Gan was promoted to the position of [Deputy Prime Minister](/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Singapore \"Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore\") after a cabinet reshuffle. Gan also took over as Chairman of MAS on the same day, with his appointment announced by the [Monetary Authority of Singapore](/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore \"Monetary Authority of Singapore\") on 13 May 2024\\. He was also appointed as \"Acting Prime Minister in the Prime Minister's Absence\" as well as tasked with overseeing the strategy group in the Prime Minister's Office. On 12 June 2024, it was announced that Gan had become the new chairman of the Economic Development Board's International Advisory Council since 1 June 2024, taking over from Lawrence Wong who previously assumed the chairmanship following Tharman's resignation. On 24 September, it was announced that Gan would join the [GIC](/wiki/GIC_%28sovereign_wealth_fund%29 \"GIC (sovereign wealth fund)\") as a Director from 1 October.[https://www.straitstimes.com/business/dpm\\-gan\\-kim\\-yong\\-appointed\\-director\\-of\\-gic\\-board](https://www.straitstimes.com/business/dpm-gan-kim-yong-appointed-director-of-gic-board) \n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nGan is married to Esther Gan with two daughters. A [Christian](/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore \"Christianity in Singapore\"), he adheres to [Presbyterianism](/wiki/Presbyterianism \"Presbyterianism\"), and is an elder at the Chen Li Presbyterian Church.\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Gan Kim Yong](https://www.pmo.gov.sg/cabinet/Mr-GAN-Kim-Yong) on Prime Minister's Office\n* [Gan Kim Yong](https://www.parliament.gov.sg/mps/list-of-current-mps/mp/details/gan-kim-yong) on [Parliament of Singapore](/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore \"Parliament of Singapore\")\n\n[Category:Members of the Cabinet of Singapore](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Cabinet_of_Singapore \"Members of the Cabinet of Singapore\")\n[Category:Members of the Parliament of Singapore](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Parliament_of_Singapore \"Members of the Parliament of Singapore\")\n[Category:People's Action Party politicians](/wiki/Category:People%27s_Action_Party_politicians \"People's Action Party politicians\")\n[Category:Singaporean people of Hokkien descent](/wiki/Category:Singaporean_people_of_Hokkien_descent \"Singaporean people of Hokkien descent\")\n[Category:Singaporean Presbyterians](/wiki/Category:Singaporean_Presbyterians \"Singaporean Presbyterians\")\n[Category:National Junior College alumni](/wiki/Category:National_Junior_College_alumni \"National Junior College alumni\")\n[Category:Catholic High School, Singapore alumni](/wiki/Category:Catholic_High_School%2C_Singapore_alumni \"Catholic High School, Singapore alumni\")\n[Category:1959 births](/wiki/Category:1959_births \"1959 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Ministers for manpower of Singapore](/wiki/Category:Ministers_for_manpower_of_Singapore \"Ministers for manpower of Singapore\")\n[Category:Ministers for health of Singapore](/wiki/Category:Ministers_for_health_of_Singapore \"Ministers for health of Singapore\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Wandsworth Road
|
{
"id": [
7044616
],
"name": [
"5 albert square"
]
}
|
4zve64kq396c1jvskm7t535v6x4phuq
|
2015-10-25T22:01:54Z
| 412,737,728 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Wandsworth Road"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Wandsworth Road** may refer to:\n\n* Part of the [A3036 road](/wiki/A3036_road \"A3036 road\")\n* [Wandsworth Road railway station](/wiki/Wandsworth_Road_railway_station \"Wandsworth Road railway station\"), a National Rail station in Clapham, South London served by London Overground services from Clapham Junction to Highbury \\& Islington, with a limited service to Battersea Park and a very limited Southeastern services to London Victoria and Bromley South\n\n"
]
}
|
DarwiinRemote
|
{
"id": [
27015025
],
"name": [
"InternetArchiveBot"
]
}
|
6taaykpw8cbpqxq47fu9m45lxhwtp2u
|
2024-04-28T03:42:12Z
| 1,173,373,467 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Usage",
"Button mapping",
"Reception",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**DarwiinRemote** is an application for [Mac OS X v10\\.4](/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.4 \"Mac OS X v10.4\") or above which allows [Wii Remote](/wiki/Wii_Remote \"Wii Remote\") to fully control applications on a [Mac](/wiki/Macintosh \"Macintosh\"). The software includes a desktop application and a developers' [framework](/wiki/Application_framework \"Application framework\"), allowing for additional functionality. To use the software, the computer must have [Bluetooth](/wiki/Bluetooth \"Bluetooth\") enabled.\n\n",
"Usage\n-----\n\nDarwiinRemote employs most of the features of the [Wii Remote](/wiki/Wii_Remote \"Wii Remote\"). All three [accelerometers](/wiki/Accelerometers \"Accelerometers\") feed information to the Mac. All of the buttons on the Wii Remote, including the [Nunchuk](/wiki/Wii_Remote%23Nunchuk \"Wii Remote#Nunchuk\") and classic controller attachments, can be used, and the control stick position can be displayed, but it is not possible to use the control stick to control anything. The rumble features and [LEDs](/wiki/LED \"LED\") are fully programmable. In addition, DarwiinRemote can accept the [infrared](/wiki/Infrared \"Infrared\") signals from the [Wii](/wiki/Wii \"Wii\") [Sensor Bar](/wiki/Wii_Remote%23Sensing \"Wii Remote#Sensing\"). However, to use this feature, the bar must be plugged into a powered socket on a [Wii](/wiki/Wii \"Wii\") console, or it must be a battery\\-powered model. One can also, however, use a string of infrared LEDs or a single IR LED from a remote control instead of a sensor bar.\n\n",
"Button mapping\n--------------\n\nBy editing the [source code](/wiki/Source_code \"Source code\") or customizing the application's preferences, the buttons on the remote can emulate any key combination on the Mac. By default, the Remote's buttons correspond with the following keys:\n\n| Wii Remote | Key Mapping |\n\n| A | Left\\-Click |\n| B | Return (Enter) |\n| Up | Up Key |\n| Down | Down Key |\n| Left | Left Key |\n| Right | Right Key |\n| Plus | Command \\+ Right |\n| Minus | Command \\+ Left |\n| Home | Command \\+ Esc |\n| One | Mouse Mode ON/OFF (Motion Sensor Mode) |\n| Two | Mouse Mode ON/OFF (IR Sensor) |\n|\n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\nDarwiinRemote has been used in some academic research on [cognition](/wiki/Cognition \"Cognition\") and [human–computer interaction](/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction \"Human–computer interaction\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Macintosh\\-only software](/wiki/Category:Macintosh-only_software \"Macintosh-only software\")\n[Category:Wii controllers](/wiki/Category:Wii_controllers \"Wii controllers\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Nine Guide
|
{
"id": [
27738727
],
"name": [
"Rfl0216"
]
}
|
dcxc3gfnz534ul3t7gkr6cvjqmz8ql0
|
2024-01-06T16:02:19Z
| 1,193,910,493 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Features",
"Live Preview",
"Advertising",
"Identity",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Nine Guide** was a television [datacast](/wiki/Datacasting \"Datacasting\") channel provided by the [Nine Network](/wiki/Nine_Network \"Nine Network\") to digital television viewers in Australia. It began broadcasting on 21 August 2001, in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") broadcasting 24 hours a day. The channel expanded to fellow Nine Network stations in Melbourne and Brisbane in 2002\\. The Guide was modified for state\\-based programming and program promotions.\n\nThe Nine Guide was shut down on Thursday, 13 November 2008, replaced by a full\\-screen simulcast of Channel Nine in preparation for the launch of multichannel [GO!](/wiki/9Go%21 \"9Go!\").\n\n",
"Features\n--------\n\nThe Nine Guide featured a television guide for programming on [Channel Nine](/wiki/Nine_Network \"Nine Network\") for the following twelve hours, including information on the availability of native high\\-definition, ratings classification and availability of closed captions. Realtime weather information was also available for select Australian and New Zealand cities as well as realtime date and time information.\n\n### Live Preview\n\nA live [16:9](/wiki/16:9 \"9\") video preview of Channel Nine was available on the top left of the screen. The live video preview was also accompanied by 'Now on' and 'Coming Up' program information to the left of the live video preview.\n\n### Advertising\n\nThe Nine Guide advertised new and prime time television programs from Channel Nine via a small billboard loop on the bottom left. The advertising contained program information including the program title and Channel Nine broadcast time. The times were modified for local markets where the times differed from the network schedule.\n\n",
"### Live Preview\n\nA live [16:9](/wiki/16:9 \"9\") video preview of Channel Nine was available on the top left of the screen. The live video preview was also accompanied by 'Now on' and 'Coming Up' program information to the left of the live video preview.\n\n",
"### Advertising\n\nThe Nine Guide advertised new and prime time television programs from Channel Nine via a small billboard loop on the bottom left. The advertising contained program information including the program title and Channel Nine broadcast time. The times were modified for local markets where the times differed from the network schedule.\n\n",
"Identity\n--------\n\nThe Nine Guide's onair look has been changed several times since its launch in August 2001\\. The channel initially had a blue colour scheme with white text, and a smaller [16:9](/wiki/16:9 \"9\") preview of Channel Nine.\n\nA few years later, the Nine Guide had a revamp of its on\\-air presentation. The design had a daily colour scheme, alternating every twenty\\-four hours. The channel featured a similar sized 16:9 ratio preview of Channel Nine, and a [National Nine News](/wiki/National_Nine_News \"National Nine News\") and weather slide at the top. On 30 January 2006 coinciding with the relaunch of Channel Nine's new logo and revamp on its on\\-air identity, the guide revamped with a new look and a larger 16:9 ratio preview of Channel Nine.\n\nThe Nine Guide then relaunched with a revamp again on 21 January 2007 coinciding with the revamp of Channel Nine's branding of its on\\-air identity. The guide now featured a similar sized [16:9](/wiki/16:9 \"9\") ratio preview of Channel Nine.\n\nThe previous on\\-air identity of the Nine Guide launched on 1 December 2007 along with the new slogan: . The guide featured a similar sized [16:9](/wiki/16:9 \"9\") ratio preview of Channel Nine.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Seven Guide](/wiki/Seven_Guide \"Seven Guide\")\n* [Ten Guide](/wiki/Ten_Guide \"Ten Guide\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Nine Network](/wiki/Category:Nine_Network \"Nine Network\")\n[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2001](/wiki/Category:Television_channels_and_stations_established_in_2001 \"Television channels and stations established in 2001\")\n[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2008](/wiki/Category:Television_channels_and_stations_disestablished_in_2008 \"Television channels and stations disestablished in 2008\")\n[Category:English\\-language television stations in Australia](/wiki/Category:English-language_television_stations_in_Australia \"English-language television stations in Australia\")\n[Category:Digital terrestrial television in Australia](/wiki/Category:Digital_terrestrial_television_in_Australia \"Digital terrestrial television in Australia\")\n[Category:Defunct television channels in Australia](/wiki/Category:Defunct_television_channels_in_Australia \"Defunct television channels in Australia\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Firefly (2005 film)
|
{
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
}
|
minfekjs54kdtsi8m47yfq72vowo3gh
|
2024-08-30T13:00:01Z
| 1,235,942,164 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot outline",
"Cast",
"Film festivals",
"Awards",
"Origin and alternative drafts",
"Reviews",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n",
"Plot outline\n------------\n\nDel ([Chris Marcy](/wiki/Chris_Marcy \"Chris Marcy\")) woke up in his truck, hung\\-over and covered with dirt. Brandt (Pete Marcy) was found floating in a river. Susan ([Lindsay Hinman](/wiki/Lindsay_Hinman \"Lindsay Hinman\")) was rushed to the hospital, bloody and cold. Bad things happened on Halloween night. Now, a week before Christmas, Del is having nightmares, Brandt is losing confidence in his relationship, and Susan's memory of her assault is met with pity and doubt. There is also a strange bald man, whose unexplained clairvoyance leads him to those in need. The answers will come on Christmas Eve.\n\n",
"Cast\n----\n\n* Lindsay Marcy as Susan (as Lindsay Hinman)\n* Peter Marcy as Brandt\n* Chris Marcy as Del\n* Devon Jorlett as Arnie\n* Sara Persons as Rachel\n* Joe Marcy as Joe\n* Adam Anderson as Scott\n* Brent Augustinack as Ear Bandage\n* Andy Reeves as Casey\n* Will Davis as Will\n* Skip Reeves as Otto Maki\n* Delta Shelby as Nicki\n* Josh Hodney as Barry\n* David Greene as Greenbriar Resident\n",
"Film festivals\n--------------\n\n* 2005\n\t+ [CineVegas Film Festival](/wiki/CineVegas_Film_Festival \"CineVegas Film Festival\") (Las Vegas, World Premiere)\n* 2006\n\t+ [Bluegrass Film Festival](/wiki/Bluegrass_Film_Festival \"Bluegrass Film Festival\") (Kentucky)\n\t+ [Kansas International Film Festival](/wiki/Kansas_International_Film_Festival \"Kansas International Film Festival\") (Kansas City)\n\t+ [Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival](/wiki/Sidewalk_Moving_Picture_Festival \"Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival\") (Birmingham)\n\t+ [Fantastic Fest](/wiki/Fantastic_Fest \"Fantastic Fest\") (Austin)\n\t+ [Shriekfest](/wiki/Shriekfest \"Shriekfest\") (L.A.)\n\t+ [International Horror and Sci\\-Fi Film Festival](/wiki/International_Horror_and_Sci-Fi_Film_Festival \"International Horror and Sci-Fi Film Festival\") (Phoenix)\n* 2007\n\t+ [Amsterdam Fantastic Film Festival](/wiki/Amsterdam_Fantastic_Film_Festival \"Amsterdam Fantastic Film Festival\") (Amsterdam, International Premiere)\n\t+ [Minneapolis\\-Saint Paul International Film Festival](/wiki/Minneapolis-Saint_Paul_International_Film_Festival \"Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Film Festival\") (Minneapolis)\n",
