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Shariat Jamaat
|
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"Jean-de-Nivelle"
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3wngksxi7m4hbqrre4jrcvefiz3x0ml
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2024-08-30T10:32:56Z
| 1,167,646,215 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Jennet",
"Shariat Jamaat",
"Vilayat Dagestan",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
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"\n\n* + \n\n**Vilayat Dagestan** (; ), formerly known as **Shariat Jamaat**, was an [Islamist](/wiki/Islamist \"Islamist\") [Jihadist](/wiki/Jihadist \"Jihadist\") group based in the [Russian republic](/wiki/Republics_of_Russia \"Republics of Russia\") of [Dagestan](/wiki/Dagestan \"Dagestan\") and is part of the [Caucasus Emirate](/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate \"Caucasus Emirate\"). The group is closely associated with the separatist conflicts in the nearby Russian republics of [Chechnya](/wiki/Chechnya \"Chechnya\") and [Ingushetia](/wiki/Ingushetia \"Ingushetia\"), and was created during the [Second Chechen War](/wiki/Second_Chechen_War \"Second Chechen War\") in favor of Dagestan's independence as an [Islamic state](/wiki/Islamic_state \"Islamic state\").\n\nThe Jamaat Shariat claims to be \"legitimate authority of Dagestan\" with the aim of establishing a \"fair society\" based on *[sharia](/wiki/Sharia \"Sharia\")* law. To achieve this end, the Jamaat considers it legitimate to target police and security officials and some civilians such as the government\\-loyalist [Muslim](/wiki/Muslim \"Muslim\") clergy and clerics of the [Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Russian Orthodox Church\"), and has been responsible for the deaths of hundreds of Russian security and military personnel, officials, and civilians.\n\nThe Jamaat says that peace talks with Russia are hypothetically possible, but only when Russia withdraws its troops from the region and provides security guarantees. Otherwise, the group claims, it is prepared for a long\\-term guerrilla [war of attrition](/wiki/War_of_attrition \"War of attrition\") that may be broadened to encompass the whole of the Russian Federation, including Moscow and [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg \"St. Petersburg\"). As of 2010, the ongoing violence has plunged the multiethnic and corruption\\- and poverty\\-plagued republic into near civil war.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n### Jennet\n\nShariat Jamaat was established by Emir Rasul ([Rasul Makasharipov](/wiki/Rasul_Makasharipov \"Rasul Makasharipov\")) following the near\\-destruction of the much smaller Dagestani terrorist group called **Jennet** (Arabic: *Paradise*).[Shariat organization succeeds to Dzhennet rebel group](http://eng.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/engnews/id/755035.html) In 1999, Makasharipov fought against the government during the abortive [rebel invasion](/wiki/Invasion_of_Dagestan_%281999%29 \"Invasion of Dagestan (1999)\") of Dagestan from Chechnya. After moving to fight in Chechnya, he went back to his homeland in 2002 and set up Jennet (Dzhennet), whose principal objective was to eliminate senior officers of the security forces in Dagestan.\n\nThe group was loyal to the Chechen commander [Shamil Basayev](/wiki/Shamil_Basayev \"Shamil Basayev\") and its center of operations was the republic's capital of [Makhachkala](/wiki/Makhachkala \"Makhachkala\") along with the nearby [Tarki](/wiki/Tarki \"Tarki\")\\-Tau Mountain. The insurgents managed to assassinate several important figures such as Kamil Etinbekov, the [Federal Security Service](/wiki/Federal_Security_Service \"Federal Security Service\")'s territorial head of counterintelligence and counterterrorism; Akhberdilav Akilov, head of the police department for the struggle against extremism and criminal terrorism, and 28 officers of his department; and Magomed Gusayev, the minister of national policy, information, and external relations. The [2002 Kaspiysk bombing](/wiki/2002_Kaspiysk_bombing \"2002 Kaspiysk bombing\"), in which 43 soldiers and civilians were killed at a military parade, was also blamed on Makasharipov, although he rejected any responsibility and instead blamed the FSB director [Nikolay Patrushev](/wiki/Nikolay_Patrushev \"Nikolay Patrushev\"). The official Russian state media and its branches in Dagestan officially claimed that the bombing was organized by Rabbani\\-Khalil. It was long after Rabbani\\-Khalil rejected responsibility and blamed instead head of Republic of Dagestan in one of his popular videos clarifying situation around him and militants in North Caucasus with historical pretext. Apparently the motives of the head of Republic of Dagestan was to discredit and blacken the image of Muslim militants that gained quite a popularity among the local population. However, there was no response to this claim of Rabbani\\-Khalil from the then\\-head of Dagestan, Magomedali Magomedov.\n\n### Shariat Jamaat\n\nFollowing the loss of several of its key leaders in late 2004, remnants of Jennet were re\\-organized and transformed into Sharia Jamaat ([Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") for \"Islamic Law Community\"). The new group, much larger and more decentralized (including the semi\\-autonomous local jamaats in [Buinaksk](/wiki/Buinaksk \"Buinaksk\"), Gubden, [Khasavyurt](/wiki/Khasavyurt \"Khasavyurt\") and [Kaspiysk](/wiki/Kaspiysk \"Kaspiysk\")), is loosely organized mostly into many small clandestine urban cells, some with only three to five people, with a particularly strong presence in Makachkala. The Jamaat also maintains several larger guerrilla subunits of up to 15 fighters each, which are based in the forested and mountainous areas of Dagestan and occasionally engage in relatively large battles against Russian special forces backed by artillery and air support (such as a battle in March 2009 in which 16 rebels and at least five Russian troops were killed [Итог спецоперации в Дагестане: 16 убитых боевиков, 5 погибших силовиков](http://newsru.com/russia/21mar2009/terrd.html) ).\n\nThe new group gradually became less discriminating in their attacks, targeting even rank\\-and\\-file traffic police officers, and killing more than 40 policemen in the first half\\-year of 2005\\. In May 2005 it became part of the umbrella organization [Caucasian Front](/wiki/Caucasian_Front_%28Chechen_War%29 \"Caucasian Front (Chechen War)\") established by the new [president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria](/wiki/President_of_the_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria \"President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria\"), [Sheikh Abdul Halim](/wiki/Sheikh_Abdul_Halim \"Sheikh Abdul Halim\"), following the death of his predecessor [Aslan Maskhadov](/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov \"Aslan Maskhadov\"). The group is believed to be responsible for many high\\-profile attacks such as [the bombing](/wiki/Makhachkala_Rus_bombing \"Makhachkala Rus bombing\") which killed more than 10 Russian special forces soldiers in Makhachkala and the assassination of the republic's deputy Interior Minister, General [Magomed Omarov](/wiki/Magomed_Omarov_%28politician%29 \"Magomed Omarov (politician)\") in 2005\\.\n\nMakasharipov was killed during a shootout with Russian troops on 6 July 2005, and his deputy Rabbani ([Rappani Khalilov](/wiki/Rappani_Khalilov \"Rappani Khalilov\")) then took over command. Rabbani was said to be an extremely popular with the youth and was able to recruit hundreds of fighters into Jamaat's ranks. He was closely allied with the Chechen rebels and the commander of foreign fighters in the Caucasus, [Abu Hafs al\\-Urduni](/wiki/Abu_Hafs_al-Urduni \"Abu Hafs al-Urduni\"), and was killed in a house siege by the Russian special forces on 17 September 2007\\.\n\n### Vilayat Dagestan\n\nWith the statements of the new Chechen separatist leader [Dokka Umarov](/wiki/Dokka_Umarov \"Dokka Umarov\"), published by [Kavkaz Center](/wiki/Kavkaz_Center \"Kavkaz Center\") on 1 October 2007, Khalilov was replaced by his deputy, [Abdul Majid](/wiki/Abdul_Madzhid_%28Dagestan_rebel%29 \"Abdul Madzhid (Dagestan rebel)\") (Ilgas Malachiyev). Majid had begun his career during the Second Chechen War, fighting under Mashkadov and [Ibn al\\-Khattab](/wiki/Ibn_al-Khattab \"Ibn al-Khattab\"), before joining the Jamaat in 2005; this helped legitimize him as a rebel leader in Dagestan with the leaderships of both Chechen rebels and foreign fighters. Abdul Majid took the Jamaat oath to not attack civilians and was credited with bringing order to the group after the death of Khalilov. On 8 September 2008, he was killed in a battle in southern Dagestan on the border with Azerbaijan in a joint operation of Russian and Azeri special forces. Following the death of Abu Majid, Umarov (now as the leader of the self\\-styled [Caucasus Emirate](/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate \"Caucasus Emirate\")) appointed Emir Muaz (Omar Sheikhulayev) to lead the renamed Vilayat of Dagestan. Emir Muaz was killed on 5 February 2009 in a gunfight with Russian special forces in a suburb of Makachkala. He was replaced two months later by Emir Bara (Umalat Magomedov), who was in turn killed in a shootout at a police checkpoint in Makachkala on 31 December 2009\\. His place was then taken by Magomed Vagabov, whose leadership apparently resulted in the end to the ban on indiscriminate attacks against civilian targets. Vagabov was killed in a firefight when the federal forces surrounded him a house in the village of [Gunib](/wiki/Gunib \"Gunib\") on 21 August 2010\\.\n\nThe continued upsurge of violence in Dagestan since 2008 included the killing of Gen. Valery Lipinsky, the first deputy head of the [Internal Troops](/wiki/Internal_Troops \"Internal Troops\") in the North Caucasus; the sniper assassination of Dagestan's Interior Minister, Gen. [Adilgerei Magomedtagirov](/wiki/Adilgerei_Magomedtagirov \"Adilgerei Magomedtagirov\"); and the massacre of four policemen and seven alleged prostitutes at a bathhouse in Makhachkala.[2 Police Officers Killed in Dagestan Shootings](https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=8335669) In 2009, at least 58 police officers were killed in Dagestan. The Vilayat Dagestan was responsible for a suicide attack on 6 January 2010 that killed six policemen; [twin bombings](/wiki/2010_Moscow_Metro_bombings \"2010 Moscow Metro bombings\") in which two female bombers killed more than 40 people in the [Moscow Metro](/wiki/Moscow_Metro \"Moscow Metro\") in March 2010; and several suicide attacks against Russian security and military installations (such as the [double bombing](/wiki/2010_Kizlyar_bombings \"2010 Kizlyar bombings\") which killed 12 in [Kizlyar](/wiki/Kizlyar \"Kizlyar\")). In February 2012, the Vilayat's then leader, Ibragimkhalil Daudov (aka Emir Salikh), was killed by Russian security forces.\n\nIn December 2014, the Vilayat's then commander, [Rustam Asildarov](/wiki/Rustam_Asildarov \"Rustam Asildarov\"), and a number of other members of the group publicly retracted their [oath of allegiance](/wiki/Bay%27ah \"Bay'ah\") to Caucasus Emirate leader [Aliaskhab Kebekov](/wiki/Aliaskhab_Kebekov \"Aliaskhab Kebekov\"), and pledged loyalty to [Islamic State](/wiki/Islamic_State \"Islamic State\") leader [Abu Bakr al\\-Baghdadi](/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi \"Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi\"). Kebekov condemned the defectors and appointed [Said Kharakansky](/wiki/Said_Kharakansky \"Said Kharakansky\") as the new leader of the group in Dagestan. Kharakansky and Kebekov's successor, [Magomed Suleymanov](/wiki/Magomed_Suleymanov \"Magomed Suleymanov\"), were killed by Russian security forces in clashes in August 2015\\.\n\n",
"### Jennet\n\nShariat Jamaat was established by Emir Rasul ([Rasul Makasharipov](/wiki/Rasul_Makasharipov \"Rasul Makasharipov\")) following the near\\-destruction of the much smaller Dagestani terrorist group called **Jennet** (Arabic: *Paradise*).[Shariat organization succeeds to Dzhennet rebel group](http://eng.kavkaz.memo.ru/newstext/engnews/id/755035.html) In 1999, Makasharipov fought against the government during the abortive [rebel invasion](/wiki/Invasion_of_Dagestan_%281999%29 \"Invasion of Dagestan (1999)\") of Dagestan from Chechnya. After moving to fight in Chechnya, he went back to his homeland in 2002 and set up Jennet (Dzhennet), whose principal objective was to eliminate senior officers of the security forces in Dagestan.\n\nThe group was loyal to the Chechen commander [Shamil Basayev](/wiki/Shamil_Basayev \"Shamil Basayev\") and its center of operations was the republic's capital of [Makhachkala](/wiki/Makhachkala \"Makhachkala\") along with the nearby [Tarki](/wiki/Tarki \"Tarki\")\\-Tau Mountain. The insurgents managed to assassinate several important figures such as Kamil Etinbekov, the [Federal Security Service](/wiki/Federal_Security_Service \"Federal Security Service\")'s territorial head of counterintelligence and counterterrorism; Akhberdilav Akilov, head of the police department for the struggle against extremism and criminal terrorism, and 28 officers of his department; and Magomed Gusayev, the minister of national policy, information, and external relations. The [2002 Kaspiysk bombing](/wiki/2002_Kaspiysk_bombing \"2002 Kaspiysk bombing\"), in which 43 soldiers and civilians were killed at a military parade, was also blamed on Makasharipov, although he rejected any responsibility and instead blamed the FSB director [Nikolay Patrushev](/wiki/Nikolay_Patrushev \"Nikolay Patrushev\"). The official Russian state media and its branches in Dagestan officially claimed that the bombing was organized by Rabbani\\-Khalil. It was long after Rabbani\\-Khalil rejected responsibility and blamed instead head of Republic of Dagestan in one of his popular videos clarifying situation around him and militants in North Caucasus with historical pretext. Apparently the motives of the head of Republic of Dagestan was to discredit and blacken the image of Muslim militants that gained quite a popularity among the local population. However, there was no response to this claim of Rabbani\\-Khalil from the then\\-head of Dagestan, Magomedali Magomedov.\n\n",