"Awards\n------\n\n* \"Audience Award\" (third place), [Fantastic Fest](/wiki/Fantastic_Fest \"Fantastic Fest\")\n* \"Best Writing\", [Bluegrass Film Festival](/wiki/Bluegrass_Film_Festival \"Bluegrass Film Festival\")\n* \"Best Sci\\-Fi Feature\", [International Horror and Sci\\-Fi Film Festival](/wiki/International_Horror_and_Sci-Fi_Film_Festival \"International Horror and Sci-Fi Film Festival\")\n* \"Best Director\", [International Horror and Sci\\-Fi Film Festival](/wiki/International_Horror_and_Sci-Fi_Film_Festival \"International Horror and Sci-Fi Film Festival\")\n",
"Origin and alternative drafts\n-----------------------------\n\n*Firefly* was co\\-written and directed by Pete Marcy. Originally conceived in 2000, *Firefly* was written backwards, with the ending giving way to the intricate build\\-up preceding it; once the skeleton of the story was in place, Marcy's brother Chris joined him in writing the rest of the script, filling out dialogue and characters. Originally, the ending was to take place in a warehouse, with a struggle over a knife and a fatal gunshot, but Pete and Chris, along with the rest of the crew, thought that was \"stupid\".\n\n*Firefly* began filming in November 2002 and finished post\\-production in June 2005, running 115 minutes. An alternative, final cut was finished in Spring 2006, running 104 minutes. Among the scenes cut out was one with the director's mother.\n\n",
"Reviews\n-------\n\nThe film was reviewed in *[Las Vegas Weekly](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Weekly \"Las Vegas Weekly\")*, *[Popmatters](/wiki/Popmatters \"Popmatters\")*, *[Dread Central](/wiki/Dread_Central \"Dread Central\")*, and by Eric D. Snider.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:American independent films](/wiki/Category:American_independent_films \"American independent films\")\n[Category:2005 films](/wiki/Category:2005_films \"2005 films\")\n[Category:2000s American films](/wiki/Category:2000s_American_films \"2000s American films\")\n[Category:American science fiction films](/wiki/Category:American_science_fiction_films \"American science fiction films\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Laura Fogli
|
{
"id": [
332841
],
"name": [
"Tony1"
]
}
|
kncsnplsmqnauzc1sbm0ks62b717j9m
|
2024-09-29T04:28:26Z
| 1,238,478,338 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"Progression",
"Achievements",
"National titles",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - \n\n**Laura Fogli** (born 5 October 1959\\) is an Italian former long\\-distance runner who specialized in the [marathon race](/wiki/Marathon_race \"Marathon race\"). She finished ninth at the [1984 Los Angeles Olympics](/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics \"1984 Summer Olympics\") and sixth at the [1988 Seoul Olympics](/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics \"1988 Summer Olympics\"). She also won silver medals at the [European Championships](/wiki/European_Athletics_Championships \"European Athletics Championships\") in 1982 and 1986, and finished second in the [New York City Marathon](/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon \"New York City Marathon\") in 1983 and 1988\\. Her marathon victories include [Rome](/wiki/Rome_Marathon \"Rome Marathon\") (1982\\) and [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Marathon \"Pittsburgh Marathon\") (1986\\).\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nBorn in [Comacchio](/wiki/Comacchio \"Comacchio\"), Foglio won the inaugural edition of the [Rome City Marathon](/wiki/Rome_City_Marathon \"Rome City Marathon\") in 1982\\.[Città di Roma Marathon](https://www.arrs.run/HP_RomMa.htm). [Association of Road Racing Statisticians](/wiki/Association_of_Road_Racing_Statisticians \"Association of Road Racing Statisticians\") (27 March 2009\\). Retrieved on 2010\\-01\\-31\\. From 1981 to 1989 she finished in the top four in eight out of nine New York City Marathons, the exception being 1987 when she did not compete.\n\nShe is married with Giuseppe Rossetti, who was also her coach. She is the coach of the Italian singer [Gianni Morandi](/wiki/Gianni_Morandi \"Gianni Morandi\") who often takes part in marathons.\n\n",
"Progression\n-----------\n\nMarathon\nFogil finished eight times in the *top 25* world list.\n\n| Year | Performance | World Rank | Venue | Date |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1981 | 2\\.34\\.48 | 13 | New York City | 25 October |\n| 1982 | 2\\.33\\.01 | 8 | New York City | 24 October |\n| 1983 | 2\\.31\\.49 | 14 | New York City | 23 October |\n| 1984 | 2\\.29\\.28 | 11 | Los Angeles | 5 August |\n| 1985 | 2\\.31\\.36 | 15 | New York City | 27 October |\n| 1986 | 2\\.29\\.44 | 9 | New York City | 2 November |\n\n 1988 | **2\\.27\\.49** | 8 | [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul \"Seoul\") | 23 September || 1989 | 2\\.28\\.43 | 9 | New York City | 5 November |\n\n",
"Achievements\n------------\n\n* All results regarding marathon, unless stated otherwise\n\n| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Performance | Note |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1981 |[New York City Marathon](/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon \"New York City Marathon\")\n\n New York, United States\n\n 4th |\n 2:34:47 | |\n|1982\n\n[Rome City Marathon](/wiki/Rome_City_Marathon \"Rome City Marathon\")\n\n [Rome, Italy](/wiki/Rome%2C_Italy \"Rome, Italy\")\n\n 1st\n\n 2:31:08 | |\n|[European Championships](/wiki/1982_European_Championships_in_Athletics \"1982 European Championships in Athletics\")\n\n [Athens, Greece](/wiki/Athens%2C_Greece \"Athens, Greece\")\n\n 2nd\n\n [2:36:28](/wiki/1982_European_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_Marathon \"1982 European Championships in Athletics – Women's Marathon\") | |\n|[New York City Marathon](/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon \"New York City Marathon\")\n\n New York, United States\n\n 4th |\n 2:33:01 | |\n|1983\n\n[World Championships](/wiki/1983_World_Championships_in_Athletics \"1983 World Championships in Athletics\")\n\n [Helsinki, Finland](/wiki/Helsinki%2C_Finland \"Helsinki, Finland\")\n\n 6th |\n 2:33:31 | |\n|[New York City Marathon](/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon \"New York City Marathon\")\n\n New York, United States\n\n 2nd\n\n 2:31:49 | |\n|1984\n\n[Stramilano Half Marathon](/wiki/Stramilano \"Stramilano\")\n\n [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\"), Italy\n\n 1st\n\n 1:14:10 | Half marathon |\n|[Olympic Games](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics \"Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics\")\n\n Los Angeles, United States\n\n 9th |\n [2:29:28](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_-_Women%27s_Marathon \"Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics - Women's Marathon\") | |\n|[New York City Marathon](/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon \"New York City Marathon\")\n\n New York, United States\n\n 3rd\n\n 2:37:25 | |\n| 1985 |[New York City Marathon](/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon \"New York City Marathon\")\n\n New York, United States\n\n 3rd\n\n 2:31:36 | |\n|1986\n\n[Pittsburgh Marathon](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Marathon \"Pittsburgh Marathon\")\n\n [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh \"Pittsburgh\"), United States\n\n 1st\n\n 2:37:04 | |\n|[European Championships](/wiki/1986_European_Championships_in_Athletics \"1986 European Championships in Athletics\")\n\n [Stuttgart](/wiki/Stuttgart \"Stuttgart\"), West Germany\n\n 2nd\n\n [2:32:52](/wiki/1986_European_Championships_in_Athletics_-_Women%27s_Marathon \"1986 European Championships in Athletics - Women's Marathon\") | |\n|[New York City Marathon](/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon \"New York City Marathon\")\n\n [New York City, United States](/wiki/New_York_City%2C_United_States \"New York City, United States\")\n\n 3rd\n\n 2:29:44 | |\n|1988\n\n[Olympic Games](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics \"Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics\")\n\n [Seoul, South Korea](/wiki/Seoul%2C_South_Korea \"Seoul, South Korea\")\n\n 6th |\n [2:27:49](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_-_Women%27s_Marathon \"Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics - Women's Marathon\") | |\n|[New York City Marathon](/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon \"New York City Marathon\")\n\n New York, United States\n\n 2nd\n\n 2:31:26 | |\n| 1989 |[New York City Marathon](/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon \"New York City Marathon\")\n\n New York, United States\n\n 3rd\n\n 2:28:43 | |\n| 1990 |[Venice Marathon](/wiki/Venice_Marathon \"Venice Marathon\")\n\n [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\"), Italy\n\n 1st\n\n 2:38:34 | |\n| 1991 |[World Championships](/wiki/1991_World_Championships_in_Athletics \"1991 World Championships in Athletics\")\n\n Tokyo, Japan\n\n — |\n [DNF](/wiki/1991_World_Championships_in_Athletics_-_Women%27s_Marathon \"1991 World Championships in Athletics - Women's Marathon\") | |\n| 1993 |[New York City Marathon](/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon \"New York City Marathon\")\n\n New York, United States\n\n 14th |\n 2:47:45 | |\n|1994\n\n[Turin Marathon](/wiki/Turin_Marathon \"Turin Marathon\")\n\n [Turin, Italy](/wiki/Turin%2C_Italy \"Turin, Italy\")\n\n 1st\n\n 2:31:45 | |\n|[European Championships](/wiki/1994_European_Athletics_Championships \"1994 European Athletics Championships\")\n\n [Helsinki, Finland](/wiki/Helsinki%2C_Finland \"Helsinki, Finland\")\n\n — |\n [DNF](/wiki/1994_European_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_Marathon \"1994 European Championships in Athletics – Women's Marathon\") | |\n| 1997 |[World Championships](/wiki/1997_World_Championships_in_Athletics \"1997 World Championships in Athletics\")\n\n [Athens, Greece](/wiki/Athens%2C_Greece \"Athens, Greece\")\n\n 24th |\n [2:43:28](/wiki/1997_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_Marathon \"1997 World Championships in Athletics – Women's Marathon\") | |\n",
"National titles\n---------------\n\nLaura Fogli has won two times the individual [national championship](/wiki/Italian_Athletics_Championships \"Italian Athletics Championships\").\n* **2 wins** in [half marathon](/wiki/Half_marathon \"Half marathon\") (1980, 1982\\)\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Italian all\\-time lists – Marathon](/wiki/Athletics_in_Italy%23Marathon \"Athletics in Italy#Marathon\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1959 births](/wiki/Category:1959_births \"1959 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Italian female long\\-distance runners](/wiki/Category:Italian_female_long-distance_runners \"Italian female long-distance runners\")\n[Category:Italian female marathon runners](/wiki/Category:Italian_female_marathon_runners \"Italian female marathon runners\")\n[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Athletes_%28track_and_field%29_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics \"Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Athletes_%28track_and_field%29_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics \"Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Olympic athletes for Italy](/wiki/Category:Olympic_athletes_for_Italy \"Olympic athletes for Italy\")\n[Category:European Athletics Championships medalists](/wiki/Category:European_Athletics_Championships_medalists \"European Athletics Championships medalists\")\n[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for Italy](/wiki/Category:World_Athletics_Championships_athletes_for_Italy \"World Athletics Championships athletes for Italy\")\n[Category:People from Comacchio](/wiki/Category:People_from_Comacchio \"People from Comacchio\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from the Province of Ferrara](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_the_Province_of_Ferrara \"Sportspeople from the Province of Ferrara\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Italian women](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Italian_women \"20th-century Italian women\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Italian sportswomen](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Italian_sportswomen \"20th-century Italian sportswomen\")\n[Category:Italian Athletics Championships winners](/wiki/Category:Italian_Athletics_Championships_winners \"Italian Athletics Championships winners\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Swimmer One
|
{
"id": [
589223
],
"name": [
"GoodDay"
]
}
|
drgotw4ebg8okkqvmh7rq08qxficl0c
|
2024-03-29T03:32:06Z
| 1,112,449,819 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Discography",
"Albums",
"Singles",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Swimmer One** is a Scottish band founded in 2002 by Hamish Brown and Andrew Eaton. Laura Cameron Lewis joined the line\\-up in 2007\\.\n\nSwimmer One's music has been categorised as [indie](/wiki/Indie_%28music%29 \"Indie (music)\"), [pop music](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\") and [indietronica](/wiki/Indietronica \"Indietronica\") and variously been compared to The [Associates](/wiki/Associates_%28band%29 \"Associates (band)\"), [Pulp](/wiki/Pulp_%28band%29 \"Pulp (band)\"), [Pet Shop Boys](/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys \"Pet Shop Boys\") and [Belle \\& Sebastian](/wiki/Belle_%26_Sebastian \"Belle & Sebastian\").\n\nIn September 2007 Swimmer One released their first album, *The Regional Variations*, on their own label, Biphonic Records. Their second album, *Dead Orchestras*, was released on 31 May 2010\\. They have also released four singles: \"We Just Make Music For Ourselves\", \"Come On, Let's Go!\" and \"The Balance Company\", all on Biphonic Records, and \"Largs Hum\" on London's Dogbox Records.\n\nIn 2006, Swimmer One collaborated with Edinburgh\\-based theatre group Highway Diner on a show entitled *We Just Make Music For Ourselves* which was performed in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"), [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\") and [Biella](/wiki/Biella \"Biella\"), Italy.\n\nIn 2012, Swimmer One worked with theatre director Cora Bissett and playwright David Greig to create *Whatever Gets You Through The Night*, a live show, film, book and album featuring new night\\-time inspired work by over 20 Scottish musicians and writers. The live show ran for a week at the Arches in Glasgow in June 2012, and was later revived as part of the Made in Scotland showcase at the 2013 Edinburgh Festival Fringe.\n\nFilm\\-maker Daniel Warren has made several films featuring Swimmer One's music which have been screened at film festivals worldwide including the [Edinburgh Film Festival](/wiki/Edinburgh_Film_Festival \"Edinburgh Film Festival\") and [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival \"Cannes Film Festival\"), and also collaborated with the band on Whatever Gets You Through The Night. Hamish and Daniel also worked together on the film Public Private, commissioned by [Scottish Ballet](/wiki/Scottish_Ballet \"Scottish Ballet\") and the [National Galleries of Scotland](/wiki/National_Galleries_of_Scotland \"National Galleries of Scotland\"), and directed by Daniel with a musical score by Hamish. Laura and Andrew have also worked together outside of Swimmer One, creating two theatre shows for [The Arches](/wiki/The_Arches_%28Glasgow%29 \"The Arches (Glasgow)\") in Glasgow.\n\nThe song \"But My Heart Is Broken\" from Swimmer One's album *The Regional Variations* featured in the 2009 film, *[Spread](/wiki/Spread_%28film%29 \"Spread (film)\")*, starring [Ashton Kutcher](/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher \"Ashton Kutcher\") and [Anne Heche](/wiki/Anne_Heche \"Anne Heche\") and directed by [David Mackenzie](/wiki/David_Mackenzie_%28director%29 \"David Mackenzie (director)\").\n\n",