"### Shariat Jamaat\n\nFollowing the loss of several of its key leaders in late 2004, remnants of Jennet were re\\-organized and transformed into Sharia Jamaat ([Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") for \"Islamic Law Community\"). The new group, much larger and more decentralized (including the semi\\-autonomous local jamaats in [Buinaksk](/wiki/Buinaksk \"Buinaksk\"), Gubden, [Khasavyurt](/wiki/Khasavyurt \"Khasavyurt\") and [Kaspiysk](/wiki/Kaspiysk \"Kaspiysk\")), is loosely organized mostly into many small clandestine urban cells, some with only three to five people, with a particularly strong presence in Makachkala. The Jamaat also maintains several larger guerrilla subunits of up to 15 fighters each, which are based in the forested and mountainous areas of Dagestan and occasionally engage in relatively large battles against Russian special forces backed by artillery and air support (such as a battle in March 2009 in which 16 rebels and at least five Russian troops were killed [Итог спецоперации в Дагестане: 16 убитых боевиков, 5 погибших силовиков](http://newsru.com/russia/21mar2009/terrd.html) ).\n\nThe new group gradually became less discriminating in their attacks, targeting even rank\\-and\\-file traffic police officers, and killing more than 40 policemen in the first half\\-year of 2005\\. In May 2005 it became part of the umbrella organization [Caucasian Front](/wiki/Caucasian_Front_%28Chechen_War%29 \"Caucasian Front (Chechen War)\") established by the new [president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria](/wiki/President_of_the_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria \"President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria\"), [Sheikh Abdul Halim](/wiki/Sheikh_Abdul_Halim \"Sheikh Abdul Halim\"), following the death of his predecessor [Aslan Maskhadov](/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov \"Aslan Maskhadov\"). The group is believed to be responsible for many high\\-profile attacks such as [the bombing](/wiki/Makhachkala_Rus_bombing \"Makhachkala Rus bombing\") which killed more than 10 Russian special forces soldiers in Makhachkala and the assassination of the republic's deputy Interior Minister, General [Magomed Omarov](/wiki/Magomed_Omarov_%28politician%29 \"Magomed Omarov (politician)\") in 2005\\.\n\nMakasharipov was killed during a shootout with Russian troops on 6 July 2005, and his deputy Rabbani ([Rappani Khalilov](/wiki/Rappani_Khalilov \"Rappani Khalilov\")) then took over command. Rabbani was said to be an extremely popular with the youth and was able to recruit hundreds of fighters into Jamaat's ranks. He was closely allied with the Chechen rebels and the commander of foreign fighters in the Caucasus, [Abu Hafs al\\-Urduni](/wiki/Abu_Hafs_al-Urduni \"Abu Hafs al-Urduni\"), and was killed in a house siege by the Russian special forces on 17 September 2007\\.\n\n",
"### Vilayat Dagestan\n\nWith the statements of the new Chechen separatist leader [Dokka Umarov](/wiki/Dokka_Umarov \"Dokka Umarov\"), published by [Kavkaz Center](/wiki/Kavkaz_Center \"Kavkaz Center\") on 1 October 2007, Khalilov was replaced by his deputy, [Abdul Majid](/wiki/Abdul_Madzhid_%28Dagestan_rebel%29 \"Abdul Madzhid (Dagestan rebel)\") (Ilgas Malachiyev). Majid had begun his career during the Second Chechen War, fighting under Mashkadov and [Ibn al\\-Khattab](/wiki/Ibn_al-Khattab \"Ibn al-Khattab\"), before joining the Jamaat in 2005; this helped legitimize him as a rebel leader in Dagestan with the leaderships of both Chechen rebels and foreign fighters. Abdul Majid took the Jamaat oath to not attack civilians and was credited with bringing order to the group after the death of Khalilov. On 8 September 2008, he was killed in a battle in southern Dagestan on the border with Azerbaijan in a joint operation of Russian and Azeri special forces. Following the death of Abu Majid, Umarov (now as the leader of the self\\-styled [Caucasus Emirate](/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate \"Caucasus Emirate\")) appointed Emir Muaz (Omar Sheikhulayev) to lead the renamed Vilayat of Dagestan. Emir Muaz was killed on 5 February 2009 in a gunfight with Russian special forces in a suburb of Makachkala. He was replaced two months later by Emir Bara (Umalat Magomedov), who was in turn killed in a shootout at a police checkpoint in Makachkala on 31 December 2009\\. His place was then taken by Magomed Vagabov, whose leadership apparently resulted in the end to the ban on indiscriminate attacks against civilian targets. Vagabov was killed in a firefight when the federal forces surrounded him a house in the village of [Gunib](/wiki/Gunib \"Gunib\") on 21 August 2010\\.\n\nThe continued upsurge of violence in Dagestan since 2008 included the killing of Gen. Valery Lipinsky, the first deputy head of the [Internal Troops](/wiki/Internal_Troops \"Internal Troops\") in the North Caucasus; the sniper assassination of Dagestan's Interior Minister, Gen. [Adilgerei Magomedtagirov](/wiki/Adilgerei_Magomedtagirov \"Adilgerei Magomedtagirov\"); and the massacre of four policemen and seven alleged prostitutes at a bathhouse in Makhachkala.[2 Police Officers Killed in Dagestan Shootings](https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=8335669) In 2009, at least 58 police officers were killed in Dagestan. The Vilayat Dagestan was responsible for a suicide attack on 6 January 2010 that killed six policemen; [twin bombings](/wiki/2010_Moscow_Metro_bombings \"2010 Moscow Metro bombings\") in which two female bombers killed more than 40 people in the [Moscow Metro](/wiki/Moscow_Metro \"Moscow Metro\") in March 2010; and several suicide attacks against Russian security and military installations (such as the [double bombing](/wiki/2010_Kizlyar_bombings \"2010 Kizlyar bombings\") which killed 12 in [Kizlyar](/wiki/Kizlyar \"Kizlyar\")). In February 2012, the Vilayat's then leader, Ibragimkhalil Daudov (aka Emir Salikh), was killed by Russian security forces.\n\nIn December 2014, the Vilayat's then commander, [Rustam Asildarov](/wiki/Rustam_Asildarov \"Rustam Asildarov\"), and a number of other members of the group publicly retracted their [oath of allegiance](/wiki/Bay%27ah \"Bay'ah\") to Caucasus Emirate leader [Aliaskhab Kebekov](/wiki/Aliaskhab_Kebekov \"Aliaskhab Kebekov\"), and pledged loyalty to [Islamic State](/wiki/Islamic_State \"Islamic State\") leader [Abu Bakr al\\-Baghdadi](/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi \"Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi\"). Kebekov condemned the defectors and appointed [Said Kharakansky](/wiki/Said_Kharakansky \"Said Kharakansky\") as the new leader of the group in Dagestan. Kharakansky and Kebekov's successor, [Magomed Suleymanov](/wiki/Magomed_Suleymanov \"Magomed Suleymanov\"), were killed by Russian security forces in clashes in August 2015\\.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Islamic Jamaat of Dagestan](/wiki/Islamic_Jamaat_of_Dagestan \"Islamic Jamaat of Dagestan\")\n* [William Plotnikov](/wiki/William_Plotnikov \"William Plotnikov\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [VDagestan](http://vdagestan.info/) \n* [The Roots and Transformation of the Dagestan Insurgency](https://web.archive.org/web/20121016214447/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,RUS,,4ca425172,0.html), [Jamestown Foundation](/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation \"Jamestown Foundation\"), 29 September 2010 ([UNHCR](/wiki/UNHCR \"UNHCR\"))\n\n[Category:Caucasian Front (militant group)](/wiki/Category:Caucasian_Front_%28militant_group%29 \"Caucasian Front (militant group)\")\n[Category:Caucasus Emirate](/wiki/Category:Caucasus_Emirate \"Caucasus Emirate\")\n[Category:Dagestan](/wiki/Category:Dagestan \"Dagestan\")\n[Category:Guerrilla organizations](/wiki/Category:Guerrilla_organizations \"Guerrilla organizations\")\n[Category:Islamist groups](/wiki/Category:Islamist_groups \"Islamist groups\")\n[Category:Islamism in Russia](/wiki/Category:Islamism_in_Russia \"Islamism in Russia\")\n[Category:Islamic terrorism in Russia](/wiki/Category:Islamic_terrorism_in_Russia \"Islamic terrorism in Russia\")\n[Category:Jihadist groups](/wiki/Category:Jihadist_groups \"Jihadist groups\")\n[Category:Islam in the Caucasus](/wiki/Category:Islam_in_the_Caucasus \"Islam in the Caucasus\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Pagano
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"192.226.202.17"
]
}
|
65m09de2vrliz3quvilhhmudmivzg5w
|
2024-09-27T12:48:27Z
| 1,070,368,788 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Pagano"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Pagano** may refer to:\n\n* [Pagano (surname)](/wiki/Pagano_%28surname%29 \"Pagano (surname)\"), including a list of people with the name\n* [Pagano (racism)](/wiki/Pagano_%28racism%29 \"Pagano (racism)\"), including a list of people whose birthday it is today, happy birthday my mans\n* [Pagano (Milan Metro)](/wiki/Pagano_%28Milan_Metro%29 \"Pagano (Milan Metro)\"), a rapid transit stop in Milan, Italy\n* A kit car originally designed by [Ockelbo\\-Lundgren](/wiki/Ockelbo-Lundgren \"Ockelbo-Lundgren\")\n* [Pagano (wrestler)](/wiki/Pagano_%28wrestler%29 \"Pagano (wrestler)\"), Mexican professional wrestler\n* [Pagano della Torre](/wiki/Pagano_della_Torre \"Pagano della Torre\") (d. 1365\\), patriarch of Aquileia\n\n"
]
}
|
Lorne Maclaine
|
{
"id": [
47428411
],
"name": [
"Kellycrak88"
]
}
|
9ebolkgn70itk0wa93fft3pdx845cln
|
2024-08-06T17:08:02Z
| 1,087,002,436 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"**Lorne Gillean Iain Maclaine of Lochbuie, Baron of Moy** (born 1945\\) also known as **The** **Maclaine of Lochbuie** is the 26th hereditary chief of [Clan Maclaine of Lochbuie](/wiki/Clan_Maclaine_of_Lochbuie \"Clan Maclaine of Lochbuie\"). He is the son of [Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28armed_forces%29 \"Captain (armed forces)\") [Gillean Robert Maclaine](/wiki/Gillean_Maclaine \"Gillean Maclaine\"), 25th of Lochbuie, and Noreen Olive Beadon. He currently resides in [KwaZulu\\-Natal](/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal \"KwaZulu-Natal\"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), with his wife Sandra, Lady Lochbuie. His heir to the titles is [Angus Maclaine, Younger of Lochbuie](/wiki/Angus_Maclaine \"Angus Maclaine\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Scottish clan chiefs](/wiki/Category:Scottish_clan_chiefs \"Scottish clan chiefs\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:1945 births](/wiki/Category:1945_births \"1945 births\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Masters of Chant Chapter V
|
{
"id": [
2842084
],
"name": [
"Jevansen"
]
}
|
ei0kpomiupc4xp4t75762c3zr4i383z
|
2024-07-21T02:59:05Z
| 1,104,760,485 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Track listing",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Masters of Chant Chapter V*** is the seventh album by German band [Gregorian](/wiki/Gregorian_%28band%29 \"Gregorian (band)\"). It was released on March 31, 2006\\.\n\nNote: Gregorian's album *[The Dark Side](/wiki/The_Dark_Side_%28Gregorian_album%29 \"The Dark Side (Gregorian album)\")* was also released in [Oceania](/wiki/Oceania \"Oceania\") under the name *Masters of Chant V*. Aside from the title change, the Oceanic release is *The Dark Side* with the addition of the track *Engel*.\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n1. \"[Heroes](/wiki/Heroes_%28David_Bowie_song%29 \"Heroes (David Bowie song)\")\" (featuring [Sarah Brightman](/wiki/Sarah_Brightman \"Sarah Brightman\") (as Hepsibah)) ([David Bowie](/wiki/David_Bowie \"David Bowie\")) (5:35\\)\n2. \"[Comfortably Numb](/wiki/Comfortably_Numb \"Comfortably Numb\")\" ([Pink Floyd](/wiki/Pink_Floyd \"Pink Floyd\")) (7:55\\)\n3. \"[Send Me an Angel](/wiki/Send_Me_an_Angel_%28Real_Life_song%29 \"Send Me an Angel (Real Life song)\")\" (featuring [Sarah Brightman](/wiki/Sarah_Brightman \"Sarah Brightman\") (as Hepsibah)) ([Real Life](/wiki/Real_Life_%28band%29 \"Real Life (band)\")) (4:55\\)\n4. \"[Silent Lucidity](/wiki/Silent_Lucidity \"Silent Lucidity\")\" (featuring Amelia Brightman (as Violet)) ([Queensrÿche](/wiki/Queensr%C3%BFche \"Queensrÿche\")) (6:19\\)\n5. \"[Lady in Black](/wiki/Lady_in_Black_%28Uriah_Heep_song%29 \"Lady in Black (Uriah Heep song)\")\" ([Uriah Heep](/wiki/Uriah_Heep_%28band%29 \"Uriah Heep (band)\")) (5:56\\)\n6. \"The Forest\" (5:08\\)\n7. \"A Weakened Soul\" (featuring Amelia Brightman (as Violet)) (5:17\\)\n8. \"[Lucky Man](/wiki/Lucky_Man_%28Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer_song%29 \"Lucky Man (Emerson, Lake & Palmer song)\")\" ([Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer](/wiki/Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer \"Emerson, Lake & Palmer\")) (5:22\\)\n9. \"[Stop Crying Your Heart Out](/wiki/Stop_Crying_Your_Heart_Out \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\")\" ([Oasis](/wiki/Oasis_%28band%29 \"Oasis (band)\")) (5:16\\)\n10. \"[We Love You](/wiki/We_Love_You \"We Love You\")\" ([The Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones \"The Rolling Stones\")) (4:49\\)\n11. \"[Boulevard of Broken Dreams](/wiki/Boulevard_of_Broken_Dreams_%28Green_Day_song%29 \"Boulevard of Broken Dreams (Green Day song)\")\" ([Green Day](/wiki/Green_Day \"Green Day\")) (5:13\\)\n12. \"[The Unforgiven](/wiki/The_Unforgiven_%28song%29 \"The Unforgiven (song)\")\" ([Metallica](/wiki/Metallica \"Metallica\")) (7:40\\)\n13. \"[I Feel Free](/wiki/I_Feel_Free \"I Feel Free\")\" ([Cream](/wiki/Cream_%28band%29 \"Cream (band)\")) (3:38\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:2006 albums](/wiki/Category:2006_albums \"2006 albums\")\n[Category:2000s covers albums](/wiki/Category:2000s_covers_albums \"2000s covers albums\")\n[Category:Gregorian (band) albums](/wiki/Category:Gregorian_%28band%29_albums \"Gregorian (band) albums\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Ricwin of Nantes