"Discography\n-----------\n\n### Albums\n\n* *The Regional Variations* – 2007\n* *Dead Orchestras* – 2010\n\n### Singles\n\n* \"We Just Make Music For Ourselves\" – 2002\n* \"Come On, Let's Go!\" – 2003\n* \"Largs Hum\" – 2005 (digital single on Dogbox Records)\n* \"The Balance Company\" – 2008\n",
"### Albums\n\n* *The Regional Variations* – 2007\n* *Dead Orchestras* – 2010\n",
"### Singles\n\n* \"We Just Make Music For Ourselves\" – 2002\n* \"Come On, Let's Go!\" – 2003\n* \"Largs Hum\" – 2005 (digital single on Dogbox Records)\n* \"The Balance Company\" – 2008\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official site](http://www.swimmerone.co.uk/)\n* [2008 interview in UK newspaper The Independent](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/music-magazine/music-magazine-features/swimmer-one-the-band-bringing-philosophy-to-the-dancefloor-771807.html/)\n* [2007 interview at UK blog 17 Seconds](http://www17seconds.blogspot.com/2007/07/interview-swimmer-one.html/)\n* [Drowned in Sound review of debut album](http://drownedinsound.com/releases/11352/reviews/2418535-/) \n* [Review of debut album in The List magazine](http://www.list.co.uk/article/4671-swimmer-one/)\n* [article in The Skinny about Whatever Gets You Through The Night](http://www.theskinny.co.uk/latest/302006-whatever_gets_you_through_night_black_magic/)\n\n[Category:Scottish rock music groups](/wiki/Category:Scottish_rock_music_groups \"Scottish rock music groups\")\n[Category:Scottish indie rock groups](/wiki/Category:Scottish_indie_rock_groups \"Scottish indie rock groups\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Decadence (band)
|
{
"id": [
36112485
],
"name": [
"Sc2353"
]
}
|
olx85r9194q7kvtf2np4icducgr2iij
|
2023-10-14T01:58:37Z
| 1,180,032,830 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Members",
"Discography",
"Contributed tracks to",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n",
"Members\n-------\n\n**Current**\n* 'Metallic' Kitty Saric – [vocals](/wiki/Vocals \"Vocals\")\n* Kenneth Lantz – [guitar](/wiki/Guitar \"Guitar\")\n**Past**\n* Christian Lindholm \\- [guitar](/wiki/Guitar \"Guitar\")\n* Joakim Antman – [bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\")\n* Erik Röjås – [drums](/wiki/Drum_kit \"Drum kit\")\n* Niklas Skogqvist \\- [guitar](/wiki/Guitar \"Guitar\")\n* Simon Galle \\- [guitar](/wiki/Guitar \"Guitar\")\n\n",
"Discography\n-----------\n\n* *Land of Despair* (Demo, 2004\\)\n* *Decadence* (2005\\)\n* *The Creature* (2005\\)\n* *3rd Stage of Decay*, 1st edition (limited\\-2006\\), 2nd edition (Japanese\\-2007\\) and 3rd edition (worldwide\\-2008\\)\n* *Chargepoint* (2009\\)\n* *Undergrounder* (2017\\)\n* *Six Tape* (2019\\)\n\n### Contributed tracks to\n\n* *Thrashing Like a Maniac* (Compilation, 2007\\)\n* *Melody and Malice* (Compilation, 2011\\)\n* *Global Compilation Album vol 15* (Compilation, 2018\\)\n",
"### Contributed tracks to\n\n* *Thrashing Like a Maniac* (Compilation, 2007\\)\n* *Melody and Malice* (Compilation, 2011\\)\n* *Global Compilation Album vol 15* (Compilation, 2018\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website](http://www.decadence.se/)\n\n[Category:Swedish death metal musical groups](/wiki/Category:Swedish_death_metal_musical_groups \"Swedish death metal musical groups\")\n[Category:Swedish musical quartets](/wiki/Category:Swedish_musical_quartets \"Swedish musical quartets\")\n[Category:Swedish thrash metal musical groups](/wiki/Category:Swedish_thrash_metal_musical_groups \"Swedish thrash metal musical groups\")\n[Category:Musical groups established in 2003](/wiki/Category:Musical_groups_established_in_2003 \"Musical groups established in 2003\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Assiniboine Park Zoo
|
{
"id": [
48599326
],
"name": [
"FollowerOfAzathoth"
]
}
|
rwslbf5wg5kdgmu8bzxj9f719se2v40
|
2024-10-16T12:49:40Z
| 1,250,608,105 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Early years",
"1960s–1990s",
"2000s",
"Incidents",
"Exhibits and facilities",
"Animals of Asia",
"Aunt Sally's Farm",
"Grasslands and Boreal Forests",
"Journey to Churchill",
"Kinsmen Discovery Centre",
"Open Range",
"Toucan Ridge",
"Others",
"Events",
"Former exhibits and events",
"Operations",
"Conservation and research",
"Admission fees",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
4,
4,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * + - * \n\n**Assiniboine Park Zoo** is an [zoo](/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Canada \"List of zoos in Canada\") located in the west end of [Assiniboine Park](/wiki/Assiniboine_Park \"Assiniboine Park\") in [Winnipeg](/wiki/Winnipeg \"Winnipeg\"), [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\"), Canada. The zoo is known for its [polar bear](/wiki/Polar_bear \"Polar bear\") exhibit, which was replaced by the Journey to Churchill in 2013\\.\n\nEstablished in 1904, Assiniboine Park Zoo is managed by the Assiniboine Park Conservancy and accredited by the [Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums](/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums \"Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums\") (CAZA) and the [Association of Zoos and Aquariums](/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums \"Association of Zoos and Aquariums\") (AZA).\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n### Early years\n\nIn 1904, the City of Winnipeg Parks Board purchased [native animals](/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada \"Wildlife of Canada\"), including [deer](/wiki/Deer \"Deer\"), [bison](/wiki/Bison \"Bison\"), and [elk](/wiki/Elk \"Elk\") to start the zoo. In 1908, the [bear](/wiki/Bear \"Bear\") enclosure was built, and by 1909, the zoo had a total of 116 animals and 19 different species.\n\nIn 1916, the zoo budget was $8,000 ($1,800 for food, $4,200 for labour, and $1,158 for new construction). In 1935, the zoo got its first [lion](/wiki/Lion \"Lion\"), a female. Then in 1939, the zoo got its first [polar bear](/wiki/Polar_bear \"Polar bear\"), a wild, orphaned cub named Carmichael. Carmichael got a partner in February 1940—a female named Clementine.\n\nThe Zoological Society of Manitoba was formed in 1956 to provide vision and funding for the zoo. In 1957, the zoo helped develop \"Aunt Sally's Farm\", a children's [petting zoo](/wiki/Petting_zoo \"Petting zoo\") named after Sally Warnock. A scale model was presented in February 1958, and the petting zoo officially opened on Friday, 7, 1959\\. At first, an admission fee was charged: 10 cents for children over 5 years old, and 25 cents for adults. The fee was dropped years later.\n\n### 1960s–1990s\n\nIn 1959, the zoo was officially named Assiniboine Park Zoo.\n\nIn the 1960s, the [gibbon](/wiki/Gibbon \"Gibbon\") and [monkey](/wiki/Monkey \"Monkey\") house was built, another orphan polar bear cub arrived at the zoo, and a [snow leopard](/wiki/Snow_leopard \"Snow leopard\") was added. The polar bear enclosure was renovated in 1967, adding an upper story, and two more orphaned cubs arrived. Subsequently, in 1968 and 1969, the Tropical House, Native Animal Exhibit, and a new south gate were added.\n\nIn the 1980s, the Zoological Society of Manitoba began to provide money for new signage, exhibits, and infrastructure. The main entrance was reconstructed, in order to include a new gift store operated by the Zoological Society, and the Carousel Restaurant was renovated.\n\nIn 1995, new enclosures for the camels, yaks, and zebras, and the \"Camel Oasis\" Interpretive Playground opened in the northwest end of the zoo. This was also the first year of \"Lights of the Wild,\" featuring animal light sculptures presented by the Zoo and the Society for 3 weeks in the winter.\n\nThe \"Saturn Playground\" was constructed in 1997, and the main restaurant facilities were renovated. The Saturn Shuttle and kiosk information booth projects were established in 1998\\. The same year, the zoo's electrical infrastructure was upgraded.\n\nBy 1998, the Zoo's animal collection had increased to include 77 different mammal species (390 animals), 151 different birds (700 specimens), and 14 reptiles (34 specimens), with the total collection including about 1,193 individuals representing 271 species. The zoo budget was $2,497,173 ($161,800 for food and supplies, and $1,952,707 for labour).\n\n### 2000s\n\nAs late as the 2000's, the Zoo was open from 9AM until sunset at 9PM. However, later the Zoo's hours were significantly reduced. Afterwards, in July of 2015, the Zoo extended visiting hours every Wednesday until 8PM, due to visitor requests for later closing times to accommodate working schedules.\n\nIn 2000, the Zoological Society of Manitoba and the Zoo started work on a new Master Plan Development Proposal (the first since 1960\\) for the Zoo. Initial proposals were for the redesign of the existing polar bear enclosure, but this eventually grew into a much larger Master Plan Development project. In 2008, the Assiniboine Park Conservancy was created to develop, govern, and manage [Assiniboine Park](/wiki/Assiniboine_Park \"Assiniboine Park\"), including the zoo. In June 2009, the Assiniboine Park Conservancy unveiled a comprehensive $200\\-million redevelopment plan for Assiniboine Park \\& Zoo that was to be completed over 10 years.\n\nIn 2001, a grant from the DeFehr Foundation funded the renovation of the unused Bison Restaurant Kiosk into the Palliser Interpretive Center, the headquarters for ICE Camp. An alliance with the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba \"University of Manitoba\") Summer Camps initiates \"Mini U Zoo,\" where campers spend one week at the university and one week at the zoo.\n\nIn 2004, as part of a venture with the University of Manitoba Architecture Department, substantial improvements were made to the Education Centre.\n\nIn 2009, the Assiniboine Park Conservancy announced a redevelopment plan for both the Assiniboine Park and Zoo, to be completed in several phases. The revitalization of the Zoo was involved in the plan's second phase, with its flagship being the opening of the \"Journey to Churchill\" exhibit.\n\nIn September 2014, the Assiniboine Park Zoo became one of only five Canadian zoos to be accredited by the [Association of Zoos \\& Aquariums](/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_%26_Aquariums \"Association of Zoos & Aquariums\").\n\n### Incidents\n\n* In July 2014, the wolves and polar bears had to be taken out of their display areas because one or more of the wolves dug their way into the polar bear enclosure. No one was hurt in the incident.\n* Safety protocols were in question when one Amur (Siberian) tiger gained access to another enclosure and killed another tiger in September 2014\\.\n* In November 2014, a seal got trapped in a drain and died.\n* In January 2019, a five\\-year\\-old polar bear named Blizzard died of fluid in its chest.\n",
"### Early years\n\nIn 1904, the City of Winnipeg Parks Board purchased [native animals](/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada \"Wildlife of Canada\"), including [deer](/wiki/Deer \"Deer\"), [bison](/wiki/Bison \"Bison\"), and [elk](/wiki/Elk \"Elk\") to start the zoo. In 1908, the [bear](/wiki/Bear \"Bear\") enclosure was built, and by 1909, the zoo had a total of 116 animals and 19 different species.\n\nIn 1916, the zoo budget was $8,000 ($1,800 for food, $4,200 for labour, and $1,158 for new construction). In 1935, the zoo got its first [lion](/wiki/Lion \"Lion\"), a female. Then in 1939, the zoo got its first [polar bear](/wiki/Polar_bear \"Polar bear\"), a wild, orphaned cub named Carmichael. Carmichael got a partner in February 1940—a female named Clementine.\n\nThe Zoological Society of Manitoba was formed in 1956 to provide vision and funding for the zoo. In 1957, the zoo helped develop \"Aunt Sally's Farm\", a children's [petting zoo](/wiki/Petting_zoo \"Petting zoo\") named after Sally Warnock. A scale model was presented in February 1958, and the petting zoo officially opened on Friday, 7, 1959\\. At first, an admission fee was charged: 10 cents for children over 5 years old, and 25 cents for adults. The fee was dropped years later.\n\n",
"### 1960s–1990s\n\nIn 1959, the zoo was officially named Assiniboine Park Zoo.\n\nIn the 1960s, the [gibbon](/wiki/Gibbon \"Gibbon\") and [monkey](/wiki/Monkey \"Monkey\") house was built, another orphan polar bear cub arrived at the zoo, and a [snow leopard](/wiki/Snow_leopard \"Snow leopard\") was added. The polar bear enclosure was renovated in 1967, adding an upper story, and two more orphaned cubs arrived. Subsequently, in 1968 and 1969, the Tropical House, Native Animal Exhibit, and a new south gate were added.\n\nIn the 1980s, the Zoological Society of Manitoba began to provide money for new signage, exhibits, and infrastructure. The main entrance was reconstructed, in order to include a new gift store operated by the Zoological Society, and the Carousel Restaurant was renovated.\n\nIn 1995, new enclosures for the camels, yaks, and zebras, and the \"Camel Oasis\" Interpretive Playground opened in the northwest end of the zoo. This was also the first year of \"Lights of the Wild,\" featuring animal light sculptures presented by the Zoo and the Society for 3 weeks in the winter.\n\nThe \"Saturn Playground\" was constructed in 1997, and the main restaurant facilities were renovated. The Saturn Shuttle and kiosk information booth projects were established in 1998\\. The same year, the zoo's electrical infrastructure was upgraded.\n\nBy 1998, the Zoo's animal collection had increased to include 77 different mammal species (390 animals), 151 different birds (700 specimens), and 14 reptiles (34 specimens), with the total collection including about 1,193 individuals representing 271 species. The zoo budget was $2,497,173 ($161,800 for food and supplies, and $1,952,707 for labour).\n\n",
"### 2000s\n\nAs late as the 2000's, the Zoo was open from 9AM until sunset at 9PM. However, later the Zoo's hours were significantly reduced. Afterwards, in July of 2015, the Zoo extended visiting hours every Wednesday until 8PM, due to visitor requests for later closing times to accommodate working schedules.\n\nIn 2000, the Zoological Society of Manitoba and the Zoo started work on a new Master Plan Development Proposal (the first since 1960\\) for the Zoo. Initial proposals were for the redesign of the existing polar bear enclosure, but this eventually grew into a much larger Master Plan Development project. In 2008, the Assiniboine Park Conservancy was created to develop, govern, and manage [Assiniboine Park](/wiki/Assiniboine_Park \"Assiniboine Park\"), including the zoo. In June 2009, the Assiniboine Park Conservancy unveiled a comprehensive $200\\-million redevelopment plan for Assiniboine Park \\& Zoo that was to be completed over 10 years.\n\nIn 2001, a grant from the DeFehr Foundation funded the renovation of the unused Bison Restaurant Kiosk into the Palliser Interpretive Center, the headquarters for ICE Camp. An alliance with the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba \"University of Manitoba\") Summer Camps initiates \"Mini U Zoo,\" where campers spend one week at the university and one week at the zoo.\n\nIn 2004, as part of a venture with the University of Manitoba Architecture Department, substantial improvements were made to the Education Centre.\n\nIn 2009, the Assiniboine Park Conservancy announced a redevelopment plan for both the Assiniboine Park and Zoo, to be completed in several phases. The revitalization of the Zoo was involved in the plan's second phase, with its flagship being the opening of the \"Journey to Churchill\" exhibit.\n\nIn September 2014, the Assiniboine Park Zoo became one of only five Canadian zoos to be accredited by the [Association of Zoos \\& Aquariums](/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_%26_Aquariums \"Association of Zoos & Aquariums\").\n\n",
"### Incidents\n\n* In July 2014, the wolves and polar bears had to be taken out of their display areas because one or more of the wolves dug their way into the polar bear enclosure. No one was hurt in the incident.\n* Safety protocols were in question when one Amur (Siberian) tiger gained access to another enclosure and killed another tiger in September 2014\\.\n* In November 2014, a seal got trapped in a drain and died.\n* In January 2019, a five\\-year\\-old polar bear named Blizzard died of fluid in its chest.\n",
"Exhibits and facilities\n-----------------------\n\n### Animals of Asia\n\nThe **Animals of Asia** section of the Zoo contains various rare and exotic animal species, including ():\n\n* Mammals\n\t+ [Domestic Bactrian Camel](/wiki/Domestic_Bactrian_camel \"Domestic Bactrian camel\") (*Camelus bactrianus domestic*)\n\t+ [Sichuan Takin](/wiki/Sichuan_takin \"Sichuan takin\") (*Budorcas taxicolor tibetana*)\n\t+ [Reindeer](/wiki/Reindeer \"Reindeer\") (*Rangifer tarandus*)\n\t+ [Domestic Yak](/wiki/Domestic_Yak \"Domestic Yak\") (*Bos grunniens*)\n\t+ [Turkmenian Markhor](/wiki/Turkmenian_markhor \"Turkmenian markhor\") (*Capra falconeri heptneri*)\n\t+ [White\\-handed (Lar) Gibbon](/wiki/White_handed_gibbon \"White handed gibbon\") (*Hylobates lar*)\n\t+ [Snow Leopard](/wiki/Snow_leopard \"Snow leopard\") (*Panthera uncia*)\n\t+ [Amur Tiger](/wiki/Siberian_tiger \"Siberian tiger\") (*Panthera tigris altaica*): two endangered Amur (Siberian) tigers, one female and one male\n* Birds\n\t+ [Steller’s Sea Eagle](/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_eagle \"Steller's sea eagle\") (*Haliaeetus pelagicus*)\n\t+ [Emu](/wiki/Emu \"Emu\") (*Dromaius novaehollandiae*) from Australia\n\nThe exhibit was opened in June 2010 as the **Pavilion of Lions**, with a pair of [African lions](/wiki/African_lions \"African lions\") becoming the exhibits first residents. In April 2012, the African lions were replaced with [Asian lions](/wiki/Asiatic_lion \"Asiatic lion\") in the Pavilion of Lions exhibit, making the Assiniboine Park Zoo the very first facility in [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") to house a pair of Asian lions. In 2013, a new expansion of the enclosure for the [Siberian tigers](/wiki/Siberian_tiger \"Siberian tiger\") was constructed and opened. The new enclosure would assist the breeding program.\n\n### Aunt Sally's Farm\n\nAunt Sally's Farm is a child\\-friendly learn\\-and\\-play area of the zoo, which includes a [wishing well](/wiki/Wishing_well \"Wishing well\") and sits parallel to a playground.\n\nUnlike the current exhibit, the old Aunt Sally's Farm was a [petting zoo](/wiki/Petting_zoo \"Petting zoo\") which operated between 1959 and 1989\\. It was replaced by the Kinsman Discovery Centre, which opened on March 23, 1990\\.\n\nThe current farm includes the following mammals:\n\n* [American miniature horse](/wiki/American_Miniature_Horse \"American Miniature Horse\") (*Equus caballus*)\n* [Kiko goat](/wiki/Kiko_goat \"Kiko goat\") (*Capra hircus*)\n* [Llama](/wiki/Llama \"Llama\") (*Lama glama*)\n* [Nubian goat](/wiki/Nubian_goat \"Nubian goat\") (*Capra hircus*)\n* [Pygmy goat](/wiki/Pygmy_goat \"Pygmy goat\") (*Capra hircus*)\n* [Sardinian miniature donkey](/wiki/Sardinian_donkey \"Sardinian donkey\") (*Equus asinus domesticus*)\n* [Vietnamese pot\\-bellied pig](/wiki/Vietnamese_pot-bellied_pig \"Vietnamese pot-bellied pig\") (Sus scrofa)\n\n### Grasslands and Boreal Forests\n\nThe **Grasslands \\& Boreal Forest** section features animal species that are native to [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\").\n\nAfter Journey to Churchill opened in 2014, an enclosure for an additional species housed wolves, and later a permanent enclosure was built for them, though originally a wolf exhibit was not planned for. The Grasslands \\& Boreal Forest exhibit opened in June 2018 and features four male grey wolves and one female grey wolf.\n\nAs of 2021, species contained at the Grasslands \\& Boreal Forest include:\n\n* Mammals\n\t+ [American bison](/wiki/American_bison \"American bison\") (*Bison bison*)\n\t+ [American elk](/wiki/American_Elk \"American Elk\") (*Cervus canadensis*)\n\t+ [Arctic fox](/wiki/Arctic_fox \"Arctic fox\") (*Alopex lagopus*)\n\t+ [Canadian lynx](/wiki/Canada_lynx \"Canada lynx\") (*Lynx canadensis*)\n\t+ [Cougar](/wiki/Cougar \"Cougar\") (*Puma concolor*)\n\t+ [Grey Wolf](/wiki/Grey_Wolf \"Grey Wolf\") (*Canis lupus*)\n\t+ [Red fox](/wiki/Red_fox \"Red fox\") (*Vulpes vulpes*)\n\t+ [Stone's sheep](/wiki/Stone_sheep \"Stone sheep\") (*Ovis dalli stonei*)\n\t+ [Striped skunk](/wiki/Striped_skunk \"Striped skunk\") (*Mephitis mephitis*)\n\t+ [Turkmenian markhor](/wiki/Turkmenian_markhor \"Turkmenian markhor\") (*Capra falconeri heptneri*)\n\t+ [White\\-tailed deer](/wiki/White-tailed_deer \"White-tailed deer\") (*Odocoileus virginianus*)\n* Birds\n\t+ [American white pelican](/wiki/American_white_pelican \"American white pelican\") (*Pelecanus erythrorhynchos*)\n\t+ [Burrowing owl](/wiki/Burrowing_owl \"Burrowing owl\") (*Athene cunicularia*)\n\t+ [Greater white\\-fronted goose](/wiki/Greater_white-fronted_goose \"Greater white-fronted goose\") (*Anser albifrons*)\n\t+ [Sandhill crane](/wiki/Sandhill_crane \"Sandhill crane\") (*Grus canadensis*)\n\t+ [Snow goose](/wiki/Snow_goose \"Snow goose\") (*Anser caerulescens*)\n\t+ [Snowy owl](/wiki/Snowy_owl \"Snowy owl\") (*Nyctea scandiaca*)\n\n### Journey to Churchill\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Polar Bear at Journey to Churchill Exhibit\\|right](/wiki/File:Assiniboine_Park_Zoo%2C_Winnipeg_%28505445%29_%2825750408061%29.jpg \"Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg (505445) (25750408061).jpg\")\n**Journey to Churchill** is an exhibit representing various habitats of [northern Manitoba](/wiki/Northern_Manitoba \"Northern Manitoba\") and is the most comprehensive northern species exhibit of its kind in the world. The exhibit is named for the town of [Churchill](/wiki/Churchill%2C_Manitoba \"Churchill, Manitoba\"), on the [Hudson Bay](/wiki/Hudson_Bay \"Hudson Bay\") in northern Manitoba, which is home to the largest [polar\\-bear](/wiki/Polar_bear \"Polar bear\") denning area in the world. The exhibit features expansive habitats for:\n\n* [Arctic foxes](/wiki/Arctic_fox \"Arctic fox\") (*Alopex lagopus*)\n* [Harbor (Common) Seal](/wiki/Harbor_seal \"Harbor seal\") (*Phoca vitulina*)\n* [Muskoxen](/wiki/Muskox \"Muskox\") (*Ovibos moschatus*)\n* [Polar bear](/wiki/Polar_bear \"Polar bear\") (*Ursus maritimus*)\n* [Reindeer](/wiki/Reindeer \"Reindeer\") (*Rangifer tarandus*)\n* [Snowy owls](/wiki/Snowy_owl \"Snowy owl\") (*Nyctea scandiaca*)\n\nThe exhibit also features the **Gateway to the Arctic**, which includes: an [underwater](/wiki/Underwater_tunnel \"Underwater tunnel\") viewing tunnel called the **Sea Ice Passage** that houses polar bears and seals, who are separated by a clear wall; a short\\-film experience inside the 360\\-degree **Aurora Borealis Theatre**; and other interactive and interpretive components.\n\nInside the Journey to Churchill exhibit is also the Leatherdale International Polar Bear Conservation Centre (IPBCC), an [interpretive centre](/wiki/Interpretive_centre \"Interpretive centre\") sponsored by [Calm Air](/wiki/Calm_Air \"Calm Air\") that offers information regarding polar bears, the Arctic [ecosystem](/wiki/Ecosystem \"Ecosystem\"), research in action, [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\"), etc. Also located inside the Journey to Churchill exhibit, the Tundra Grill is a 150\\-seat restaurant with views of the largest of three polar\\-bear habitats in the exhibit.\n\nThe International Polar Bear Conservation Centre was opened in January 2012, followed by the Journey to Churchill Northern Species exhibit in July 2014 as a permanent area.\n\n### Kinsmen Discovery Centre\n\nThe **Kinsmen Discovery Centre** contains six galleries pertaining to different [life forms](/wiki/Outline_of_life_forms \"Outline of life forms\")—water, grasslands, air, underground, and two forest galleries—and is the Zoo's 2nd\\-biggest indoor exhibit with fish, snakes, reptiles, etc.\n\nAnnounced in November 1986 and originally planned to open in the fall of 1987, the center broke ground in June 1988\\. Costing $1\\.75 million, the Kinsman Discovery Center opened on March 23, 1990, two and a half years late and $550,000 over budget. It replaced the old Aunt Sally's Farm, which operated between 1959 and 1989\\.\n\nA statue honouring [Winnipeg the Bear](/wiki/Winnipeg_%28bear%29 \"Winnipeg (bear)\")—the bear that was made famous as [Winnie\\-the\\-Pooh](/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh \"Winnie-the-Pooh\")—was unveiled in 1992 and has since been relocated to the Nature Playground in the general Park area.\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|*Winnie\\-the\\-Bear* statue, unveiled in 1992\\|180px](/wiki/File:Assiniboine_Park_Zoo%2C_Winnipeg_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg \"Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg - panoramio (1).jpg\")\n, species contained at the Kinsmen Discovery Centre include:\n\n* Crustaceans and Insects\n\t+ Anemones\n\t\t- [Bubble\\-tip anemone](/wiki/Bubble-tip_anemone \"Bubble-tip anemone\") (*Entacmaea quadricolor*)\n\t\t- [Pink\\-tipped anemone](/wiki/Pink_tipped_anemone \"Pink tipped anemone\") (*Condylactis*)\n\t+ [Central American giant cave cockroach](/wiki/Blaberus_giganteus \"Blaberus giganteus\") (*Blaberus giganteus*)\n\t+ Crabs\n\t\t- [Emerald crab](/wiki/Emerald_crab \"Emerald crab\") (*Mithraculus sculptus*)\n\t\t- [Red Reef hermit crab](/wiki/Paguristes_cadenati \"Paguristes cadenati\") (*Paguristes cadenati*)\n\t\t- [Thinstripe hermit crab](/wiki/Thinstripe_hermit_crab \"Thinstripe hermit crab\") (*Clibanarius vittatus*)\n\t\t- [Tricolor hermit crab](/wiki/Tricolor_Hermit_Crab \"Tricolor Hermit Crab\") (*Clibanarius tricolor*)\n\t+ [Emerald false (shaggy mushroom) coral](/wiki/Ricordea_florida \"Ricordea florida\") (*Ricordea florida*)\n\t+ Shrimp\n\t\t- [Banded coral shrimp](/wiki/Banded_Coral_Shrimp \"Banded Coral Shrimp\") (*Stenopus hispidus*)\n\t\t- [Peppermint shrimp](/wiki/Peppermint_shrimp \"Peppermint shrimp\") (Lysmata wurdemanni)\n\t+ Snails\n\t\t- [Antillean tooth snail](/wiki/Nerita \"Nerita\") (*Nerita*)\n\t\t- [Channeled turban snail](/wiki/Turbo_%28gastropod%29 \"Turbo (gastropod)\") (*Turbo*)\n\t\t- [Crowned astrea snail](/wiki/Astraea_%28gastropod%29 \"Astraea (gastropod)\") (*Astraea*)\n\t\t- [Middle\\-spined cerith snail](/wiki/Cerithium \"Cerithium\") (*Cerithium*)\n\t\t- [Nassarius snail](/wiki/Nassarius \"Nassarius\") (*Nassarius*)\n\t\t- [Turban snail](/wiki/Turbo_fluctuosus \"Turbo fluctuosus\") (*Turbo fluctuosus*)\n\t\t- [Zebra nerite snail](/wiki/Neritina_natalensis \"Neritina natalensis\") (*Neritina natalensis*)\n* Fish\n\t+ [Banded archerfish](/wiki/Banded_archerfish \"Banded archerfish\") (*Toxotes jaculatrix*)\n\t+ [Bristlenose pleco](/wiki/Bristlenosed_pleco \"Bristlenosed pleco\") (*Ancistrus*)\n\t+ Catfish\n\t\t- [Blotched upside\\-down catfish](/wiki/Blotched_upside-down_catfish \"Blotched upside-down catfish\") (*Synodontis nigriventris*)\n\t\t- [Featherfin squeaker catfish](/wiki/Featherfin_squeaker \"Featherfin squeaker\") (*Synodontis eupterus*)\n\t+ Dottybacks\n\t\t- [Dottyback](/wiki/Dottyback \"Dottyback\") (*Pseudochromidae*)\n\t\t- [Orchid dottyback](/wiki/Orchid_dottyback \"Orchid dottyback\") (*Pseudochromis fridmani*)\n\t+ [Gilled African lungfish](/wiki/Gilled_African_lungfish \"Gilled African lungfish\") (*Protopterus amphibius*)\n\t+ [Leopard bush fish](/wiki/Leopard_bush_fish \"Leopard bush fish\") (*Ctenopoma acutirostre*)\n\t+ [Mexican blind cave fish](/wiki/Astyanax_jordani \"Astyanax jordani\") (*Astyanax jordani*)\n\t+ [Saddled bichir](/wiki/Saddled_Bichir \"Saddled Bichir\") (*Polypterus endlicheri*)\n\t+ [Tomini surgeon](/wiki/Tomini_surgeonfish \"Tomini surgeonfish\") (*Ctenochaetus tominiensis*)\n\t+ Tangs\n\t\t- [Blue regal (hippo) tang](/wiki/Regal_Tang \"Regal Tang\") (*Paracanthurus hepatus*)\n\t\t- [Purple (Yellow\\-tailed) tang](/wiki/Purple_Tang \"Purple Tang\") (*Zebrasoma xanthurum*)\n\t\t- [Yellow tang](/wiki/Yellow_tang \"Yellow tang\") (*Zebrasoma flavescens*)\n* Reptiles and Amphibians\n\t+ [Geyr’s spiny\\-tailed lizard](/wiki/Geyr%E2%80%99s_spiny-tailed_lizard \"Geyr’s spiny-tailed lizard\") (*Uromastyx geyri*)\n\t+ [New Caledonia Bumpy (Gargoyle) Gecko](/wiki/Gargoyle_gecko \"Gargoyle gecko\") (*Rhacodactylus auriculatus*)\n\t+ Tortoises\n\t\t- [Indian star tortoise](/wiki/Indian_star_tortoise \"Indian star tortoise\") (*Geochelone elegans*)\n\t+ [White’s Tree (Dunny) Frog](/wiki/White%27s_tree_frog \"White's tree frog\") (*Pelodryas caerulea*)\n* Birds\n\t+ Doves\n\t\t- [Black\\-naped fruit dove](/wiki/Black-naped_fruit_dove \"Black-naped fruit dove\") (*Ptilinopus melanospilus*)\n\t\t- [Common emerald dove](/wiki/Common_emerald_dove \"Common emerald dove\") (*Chalcophaps indica*)\n\t+ [Tawny frogmouth](/wiki/Tawny_frogmouth \"Tawny frogmouth\") (*Podargus strigoides*)\n\t+ [Snowy\\-headed robin\\-chat](/wiki/Snowy-headed_Robin-chat \"Snowy-headed Robin-chat\") (*Cossypha niveicapilla*)\n\t+ [Speckled mousebird](/wiki/Speckled_mousebird \"Speckled mousebird\") (*Colius striatus*)\n\t+ [Violet\\-backed (amethyst) starling](/wiki/Violet-backed_starling \"Violet-backed starling\") (*Cinnyricinclus leucogaster*)\n\t+ Weavers\n\t\t- [Village weaver](/wiki/Village_weaver \"Village weaver\") (*Ploceus cucullatus*)\n\t\t- [Taveta golden weaver](/wiki/Taveta_golden_weaver \"Taveta golden weaver\") (Ploceus castaneiceps)\n* Mammals\n\t+ [Greater spear\\-nosed bat](/wiki/Greater_spear-nosed_bat \"Greater spear-nosed bat\") (*Phyllostomus hastatus*)\n\t+ [Prevost's squirrel](/wiki/Prevost%27s_squirrel \"Prevost's squirrel\") (*Callosciurus prevostii*)\n\t+ [Slender\\-tailed meerkat](/wiki/Slender-tailed_Meerkat \"Slender-tailed Meerkat\") (*Suricata suricatta*)\n\n### Open Range\n\nThe Open Range section is located at the center of the Zoo and features various animals from around the world, including:\n\n* Mammals\n\t+ [Alpine ibex](/wiki/Alpine_ibex \"Alpine ibex\") (*Capra ibex*)\n\t+ [Llama](/wiki/Llama \"Llama\") (*Lama glama*)\n\t+ [Pronghorn](/wiki/Pronghorn \"Pronghorn\") (*Antilocapra americana*)\n\t+ [Red kangaroo](/wiki/Red_kangaroo \"Red kangaroo\") (*Macropus rufus*)\n\t+ [Turkmenian markhor](/wiki/Turkmenian_markhor \"Turkmenian markhor\") (*Capra falconeri heptneri*)\n* Birds\n\t+ [Common peafowl](/wiki/Common_Peafowl \"Common Peafowl\") (*Pavo cristatus*) — free roaming\n\t+ [Demoiselle crane](/wiki/Demoiselle_crane \"Demoiselle crane\") (*Anthropoides virgo*)\n\t+ [Wild turkey](/wiki/Wild_turkey \"Wild turkey\") (*Meleagris gallopavo*) — free roaming\n\n### Toucan Ridge\n\n**Toucan Ridge**, originally known as the **Tropical House**, is an exhibit featuring animal, bird, and [plant life](/wiki/Plant_life \"Plant life\") of the new\\-world [tropics](/wiki/Tropics \"Tropics\") of [Central](/wiki/Central_America \"Central America\") and [South America](/wiki/South_America \"South America\").