|
{
"id": [
28481209
],
"name": [
"OAbot"
]
}
|
l9hw5prqlnbxsn90jfol6ryksbe4v34
|
2023-08-14T16:31:12Z
| 1,135,974,791 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Ricwin**, **Ricuin**, **Richwin**, or **Richovin** (died 25 June 841\\) was the [Count of Nantes](/wiki/Count_of_Nantes \"Count of Nantes\") from 831 to 841\\. A *Rihwinus comes* witnessed the will of [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne \"Charlemagne\") in 811\\.\n\nA *fidelis* of [Louis the Pious](/wiki/Louis_the_Pious \"Louis the Pious\"), Ricwin was named count in the Nantais and the [Breton March](/wiki/Breton_March \"Breton March\") after the exile of [Lambert I](/wiki/Lambert_I_of_Nantes \"Lambert I of Nantes\"). In 832, with [Rainier, Bishop of Vannes](/wiki/Rainier%2C_Bishop_of_Vannes \"Rainier, Bishop of Vannes\"), he opposed the creation of [Redon Abbey](/wiki/Redon_Abbey \"Redon Abbey\") by [Saint Conwoïon](/wiki/Saint_Conwo%C3%AFon \"Saint Conwoïon\"), supported by [Nominoë](/wiki/Nominoe%2C_Duke_of_Brittany \"Nominoe, Duke of Brittany\"). Ricwin died in the [Battle of Fontenay\\-en\\-Puisaye](/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenay-en-Puisaye \"Battle of Fontenay-en-Puisaye\") fighting on the side of [Charles the Bald](/wiki/Charles_the_Bald \"Charles the Bald\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:841 deaths](/wiki/Category:841_deaths \"841 deaths\")\n[Category:Medieval French nobility](/wiki/Category:Medieval_French_nobility \"Medieval French nobility\")\n[Category:9th\\-century French people](/wiki/Category:9th-century_French_people \"9th-century French people\")\n[Category:Year of birth unknown](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_unknown \"Year of birth unknown\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Alfred Green
|
{
"id": [
4770293
],
"name": [
"Denisarona"
]
}
|
0pxtcvhwzd1k1pgegg83yjekwqng8vz
|
2023-02-28T14:32:52Z
| 953,320,376 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Alfred Green"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Alfred Green** may refer to:\n* [Alfred A. Green](/wiki/Alfred_A._Green \"Alfred A. Green\") (1828–1899\\), Canadian–born political and civic figure in California\n* [Alfred E. Green](/wiki/Alfred_E._Green \"Alfred E. Green\") (1889–1960\\), American film director\n* [Alfred Rozelaar Green](/wiki/Alfred_Rozelaar_Green \"Alfred Rozelaar Green\") (1917–2013\\), British artist\n\n"
]
}
|
Mdadm
|
{
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
}
|
qzug5adidfyzu7kzfmaviryx2dewya2
|
2024-06-11T08:12:17Z
| 1,224,261,372 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Name",
"Overview",
"RAID configurations",
"Non-RAID configurations",
"Features",
"Booting",
"{{anchor|EXTERNAL-METADATA}}External metadata",
"mdmpd",
"Technical details RAID 1",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
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1,
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3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\n\n**mdadm** is a [Linux](/wiki/Linux \"Linux\") utility used to manage and monitor [software RAID](/wiki/Software_RAID \"Software RAID\") devices. It is used in modern [Linux distributions](/wiki/Linux_distribution \"Linux distribution\") in place of older software RAID utilities such as [raidtools2](/wiki/Raidtools2 \"Raidtools2\") or [raidtools](/wiki/Raidtools \"Raidtools\").\n\nmdadm is [free software](/wiki/Free_software \"Free software\") originally maintained by, and copyrighted to, Neil Brown of [SUSE](/wiki/SUSE_S.A. \"SUSE S.A.\"), and licensed under the terms of version 2 or later of the [GNU General Public License](/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License \"GNU General Public License\").\n\n",
"Name\n----\n\nThe name is derived from the *md* (multiple device) device nodes it *administers* or manages, and it replaced a previous utility *mdctl*. The original name was \"Mirror Disk\", but was changed as more functions were added. The name is now understood to be short for Multiple Disk and Device Management.\n\n",
"Overview\n--------\n\nLinux software RAID configurations can include anything presented to the [Linux kernel](/wiki/Linux_kernel \"Linux kernel\") as a [block device](/wiki/Block_device \"Block device\"). This includes whole hard drives (for example, ), and their [partitions](/wiki/Disk_partitioning \"Disk partitioning\") (for example, ).\n\n### RAID configurations\n\n* *RAID 0* – Block\\-level [striping](/wiki/Data_striping \"Data striping\"). MD can handle devices of different lengths, the extra space on the larger device is then not striped.\n* *RAID 1* – Mirror.\n* *RAID 4* – Like RAID 0, but with an extra device for the [parity](/wiki/Parity_bit \"Parity bit\").\n* *RAID 5* – Like RAID 4, but with the parity distributed across all devices.\n* *RAID 6* – Like RAID 5, but with two parity segments per stripe.\n* *RAID 10* – Take a number of RAID 1 mirrorsets and stripe across them RAID 0 style.\n\n*RAID 10* is distinct from *RAID 0\\+1,* which consists of a top\\-level RAID 1 mirror composed of high\\-performance RAID 0 stripes directly across the physical hard disks. A single\\-drive failure in a RAID 10 configuration results in one of the lower\\-level mirrors entering [degraded mode](/wiki/Degraded_mode \"Degraded mode\"), but the top\\-level stripe performing normally (except for the performance hit). A single\\-drive failure in a RAID 0\\+1 configuration results in one of the lower\\-level stripes *completely failing,* and the top\\-level mirror entering degraded mode. Which of the two setups is preferable depends on the details of the application in question, such as whether or not spare disks are available, and how they should be spun up.\n\n### Non\\-RAID configurations\n\n* *Linear* – concatenates a number of devices into a single large MD device – (deprecated since 2021 and removed from the Linux kernel since 2023 )\n* *Multipath* – provides multiple paths with failover to a single device\n* *Faulty* – a single device which emulates a number of disk\\-fault scenarios for testing and development\n* *Container* – a group of devices managed as a single device, in which one can build RAID systems\n",
"### RAID configurations\n\n* *RAID 0* – Block\\-level [striping](/wiki/Data_striping \"Data striping\"). MD can handle devices of different lengths, the extra space on the larger device is then not striped.\n* *RAID 1* – Mirror.\n* *RAID 4* – Like RAID 0, but with an extra device for the [parity](/wiki/Parity_bit \"Parity bit\").\n* *RAID 5* – Like RAID 4, but with the parity distributed across all devices.\n* *RAID 6* – Like RAID 5, but with two parity segments per stripe.\n* *RAID 10* – Take a number of RAID 1 mirrorsets and stripe across them RAID 0 style.\n\n*RAID 10* is distinct from *RAID 0\\+1,* which consists of a top\\-level RAID 1 mirror composed of high\\-performance RAID 0 stripes directly across the physical hard disks. A single\\-drive failure in a RAID 10 configuration results in one of the lower\\-level mirrors entering [degraded mode](/wiki/Degraded_mode \"Degraded mode\"), but the top\\-level stripe performing normally (except for the performance hit). A single\\-drive failure in a RAID 0\\+1 configuration results in one of the lower\\-level stripes *completely failing,* and the top\\-level mirror entering degraded mode. Which of the two setups is preferable depends on the details of the application in question, such as whether or not spare disks are available, and how they should be spun up.\n\n",
"### Non\\-RAID configurations\n\n* *Linear* – concatenates a number of devices into a single large MD device – (deprecated since 2021 and removed from the Linux kernel since 2023 )\n* *Multipath* – provides multiple paths with failover to a single device\n* *Faulty* – a single device which emulates a number of disk\\-fault scenarios for testing and development\n* *Container* – a group of devices managed as a single device, in which one can build RAID systems\n",
"Features\n--------\n\nThe original (standard) form of names for md devices is , where is a number between 0 and 99\\. More recent kernels have support for names such as . Under 2\\.4\\.x kernels and earlier these two were the only options. Both of them are non\\-partitionable.\n\nSince 2\\.6\\.x kernels, a new type of MD device was introduced, a [partitionable](/wiki/Partition_%28computing%29 \"Partition (computing)\") array. The device names were modified by changing to . The partitions were identified by adding , where is the partition number; thus for example. Since version 2\\.6\\.28 of the [Linux kernel mainline](/wiki/Linux_kernel_mainline \"Linux kernel mainline\"), non\\-partitionable arrays can be partitioned, the partitions being referred to in the same way as for partitionable arrays for example, .\n\nSince version 3\\.7 of the Linux kernel mainline, md supports [TRIM](/wiki/Trim_%28computing%29 \"Trim (computing)\") operations for the underlying [solid\\-state drives](/wiki/Solid-state_drive \"Solid-state drive\") (SSDs), for linear, RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5 and RAID 10 layouts.\n\n### Booting\n\nSince support for MD is found in the kernel, there is an issue with using it before the kernel is running. Specifically it *will not* be present if the boot loader is either [(e)LiLo](/wiki/LILO_%28boot_loader%29 \"LILO (boot loader)\") or [GRUB](/wiki/GNU_GRUB \"GNU GRUB\") legacy. Although normally present, it *may* not be present for GRUB 2\\. In order to circumvent this problem a filesystem must be used either without md support, or else with RAID1\\. In the latter case the system will boot by treating the RAID1 device as a normal filesystem, and once the system is running it can be remounted as md and the second disk added to it. This will result in a catch\\-up, but filesystems are usually small.\n\nWith more recent bootloaders it is possible to load the MD support as a kernel module through the [initramfs](/wiki/Initramfs \"Initramfs\") mechanism. This approach allows the filesystem to be inside any RAID system without the need of a complex manual configuration.\n\n### External metadata\n\nBesides its own formats for RAID volumes metadata, Linux software RAID also supports external metadata formats, since version 2\\.6\\.27 of the Linux kernel and version 3\\.0 of the userspace utility. This allows Linux to use various firmware\\- or driver\\-based RAID volumes, also known as \"[fake RAID](/wiki/Fake_RAID \"Fake RAID\")\".\n\n, there are two supported formats of the external metadata:\n\n* DDF ([Disk Data Format](/wiki/Disk_Data_Format \"Disk Data Format\")), an industry standard defined by the [Storage Networking Industry Association](/wiki/Storage_Networking_Industry_Association \"Storage Networking Industry Association\") for increased interoperability.\n* Volume metadata format used by the [Intel Rapid Storage Technology](/wiki/Intel_Rapid_Storage_Technology \"Intel Rapid Storage Technology\")(RST), former Intel Matrix RAID, implemented on many consumer\\-level motherboards.\n\n### mdmpd\n\n**mdmpd** was a [daemon](/wiki/Daemon_%28computer_software%29 \"Daemon (computer software)\") used for monitoring MD multipath devices up to [Linux kernel](/wiki/Linux_kernel \"Linux kernel\") 2\\.6\\.10\\-rc1, developed by [Red Hat](/wiki/Red_Hat \"Red Hat\") as part of the mdadm package. The program was used to monitor [multipath](/wiki/wikt:Multipath \"Multipath\") ([RAID](/wiki/RAID \"RAID\")) devices, and is usually started at boot time as a service, and afterwards running as a daemon.\n\nEnterprise storage requirements often include the desire to have more than one way to talk to a single disk drive so that in the event of some failure to talk to a disk drive via one controller, the system can automatically switch to another controller and keep going. This is called multipath disk access. The linux kernel implements multipath disk access via the software RAID stack known as the md (Multiple Devices) driver. The kernel portion of the md multipath driver only handles routing I/O requests to the proper device and handling failures on the active path. It does not try to find out if a path that has previously failed might be working again. That's what this daemon does. Upon startup, it reads the current state of the md raid arrays, saves that state, and then waits for the kernel to tell it something interesting has happened. It then wakes up, checks to see if any paths on a multipath device have failed, and if they have then it starts to poll the failed path once every 15 seconds until it starts working again. Once it starts working again, the daemon will then add the path back into the multipath md device it was originally part of as a new spare path.\n\nIf one is using the filesystem, lists all active md devices with information about them. Mdmpd requires this to find arrays to monitor paths on, to get notification of interesting events and to monitor array reconstruction on Monitor mode.\n\n### Technical details RAID 1\n\nThe data on a RAID 1 volume is the same as on a normal partition. The RAID information is stored in the last 128kB of the partition. This means, to convert a RAID 1 volume to normal data partition, it is possible to decrease the partition size by 128kB and change the partition ID from fd to 83 (for Linux).\n\n",