\n\nConstructed in 1971 at a cost of $500,000, the original Tropical House building first opened to the public in November 1972 and almost doubled the Zoo's total species. Temperatures inside the Tropical House would be maintained at a constant .\n\nIn 2009, the Zoo contracted with demolition company Klassen Concrete to demolish the early 1970s Tropical House. Instead of demolishing the building, a plan was put into place where most of the building would be reused, but the displays would be reconfigured. The project took five months to complete, with infrastructure renewal costing $900,000, and exhibit renewal costing $2\\.1 million.\n\nOn 20, 2011, the first new exhibit as part of the Assiniboine Park Zoo's redevelopment plans, Toucan Ridge, was opened.[thumb\\|[Toucans](/wiki/Toucan \"Toucan\") at Assiniboine Park Zoo (2012\\)](/wiki/File:Assiniboine_Park_Zoo%2C_Winnipeg_%28480500%29_%289447808822%29.jpg \"Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg (480500) (9447808822).jpg\")\n\nAs of 2021, species contained at the Toucan Ridge include:\n\n* Mammals\n\t+ [Common squirrel monkey](/wiki/Common_squirrel_monkey \"Common squirrel monkey\") (*Saimiri sciureus*)\n\t+ [Cotton\\-top tamarin](/wiki/Cotton-top_tamarin \"Cotton-top tamarin\") (*Saguinus oedipus*)\n\t+ [Goeldi's monkey](/wiki/Goeldi%27s_monkey \"Goeldi's monkey\") (*Callimico goeldii*)\n\t+ [Kinkajou](/wiki/Kinkajou \"Kinkajou\") (*Potos flavus*)\n\t+ [Ocelot](/wiki/Ocelot \"Ocelot\") (*Leopardus pardalis*)\n\t+ [Patagonian mara](/wiki/Patagonian_mara \"Patagonian mara\") (*Dolichotis patagonum*)\n\t+ [Red panda](/wiki/Red_panda \"Red panda\") (*Ailurus fulgens refulgens*)\n\t+ [Seba’s short\\-tailed bat](/wiki/Seba%27s_short-tailed_bat \"Seba's short-tailed bat\") (*Carollia perspicillata*)\n* Birds\n\t+ [Blue\\-throated piping guan](/wiki/Blue-throated_piping_guan \"Blue-throated piping guan\") (*Pipile cumanensis*)\n\t+ [Cinnamon teal](/wiki/Cinnamon_teal \"Cinnamon teal\") (*Spatula cyanoptera*)\n\t+ [Golden eagle](/wiki/Golden_eagle \"Golden eagle\") (*Aquila chrysaetos*)\n\t+ [Monk parakeet](/wiki/Monk_parakeet \"Monk parakeet\") (*Myiopsitta monachus*)\n\t+ [Peruvian thick\\-knee](/wiki/Peruvian_thick-knee \"Peruvian thick-knee\") (*Burhinus superciliaris*)\n\t+ [Red\\-crested wood partridge](/wiki/Rollulus_rouloul \"Rollulus rouloul\") (*Rollulus rouloul*)\n\t+ [Red\\-winged parrot](/wiki/Red-winged_parrot \"Red-winged parrot\") (*Aprosmictus erythropterus*)\n\t+ [Ringed teal](/wiki/Ringed_teal \"Ringed teal\") (*Callonetta leucophrys*)\n\t+ [Roseate spoonbill](/wiki/Roseate_spoonbill \"Roseate spoonbill\") (Platalea ajaja)\n\t+ [Scarlet ibis](/wiki/Scarlet_ibis \"Scarlet ibis\") (*Eudocimus ruber*)\n\t+ [Sulphur\\-crested cockatoo](/wiki/Sulphur-crested_cockatoo \"Sulphur-crested cockatoo\") (*Cacatua galerita*)\n\t+ [Sun Conure](/wiki/Sun_Conure \"Sun Conure\") (*Aratinga solstitialis*)\n\t+ [Sunbittern](/wiki/Sunbittern \"Sunbittern\") (*Eurypyga helias*)\n\t+ [Toco toucan](/wiki/Toco_toucan \"Toco toucan\") (*Ramphastos toco*)\n\t+ [Yellow\\-green grosbeak](/wiki/Yellow-green_grosbeak \"Yellow-green grosbeak\") (*Caryothraustes canadensis*)\n* Reptiles and Amphibians\n\t+ [Axolotl](/wiki/Axolotl \"Axolotl\") (*Ambystoma mexicanum*)\n\t+ [Cuvier's dwarf caiman](/wiki/Cuvier%27s_dwarf_caiman \"Cuvier's dwarf caiman\") (*Paleosuchus palpebrosus*)\n\t+ [Green\\-and\\-black poison dart frog](/wiki/Green_and_black_poison_dart_frog \"Green and black poison dart frog\") (Dendrobates auratus)\n\t+ [Panther Chameleon](/wiki/Panther_chameleon \"Panther chameleon\") (*Furcifer pardalis*)\n\t+ [Yellow\\-and\\-blue poison dart frog](/wiki/Dendrobates_tinctorius \"Dendrobates tinctorius\") (Dendrobates tinctorius)\n\t+ [Yellow\\-spotted Amazon river turtle](/wiki/Yellow-spotted_Amazon_river_turtle \"Yellow-spotted Amazon river turtle\") (*Podocnemis unifilis*)\n\t+ [Common Boa Constrictor](/wiki/Boa_constrictor \"Boa constrictor\")\n* Fish\n\t+ [Convict cichlid](/wiki/Convict_cichlid \"Convict cichlid\") (*Archocentrus nigrofasciata*)\n\n### Others\n\n**Dinosaurs Uncovered** is an interactive [dinosaur](/wiki/Dinosaur \"Dinosaur\") exhibit that opens during the summer. Outdoors, it features 17 life\\-size, [animatronic](/wiki/Animatronics \"Animatronics\") dinosaurs along a forested trail; indoors, it features dinosaur skeletons, [fossils](/wiki/Fossil \"Fossil\"), and artifacts. It consists of species from the [Triassic](/wiki/Triassic \"Triassic\"), [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic \"Jurassic\"), and [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous \"Cretaceous\") periods and includes the [Tyrannosaurus Rex](/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_rex \"Tyrannosaurus rex\") and the feathered [Dakotaraptor](/wiki/Dakotaraptor \"Dakotaraptor\").\n\nThe **McFeetors Heavy Horse Centre** is a year\\-round exhibit that is currently home to two breeds of horses (*Equus caballus*)—[Percheron draft horse](/wiki/Percheron_horse \"Percheron horse\") and [Clydesdale draft horse](/wiki/Clydesdale_horse \"Clydesdale horse\")—and includes a [barn](/wiki/Barn \"Barn\"), [pastures](/wiki/Pasture \"Pasture\"), [paddocks](/wiki/Paddock \"Paddock\"), and a carriage shed. The center was announced in September 2014 and officially opened on August 28, 2015\\.\n\nThe **Shirley Richardson Butterfly Garden**, located next to the Toucan Ridge exhibit, is a permanent seasonal exhibit of various [butterfly species](/wiki/Butterfly \"Butterfly\") and is open from late spring to early fall. It was opened in June 2009 and covers .\n\n#### Events\n\nMajor community events take place annually in both the Zoo and Park. , events held at the Zoo include the following:\n\n* **Brew at the Zoo** is an event showcasing Manitoba's local [craft beer](/wiki/Craft_Beer \"Craft Beer\"), [wine](/wiki/Wine \"Wine\"), and [spirits](/wiki/Spirits_%28alcohol%29 \"Spirits (alcohol)\") industry.\n* **Wildest Dreams** is a zoo experience offered to families \"facing health and/or socio\\-economic barriers.\"\n* The **Zoo Lights Festival** is the holiday light show that takes place between the late fall and early winter months and has been held since 2019\\.\n\n#### Former exhibits and events\n\n* A special **Australian exhibit** featuring [koalas](/wiki/Koala \"Koala\") from the [San Diego Zoo](/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo \"San Diego Zoo\") was created in 1993 and was open to the public between May 12 and September 19 in the former Aunt Sally's Farm space. After the koalas left, this enclosure was used for [Matschie's tree\\-kangaroos](/wiki/Matschie%27s_tree-kangaroo \"Matschie's tree-kangaroo\").\n* **Boo at the Zoo** was started in 1996 as a Halloween event. In the first year, 40,000 people attended over a ten\\-day period. By its 10th anniversary in 2006, when the Pumpkin Patch Maze, Area 54 and Boo Alley were added to the attractions, the event was attended by 57,400 visitors.\n* **Lights of the Wild**, featuring animal light sculptures presented by the Zoo and the Society, was first opened in 1996 for 3 weeks in the winter. It was discontinued in 2000 and the lights were all sold to Portage Island of Lights.\n* **Stingray Beach** was a rotating exhibit that debuted in 2019 on the [May long weekend](/wiki/Victoria_Day \"Victoria Day\"). However, after a month and a half, three male specimens died from undetermined causes.\n* A temporary exhibit, **Xtreme Bugs**, was featured at the Zoo during the summer of 2018\\.\n",
"### Animals of Asia\n\nThe **Animals of Asia** section of the Zoo contains various rare and exotic animal species, including ():\n\n* Mammals\n\t+ [Domestic Bactrian Camel](/wiki/Domestic_Bactrian_camel \"Domestic Bactrian camel\") (*Camelus bactrianus domestic*)\n\t+ [Sichuan Takin](/wiki/Sichuan_takin \"Sichuan takin\") (*Budorcas taxicolor tibetana*)\n\t+ [Reindeer](/wiki/Reindeer \"Reindeer\") (*Rangifer tarandus*)\n\t+ [Domestic Yak](/wiki/Domestic_Yak \"Domestic Yak\") (*Bos grunniens*)\n\t+ [Turkmenian Markhor](/wiki/Turkmenian_markhor \"Turkmenian markhor\") (*Capra falconeri heptneri*)\n\t+ [White\\-handed (Lar) Gibbon](/wiki/White_handed_gibbon \"White handed gibbon\") (*Hylobates lar*)\n\t+ [Snow Leopard](/wiki/Snow_leopard \"Snow leopard\") (*Panthera uncia*)\n\t+ [Amur Tiger](/wiki/Siberian_tiger \"Siberian tiger\") (*Panthera tigris altaica*): two endangered Amur (Siberian) tigers, one female and one male\n* Birds\n\t+ [Steller’s Sea Eagle](/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_eagle \"Steller's sea eagle\") (*Haliaeetus pelagicus*)\n\t+ [Emu](/wiki/Emu \"Emu\") (*Dromaius novaehollandiae*) from Australia\n\nThe exhibit was opened in June 2010 as the **Pavilion of Lions**, with a pair of [African lions](/wiki/African_lions \"African lions\") becoming the exhibits first residents. In April 2012, the African lions were replaced with [Asian lions](/wiki/Asiatic_lion \"Asiatic lion\") in the Pavilion of Lions exhibit, making the Assiniboine Park Zoo the very first facility in [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") to house a pair of Asian lions. In 2013, a new expansion of the enclosure for the [Siberian tigers](/wiki/Siberian_tiger \"Siberian tiger\") was constructed and opened. The new enclosure would assist the breeding program.\n\n",
"### Aunt Sally's Farm\n\nAunt Sally's Farm is a child\\-friendly learn\\-and\\-play area of the zoo, which includes a [wishing well](/wiki/Wishing_well \"Wishing well\") and sits parallel to a playground.\n\nUnlike the current exhibit, the old Aunt Sally's Farm was a [petting zoo](/wiki/Petting_zoo \"Petting zoo\") which operated between 1959 and 1989\\. It was replaced by the Kinsman Discovery Centre, which opened on March 23, 1990\\.\n\nThe current farm includes the following mammals:\n\n* [American miniature horse](/wiki/American_Miniature_Horse \"American Miniature Horse\") (*Equus caballus*)\n* [Kiko goat](/wiki/Kiko_goat \"Kiko goat\") (*Capra hircus*)\n* [Llama](/wiki/Llama \"Llama\") (*Lama glama*)\n* [Nubian goat](/wiki/Nubian_goat \"Nubian goat\") (*Capra hircus*)\n* [Pygmy goat](/wiki/Pygmy_goat \"Pygmy goat\") (*Capra hircus*)\n* [Sardinian miniature donkey](/wiki/Sardinian_donkey \"Sardinian donkey\") (*Equus asinus domesticus*)\n* [Vietnamese pot\\-bellied pig](/wiki/Vietnamese_pot-bellied_pig \"Vietnamese pot-bellied pig\") (Sus scrofa)\n",
"### Grasslands and Boreal Forests\n\nThe **Grasslands \\& Boreal Forest** section features animal species that are native to [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\").\n\nAfter Journey to Churchill opened in 2014, an enclosure for an additional species housed wolves, and later a permanent enclosure was built for them, though originally a wolf exhibit was not planned for. The Grasslands \\& Boreal Forest exhibit opened in June 2018 and features four male grey wolves and one female grey wolf.\n\nAs of 2021, species contained at the Grasslands \\& Boreal Forest include:\n\n* Mammals\n\t+ [American bison](/wiki/American_bison \"American bison\") (*Bison bison*)\n\t+ [American elk](/wiki/American_Elk \"American Elk\") (*Cervus canadensis*)\n\t+ [Arctic fox](/wiki/Arctic_fox \"Arctic fox\") (*Alopex lagopus*)\n\t+ [Canadian lynx](/wiki/Canada_lynx \"Canada lynx\") (*Lynx canadensis*)\n\t+ [Cougar](/wiki/Cougar \"Cougar\") (*Puma concolor*)\n\t+ [Grey Wolf](/wiki/Grey_Wolf \"Grey Wolf\") (*Canis lupus*)\n\t+ [Red fox](/wiki/Red_fox \"Red fox\") (*Vulpes vulpes*)\n\t+ [Stone's sheep](/wiki/Stone_sheep \"Stone sheep\") (*Ovis dalli stonei*)\n\t+ [Striped skunk](/wiki/Striped_skunk \"Striped skunk\") (*Mephitis mephitis*)\n\t+ [Turkmenian markhor](/wiki/Turkmenian_markhor \"Turkmenian markhor\") (*Capra falconeri heptneri*)\n\t+ [White\\-tailed deer](/wiki/White-tailed_deer \"White-tailed deer\") (*Odocoileus virginianus*)\n* Birds\n\t+ [American white pelican](/wiki/American_white_pelican \"American white pelican\") (*Pelecanus erythrorhynchos*)\n\t+ [Burrowing owl](/wiki/Burrowing_owl \"Burrowing owl\") (*Athene cunicularia*)\n\t+ [Greater white\\-fronted goose](/wiki/Greater_white-fronted_goose \"Greater white-fronted goose\") (*Anser albifrons*)\n\t+ [Sandhill crane](/wiki/Sandhill_crane \"Sandhill crane\") (*Grus canadensis*)\n\t+ [Snow goose](/wiki/Snow_goose \"Snow goose\") (*Anser caerulescens*)\n\t+ [Snowy owl](/wiki/Snowy_owl \"Snowy owl\") (*Nyctea scandiaca*)\n",
"### Journey to Churchill\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Polar Bear at Journey to Churchill Exhibit\\|right](/wiki/File:Assiniboine_Park_Zoo%2C_Winnipeg_%28505445%29_%2825750408061%29.jpg \"Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg (505445) (25750408061).jpg\")\n**Journey to Churchill** is an exhibit representing various habitats of [northern Manitoba](/wiki/Northern_Manitoba \"Northern Manitoba\") and is the most comprehensive northern species exhibit of its kind in the world. The exhibit is named for the town of [Churchill](/wiki/Churchill%2C_Manitoba \"Churchill, Manitoba\"), on the [Hudson Bay](/wiki/Hudson_Bay \"Hudson Bay\") in northern Manitoba, which is home to the largest [polar\\-bear](/wiki/Polar_bear \"Polar bear\") denning area in the world. The exhibit features expansive habitats for:\n\n* [Arctic foxes](/wiki/Arctic_fox \"Arctic fox\") (*Alopex lagopus*)\n* [Harbor (Common) Seal](/wiki/Harbor_seal \"Harbor seal\") (*Phoca vitulina*)\n* [Muskoxen](/wiki/Muskox \"Muskox\") (*Ovibos moschatus*)\n* [Polar bear](/wiki/Polar_bear \"Polar bear\") (*Ursus maritimus*)\n* [Reindeer](/wiki/Reindeer \"Reindeer\") (*Rangifer tarandus*)\n* [Snowy owls](/wiki/Snowy_owl \"Snowy owl\") (*Nyctea scandiaca*)\n\nThe exhibit also features the **Gateway to the Arctic**, which includes: an [underwater](/wiki/Underwater_tunnel \"Underwater tunnel\") viewing tunnel called the **Sea Ice Passage** that houses polar bears and seals, who are separated by a clear wall; a short\\-film experience inside the 360\\-degree **Aurora Borealis Theatre**; and other interactive and interpretive components.\n\nInside the Journey to Churchill exhibit is also the Leatherdale International Polar Bear Conservation Centre (IPBCC), an [interpretive centre](/wiki/Interpretive_centre \"Interpretive centre\") sponsored by [Calm Air](/wiki/Calm_Air \"Calm Air\") that offers information regarding polar bears, the Arctic [ecosystem](/wiki/Ecosystem \"Ecosystem\"), research in action, [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\"), etc. Also located inside the Journey to Churchill exhibit, the Tundra Grill is a 150\\-seat restaurant with views of the largest of three polar\\-bear habitats in the exhibit.\n\nThe International Polar Bear Conservation Centre was opened in January 2012, followed by the Journey to Churchill Northern Species exhibit in July 2014 as a permanent area.\n\n",
"### Kinsmen Discovery Centre\n\nThe **Kinsmen Discovery Centre** contains six galleries pertaining to different [life forms](/wiki/Outline_of_life_forms \"Outline of life forms\")—water, grasslands, air, underground, and two forest galleries—and is the Zoo's 2nd\\-biggest indoor exhibit with fish, snakes, reptiles, etc.\n\nAnnounced in November 1986 and originally planned to open in the fall of 1987, the center broke ground in June 1988\\. Costing $1\\.75 million, the Kinsman Discovery Center opened on March 23, 1990, two and a half years late and $550,000 over budget. It replaced the old Aunt Sally's Farm, which operated between 1959 and 1989\\.\n\nA statue honouring [Winnipeg the Bear](/wiki/Winnipeg_%28bear%29 \"Winnipeg (bear)\")—the bear that was made famous as [Winnie\\-the\\-Pooh](/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh \"Winnie-the-Pooh\")—was unveiled in 1992 and has since been relocated to the Nature Playground in the general Park area.\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|*Winnie\\-the\\-Bear* statue, unveiled in 1992\\|180px](/wiki/File:Assiniboine_Park_Zoo%2C_Winnipeg_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg \"Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg - panoramio (1).jpg\")\n, species contained at the Kinsmen Discovery Centre include:\n\n* Crustaceans and Insects\n\t+ Anemones\n\t\t- [Bubble\\-tip anemone](/wiki/Bubble-tip_anemone \"Bubble-tip anemone\") (*Entacmaea quadricolor*)\n\t\t- [Pink\\-tipped anemone](/wiki/Pink_tipped_anemone \"Pink tipped anemone\") (*Condylactis*)\n\t+ [Central American giant cave cockroach](/wiki/Blaberus_giganteus \"Blaberus giganteus\") (*Blaberus giganteus*)\n\t+ Crabs\n\t\t- [Emerald crab](/wiki/Emerald_crab \"Emerald crab\") (*Mithraculus sculptus*)\n\t\t- [Red Reef hermit crab](/wiki/Paguristes_cadenati \"Paguristes cadenati\") (*Paguristes cadenati*)\n\t\t- [Thinstripe hermit crab](/wiki/Thinstripe_hermit_crab \"Thinstripe hermit crab\") (*Clibanarius vittatus*)\n\t\t- [Tricolor hermit crab](/wiki/Tricolor_Hermit_Crab \"Tricolor Hermit Crab\") (*Clibanarius tricolor*)\n\t+ [Emerald false (shaggy mushroom) coral](/wiki/Ricordea_florida \"Ricordea florida\") (*Ricordea florida*)\n\t+ Shrimp\n\t\t- [Banded coral shrimp](/wiki/Banded_Coral_Shrimp \"Banded Coral Shrimp\") (*Stenopus hispidus*)\n\t\t- [Peppermint shrimp](/wiki/Peppermint_shrimp \"Peppermint shrimp\") (Lysmata wurdemanni)\n\t+ Snails\n\t\t- [Antillean tooth snail](/wiki/Nerita \"Nerita\") (*Nerita*)\n\t\t- [Channeled turban snail](/wiki/Turbo_%28gastropod%29 \"Turbo (gastropod)\") (*Turbo*)\n\t\t- [Crowned astrea snail](/wiki/Astraea_%28gastropod%29 \"Astraea (gastropod)\") (*Astraea*)\n\t\t- [Middle\\-spined cerith snail](/wiki/Cerithium \"Cerithium\") (*Cerithium*)\n\t\t- [Nassarius snail](/wiki/Nassarius \"Nassarius\") (*Nassarius*)\n\t\t- [Turban snail](/wiki/Turbo_fluctuosus \"Turbo fluctuosus\") (*Turbo fluctuosus*)\n\t\t- [Zebra nerite snail](/wiki/Neritina_natalensis \"Neritina natalensis\") (*Neritina natalensis*)\n* Fish\n\t+ [Banded archerfish](/wiki/Banded_archerfish \"Banded archerfish\") (*Toxotes jaculatrix*)\n\t+ [Bristlenose pleco](/wiki/Bristlenosed_pleco \"Bristlenosed pleco\") (*Ancistrus*)\n\t+ Catfish\n\t\t- [Blotched upside\\-down catfish](/wiki/Blotched_upside-down_catfish \"Blotched upside-down catfish\") (*Synodontis nigriventris*)\n\t\t- [Featherfin squeaker catfish](/wiki/Featherfin_squeaker \"Featherfin squeaker\") (*Synodontis eupterus*)\n\t+ Dottybacks\n\t\t- [Dottyback](/wiki/Dottyback \"Dottyback\") (*Pseudochromidae*)\n\t\t- [Orchid dottyback](/wiki/Orchid_dottyback \"Orchid dottyback\") (*Pseudochromis fridmani*)\n\t+ [Gilled African lungfish](/wiki/Gilled_African_lungfish \"Gilled African lungfish\") (*Protopterus amphibius*)\n\t+ [Leopard bush fish](/wiki/Leopard_bush_fish \"Leopard bush fish\") (*Ctenopoma acutirostre*)\n\t+ [Mexican blind cave fish](/wiki/Astyanax_jordani \"Astyanax jordani\") (*Astyanax jordani*)\n\t+ [Saddled bichir](/wiki/Saddled_Bichir \"Saddled Bichir\") (*Polypterus endlicheri*)\n\t+ [Tomini surgeon](/wiki/Tomini_surgeonfish \"Tomini surgeonfish\") (*Ctenochaetus tominiensis*)\n\t+ Tangs\n\t\t- [Blue regal (hippo) tang](/wiki/Regal_Tang \"Regal Tang\") (*Paracanthurus hepatus*)\n\t\t- [Purple (Yellow\\-tailed) tang](/wiki/Purple_Tang \"Purple Tang\") (*Zebrasoma xanthurum*)\n\t\t- [Yellow tang](/wiki/Yellow_tang \"Yellow tang\") (*Zebrasoma flavescens*)\n* Reptiles and Amphibians\n\t+ [Geyr’s spiny\\-tailed lizard](/wiki/Geyr%E2%80%99s_spiny-tailed_lizard \"Geyr’s spiny-tailed lizard\") (*Uromastyx geyri*)\n\t+ [New Caledonia Bumpy (Gargoyle) Gecko](/wiki/Gargoyle_gecko \"Gargoyle gecko\") (*Rhacodactylus auriculatus*)\n\t+ Tortoises\n\t\t- [Indian star tortoise](/wiki/Indian_star_tortoise \"Indian star tortoise\") (*Geochelone elegans*)\n\t+ [White’s Tree (Dunny) Frog](/wiki/White%27s_tree_frog \"White's tree frog\") (*Pelodryas caerulea*)\n* Birds\n\t+ Doves\n\t\t- [Black\\-naped fruit dove](/wiki/Black-naped_fruit_dove \"Black-naped fruit dove\") (*Ptilinopus melanospilus*)\n\t\t- [Common emerald dove](/wiki/Common_emerald_dove \"Common emerald dove\") (*Chalcophaps indica*)\n\t+ [Tawny frogmouth](/wiki/Tawny_frogmouth \"Tawny frogmouth\") (*Podargus strigoides*)\n\t+ [Snowy\\-headed robin\\-chat](/wiki/Snowy-headed_Robin-chat \"Snowy-headed Robin-chat\") (*Cossypha niveicapilla*)\n\t+ [Speckled mousebird](/wiki/Speckled_mousebird \"Speckled mousebird\") (*Colius striatus*)\n\t+ [Violet\\-backed (amethyst) starling](/wiki/Violet-backed_starling \"Violet-backed starling\") (*Cinnyricinclus leucogaster*)\n\t+ Weavers\n\t\t- [Village weaver](/wiki/Village_weaver \"Village weaver\") (*Ploceus cucullatus*)\n\t\t- [Taveta golden weaver](/wiki/Taveta_golden_weaver \"Taveta golden weaver\") (Ploceus castaneiceps)\n* Mammals\n\t+ [Greater spear\\-nosed bat](/wiki/Greater_spear-nosed_bat \"Greater spear-nosed bat\") (*Phyllostomus hastatus*)\n\t+ [Prevost's squirrel](/wiki/Prevost%27s_squirrel \"Prevost's squirrel\") (*Callosciurus prevostii*)\n\t+ [Slender\\-tailed meerkat](/wiki/Slender-tailed_Meerkat \"Slender-tailed Meerkat\") (*Suricata suricatta*)\n",
"### Open Range\n\nThe Open Range section is located at the center of the Zoo and features various animals from around the world, including:\n\n* Mammals\n\t+ [Alpine ibex](/wiki/Alpine_ibex \"Alpine ibex\") (*Capra ibex*)\n\t+ [Llama](/wiki/Llama \"Llama\") (*Lama glama*)\n\t+ [Pronghorn](/wiki/Pronghorn \"Pronghorn\") (*Antilocapra americana*)\n\t+ [Red kangaroo](/wiki/Red_kangaroo \"Red kangaroo\") (*Macropus rufus*)\n\t+ [Turkmenian markhor](/wiki/Turkmenian_markhor \"Turkmenian markhor\") (*Capra falconeri heptneri*)\n* Birds\n\t+ [Common peafowl](/wiki/Common_Peafowl \"Common Peafowl\") (*Pavo cristatus*) — free roaming\n\t+ [Demoiselle crane](/wiki/Demoiselle_crane \"Demoiselle crane\") (*Anthropoides virgo*)\n\t+ [Wild turkey](/wiki/Wild_turkey \"Wild turkey\") (*Meleagris gallopavo*) — free roaming\n",
"### Toucan Ridge\n\n**Toucan Ridge**, originally known as the **Tropical House**, is an exhibit featuring animal, bird, and [plant life](/wiki/Plant_life \"Plant life\") of the new\\-world [tropics](/wiki/Tropics \"Tropics\") of [Central](/wiki/Central_America \"Central America\") and [South America](/wiki/South_America \"South America\").\n\nConstructed in 1971 at a cost of $500,000, the original Tropical House building first opened to the public in November 1972 and almost doubled the Zoo's total species. Temperatures inside the Tropical House would be maintained at a constant .\n\nIn 2009, the Zoo contracted with demolition company Klassen Concrete to demolish the early 1970s Tropical House. Instead of demolishing the building, a plan was put into place where most of the building would be reused, but the displays would be reconfigured. The project took five months to complete, with infrastructure renewal costing $900,000, and exhibit renewal costing $2\\.1 million.\n\nOn 20, 2011, the first new exhibit as part of the Assiniboine Park Zoo's redevelopment plans, Toucan Ridge, was opened.[thumb\\|[Toucans](/wiki/Toucan \"Toucan\") at Assiniboine Park Zoo (2012\\)](/wiki/File:Assiniboine_Park_Zoo%2C_Winnipeg_%28480500%29_%289447808822%29.jpg \"Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg (480500) (9447808822).jpg\")\n\nAs of 2021, species contained at the Toucan Ridge include:\n\n* Mammals\n\t+ [Common squirrel monkey](/wiki/Common_squirrel_monkey \"Common squirrel monkey\") (*Saimiri sciureus*)\n\t+ [Cotton\\-top tamarin](/wiki/Cotton-top_tamarin \"Cotton-top tamarin\") (*Saguinus oedipus*)\n\t+ [Goeldi's monkey](/wiki/Goeldi%27s_monkey \"Goeldi's monkey\") (*Callimico goeldii*)\n\t+ [Kinkajou](/wiki/Kinkajou \"Kinkajou\") (*Potos flavus*)\n\t+ [Ocelot](/wiki/Ocelot \"Ocelot\") (*Leopardus pardalis*)\n\t+ [Patagonian mara](/wiki/Patagonian_mara \"Patagonian mara\") (*Dolichotis patagonum*)\n\t+ [Red panda](/wiki/Red_panda \"Red panda\") (*Ailurus fulgens refulgens*)\n\t+ [Seba’s short\\-tailed bat](/wiki/Seba%27s_short-tailed_bat \"Seba's short-tailed bat\") (*Carollia perspicillata*)\n* Birds\n\t+ [Blue\\-throated piping guan](/wiki/Blue-throated_piping_guan \"Blue-throated piping guan\") (*Pipile cumanensis*)\n\t+ [Cinnamon teal](/wiki/Cinnamon_teal \"Cinnamon teal\") (*Spatula cyanoptera*)\n\t+ [Golden eagle](/wiki/Golden_eagle \"Golden eagle\") (*Aquila chrysaetos*)\n\t+ [Monk parakeet](/wiki/Monk_parakeet \"Monk parakeet\") (*Myiopsitta monachus*)\n\t+ [Peruvian thick\\-knee](/wiki/Peruvian_thick-knee \"Peruvian thick-knee\") (*Burhinus superciliaris*)\n\t+ [Red\\-crested wood partridge](/wiki/Rollulus_rouloul \"Rollulus rouloul\") (*Rollulus rouloul*)\n\t+ [Red\\-winged parrot](/wiki/Red-winged_parrot \"Red-winged parrot\") (*Aprosmictus erythropterus*)\n\t+ [Ringed teal](/wiki/Ringed_teal \"Ringed teal\") (*Callonetta leucophrys*)\n\t+ [Roseate spoonbill](/wiki/Roseate_spoonbill \"Roseate spoonbill\") (Platalea ajaja)\n\t+ [Scarlet ibis](/wiki/Scarlet_ibis \"Scarlet ibis\") (*Eudocimus ruber*)\n\t+ [Sulphur\\-crested cockatoo](/wiki/Sulphur-crested_cockatoo \"Sulphur-crested cockatoo\") (*Cacatua galerita*)\n\t+ [Sun Conure](/wiki/Sun_Conure \"Sun Conure\") (*Aratinga solstitialis*)\n\t+ [Sunbittern](/wiki/Sunbittern \"Sunbittern\") (*Eurypyga helias*)\n\t+ [Toco toucan](/wiki/Toco_toucan \"Toco toucan\") (*Ramphastos toco*)\n\t+ [Yellow\\-green grosbeak](/wiki/Yellow-green_grosbeak \"Yellow-green grosbeak\") (*Caryothraustes canadensis*)\n* Reptiles and Amphibians\n\t+ [Axolotl](/wiki/Axolotl \"Axolotl\") (*Ambystoma mexicanum*)\n\t+ [Cuvier's dwarf caiman](/wiki/Cuvier%27s_dwarf_caiman \"Cuvier's dwarf caiman\") (*Paleosuchus palpebrosus*)\n\t+ [Green\\-and\\-black poison dart frog](/wiki/Green_and_black_poison_dart_frog \"Green and black poison dart frog\") (Dendrobates auratus)\n\t+ [Panther Chameleon](/wiki/Panther_chameleon \"Panther chameleon\") (*Furcifer pardalis*)\n\t+ [Yellow\\-and\\-blue poison dart frog](/wiki/Dendrobates_tinctorius \"Dendrobates tinctorius\") (Dendrobates tinctorius)\n\t+ [Yellow\\-spotted Amazon river turtle](/wiki/Yellow-spotted_Amazon_river_turtle \"Yellow-spotted Amazon river turtle\") (*Podocnemis unifilis*)\n\t+ [Common Boa Constrictor](/wiki/Boa_constrictor \"Boa constrictor\")\n* Fish\n\t+ [Convict cichlid](/wiki/Convict_cichlid \"Convict cichlid\") (*Archocentrus nigrofasciata*)\n",