"### Booting\n\nSince support for MD is found in the kernel, there is an issue with using it before the kernel is running. Specifically it *will not* be present if the boot loader is either [(e)LiLo](/wiki/LILO_%28boot_loader%29 \"LILO (boot loader)\") or [GRUB](/wiki/GNU_GRUB \"GNU GRUB\") legacy. Although normally present, it *may* not be present for GRUB 2\\. In order to circumvent this problem a filesystem must be used either without md support, or else with RAID1\\. In the latter case the system will boot by treating the RAID1 device as a normal filesystem, and once the system is running it can be remounted as md and the second disk added to it. This will result in a catch\\-up, but filesystems are usually small.\n\nWith more recent bootloaders it is possible to load the MD support as a kernel module through the [initramfs](/wiki/Initramfs \"Initramfs\") mechanism. This approach allows the filesystem to be inside any RAID system without the need of a complex manual configuration.\n\n",
"### External metadata\n\nBesides its own formats for RAID volumes metadata, Linux software RAID also supports external metadata formats, since version 2\\.6\\.27 of the Linux kernel and version 3\\.0 of the userspace utility. This allows Linux to use various firmware\\- or driver\\-based RAID volumes, also known as \"[fake RAID](/wiki/Fake_RAID \"Fake RAID\")\".\n\n, there are two supported formats of the external metadata:\n\n* DDF ([Disk Data Format](/wiki/Disk_Data_Format \"Disk Data Format\")), an industry standard defined by the [Storage Networking Industry Association](/wiki/Storage_Networking_Industry_Association \"Storage Networking Industry Association\") for increased interoperability.\n* Volume metadata format used by the [Intel Rapid Storage Technology](/wiki/Intel_Rapid_Storage_Technology \"Intel Rapid Storage Technology\")(RST), former Intel Matrix RAID, implemented on many consumer\\-level motherboards.\n",
"### mdmpd\n\n**mdmpd** was a [daemon](/wiki/Daemon_%28computer_software%29 \"Daemon (computer software)\") used for monitoring MD multipath devices up to [Linux kernel](/wiki/Linux_kernel \"Linux kernel\") 2\\.6\\.10\\-rc1, developed by [Red Hat](/wiki/Red_Hat \"Red Hat\") as part of the mdadm package. The program was used to monitor [multipath](/wiki/wikt:Multipath \"Multipath\") ([RAID](/wiki/RAID \"RAID\")) devices, and is usually started at boot time as a service, and afterwards running as a daemon.\n\nEnterprise storage requirements often include the desire to have more than one way to talk to a single disk drive so that in the event of some failure to talk to a disk drive via one controller, the system can automatically switch to another controller and keep going. This is called multipath disk access. The linux kernel implements multipath disk access via the software RAID stack known as the md (Multiple Devices) driver. The kernel portion of the md multipath driver only handles routing I/O requests to the proper device and handling failures on the active path. It does not try to find out if a path that has previously failed might be working again. That's what this daemon does. Upon startup, it reads the current state of the md raid arrays, saves that state, and then waits for the kernel to tell it something interesting has happened. It then wakes up, checks to see if any paths on a multipath device have failed, and if they have then it starts to poll the failed path once every 15 seconds until it starts working again. Once it starts working again, the daemon will then add the path back into the multipath md device it was originally part of as a new spare path.\n\nIf one is using the filesystem, lists all active md devices with information about them. Mdmpd requires this to find arrays to monitor paths on, to get notification of interesting events and to monitor array reconstruction on Monitor mode.\n\n",
"### Technical details RAID 1\n\nThe data on a RAID 1 volume is the same as on a normal partition. The RAID information is stored in the last 128kB of the partition. This means, to convert a RAID 1 volume to normal data partition, it is possible to decrease the partition size by 128kB and change the partition ID from fd to 83 (for Linux).\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [bioctl](/wiki/Bioctl \"Bioctl\") on OpenBSD/NetBSD\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [mdadm source code releases](https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/raid/mdadm/)\n[Category:Free software programmed in C](/wiki/Category:Free_software_programmed_in_C \"Free software programmed in C\")\n[Category:Free system software](/wiki/Category:Free_system_software \"Free system software\")\n[Category:Linux file system\\-related software](/wiki/Category:Linux_file_system-related_software \"Linux file system-related software\")\n[Category:RAID](/wiki/Category:RAID \"RAID\")\n\n"
]
}
|
LaHave, Nova Scotia
|
{
"id": [
7611264
],
"name": [
"AnomieBOT"
]
}
|
gu4mxahryirdysfyhw9b619xcy60ee8
|
2024-03-29T18:54:23Z
| 1,216,204,901 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"LaHave Islands",
"History",
"Mi'kmaq Settlement and French colony",
"King George's War",
"American Revolution",
"Ship building",
"Light Station",
"Lahave River cable ferry",
"Present day",
"References",
"External links"
],
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"content": [
"\n \n\n**LaHave** (***La Hève***) is a Canadian community in [Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia](/wiki/Lunenburg_County%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia\"). The community is located across the river from [Riverport](/wiki/Riverport%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Riverport, Nova Scotia\")[Riverport](http://riverport.org) and approximately 15 kilometres from the town of [Bridgewater](/wiki/Bridgewater%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Bridgewater, Nova Scotia\"). Once the capital of [Acadia](/wiki/Acadia \"Acadia\"), it is located on [Highway 331](/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Route_331 \"Nova Scotia Route 331\") at the mouth of the 97 km long [LaHave River](/wiki/LaHave_River \"LaHave River\").\n\n",
"LaHave Islands\n--------------\n\nThe **LaHave Islands** are a small group of islands near shore a few km south of LaHave. Some of the islands are linked by a road to the mainland. The islands are a popular coastal paddling destination.\n\nThe **LaHave Islands Marine Museum** (c. 1913\\), located on **Bush Island** and accessible by road, is on the [Canadian Register of Historic Places](/wiki/Canadian_Register_of_Historic_Places \"Canadian Register of Historic Places\"). Nearby is [Bush Island Provincial Park](/wiki/Bush_Island_Provincial_Park \"Bush Island Provincial Park\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|Pier](/wiki/File:A_Tourist_Enjoying_The_Bakery_With_Riverport_At_Bay.JPG \"A Tourist Enjoying The Bakery With Riverport At Bay.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|LaHave River ferry](/wiki/File:LaHave_River_Ferry.JPG \"LaHave River Ferry.JPG\")\n\n### Mi'kmaq Settlement and French colony\n\nLa Hève was an important centre for the [Mi'kmaq](/wiki/Mi%27kmaq \"Mi'kmaq\") people, who traded with Europeans. Messamouet, a well\\-known [*sakmow*](/wiki/Sagamore_%28title%29 \"Sagamore (title)\"), or Chief, of the Mi'kmaq Nation, is reported to have been from the LaHave area.\n\n[Samuel de Champlain](/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain \"Samuel de Champlain\") called there in 1604 on his first trip to [Acadia](/wiki/Acadia \"Acadia\"). [Henry Hudson](/wiki/Henry_Hudson \"Henry Hudson\") made landfall there in 1609 on his voyage on behalf of the [Dutch East India company](/wiki/Dutch_East_India_company \"Dutch East India company\"). Despite being shown hospitality by the Mi'kmaq, Hudson's crew staged an unprovoked assault on the Mi'kmaq settlement. As a result, the Mi'kmaq staged a raid on the next Dutch ship to visit in 1611\\.Douglas Hunter, Half Moon: Henry Hudson and the voyage that redrew the map of the New World. Bloomsbury Press, 2009\\. P. 96\\-106\n\nLa Hève was the capital of [Acadia](/wiki/Acadia \"Acadia\") from 1632, when [Isaac de Razilly](/wiki/Isaac_de_Razilly \"Isaac de Razilly\") settled on a point of land at the mouth of the LaHave River, until his sudden death in 1635\\. Razilly established a colony of 300 and built [Fort Ste. Marie de Grace](/wiki/Fort_Ste._Marie_de_Grace \"Fort Ste. Marie de Grace\"). Razilly reported that the fort was capable of standing against all enemy action, and that he had the military supplies necessary to withstand a six\\-month siege. There was also a chapel, a store and houses for the workmen in the village. Within twelve months of Razilly's arrival, La Have was a thriving trading post, the centre for a small farming community in the area, and a major port of call for the large fishing fleet. At one point there were five hundred transient fishermen in the settlement. Upon Razilly's death in 1635, the new Governor [Charles de Menou d'Aulnay](/wiki/Charles_de_Menou_d%27Aulnay \"Charles de Menou d'Aulnay\") moved the Acadians from La Hève to [Port Royal, Nova Scotia](/wiki/Habitation_at_Port-Royal \"Habitation at Port-Royal\"), which had been given up by the Scottish also in 1632\\.[History](http://www.blupete.com/Hist/NovaScotiaBk1/Part1/Ch08.htm) Blupete.com His wife Jeanne Motin, \"daughter of Louis Motin, Sieur de Courcelles, who in addition to owning shares in the Razilly\\-Condonnier Company, was the controller of salt stores located at one of France's colonies, perhaps in the Caribbean\", was of great strategic value in the subsequent struggle with La Tour. Ironically, she became Lady de La Tour in 1653 after Aulnay's death and La Tour's triumphant return with Letters Patent as governor of Acadia. [Nicolas Denys](/wiki/Nicolas_Denys \"Nicolas Denys\") and his brother Simon, who had come over with Razilly, in 1632, set up a \"wood working plant\" near present\\-day [Riverport, Nova Scotia](/wiki/Riverport%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Riverport, Nova Scotia\") and a fishing station at Port Rossignol (now [Liverpool, Nova Scotia](/wiki/Liverpool%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Liverpool, Nova Scotia\")). They stayed neutral in the war between Aulnay (at Port Royal) and La Tour (at Fort La Tour on the Saint John River).\n\nIn 1652, La Hève was still a trading post and was raided by [Emmanuel Le Borgne](/wiki/Emmanuel_Le_Borgne \"Emmanuel Le Borgne\").\n\nDuring [Queen Anne's War](/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War \"Queen Anne's War\"), New Englanders raided the community taking three Acadians prisoner (1705\\).[History of Wars](https://archive.org/stream/historyofwarsofn00penh#page/38/mode/1up/search/cape)\n\n### King George's War\n\nDuring [King George's War](/wiki/King_George%27s_War \"King George's War\"), two French officers, in a letter from Quebec, reported to the [Count of Maurepas](/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux%2C_Count_of_Maurepas \"Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas\") that \"the English do not dry any fish on the east coast of Acadia since the war, through fear of being surprised there and killed by the Micmacs.\" This fear was well founded as these same officers also advised \"... a boat belonging to an English merchantman having landed at La Hève for wood and water, these Indians killed 7 of the crew and brought their scalps to [Sieur Marin](/wiki/Joseph_Marin_de_la_Malgue \"Joseph Marin de la Malgue\"),...\".\n\nThe site of Fort Sainte\\-Marie de Grace was designated a [National Historic Site of Canada](/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada \"National Historic Sites of Canada\") in 1924\\.\n\n### American Revolution\n\nOn 15 April 1780 the Lunenburg militia (35 men) and the British brigantine *John and Rachael* captured an American privateer [prize](/wiki/Prize \"Prize\") named *Sally* at the LaHave River.*Sally* was a prize recently capture by the American privateer *General Stark* under the command Captain James Pearson on 27 March 1780\\. The American privateer and her prize got separated in a storm, with the prize ending up at the mouth of the LaHave River. During the seizure, the privateers killed the head of the militia (McDonald) and wounded two of the crew members of *John and Rachael*. [pp. 310\\-311](https://archive.org/stream/essexinstitutehiv45esse#page/311/mode/1up/search/rachael) [American vessels captured by the British during the American Revolution, pp. 71\\-72](https://archive.org/stream/americanvesselsc00nova#page/71/mode/1up/search/nova+scotia)Privateers also killed South Shore men who served on loyalist armed vessels (see Nova Scotia Gazette, July 11, 1780; July 13, 1780; Harvey, ed. Perkins Diary, pp. 28\\-29\\.[NS Historical Society, p. 32](https://www.electriccanadian.com/history/novascotia/collections/20a21collectionsof20novauoft.pdf)\n\n### Ship building\n\nIt was, at one time, the economic centre of fishing, trade and shipbuilding for the surrounding area. The many vessels built in the area include a famous clipper, the barque *[Stag](/wiki/Stag_%28barque%29 \"Stag (barque)\")*.\n\n### Light Station\n\nIn 1874 LaHave Light Station was built and assisted ships navigating into the LaHave River until the 1950s, when a new [lightkeeper](/wiki/Lighthouse_keeper \"Lighthouse keeper\")'s house was built to replace the aging [light station](/wiki/Lighthouse \"Lighthouse\"). The light was decommissioned in the 1960s and replaced by a mechanical light on the opposite side of the river. In 1969, the Lunenburg County Historical Society was established to manage this historic site and turned the vacant lightkeeper's house into a community [museum](/wiki/Museum \"Museum\") and gift shop. In 2006, the society completed a Renaissance Project, which included the construction and attachment of a new building resembling the original 1874 LaHave Light Station, to the lightkeeper's house. The new museum is heated and cooled by a [geothermal](/wiki/Geothermal_heating \"Geothermal heating\") system, one of the first museums in Canada to utilize this technology. The Museum hosts many community events during the year, including the [Acadian](/wiki/Acadian \"Acadian\") [Mi'kmaq](/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people \"Mi'kmaq people\") Festival, the LaHave River Folk Festival and a wide range of artistic exhibits.\n\n",