"### Others\n\n**Dinosaurs Uncovered** is an interactive [dinosaur](/wiki/Dinosaur \"Dinosaur\") exhibit that opens during the summer. Outdoors, it features 17 life\\-size, [animatronic](/wiki/Animatronics \"Animatronics\") dinosaurs along a forested trail; indoors, it features dinosaur skeletons, [fossils](/wiki/Fossil \"Fossil\"), and artifacts. It consists of species from the [Triassic](/wiki/Triassic \"Triassic\"), [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic \"Jurassic\"), and [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous \"Cretaceous\") periods and includes the [Tyrannosaurus Rex](/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_rex \"Tyrannosaurus rex\") and the feathered [Dakotaraptor](/wiki/Dakotaraptor \"Dakotaraptor\").\n\nThe **McFeetors Heavy Horse Centre** is a year\\-round exhibit that is currently home to two breeds of horses (*Equus caballus*)—[Percheron draft horse](/wiki/Percheron_horse \"Percheron horse\") and [Clydesdale draft horse](/wiki/Clydesdale_horse \"Clydesdale horse\")—and includes a [barn](/wiki/Barn \"Barn\"), [pastures](/wiki/Pasture \"Pasture\"), [paddocks](/wiki/Paddock \"Paddock\"), and a carriage shed. The center was announced in September 2014 and officially opened on August 28, 2015\\.\n\nThe **Shirley Richardson Butterfly Garden**, located next to the Toucan Ridge exhibit, is a permanent seasonal exhibit of various [butterfly species](/wiki/Butterfly \"Butterfly\") and is open from late spring to early fall. It was opened in June 2009 and covers .\n\n#### Events\n\nMajor community events take place annually in both the Zoo and Park. , events held at the Zoo include the following:\n\n* **Brew at the Zoo** is an event showcasing Manitoba's local [craft beer](/wiki/Craft_Beer \"Craft Beer\"), [wine](/wiki/Wine \"Wine\"), and [spirits](/wiki/Spirits_%28alcohol%29 \"Spirits (alcohol)\") industry.\n* **Wildest Dreams** is a zoo experience offered to families \"facing health and/or socio\\-economic barriers.\"\n* The **Zoo Lights Festival** is the holiday light show that takes place between the late fall and early winter months and has been held since 2019\\.\n\n#### Former exhibits and events\n\n* A special **Australian exhibit** featuring [koalas](/wiki/Koala \"Koala\") from the [San Diego Zoo](/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo \"San Diego Zoo\") was created in 1993 and was open to the public between May 12 and September 19 in the former Aunt Sally's Farm space. After the koalas left, this enclosure was used for [Matschie's tree\\-kangaroos](/wiki/Matschie%27s_tree-kangaroo \"Matschie's tree-kangaroo\").\n* **Boo at the Zoo** was started in 1996 as a Halloween event. In the first year, 40,000 people attended over a ten\\-day period. By its 10th anniversary in 2006, when the Pumpkin Patch Maze, Area 54 and Boo Alley were added to the attractions, the event was attended by 57,400 visitors.\n* **Lights of the Wild**, featuring animal light sculptures presented by the Zoo and the Society, was first opened in 1996 for 3 weeks in the winter. It was discontinued in 2000 and the lights were all sold to Portage Island of Lights.\n* **Stingray Beach** was a rotating exhibit that debuted in 2019 on the [May long weekend](/wiki/Victoria_Day \"Victoria Day\"). However, after a month and a half, three male specimens died from undetermined causes.\n* A temporary exhibit, **Xtreme Bugs**, was featured at the Zoo during the summer of 2018\\.\n",
"#### Events\n\nMajor community events take place annually in both the Zoo and Park. , events held at the Zoo include the following:\n\n* **Brew at the Zoo** is an event showcasing Manitoba's local [craft beer](/wiki/Craft_Beer \"Craft Beer\"), [wine](/wiki/Wine \"Wine\"), and [spirits](/wiki/Spirits_%28alcohol%29 \"Spirits (alcohol)\") industry.\n* **Wildest Dreams** is a zoo experience offered to families \"facing health and/or socio\\-economic barriers.\"\n* The **Zoo Lights Festival** is the holiday light show that takes place between the late fall and early winter months and has been held since 2019\\.\n",
"#### Former exhibits and events\n\n* A special **Australian exhibit** featuring [koalas](/wiki/Koala \"Koala\") from the [San Diego Zoo](/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo \"San Diego Zoo\") was created in 1993 and was open to the public between May 12 and September 19 in the former Aunt Sally's Farm space. After the koalas left, this enclosure was used for [Matschie's tree\\-kangaroos](/wiki/Matschie%27s_tree-kangaroo \"Matschie's tree-kangaroo\").\n* **Boo at the Zoo** was started in 1996 as a Halloween event. In the first year, 40,000 people attended over a ten\\-day period. By its 10th anniversary in 2006, when the Pumpkin Patch Maze, Area 54 and Boo Alley were added to the attractions, the event was attended by 57,400 visitors.\n* **Lights of the Wild**, featuring animal light sculptures presented by the Zoo and the Society, was first opened in 1996 for 3 weeks in the winter. It was discontinued in 2000 and the lights were all sold to Portage Island of Lights.\n* **Stingray Beach** was a rotating exhibit that debuted in 2019 on the [May long weekend](/wiki/Victoria_Day \"Victoria Day\"). However, after a month and a half, three male specimens died from undetermined causes.\n* A temporary exhibit, **Xtreme Bugs**, was featured at the Zoo during the summer of 2018\\.\n",
"Operations\n----------\n\nThe Zoo hosts summertime [day camps](/wiki/Day_camp \"Day camp\") for children of all ages, as well as guided school and group tours.\n\n### Conservation and research\n\nLocated inside the Journey to Churchill exhibit, the **Leatherdale International Polar Bear Conservation Centre** (**IPBCC**), named after Doug and Louise Leatherdale and sponsored by [Calm Air](/wiki/Calm_Air \"Calm Air\"), is the Zoo's central hub for [research projects](/wiki/Research_project \"Research project\") and conservation, as well as an [interpretive centre](/wiki/Interpretive_centre \"Interpretive centre\") providing wildlife education. Opened in 2012, it was established with funding from the [Government of Manitoba](/wiki/Government_of_Manitoba \"Government of Manitoba\") as part of the provincial *Polar Bear Protection Amendment Act**[Polar Bear Protection Act](https://web2.gov.mb.ca/bills/37-3/b043e.php)*; [*Polar Bear Protection Amendment Act*](https://web2.gov.mb.ca/bills/39-5/b007e.php) and houses the Conservation and Research department of Assiniboine Park Conservancy. IPBCC is overseen by an [advisory board](/wiki/Advisory_board \"Advisory board\"), currently chaired by Dr. Stephen Petersen, who is also the Zoo's Director of Conservation and Research.\n\nThe Zoo's [conservation](/wiki/List_of_Wildlife_Species_at_Risk_%28Canada%29 \"List of Wildlife Species at Risk (Canada)\") efforts are focused in three areas: [arctic](/wiki/Arctic \"Arctic\") and [subarctic](/wiki/Subarctic \"Subarctic\") species conservation; Manitoba species conservation; and conservation of international species that are at risk.\n\nCurrent projects (as of 2021\\) relating to arctic and subarctic species conservation include: a study mapping out [denning](/wiki/Hibernation \"Hibernation\") areas of [polar bears](/wiki/Polar_bear \"Polar bear\"); the study of polar\\-bear biology through [non\\-invasive techniques](/wiki/Non-invasive_technique \"Non-invasive technique\"); a collaborative project with researchers at the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba \"University of Manitoba\") into the technologies that enable the identification of individual polar bears; a project collecting and classifying underwater images of [beluga whales](/wiki/Beluga_whale \"Beluga whale\") in the [Churchill River](/wiki/Churchill_River_%28Hudson_Bay%29 \"Churchill River (Hudson Bay)\"), in partnership with [Polar Bears International](/wiki/Polar_Bears_International \"Polar Bears International\"), [Zooniverse](/wiki/Zooniverse \"Zooniverse\"), and [Explore.org](/wiki/Explore.org \"Explore.org\"), and support by the [RBC](/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada \"Royal Bank of Canada\") Foundation; and a project (sponsored by [Calm Air](/wiki/Calm_Air \"Calm Air\")) monitoring the response of [ringed](/wiki/Ringed_seal \"Ringed seal\") and [harbour seal](/wiki/Harbor_seal \"Harbor seal\") in the [Hudson Bay](/wiki/Hudson_Bay \"Hudson Bay\") to changes in [sea ice](/wiki/Sea_ice \"Sea ice\").\n\nCurrent projects (as of 2021\\) relating to Manitoba species conservation include: \n\n* A [headstarting](/wiki/Headstarting \"Headstarting\") program, initiated in 2017, for [Poweshiek skipperling](/wiki/Poweshiek_Skipperling \"Poweshiek Skipperling\")\n* A project involving the recovery of [burrowing owls](/wiki/Burrowing_owl \"Burrowing owl\")\n* The Saving Animals From Extinction (SAFE) project, currently involved in saving the [monarch butterfly](/wiki/Monarch_butterfly \"Monarch butterfly\") and North\\-American [songbird](/wiki/Songbird \"Songbird\").\n\n### Admission fees\n\nSince its inception, the Zoo has been free. Various attempts at raising funds (beyond taxpayer funds) had been made, including coin boxes inside the Zoo and a gift shop. By 1993, it was decided to start charging an admission fee for zoo maintenance and upgrading, and expansion of exhibit spaces.\n\nIn 2015, the Zoo had offered discounts on Tuesdays at the cost of $10 for adults. However, in that year, the admission fee was raised to $12 per adult.\n\nThe Zoo has offered free children's admission during the days of the Christmas break in years 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018\\.\n\n| \\+Zoo admission fees (2019\\) | Visitor | Entrance fee |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Age 3\\-12 | $11\\.25 |\n| Age 13\\-17 | $17\\.75 |\n| Student (with ID) | $17\\.75 |\n| Adults (up to age 59\\) | $20\\.50 |\n| Seniors | $17\\.75 |\n\n",
"### Conservation and research\n\nLocated inside the Journey to Churchill exhibit, the **Leatherdale International Polar Bear Conservation Centre** (**IPBCC**), named after Doug and Louise Leatherdale and sponsored by [Calm Air](/wiki/Calm_Air \"Calm Air\"), is the Zoo's central hub for [research projects](/wiki/Research_project \"Research project\") and conservation, as well as an [interpretive centre](/wiki/Interpretive_centre \"Interpretive centre\") providing wildlife education. Opened in 2012, it was established with funding from the [Government of Manitoba](/wiki/Government_of_Manitoba \"Government of Manitoba\") as part of the provincial *Polar Bear Protection Amendment Act**[Polar Bear Protection Act](https://web2.gov.mb.ca/bills/37-3/b043e.php)*; [*Polar Bear Protection Amendment Act*](https://web2.gov.mb.ca/bills/39-5/b007e.php) and houses the Conservation and Research department of Assiniboine Park Conservancy. IPBCC is overseen by an [advisory board](/wiki/Advisory_board \"Advisory board\"), currently chaired by Dr. Stephen Petersen, who is also the Zoo's Director of Conservation and Research.\n\nThe Zoo's [conservation](/wiki/List_of_Wildlife_Species_at_Risk_%28Canada%29 \"List of Wildlife Species at Risk (Canada)\") efforts are focused in three areas: [arctic](/wiki/Arctic \"Arctic\") and [subarctic](/wiki/Subarctic \"Subarctic\") species conservation; Manitoba species conservation; and conservation of international species that are at risk.\n\nCurrent projects (as of 2021\\) relating to arctic and subarctic species conservation include: a study mapping out [denning](/wiki/Hibernation \"Hibernation\") areas of [polar bears](/wiki/Polar_bear \"Polar bear\"); the study of polar\\-bear biology through [non\\-invasive techniques](/wiki/Non-invasive_technique \"Non-invasive technique\"); a collaborative project with researchers at the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba \"University of Manitoba\") into the technologies that enable the identification of individual polar bears; a project collecting and classifying underwater images of [beluga whales](/wiki/Beluga_whale \"Beluga whale\") in the [Churchill River](/wiki/Churchill_River_%28Hudson_Bay%29 \"Churchill River (Hudson Bay)\"), in partnership with [Polar Bears International](/wiki/Polar_Bears_International \"Polar Bears International\"), [Zooniverse](/wiki/Zooniverse \"Zooniverse\"), and [Explore.org](/wiki/Explore.org \"Explore.org\"), and support by the [RBC](/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada \"Royal Bank of Canada\") Foundation; and a project (sponsored by [Calm Air](/wiki/Calm_Air \"Calm Air\")) monitoring the response of [ringed](/wiki/Ringed_seal \"Ringed seal\") and [harbour seal](/wiki/Harbor_seal \"Harbor seal\") in the [Hudson Bay](/wiki/Hudson_Bay \"Hudson Bay\") to changes in [sea ice](/wiki/Sea_ice \"Sea ice\").\n\nCurrent projects (as of 2021\\) relating to Manitoba species conservation include: \n\n* A [headstarting](/wiki/Headstarting \"Headstarting\") program, initiated in 2017, for [Poweshiek skipperling](/wiki/Poweshiek_Skipperling \"Poweshiek Skipperling\")\n* A project involving the recovery of [burrowing owls](/wiki/Burrowing_owl \"Burrowing owl\")\n* The Saving Animals From Extinction (SAFE) project, currently involved in saving the [monarch butterfly](/wiki/Monarch_butterfly \"Monarch butterfly\") and North\\-American [songbird](/wiki/Songbird \"Songbird\").\n",
"### Admission fees\n\nSince its inception, the Zoo has been free. Various attempts at raising funds (beyond taxpayer funds) had been made, including coin boxes inside the Zoo and a gift shop. By 1993, it was decided to start charging an admission fee for zoo maintenance and upgrading, and expansion of exhibit spaces.\n\nIn 2015, the Zoo had offered discounts on Tuesdays at the cost of $10 for adults. However, in that year, the admission fee was raised to $12 per adult.\n\nThe Zoo has offered free children's admission during the days of the Christmas break in years 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018\\.\n\n| \\+Zoo admission fees (2019\\) | Visitor | Entrance fee |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Age 3\\-12 | $11\\.25 |\n| Age 13\\-17 | $17\\.75 |\n| Student (with ID) | $17\\.75 |\n| Adults (up to age 59\\) | $20\\.50 |\n| Seniors | $17\\.75 |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Zoos in Canada](/wiki/Category:Zoos_in_Canada \"Zoos in Canada\")\n[Category:Tourist attractions in Winnipeg](/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Winnipeg \"Tourist attractions in Winnipeg\")\n[Category:Tuxedo, Winnipeg](/wiki/Category:Tuxedo%2C_Winnipeg \"Tuxedo, Winnipeg\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Little Bear River (Utah)
|
{
"id": [
18372187
],
"name": [
"An Errant Knight"
]
}
|
fs9t7tpmt3vz81s5ymxvl3bjermk0r0
|
2023-12-30T15:05:46Z
| 1,109,939,517 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Little Bear River** is a U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high\\-resolution flowline data. [The National Map](http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/) , accessed May 4, 2011 [tributary](/wiki/Tributary \"Tributary\") of the [Bear River](/wiki/Bear_River_%28Great_Salt_Lake%29 \"Bear River (Great Salt Lake)\") in northern [Utah](/wiki/Utah \"Utah\") in the United States. It rises in the mountains east of [Brigham City](/wiki/Brigham_City%2C_Utah \"Brigham City, Utah\"), where three forks (West, South, and East) join at [Avon](/wiki/Avon%2C_Utah \"Avon, Utah\"), then flows north to [Paradise](/wiki/Paradise%2C_Utah \"Paradise, Utah\"). At Paradise, it spills out into the broad flats of [Cache Valley](/wiki/Cache_Valley \"Cache Valley\"), passing north by [Hyrum](/wiki/Hyrum%2C_Utah \"Hyrum, Utah\"), where it is impounded by the [Hyrum Reservoir](/wiki/Hyrum_Reservoir \"Hyrum Reservoir\"), then meandering generally west by [Wellsville](/wiki/Wellsville%2C_Utah \"Wellsville, Utah\"). It meanders north again, receiving the [Logan River](/wiki/Logan_River_%28Utah%29 \"Logan River (Utah)\") in the Cutler Marsh and eventually draining into the Bear River. However, the junction is now submerged by the [Cutler Reservoir](/wiki/Cutler_Reservoir \"Cutler Reservoir\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of rivers of Utah](/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Utah \"List of rivers of Utah\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* William F. Sigler and John W. Sigler, *Fishes of Utah* (University of Utah Press, 1996\\), p. 12\n\n \n\n[Category:Bear River (Great Salt Lake)](/wiki/Category:Bear_River_%28Great_Salt_Lake%29 \"Bear River (Great Salt Lake)\")\n[Category:Rivers of Utah](/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Utah \"Rivers of Utah\")\n[Category:Rivers of Cache County, Utah](/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Cache_County%2C_Utah \"Rivers of Cache County, Utah\")\n[Category:Great Salt Lake watershed](/wiki/Category:Great_Salt_Lake_watershed \"Great Salt Lake watershed\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Peter Grotier