"### Mi'kmaq Settlement and French colony\n\nLa Hève was an important centre for the [Mi'kmaq](/wiki/Mi%27kmaq \"Mi'kmaq\") people, who traded with Europeans. Messamouet, a well\\-known [*sakmow*](/wiki/Sagamore_%28title%29 \"Sagamore (title)\"), or Chief, of the Mi'kmaq Nation, is reported to have been from the LaHave area.\n\n[Samuel de Champlain](/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain \"Samuel de Champlain\") called there in 1604 on his first trip to [Acadia](/wiki/Acadia \"Acadia\"). [Henry Hudson](/wiki/Henry_Hudson \"Henry Hudson\") made landfall there in 1609 on his voyage on behalf of the [Dutch East India company](/wiki/Dutch_East_India_company \"Dutch East India company\"). Despite being shown hospitality by the Mi'kmaq, Hudson's crew staged an unprovoked assault on the Mi'kmaq settlement. As a result, the Mi'kmaq staged a raid on the next Dutch ship to visit in 1611\\.Douglas Hunter, Half Moon: Henry Hudson and the voyage that redrew the map of the New World. Bloomsbury Press, 2009\\. P. 96\\-106\n\nLa Hève was the capital of [Acadia](/wiki/Acadia \"Acadia\") from 1632, when [Isaac de Razilly](/wiki/Isaac_de_Razilly \"Isaac de Razilly\") settled on a point of land at the mouth of the LaHave River, until his sudden death in 1635\\. Razilly established a colony of 300 and built [Fort Ste. Marie de Grace](/wiki/Fort_Ste._Marie_de_Grace \"Fort Ste. Marie de Grace\"). Razilly reported that the fort was capable of standing against all enemy action, and that he had the military supplies necessary to withstand a six\\-month siege. There was also a chapel, a store and houses for the workmen in the village. Within twelve months of Razilly's arrival, La Have was a thriving trading post, the centre for a small farming community in the area, and a major port of call for the large fishing fleet. At one point there were five hundred transient fishermen in the settlement. Upon Razilly's death in 1635, the new Governor [Charles de Menou d'Aulnay](/wiki/Charles_de_Menou_d%27Aulnay \"Charles de Menou d'Aulnay\") moved the Acadians from La Hève to [Port Royal, Nova Scotia](/wiki/Habitation_at_Port-Royal \"Habitation at Port-Royal\"), which had been given up by the Scottish also in 1632\\.[History](http://www.blupete.com/Hist/NovaScotiaBk1/Part1/Ch08.htm) Blupete.com His wife Jeanne Motin, \"daughter of Louis Motin, Sieur de Courcelles, who in addition to owning shares in the Razilly\\-Condonnier Company, was the controller of salt stores located at one of France's colonies, perhaps in the Caribbean\", was of great strategic value in the subsequent struggle with La Tour. Ironically, she became Lady de La Tour in 1653 after Aulnay's death and La Tour's triumphant return with Letters Patent as governor of Acadia. [Nicolas Denys](/wiki/Nicolas_Denys \"Nicolas Denys\") and his brother Simon, who had come over with Razilly, in 1632, set up a \"wood working plant\" near present\\-day [Riverport, Nova Scotia](/wiki/Riverport%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Riverport, Nova Scotia\") and a fishing station at Port Rossignol (now [Liverpool, Nova Scotia](/wiki/Liverpool%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Liverpool, Nova Scotia\")). They stayed neutral in the war between Aulnay (at Port Royal) and La Tour (at Fort La Tour on the Saint John River).\n\nIn 1652, La Hève was still a trading post and was raided by [Emmanuel Le Borgne](/wiki/Emmanuel_Le_Borgne \"Emmanuel Le Borgne\").\n\nDuring [Queen Anne's War](/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War \"Queen Anne's War\"), New Englanders raided the community taking three Acadians prisoner (1705\\).[History of Wars](https://archive.org/stream/historyofwarsofn00penh#page/38/mode/1up/search/cape)\n\n",
"### King George's War\n\nDuring [King George's War](/wiki/King_George%27s_War \"King George's War\"), two French officers, in a letter from Quebec, reported to the [Count of Maurepas](/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux%2C_Count_of_Maurepas \"Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas\") that \"the English do not dry any fish on the east coast of Acadia since the war, through fear of being surprised there and killed by the Micmacs.\" This fear was well founded as these same officers also advised \"... a boat belonging to an English merchantman having landed at La Hève for wood and water, these Indians killed 7 of the crew and brought their scalps to [Sieur Marin](/wiki/Joseph_Marin_de_la_Malgue \"Joseph Marin de la Malgue\"),...\".\n\nThe site of Fort Sainte\\-Marie de Grace was designated a [National Historic Site of Canada](/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada \"National Historic Sites of Canada\") in 1924\\.\n\n",
"### American Revolution\n\nOn 15 April 1780 the Lunenburg militia (35 men) and the British brigantine *John and Rachael* captured an American privateer [prize](/wiki/Prize \"Prize\") named *Sally* at the LaHave River.*Sally* was a prize recently capture by the American privateer *General Stark* under the command Captain James Pearson on 27 March 1780\\. The American privateer and her prize got separated in a storm, with the prize ending up at the mouth of the LaHave River. During the seizure, the privateers killed the head of the militia (McDonald) and wounded two of the crew members of *John and Rachael*. [pp. 310\\-311](https://archive.org/stream/essexinstitutehiv45esse#page/311/mode/1up/search/rachael) [American vessels captured by the British during the American Revolution, pp. 71\\-72](https://archive.org/stream/americanvesselsc00nova#page/71/mode/1up/search/nova+scotia)Privateers also killed South Shore men who served on loyalist armed vessels (see Nova Scotia Gazette, July 11, 1780; July 13, 1780; Harvey, ed. Perkins Diary, pp. 28\\-29\\.[NS Historical Society, p. 32](https://www.electriccanadian.com/history/novascotia/collections/20a21collectionsof20novauoft.pdf)\n\n",
"### Ship building\n\nIt was, at one time, the economic centre of fishing, trade and shipbuilding for the surrounding area. The many vessels built in the area include a famous clipper, the barque *[Stag](/wiki/Stag_%28barque%29 \"Stag (barque)\")*.\n\n",
"### Light Station\n\nIn 1874 LaHave Light Station was built and assisted ships navigating into the LaHave River until the 1950s, when a new [lightkeeper](/wiki/Lighthouse_keeper \"Lighthouse keeper\")'s house was built to replace the aging [light station](/wiki/Lighthouse \"Lighthouse\"). The light was decommissioned in the 1960s and replaced by a mechanical light on the opposite side of the river. In 1969, the Lunenburg County Historical Society was established to manage this historic site and turned the vacant lightkeeper's house into a community [museum](/wiki/Museum \"Museum\") and gift shop. In 2006, the society completed a Renaissance Project, which included the construction and attachment of a new building resembling the original 1874 LaHave Light Station, to the lightkeeper's house. The new museum is heated and cooled by a [geothermal](/wiki/Geothermal_heating \"Geothermal heating\") system, one of the first museums in Canada to utilize this technology. The Museum hosts many community events during the year, including the [Acadian](/wiki/Acadian \"Acadian\") [Mi'kmaq](/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people \"Mi'kmaq people\") Festival, the LaHave River Folk Festival and a wide range of artistic exhibits.\n\n",
"Lahave River cable ferry\n------------------------\n\nSince 1832, LaHave has been connected to [East LaHave](/wiki/East_LaHave%2C_Nova_Scotia \"East LaHave, Nova Scotia\"), located on the opposite side of the LaHave river, via a [cable ferry](/wiki/Cable_ferry \"Cable ferry\"). In 1982, Brady E. Himmelman retired after 35 years of service, being the longest serving captain of LaHave ferries. In 2010, the LaHave Ferry II was replaced by a 14 car capacity ferry named in the honour of Brady E Himmelman. The Ferry is Operated by The Province of Nova Scotia.\n\nOn Friday, January 3, 2014, the Ferry broke free from its cable and drifted towards the open ocean, running aground at [Oxners Beach](/wiki/Riverport%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Riverport, Nova Scotia\").\n\n",
"Present day\n-----------\n\nA volunteer LaHave and District Fire Department provides fire and first responder service to LaHave and the surrounding areas. A federal post office, Saint James [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican \"Anglican\") Church and LaHave Seafoods are all located in LaHave.\n\nA longstanding turn of the 20th century riverside [chandlery](/wiki/Chandlery \"Chandlery\") landmark, has in recent years become the LaHave Bakery, which operates as a year\\-round bakery and cafe. The bakery houses a Craft Co\\-Op during the summer, where local artists sell their crafts. It is also home to a small custom manufacturer, Homegrown Skateboards.\n\nFurther down Highway 331, one will find Crescent Beach, a 2 kilometre long beach (only beach in NS that allows you to drive your car on the sand the length of the beach as if it were a road), the LaHave Islands, and Risser's Beach Provincial Park.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [LaHave Ferry Brady E. Himmelman](https://web.archive.org/web/20120111154746/http://www.riverport.org/events/bradyhimmelman/bradyhimmelman.html)\n* [Fort Point Museum](http://www.fortpointmuseum.com/)\n* [LaHave Islands Marine Museum](http://www.lahaveislandsmarinemuseum.ca/)\n* [LaHave Folk Festival](https://web.archive.org/web/20100827091935/http://www.lahavefolkfestival.com/)\n\n[Category:Communities in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia](/wiki/Category:Communities_in_Lunenburg_County%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Communities in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia\")\n[Category:Conflicts in Nova Scotia](/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_Nova_Scotia \"Conflicts in Nova Scotia\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Title 45 of the United States Code
|
{
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31382403
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"name": [
"BappleBusiness"
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|
fajzqwlgjgbcgyt4i4t13i473ca5532
|
2022-10-12T02:17:06Z
| 1,026,401,202 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Chapters",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Title 45 of the United States Code** outlines the role of rail transport in the [United States Code](/wiki/United_States_Code \"United States Code\").\n\n",
"Chapters\n--------\n\n* : Safety Appliances and Equipment on Railroad Engines and Cars, and Protection of Employees and Travelers\n* : Liability for Injuries to Employees\n* : Hours of Service of Employees\n* : Care of Animals in Transit\n* : Government\\-Aided Railroads\n* : Mediation, Conciliation, and Arbitration in Controversies Between Carriers and Employees\n* : Adjustment Boards and Labor Boards\n* : [Railway Labor](/wiki/Railway_Labor_Act \"Railway Labor Act\")\n* : [Retirement of Railroad Employees](/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Board \"Railroad Retirement Board\")\n* : Tax on Carriers and Employees\n* : Railroad Unemployment Insurance\n* : Temporary Railroad Unemployment Insurance Program\n* : Railroad Safety\n* : Rail Passenger Service\n* : Emergency Rail Services\n* : Regional Rail Reorganization\n* : [Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform](/wiki/Railroad_Revitalization_and_Regulatory_Reform_Act \"Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act\")\n* : Milwaukee Railroad Restructuring\n* : Rock Island Railroad Employee Assistance\n* : Northeast Rail Service\n* : Alaska Railroad Transfer\n* : [Conrail Privatization](/wiki/Conrail_Privatization_Act \"Conrail Privatization Act\")\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [U.S. Code Title 45](http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/usc.cgi?ACTION=BROWSE&title=45usc), via [United States Government Printing Office](/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office \"United States Government Printing Office\")\n* [U.S. Code Title 45](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/45), via [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University \"Cornell University\")\n\n[45](/wiki/Category:Titles_of_the_United_States_Code \"Titles of the United States Code\")\n[\\*Title 45](/wiki/Category:United_States_federal_transportation_legislation \"United States federal transportation legislation\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Preprophase
|
{
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7903804
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g7j2gjrb1erkylvop88258mfdgobqx6
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2023-12-03T15:42:08Z
| 1,145,157,028 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Function of preprophase in the cell cycle",
"Preprophase band formation",
"Microtubule nucleation",
"Transition into prophase",
"Notes and references",
"Bibliography"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\n\n[350px\\|right\\|thumb\\|Microtubule dynamics during preprophase and prophase in plant cell mitosis, modified from Donukshe et al. The images follow a [tobacco BY\\-2 cell](/wiki/Tobacco_BY-2_cells \"Tobacco BY-2 cells\") through the first stages of mitosis (c. 12 minutes). The growing ends of microtubules are shown in green (labeled with [green fluorescent protein](/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein \"Green fluorescent protein\") fused to the microtubule plus end binding protein EB1 of *[Arabidopsis thaliana](/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana \"Arabidopsis thaliana\")*). N \\= Nucleus, V \\= Vacuole, PPB \\= Preprophase band, MTN \\= Microtubule nucleation starts at the nuclear envelope, NEB \\= Nuclear envelope breakdown at the onset of [prometaphase](/wiki/Prometaphase \"Prometaphase\"). Also see the [movie](http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/3/11/suppl/S5) corresponding to this figure.](/wiki/Image:Preprophase.jpg \"Preprophase.jpg\")\n\n**Preprophase** is an additional phase during [mitosis](/wiki/Mitosis \"Mitosis\") in [plant cells](/wiki/Plant_cell \"Plant cell\") that does not occur in other [eukaryotes](/wiki/Eukaryote \"Eukaryote\") such as [animals](/wiki/Animal \"Animal\") or [fungi](/wiki/Fungus \"Fungus\"). It precedes [prophase](/wiki/Prophase \"Prophase\") and is characterized by two distinct events:\n1. The formation of the [preprophase band](/wiki/Preprophase_band \"Preprophase band\"), a dense [microtubule](/wiki/Microtubule \"Microtubule\") ring underneath the [plasma membrane](/wiki/Plasma_membrane \"Plasma membrane\").\n2. The initiation of [microtubule nucleation](/wiki/Microtubule_nucleation \"Microtubule nucleation\") at the [nuclear envelope](/wiki/Nuclear_envelope \"Nuclear envelope\").\n\n",
"Function of preprophase in the cell cycle\n-----------------------------------------\n\nPlant cells are fixed with regards to their neighbor cells within the [tissues](/wiki/Tissue_%28biology%29 \"Tissue (biology)\") they are growing in. In contrast to animals where certain cells can migrate within the [embryo](/wiki/Embryo \"Embryo\") to form new tissues, the seedlings of higher plants grow entirely based on the orientation of [cell division](/wiki/Cell_division \"Cell division\") and subsequent elongation and differentiation of cells within their [cell walls](/wiki/Cell_wall \"Cell wall\"). Therefore, the accurate control of cell division planes and placement of the future cell wall in plant cells is crucial for the correct architecture of plant tissues and organs.\n\nThe preprophase stage of [somatic](/wiki/Somatic_%28biology%29 \"Somatic (biology)\") plant cell mitosis serves to establish the precise location of the division plane and future cell wall before the cell enters [prophase](/wiki/Prophase \"Prophase\"). This is achieved through the formation of a transient microtubule structure, the preprophase band, and a so far unknown mechanism by which the cell is able to \"memorize\" the position of the preprophase band to guide the new cell wall growing during [cytokinesis](/wiki/Cytokinesis \"Cytokinesis\") to the correct location. In [gametophyte](/wiki/Gametophyte \"Gametophyte\") tissues during the reproductive phase of the plant [life cycle](/wiki/Biological_life_cycle \"Biological life cycle\"), cell division planes may be established without the use of a preprophase band.\n\nIn highly vacuolated plant cells, preprophase may be preceded by the formation of a [phragmosome](/wiki/Phragmosome \"Phragmosome\"). The function of the phragmosome is to suspend the [cell nucleus](/wiki/Cell_nucleus \"Cell nucleus\") in the center of the cell in preparation for mitosis. If a phragmosome is visible, the preprophase band will appear at its outer edge.\n\n",
"Preprophase band formation\n--------------------------\n\nAt the beginning of preprophase, the [cortical](/wiki/Cortex_%28anatomy%29 \"Cortex (anatomy)\") microtubules of a plant cell disappear and aggregate into a dense ring underneath the plasma membrane. This preprophase band runs around the equatorial plane of the future [mitotic spindle](/wiki/Mitotic_spindle \"Mitotic spindle\") and marks the plane of cell division and future fusion site for the [cell plate](/wiki/Cell_plate \"Cell plate\"). It consists of microtubules and [microfilaments](/wiki/Microfilament \"Microfilament\") ([actin](/wiki/Actin \"Actin\")) and persists into prophase. Spindle formation occurs during prophase with the axis perpendicular to the plane surrounded by the preprophase band.\n\n",
"Microtubule nucleation\n----------------------\n\nIn contrast to animal cells, plant cells do not possess [centrosomes](/wiki/Centrosome \"Centrosome\") to organize their mitotic spindles. Instead, the nuclear envelope acts as a [microtubule organizing center](/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center \"Microtubule organizing center\") (MTOC) for spindle formation during preprophase. The first sign is a clear, actin\\-free zone appearing around the nuclear envelope. This zone fills with microtubules nucleating on the surface of the nucleus. The preprophase spindle forms by self\\-assembly of these microtubules in the [cytoplasm](/wiki/Cytoplasm \"Cytoplasm\") surrounding the nuclear envelope. It is reinforced through [chromosome](/wiki/Chromosome \"Chromosome\") ([kinetochore](/wiki/Kinetochore \"Kinetochore\"))\\-mediated spindle assembly after the nuclear envelope breaks down at the beginning of prometaphase.\n\n",
"Transition into prophase\n------------------------\n\nDuring progression from preprophase into prophase, the randomly oriented microtubules align parallel along the nuclear surface according to the spindle axis. This structure is called the *prophase spindle*. Triggered by nuclear membrane breakdown at the beginning of prometaphase, the preprophase band disappears and the prophase spindle matures into the [metaphase](/wiki/Metaphase \"Metaphase\") spindle occupying the space of the former nucleus. Experiments with drugs destroying microfilaments indicate that actin may play a role in keeping the cellular \"memory\" of the position of the division plane after the preprophase band breaks down to direct cytokinesis in [telophase](/wiki/Telophase \"Telophase\").\n\n",
"Notes and references\n--------------------\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n* P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn (2005\\): *Biology of Plants*, 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, New York, \n\n[Category:Cell cycle](/wiki/Category:Cell_cycle \"Cell cycle\")\n[Category:Mitosis](/wiki/Category:Mitosis \"Mitosis\")\n[Category:Plant cells](/wiki/Category:Plant_cells \"Plant cells\")\n\n"
]
}
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CoNTub
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aq6fem4kdf12sz1q4m4amj4omld6vcy
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2022-03-03T05:50:02Z
| 830,754,952 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Features",
"Nanotube generation",
"Heterojunction generation",
"C<sub>3</sub> Symmetric Three-Nanotube Junction generation",
"Image gallery",
"See also",
"References"
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1,
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2,
2,
2,
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"content": [
"\n\n**CoNTub** is a software project written in [Java](/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 \"Java (programming language)\") which runs on [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\"), [Mac OS X](/wiki/Mac_OS_X \"Mac OS X\"), [Linux](/wiki/Linux \"Linux\") and [Unix](/wiki/Unix \"Unix\") Operating systems through any Java\\-enabled web browser. It is the first implementation of an algorithm for generating 3D structures of arbitrary [carbon nanotube](/wiki/Carbon_nanotube \"Carbon nanotube\") connections by means of the placement of non\\-hexagonal (pentagonal or heptagonal) rings, also referred as defects or disclinations.\n\nThe software is a set of tools dedicated to the construction of complex [carbon nanotube](/wiki/Carbon_nanotube \"Carbon nanotube\") structures for use in [computational chemistry](/wiki/Computational_chemistry \"Computational chemistry\"). CoNTub 1\\.0[\\[1]](/wiki/Contub%23_note-0 \"Contub# note-0\") was the first implementation for building these complex structures and included nanotube heterojunctions, while CoNTub 2\\.0[\\[2]](/wiki/Contub%23_note-1 \"Contub# note-1\") is mainly devoted to three\\-nanotube junctions. Its aim is to help in the design and research about new nanotube\\-based devices. CoNTub is based on the [strip algebra](/wiki/Strip_algebra \"Strip algebra\"), and is able to find the unique structure for connecting two specific and arbitrary [carbon nanotubes](/wiki/Carbon_nanotube \"Carbon nanotube\") and many of the possible three\\-tube junctions.\n\nCoNTub generates the [geometry](/wiki/Geometry \"Geometry\") of various types of nanotube junctions, i.e., nanotube heterojunctions and three\\-nanotube junctions, including also [single\\-walled nanotubes](/wiki/Carbon_nanotube%23Single-walled \"Carbon nanotube#Single-walled\") (SWNTs) and [multi\\-walled nanotubes](/wiki/Carbon_nanotube%23Multi-walled \"Carbon nanotube#Multi-walled\") (MWNTs).\n\nAlthough the current version of CoNTub is v2\\.0, this version does not supersedes v1\\.0, as v2\\.0 is dedicated currently to only three\\-nanotube junctions, although the incorporation of v1\\.0 functionality into v.2\\.0 is planned. Nanotube heterojunctions can be generated only with v1\\.0\\.\n\nCoNTub v1\\.0 is organized in five Tabbed panels CoNTub[\\[1]](/wiki/Contub%23_note-0 \"Contub# note-0\"), the first three being dedicated to structure generation, the fourth to the output in [PDB format](/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank_%28file_format%29 \"Protein Data Bank (file format)\"), and the fifth contains a short help section.\n\nCoNTub v2\\.0 has experimented a major redesign, and the panes have been removed, instead, a conventional menubar has been added where the type of structure to be generated can be chosen. Although the menu item for heterojunction generation appears in the menu, the button is disabled, so NTHJ's can be only generated with v1\\.0\n\n",
"Features\n--------\n\n* 3D molecular viewer\n* Structure generation of [carbon nanotube Heterojunctions](/wiki/Carbon_nanotube%23Heterojunction \"Carbon nanotube#Heterojunction\") from indices(i,j) and length (l) of the two nanotubes.\n* Structure generation of [single\\-walled nanotubes](/wiki/Carbon_nanotube%23Single-walled \"Carbon nanotube#Single-walled\") (SWNTs) from indices(i,j) and length (l)\n* Structure generation of symmetric [Three\\-nanotube junctions](/wiki/Carbon_nanotube%23Heterojunction \"Carbon nanotube#Heterojunction\") (TNJ) selected from a list of possibilities, given the indices of the joined nanotubes.\n* Plotting the [electronic band structure](/wiki/Electronic_band_structure \"Electronic band structure\") and [density of states](/wiki/Density_of_states \"Density of states\") (DOS) for [single\\-walled nanotubes](/wiki/Carbon_nanotube%23Single-walled \"Carbon nanotube#Single-walled\") (SWNTs)\n* Structure generation of [multi\\-walled nanotubes](/wiki/Carbon_nanotube%23Multi-walled \"Carbon nanotube#Multi-walled\") from indices(i,j) and length (l), number of shells(N) and spacing(S).\n* Output the [xyz](/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system \"Cartesian coordinate system\") coordinates of the structures in a [(PDB) file format](/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank%23File_format \"Protein Data Bank#File format\")\n",
"Nanotube generation\n-------------------\n\nTo generate a SWNT, it is only necessary to introduce the indices of the tube, its desired length ([Angstrom](/wiki/Angstrom \"Angstrom\")), and the type of atom for termination of dangling bonds. ConTub displays the resulting nanotube, as well as its [electronic band structure](/wiki/Electronic_band_structure \"Electronic band structure\") and [density of states](/wiki/Density_of_states \"Density of states\") (DOS), following a [tight binding model](/wiki/Tight_binding_model \"Tight binding model\").Savinskii, S.S.; Khokhriakov, N.V. Characteristic Features of the Pi\\-Electron States of Carbon Nanotubes. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 1997, 84, 1131\\-1137\\.\n\nMWNT \\- multiple tubes with the same axis and length \\- are created by providing the indices of the most inner tube (i,j), the desired length (l), the number of shells (N), and the approximate distance between shells or spacing (S) in [Angstrom](/wiki/Angstrom \"Angstrom\"). The default value for spacing corresponds to the standard distance between layers in crystalline [graphite](/wiki/Graphite \"Graphite\") (3\\.4 Å). ConTub automatically selects the indices of the remaining tubes, trying to adjust the interlayer spacing, and tries to use tubes with the same [chirality](/wiki/Chirality_%28chemistry%29 \"Chirality (chemistry)\") as that of the inner nanotube.\n\n",
"Heterojunction generation\n-------------------------\n\nThis is the core of the CoNTub[\\[1]](/wiki/Contub%23_note-0 \"Contub# note-0\") program. [Strip algebra](/wiki/Strip_algebra \"Strip algebra\") was implemented, which allows two perfect [carbon nanotubes](/wiki/Carbon_nanotube \"Carbon nanotube\") to be joined, independently of their geometry, radius or [chirality](/wiki/Chirality_%28chemistry%29 \"Chirality (chemistry)\"), with the simplest geometry possible, i.e. with the lowest number of non\\-hexagonal rings (a [pentagon](/wiki/Pentagon \"Pentagon\") and a [heptagon](/wiki/Heptagon \"Heptagon\")), also called defects or [disclinations](/wiki/Disclination \"Disclination\"). There is always a possible connection between two tubes and strip algebra ensues that the solution is unique and depending only of the indices (i,j) of both tubes.\n\n",