|
{
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
}
|
101fg7hbwouqnx2omngld9curq0vhru
|
2024-02-18T01:42:27Z
| 1,182,168,112 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"Other appearances",
"Notes",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Peter David Grotier** (born 18 October 1950\\) is an English former professional [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who played as a [goalkeeper](/wiki/Goalkeeper_%28football%29 \"Goalkeeper (football)\") in the [Football League](/wiki/Football_League \"Football League\"). In a senior career that started in 1969, he played for [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\"), [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. \"Cardiff City F.C.\"), [Lincoln City](/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C. \"Lincoln City F.C.\") and [Grimsby Town](/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C. \"Grimsby Town F.C.\"), where he later became a coach and, briefly, caretaker manager.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nBorn in [Stratford](/wiki/Stratford%2C_London \"Stratford, London\"), Grotier started playing as a goalkeeper at [primary school](/wiki/Primary_school \"Primary school\") but his early career was curtailed once he moved on to West Ham Tech (presumably South West Ham Technical School), with the presence of the West Ham Schools goalkeeper restricting him to the role of understudy.\n\nHe was spotted by [Clapton](/wiki/Clapton_F.C. \"Clapton F.C.\") and played in various [Sunday leagues](/wiki/Sunday_league_football \"Sunday league football\") in the local area, before being approached by [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\") chief scout [Wally St Pier](/wiki/Wally_St_Pier \"Wally St Pier\"). After playing a game for the Hammers in the [South East Counties League](/wiki/South_East_Counties_League \"South East Counties League\") early in the [1966–67](/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_West_Ham_United_F.C._season \"1966–67 West Ham United F.C. season\") season, he signed forms for a year\\-long [apprenticeship](/wiki/Apprenticeship \"Apprenticeship\") on the day of his 16th birthday. After signing professional forms a year later, he was part of the West Ham A team which, as well as winning trophies in the [Metropolitan League](/wiki/Metropolitan_League \"Metropolitan League\"), won the [Southern Junior Floodlit Cup](/wiki/Southern_Junior_Floodlit_Cup \"Southern Junior Floodlit Cup\") in 1967 and again in 1969, when they also won the [South East Counties League Cup](/wiki/South_East_Counties_League_Cup \"South East Counties League Cup\").\n\nGrotier made his first team debut for West Ham on 19 April 1969, a [First Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division \"Football League First Division\") encounter against [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\"). The game was the culmination of an eight\\-day period in which he also played for the youth team and the 'A' team, as well as two reserve games.\n\nOn 22 September 1970 Grotier played in an exhibition match in New York between West Ham and Santos of Brazil where he faced the legendary Brazilian striker, Pele. \n\nHe played for the club until 1974, mostly as understudy to [Bobby Ferguson](/wiki/Bobby_Ferguson_%28footballer_born_1945%29 \"Bobby Ferguson (footballer born 1945)\"). He went loan to [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. \"Cardiff City F.C.\") in 1973, and then spent a month at [Lincoln City](/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C. \"Lincoln City F.C.\") at the start of the [1974–75](/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_in_English_football \"1974–75 in English football\") season. West Ham were asking for at least £20,000 for his transfer and his stay at Lincoln was only made permanent after fans raised money for the fee.\n\nGrotier made a total of 263 League and cup appearances for Lincoln, including a run of 134 consecutive appearances, and was an ever\\-present during the [1975–76](/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_in_English_football \"1975–76 in English football\") season. His first two seasons at the club earned him spots in the [PFA Division Four Team of the Year](/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year_%281970s%29 \"PFA Team of the Year (1970s)\") in both seasons.\n\nHe signed for [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. \"Cardiff City F.C.\") for £25,000 in 1979, but made only 38 League appearances for the Welsh side before moving on to [Grimsby Town](/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C. \"Grimsby Town F.C.\") in 1982\\. He later became reserve\\-team coach at the club, and had a spell as [caretaker manager](/wiki/Caretaker_manager \"Caretaker manager\") in 1985\\. He made an appearance for the Mariners in an [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") game against [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. \"Watford F.C.\") in 1986, at the age of 36\\.\n\n",
"Other appearances\n-----------------\n\nGrotier appeared on BBC TV *The Repair Shop* (series 12, episode 9, 2023\\) asking for his programme from the West Ham vs Santos match, autographed by Pele, to be repaired.\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Lincoln City profile](http://world.redimps.co.uk/page/LeagueLegends/0,,10440~986465,00.html)\n\n[Category:1950 births](/wiki/Category:1950_births \"1950 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Footballers from the London Borough of Newham](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_the_London_Borough_of_Newham \"Footballers from the London Borough of Newham\")\n[Category:People from Stratford, London](/wiki/Category:People_from_Stratford%2C_London \"People from Stratford, London\")\n[Category:English men's footballers](/wiki/Category:English_men%27s_footballers \"English men's footballers\")\n[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_goalkeepers \"Men's association football goalkeepers\")\n[Category:West Ham United F.C. players](/wiki/Category:West_Ham_United_F.C._players \"West Ham United F.C. players\")\n[Category:Lincoln City F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Lincoln_City_F.C._players \"Lincoln City F.C. players\")\n[Category:Cardiff City F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Cardiff_City_F.C._players \"Cardiff City F.C. players\")\n[Category:Clapton F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Clapton_F.C._players \"Clapton F.C. players\")\n[Category:Grimsby Town F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Grimsby_Town_F.C._players \"Grimsby Town F.C. players\")\n[Category:Grimsby Town F.C. non\\-playing staff](/wiki/Category:Grimsby_Town_F.C._non-playing_staff \"Grimsby Town F.C. non-playing staff\")\n[Category:Grimsby Town F.C. managers](/wiki/Category:Grimsby_Town_F.C._managers \"Grimsby Town F.C. managers\")\n[Category:English Football League players](/wiki/Category:English_Football_League_players \"English Football League players\")\n[Category:English Football League managers](/wiki/Category:English_Football_League_managers \"English Football League managers\")\n[Category:English football managers](/wiki/Category:English_football_managers \"English football managers\")\n[Category:Association football goalkeeping coaches](/wiki/Category:Association_football_goalkeeping_coaches \"Association football goalkeeping coaches\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Holte railway station
|
{
"id": [
14580247
],
"name": [
"Trip Tucker"
]
}
|
bj0rygcc959tbui6o83snxgfo3snnt6
|
2024-09-26T12:27:29Z
| 1,240,980,046 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Number of travellers",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Holte station** is a railway station serving the suburb of [Holte](/wiki/Holte \"Holte\") north of [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen \"Copenhagen\"), [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"). It is served by [S\\-trains](/wiki/S-train \"S-train\") on the [Hillerød radial](/wiki/Nordbanen \"Nordbanen\") of [Copenhagen's S\\-train network](/wiki/S-train_%28Copenhagen%29 \"S-train (Copenhagen)\").[www.dsb.dk/S\\-tog](http://www.dsb.dk/Global/PDF/Koereplaner/S-tog/Linje%20E.pdf) The station is also served by nine bus routes, providing connections to all nearby towns and villages.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe location was chosen as a railway stopping place, which was used as a location for drawing water into the steam trains.\n\n",
"Number of travellers\n--------------------\n\nAccording to the *Østtællingen* in 2008:\n\n| År | Antal | År | Antal | År | Antal | År | Antal |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1957 | \\- | 1974 | 5\\.273 | 1991 | 4\\.801 | 2001 | 3\\.946 |\n| 1960 | \\- | 1975 | 4\\.570 | 1992 | 4\\.544 | 2002 | 3\\.547 |\n| 1962 | \\- | 1977 | 4\\.097 | 1993 | 4\\.866 | 2003 | 3\\.821 |\n| 1964 | \\- | 1979 | 5\\.076 | 1995 | 4\\.314 | 2004 | 3\\.798 |\n| 1966 | \\- | 1981 | 5\\.420 | 1996 | 4\\.328 | 2005 | 3\\.709 |\n| 1968 | 4\\.511 | 1984 | 5\\.212 | 1997 | 4\\.296 | 2006 | 3\\.410 |\n| 1970 | 5\\.013 | 1987 | 4\\.930 | 1998 | 4\\.354 | 2007 | 3\\.661 |\n| 1972 | 5\\.321 | 1990 | 4\\.603 | 2000 | 4\\.074 | 2008 | 3\\.695 |\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of railway stations in Denmark](/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Denmark \"List of railway stations in Denmark\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Holte (DSB information)](http://www.dsb.dk/kundeservice/stationer/holte/)\n* [Banedanmark](http://www.banedanmark.dk) – [government agency](/wiki/Government_agency \"Government agency\") responsible for [maintenance](/wiki/Railway_maintenance \"Railway maintenance\") and [traffic control](/wiki/Traffic_control \"Traffic control\") of most of the [Danish railway network](/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Denmark \"Rail transport in Denmark\")\n* [DSB](http://www.dsb.dk) – the Danish national [train operating company](/wiki/Train_operating_company \"Train operating company\")\n* [Danske Jernbaner](http://danskejernbaner.dk/) – website with information on [railway history](/wiki/Railway_history \"Railway history\") in Denmark\n\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Rudersdal Municipality](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Rudersdal_Municipality \"Buildings and structures in Rudersdal Municipality\")\n[Category:S\\-train (Copenhagen) stations](/wiki/Category:S-train_%28Copenhagen%29_stations \"S-train (Copenhagen) stations\")\n[Category:Railway stations in Denmark opened in 1864](/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Denmark_opened_in_1864 \"Railway stations in Denmark opened in 1864\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Independent Liberal Party (UK, 1918)
|
{
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
}
|
cln5dz3vh3ecovpadth5p3d8c49v99z
|
2024-09-17T12:35:19Z
| 1,135,268,315 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Notes"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Independent Liberal Party** is a name used for the Parliamentary Liberal Party created in 1918 and led by [H. H. Asquith](/wiki/H._H._Asquith \"H. H. Asquith\"), in opposition to the [Coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government \"Coalition government\") led by the Liberal [David Lloyd George](/wiki/David_Lloyd_George \"David Lloyd George\"). The Coalition candidates (whether Conservatives or Liberal) were marked at the [1918 election](/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1918 United Kingdom general election\") by the [Coalition Coupon](/wiki/Coalition_Coupon \"Coalition Coupon\").William H. Field, *Regional dynamics: the basis of electoral support in Britain* (1997\\), p. 40 In fact, the parliamentary party was not independent from the [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Party (UK)\"), of which it formed part. Rather, it was independent of Lloyd George. It was sometimes known by the epithet **the [Wee Free](/wiki/Wee_Free \"Wee Free\") Party**.\n\nThe issuing of the Coalition Coupon to some Liberals, but not to others, led Asquith's followers to form a Parliamentary Liberal Party in opposition to them, so that in most constituencies the election of 1918 saw a three\\-way contest between the Coalition Government, the Independent Liberal Party, and the Labour Party.Beverly Parker Stobaugh, \n*Women and Parliament, 1918\\-1970*, p. 53\n\nAfter the 1918 election, the party remained in existence in parliament until 1922, although greatly weakened. Only 28 were returned, and even Asquith himself lost his [East Fife](/wiki/East_Fife_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"East Fife (UK Parliament constituency)\") seat. Between 1918 and 1922, there were twenty\\-four three\\-cornered parliamentary [by\\-elections](/wiki/By-election \"By-election\"), but in each of them the Independent Liberal candidates polled only between 24 and 28 per cent of the votes.Chris Cook, *A short history of the Liberal Party, 1900\\-92* (1993\\), p. 82\\.\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n[Category:Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Defunct_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom\")\n[United Kingdom 1918](/wiki/Category:Defunct_liberal_political_parties \"Defunct liberal political parties\")\n[Category:Liberal Party (UK)](/wiki/Category:Liberal_Party_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Party (UK)\")\n[Category:Political parties established in 1918](/wiki/Category:Political_parties_established_in_1918 \"Political parties established in 1918\")\n[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1922](/wiki/Category:Political_parties_disestablished_in_1922 \"Political parties disestablished in 1922\")\n[Category:Liberal parties in the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Liberal parties in the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:1918 establishments in the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:1918_establishments_in_the_United_Kingdom \"1918 establishments in the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:1922 disestablishments in the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:1922_disestablishments_in_the_United_Kingdom \"1922 disestablishments in the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:H. H. Asquith](/wiki/Category:H._H._Asquith \"H. H. Asquith\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
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