"C3 Symmetric Three\\-Nanotube Junction generation\n------------------------------------------------\n\nA further implementation of the Strip Algebra has been released in the second version of CoNTub, in order to elucidate the precise location of atoms and rings that lead to a junction of three nanotubes.\n\nConnection between three nanotubes requires, at least, the presence of six heptagons, instead of the single pentagon and heptagon required for an heterojunction. In this case, the set of equations that rule the geometry has more variables to solve than restrictions, so the possible geometries constitute an infinite set. The detailed procedure for the nanotube construction has been also published,\n\nImposing additional restrictions to the geometry can ease the finding of viable geometries, and this is what is applied in the current version of CoNTub: Forcing the tubes connected to be of the same kind, and forcing an additional C3 symmetry, an automated way to construct the geometry can be found. However, even with these restrictions, the possibilities are still infinite. Therefore, a way to estimate the viability of the junction, even before constructing it, had to be developed. Given that non\\-hexagonal rings\n\n",
"Image gallery\n-------------\n\nImage:contub\\_v1\\.0\\_02\\.png\\|CoNTub v1\\.0 \\- 3D viewer panel (zoom in).\nImage:contub\\_v1\\.0\\_04\\.png\\|CoNTub v1\\.0 \\- 3D viewer panel (cutback and ball\\&stick modes).\nImage:contub\\_v1\\.0\\_06\\.png\\|CoNTub v1\\.0 HETEROJUNTION panel.\nImage:contub\\_v1\\.0\\_07\\.png\\|CoNTub v1\\.0 HETEROJUNTION panel.\nImage:contub\\_v1\\.0\\_08\\.png\\|CoNTub v1\\.0 SWNT panel.\nImage:contub\\_v1\\.0\\_09\\.png\\|CoNTub v1\\.0 SWNT panel.\nImage:contub\\_v1\\.0\\_10\\.png\\|CoNTub v1\\.0 MWNT panel.\nImage:contub\\_v1\\.0\\_11\\.png\\|CoNTub v1\\.0 output panel.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Boron nitride nanotube](/wiki/Boron_nitride%23Boron_nitride_nanotubes \"Boron nitride#Boron nitride nanotubes\")\n* [Silicon nanotubes](/wiki/Silicon_nanotubes \"Silicon nanotubes\")\n* [List of software for nanostructures modeling](/wiki/List_of_software_for_nanostructures_modeling \"List of software for nanostructures modeling\")\n* [Potential applications of carbon nanotubes](/wiki/Potential_applications_of_carbon_nanotubes \"Potential applications of carbon nanotubes\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Molecular modelling software](/wiki/Category:Molecular_modelling_software \"Molecular modelling software\")\n[Category:Freeware](/wiki/Category:Freeware \"Freeware\")\n[Category:Science software](/wiki/Category:Science_software \"Science software\")\n[Category:Java platform software](/wiki/Category:Java_platform_software \"Java platform software\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Tinbergen's four questions
|
{
"id": [
82887
],
"name": [
"TedPavlic"
]
}
|
e9wagabx3klnxibht8jntn60mo61cb2
|
2024-08-27T00:55:04Z
| 1,235,084,367 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Four categories of questions and explanations",
"Evolutionary (ultimate) explanations",
"First question: Function (adaptation)",
"Second question: Phylogeny (evolution)",
"Proximate explanations",
"Third question: Mechanism (causation)",
"Fourth question: Ontogeny (development)",
"Causal relationships",
"Examples",
"Vision",
"Westermarck effect",
"Romantic love",
"Sleep",
"Use of the four-question schema as \"periodic table\"",
"References",
"Sources",
"External links",
"Diagrams",
"Derivative works"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
4,
4,
3,
4,
4,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3
],
"content": [
"\n**Tinbergen's four questions**, named after 20th century biologist [Nikolaas Tinbergen](/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen \"Nikolaas Tinbergen\"), are complementary categories of explanations for animal behaviour. These are also commonly referred to as **levels of analysis**. It suggests that an integrative understanding of [behaviour](/wiki/Animal_behaviour \"Animal behaviour\") must include ultimate ([evolutionary](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\")) explanations, in particular: \n* behavioural [adaptive](/wiki/Adaptation_%28biology%29 \"Adaptation (biology)\") functions\n* [phylogenetic](/wiki/Phylogeny \"Phylogeny\") history; and the proximate explanations\n* underlying [physiological](/wiki/Physiology \"Physiology\") mechanisms\n* [ontogenetic/developmental history](/wiki/Ontogeny \"Ontogeny\").\n\n",
"Four categories of questions and explanations\n---------------------------------------------\n\nWhen asked about the purpose of sight in humans and animals, even elementary\\-school children can answer that animals have vision to help them find food and avoid danger ([function](/wiki/Function_%28biology%29 \"Function (biology)\")/[adaptation](/wiki/Adaptation \"Adaptation\")). Biologists have three additional explanations: sight is caused by a particular series of evolutionary steps ([phylogeny](/wiki/Phylogeny \"Phylogeny\")), the mechanics of the eye (mechanism/causation), and even the process of an individual's development ([ontogeny](/wiki/Ontogeny \"Ontogeny\")). This schema constitutes a basic framework of the overlapping behavioural fields of [ethology](/wiki/Ethology \"Ethology\"), [behavioural ecology](/wiki/Behavioural_ecology \"Behavioural ecology\"), [comparative psychology](/wiki/Comparative_psychology \"Comparative psychology\"), [sociobiology](/wiki/Sociobiology \"Sociobiology\"), [evolutionary psychology](/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology \"Evolutionary psychology\"), and [anthropology](/wiki/Anthropology \"Anthropology\"). [Julian Huxley](/wiki/Julian_Huxley \"Julian Huxley\") identified the first three questions. Niko Tinbergen gave only the fourth question, as Huxley's questions failed to distinguish between survival value and evolutionary history; Tinbergen's fourth question helped resolve this problem.Tinbergen, Niko (1963\\) \"On Aims and Methods in Ethology,\" Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20: 410–433 \\[411].\n\n| \\+ Table of categories | | | *Diachronic versus synchronic perspective* | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **Dynamic view***Explanation of current form in terms of a historical sequence* | **Static view***Explanation of the current form of species* |\n| *How vs. why questions* | **Proximate view*****How*** an individual organism's structures function | **Ontogeny (development)**Developmental explanations for changes in ***individuals***, from DNA to their current form | **Mechanism (causation)**Mechanistic explanations for how an organism's structures work |\n| **Ultimate (evolutionary) view*****Why*** a species evolved the structures (adaptations) it has | **Phylogeny (evolution)**The history of the evolution of sequential changes in a ***species*** over many generations | **Function (adaptation)**A species trait that solves a reproductive or survival problem in the **current** environment |\n\n### Evolutionary (ultimate) explanations\n\n#### First question: Function (adaptation)\n\nDarwin's theory of [evolution](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\") by natural selection is the only scientific explanation for why an animal's behaviour is usually well adapted for survival and reproduction in its environment. However, claiming that a particular mechanism is well suited to the present environment is different from claiming that this mechanism was selected for in the past due to its history of being adaptive.\n\nThe literature conceptualizes the relationship between function and evolution in two ways. On the one hand, function and evolution are often presented as separate and distinct explanations of behaviour.[Nikolaas Tinbergen](/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen \"Nikolaas Tinbergen\"), [ethology](/wiki/Ethology \"Ethology\"), Cartwright 2000:10; Buss 2004:12\\) On the other hand, the common definition of adaptation is a central concept in evolution: a trait that was functional to the reproductive success of the organism and that is thus now present due to being selected for; that is, function and evolution are inseparable. However, a trait can have a current function that is adaptive without being an adaptation in this sense, if for instance the environment has changed. Imagine an environment in which having a small body suddenly conferred benefit on an organism when previously body size had had no effect on survival. A small body's function in the environment would then be adaptive, but it would not become an adaptation until enough generations had passed in which small bodies were advantageous to reproduction for small bodies to be selected for. Given this, it is best to understand that presently functional traits might not all have been produced by natural selection. The term \"function\" is preferable to \"adaptation\", because adaptation is often construed as implying that it was selected for due to past function. This corresponds to Aristotle's [final cause](/wiki/Final_cause \"Final cause\").Hladký, V. \\& Havlíček, J. (2013\\). *[Was Tinbergen an Aristotelian? Comparison of Tinbergen's Four Whys and Aristotle's Four Causes](http://ishe.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/HEB_2013_28_4_3-11.pdf)*. *Human Ethology Bulletin*, 28(4\\), 3–11\n\n#### Second question: Phylogeny (evolution)\n\n*[Evolution](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\")* captures both the history of an organism via its phylogeny, and the history of natural selection working on function to produce adaptations.\"Phylogeny\" often emphasizes the evolutionary genealogical relationships among species (Alcock 2001:492; Mayr, 2001:289\\) as distinct from the categories of explanations. Although the categories are more relevant in a conceptual discussion, the traditional term is retained here. There are several reasons why [natural selection](/wiki/Natural_selection \"Natural selection\") may fail to achieve optimal design (Mayr 2001:140–143; Buss et al. 1998\\). One entails random processes such as [mutation](/wiki/Mutation \"Mutation\") and environmental events acting on small [populations](/wiki/Population \"Population\"). Another entails the constraints resulting from early evolutionary development. Each [organism](/wiki/Organism \"Organism\") harbors [traits](/wiki/Trait_%28biology%29 \"Trait (biology)\"), both [anatomical](/wiki/Anatomical \"Anatomical\") and [behavioural](/wiki/Behavioural \"Behavioural\"), of previous phylogenetic stages, since many traits are retained as [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") evolve.\n\nReconstructing the phylogeny of a species often makes it possible to understand the \"uniqueness\" of recent characteristics: Earlier phylogenetic stages and (pre\\-) conditions which persist often also determine the form of more modern characteristics. For instance, the [vertebrate](/wiki/Vertebrate \"Vertebrate\") [eye](/wiki/Eye \"Eye\") (including the [human eye](/wiki/Human_eye \"Human eye\")) has a [blind spot](/wiki/Blind_spot_%28vision%29 \"Blind spot (vision)\"), whereas [octopus eyes](/wiki/Cephalopod_eye \"Cephalopod eye\") do not. In those two lineages, the eye was originally constructed one way or the other. Once the vertebrate eye was constructed, there were no intermediate forms that were both adaptive and would have enabled it to evolve without a blind spot.\n\nIt corresponds to Aristotle's [formal cause](/wiki/Formal_cause \"Formal cause\").\n\n### Proximate explanations\n\n#### Third question: Mechanism (causation)\n\nSome prominent classes of Proximate [causal](/wiki/Causal \"Causal\") [mechanisms](/wiki/Mechanism_%28biology%29 \"Mechanism (biology)\") include:\n\n* The [brain](/wiki/Brain \"Brain\"): For example, [Broca's area](/wiki/Broca%27s_area \"Broca's area\"), a small section of the [human brain](/wiki/Human_brain \"Human brain\"), has a critical role in [linguistic capability](/wiki/The_Language_Instinct \"The Language Instinct\").\n* [Hormones](/wiki/Hormones \"Hormones\"): Chemicals used to communicate among cells of an individual organism. [Testosterone](/wiki/Testosterone \"Testosterone\"), for instance, stimulates aggressive behaviour in a number of species.\n* [Pheromones](/wiki/Pheromones \"Pheromones\"): Chemicals used to communicate among members of the same species. Some species (e.g., dogs and some moths) use pheromones to attract mates.\n\nIn examining living organisms, [biologists](/wiki/Biologists \"Biologists\") are confronted with diverse levels of [complexity](/wiki/Complexity \"Complexity\") (e.g. chemical, physiological, psychological, social). They therefore investigate causal and functional relations within and between these levels. A [biochemist](/wiki/Biochemist \"Biochemist\") might examine, for instance, the influence of social and ecological conditions on the release of certain [neurotransmitters](/wiki/Neurotransmitters \"Neurotransmitters\") and hormones, and the effects of such releases on behaviour, e.g. stress during birth has a [tocolytic](/wiki/Tocolytic \"Tocolytic\") (contraction\\-suppressing) effect.\n\nHowever, awareness of neurotransmitters and the structure of [neurons](/wiki/Neurons \"Neurons\") is not by itself enough to understand higher levels of neuroanatomic structure or behaviour: \"The whole is more than the sum of its parts.\" All levels must be considered as being equally important: cf. [transdisciplinarity](/wiki/Transdisciplinarity \"Transdisciplinarity\"), [Nicolai Hartmann](/wiki/Nicolai_Hartmann \"Nicolai Hartmann\")'s \"Laws about the Levels of Complexity.\"\n\nIt corresponds to Aristotle's [efficient cause](/wiki/Efficient_cause \"Efficient cause\").\n\n#### Fourth question: Ontogeny (development)\n\n[Ontogeny](/wiki/Ontogeny \"Ontogeny\") is the process of development of an individual organism from the [zygote](/wiki/Zygote \"Zygote\") through the embryo to the adult form.\n\nIn the latter half of the twentieth century, social scientists debated whether human behaviour was the product of nature (genes) or nurture (environment in the developmental period, including culture).\n\nAn example of interaction (as distinct from the sum of the components) involves familiarity from childhood. In a number of species, individuals prefer to associate with familiar individuals but prefer to mate with unfamiliar ones (Alcock 2001:85–89, [Incest taboo](/wiki/Incest_taboo \"Incest taboo\"), [Incest](/wiki/Incest \"Incest\")). By inference, genes affecting living together interact with the environment differently from genes affecting mating behaviour. A simple example of interaction involves plants: Some plants grow toward the light ([phototropism](/wiki/Phototropism \"Phototropism\")) and some away from gravity ([gravitropism](/wiki/Gravitropism \"Gravitropism\")).\n\nMany forms of developmental learning have a [critical period](/wiki/Critical_period \"Critical period\"), for instance, for [imprinting](/wiki/Filial_imprinting%23Filial_imprinting \"Filial imprinting#Filial imprinting\") among geese and [language acquisition](/wiki/Language_acquisition \"Language acquisition\") among humans. In such cases, genes determine the timing of the environmental impact.\n\nA related concept is labeled \"biased learning\" (Alcock 2001:101–103\\) and \"prepared learning\" (Wilson, 1998:86–87\\). For instance, after eating food that subsequently made them sick, rats are predisposed to associate that food with smell, not sound (Alcock 2001:101–103\\). Many primate species learn to fear snakes with little experience (Wilson, 1998:86–87\\).\"Biased learning\" is not necessarily limited to the developmental period.\n\nSee [developmental biology](/wiki/Developmental_biology \"Developmental biology\") and [developmental psychology](/wiki/Developmental_psychology \"Developmental psychology\").\n\n[thumb\\|400px\\|right\\|Explanations of Animal Behaviour: Causal Relationships; Adopted from Tinbergen (1963\\).](/wiki/File:4_behavior_questions.png \"4 behavior questions.png\")\n\nIt corresponds to Aristotle's [material cause](/wiki/Material_cause \"Material cause\").\n\n",
"### Evolutionary (ultimate) explanations\n\n#### First question: Function (adaptation)\n\nDarwin's theory of [evolution](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\") by natural selection is the only scientific explanation for why an animal's behaviour is usually well adapted for survival and reproduction in its environment. However, claiming that a particular mechanism is well suited to the present environment is different from claiming that this mechanism was selected for in the past due to its history of being adaptive.\n\nThe literature conceptualizes the relationship between function and evolution in two ways. On the one hand, function and evolution are often presented as separate and distinct explanations of behaviour.[Nikolaas Tinbergen](/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen \"Nikolaas Tinbergen\"), [ethology](/wiki/Ethology \"Ethology\"), Cartwright 2000:10; Buss 2004:12\\) On the other hand, the common definition of adaptation is a central concept in evolution: a trait that was functional to the reproductive success of the organism and that is thus now present due to being selected for; that is, function and evolution are inseparable. However, a trait can have a current function that is adaptive without being an adaptation in this sense, if for instance the environment has changed. Imagine an environment in which having a small body suddenly conferred benefit on an organism when previously body size had had no effect on survival. A small body's function in the environment would then be adaptive, but it would not become an adaptation until enough generations had passed in which small bodies were advantageous to reproduction for small bodies to be selected for. Given this, it is best to understand that presently functional traits might not all have been produced by natural selection. The term \"function\" is preferable to \"adaptation\", because adaptation is often construed as implying that it was selected for due to past function. This corresponds to Aristotle's [final cause](/wiki/Final_cause \"Final cause\").Hladký, V. \\& Havlíček, J. (2013\\). *[Was Tinbergen an Aristotelian? Comparison of Tinbergen's Four Whys and Aristotle's Four Causes](http://ishe.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/HEB_2013_28_4_3-11.pdf)*. *Human Ethology Bulletin*, 28(4\\), 3–11\n\n#### Second question: Phylogeny (evolution)\n\n*[Evolution](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\")* captures both the history of an organism via its phylogeny, and the history of natural selection working on function to produce adaptations.\"Phylogeny\" often emphasizes the evolutionary genealogical relationships among species (Alcock 2001:492; Mayr, 2001:289\\) as distinct from the categories of explanations. Although the categories are more relevant in a conceptual discussion, the traditional term is retained here. There are several reasons why [natural selection](/wiki/Natural_selection \"Natural selection\") may fail to achieve optimal design (Mayr 2001:140–143; Buss et al. 1998\\). One entails random processes such as [mutation](/wiki/Mutation \"Mutation\") and environmental events acting on small [populations](/wiki/Population \"Population\"). Another entails the constraints resulting from early evolutionary development. Each [organism](/wiki/Organism \"Organism\") harbors [traits](/wiki/Trait_%28biology%29 \"Trait (biology)\"), both [anatomical](/wiki/Anatomical \"Anatomical\") and [behavioural](/wiki/Behavioural \"Behavioural\"), of previous phylogenetic stages, since many traits are retained as [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") evolve.\n\nReconstructing the phylogeny of a species often makes it possible to understand the \"uniqueness\" of recent characteristics: Earlier phylogenetic stages and (pre\\-) conditions which persist often also determine the form of more modern characteristics. For instance, the [vertebrate](/wiki/Vertebrate \"Vertebrate\") [eye](/wiki/Eye \"Eye\") (including the [human eye](/wiki/Human_eye \"Human eye\")) has a [blind spot](/wiki/Blind_spot_%28vision%29 \"Blind spot (vision)\"), whereas [octopus eyes](/wiki/Cephalopod_eye \"Cephalopod eye\") do not. In those two lineages, the eye was originally constructed one way or the other. Once the vertebrate eye was constructed, there were no intermediate forms that were both adaptive and would have enabled it to evolve without a blind spot.\n\nIt corresponds to Aristotle's [formal cause](/wiki/Formal_cause \"Formal cause\").\n\n",
"#### First question: Function (adaptation)\n\nDarwin's theory of [evolution](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\") by natural selection is the only scientific explanation for why an animal's behaviour is usually well adapted for survival and reproduction in its environment. However, claiming that a particular mechanism is well suited to the present environment is different from claiming that this mechanism was selected for in the past due to its history of being adaptive.\n\nThe literature conceptualizes the relationship between function and evolution in two ways. On the one hand, function and evolution are often presented as separate and distinct explanations of behaviour.[Nikolaas Tinbergen](/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen \"Nikolaas Tinbergen\"), [ethology](/wiki/Ethology \"Ethology\"), Cartwright 2000:10; Buss 2004:12\\) On the other hand, the common definition of adaptation is a central concept in evolution: a trait that was functional to the reproductive success of the organism and that is thus now present due to being selected for; that is, function and evolution are inseparable. However, a trait can have a current function that is adaptive without being an adaptation in this sense, if for instance the environment has changed. Imagine an environment in which having a small body suddenly conferred benefit on an organism when previously body size had had no effect on survival. A small body's function in the environment would then be adaptive, but it would not become an adaptation until enough generations had passed in which small bodies were advantageous to reproduction for small bodies to be selected for. Given this, it is best to understand that presently functional traits might not all have been produced by natural selection. The term \"function\" is preferable to \"adaptation\", because adaptation is often construed as implying that it was selected for due to past function. This corresponds to Aristotle's [final cause](/wiki/Final_cause \"Final cause\").Hladký, V. \\& Havlíček, J. (2013\\). *[Was Tinbergen an Aristotelian? Comparison of Tinbergen's Four Whys and Aristotle's Four Causes](http://ishe.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/HEB_2013_28_4_3-11.pdf)*. *Human Ethology Bulletin*, 28(4\\), 3–11\n\n",
"#### Second question: Phylogeny (evolution)\n\n*[Evolution](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\")* captures both the history of an organism via its phylogeny, and the history of natural selection working on function to produce adaptations.\"Phylogeny\" often emphasizes the evolutionary genealogical relationships among species (Alcock 2001:492; Mayr, 2001:289\\) as distinct from the categories of explanations. Although the categories are more relevant in a conceptual discussion, the traditional term is retained here. There are several reasons why [natural selection](/wiki/Natural_selection \"Natural selection\") may fail to achieve optimal design (Mayr 2001:140–143; Buss et al. 1998\\). One entails random processes such as [mutation](/wiki/Mutation \"Mutation\") and environmental events acting on small [populations](/wiki/Population \"Population\"). Another entails the constraints resulting from early evolutionary development. Each [organism](/wiki/Organism \"Organism\") harbors [traits](/wiki/Trait_%28biology%29 \"Trait (biology)\"), both [anatomical](/wiki/Anatomical \"Anatomical\") and [behavioural](/wiki/Behavioural \"Behavioural\"), of previous phylogenetic stages, since many traits are retained as [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") evolve.\n\nReconstructing the phylogeny of a species often makes it possible to understand the \"uniqueness\" of recent characteristics: Earlier phylogenetic stages and (pre\\-) conditions which persist often also determine the form of more modern characteristics. For instance, the [vertebrate](/wiki/Vertebrate \"Vertebrate\") [eye](/wiki/Eye \"Eye\") (including the [human eye](/wiki/Human_eye \"Human eye\")) has a [blind spot](/wiki/Blind_spot_%28vision%29 \"Blind spot (vision)\"), whereas [octopus eyes](/wiki/Cephalopod_eye \"Cephalopod eye\") do not. In those two lineages, the eye was originally constructed one way or the other. Once the vertebrate eye was constructed, there were no intermediate forms that were both adaptive and would have enabled it to evolve without a blind spot.\n\nIt corresponds to Aristotle's [formal cause](/wiki/Formal_cause \"Formal cause\").\n\n",
"### Proximate explanations\n\n#### Third question: Mechanism (causation)\n\nSome prominent classes of Proximate [causal](/wiki/Causal \"Causal\") [mechanisms](/wiki/Mechanism_%28biology%29 \"Mechanism (biology)\") include:\n\n* The [brain](/wiki/Brain \"Brain\"): For example, [Broca's area](/wiki/Broca%27s_area \"Broca's area\"), a small section of the [human brain](/wiki/Human_brain \"Human brain\"), has a critical role in [linguistic capability](/wiki/The_Language_Instinct \"The Language Instinct\").\n* [Hormones](/wiki/Hormones \"Hormones\"): Chemicals used to communicate among cells of an individual organism. [Testosterone](/wiki/Testosterone \"Testosterone\"), for instance, stimulates aggressive behaviour in a number of species.\n* [Pheromones](/wiki/Pheromones \"Pheromones\"): Chemicals used to communicate among members of the same species. Some species (e.g., dogs and some moths) use pheromones to attract mates.\n\nIn examining living organisms, [biologists](/wiki/Biologists \"Biologists\") are confronted with diverse levels of [complexity](/wiki/Complexity \"Complexity\") (e.g. chemical, physiological, psychological, social). They therefore investigate causal and functional relations within and between these levels. A [biochemist](/wiki/Biochemist \"Biochemist\") might examine, for instance, the influence of social and ecological conditions on the release of certain [neurotransmitters](/wiki/Neurotransmitters \"Neurotransmitters\") and hormones, and the effects of such releases on behaviour, e.g. stress during birth has a [tocolytic](/wiki/Tocolytic \"Tocolytic\") (contraction\\-suppressing) effect.\n\nHowever, awareness of neurotransmitters and the structure of [neurons](/wiki/Neurons \"Neurons\") is not by itself enough to understand higher levels of neuroanatomic structure or behaviour: \"The whole is more than the sum of its parts.\" All levels must be considered as being equally important: cf. [transdisciplinarity](/wiki/Transdisciplinarity \"Transdisciplinarity\"), [Nicolai Hartmann](/wiki/Nicolai_Hartmann \"Nicolai Hartmann\")'s \"Laws about the Levels of Complexity.\"\n\nIt corresponds to Aristotle's [efficient cause](/wiki/Efficient_cause \"Efficient cause\").\n\n#### Fourth question: Ontogeny (development)\n\n[Ontogeny](/wiki/Ontogeny \"Ontogeny\") is the process of development of an individual organism from the [zygote](/wiki/Zygote \"Zygote\") through the embryo to the adult form.\n\nIn the latter half of the twentieth century, social scientists debated whether human behaviour was the product of nature (genes) or nurture (environment in the developmental period, including culture).\n\nAn example of interaction (as distinct from the sum of the components) involves familiarity from childhood. In a number of species, individuals prefer to associate with familiar individuals but prefer to mate with unfamiliar ones (Alcock 2001:85–89, [Incest taboo](/wiki/Incest_taboo \"Incest taboo\"), [Incest](/wiki/Incest \"Incest\")). By inference, genes affecting living together interact with the environment differently from genes affecting mating behaviour. A simple example of interaction involves plants: Some plants grow toward the light ([phototropism](/wiki/Phototropism \"Phototropism\")) and some away from gravity ([gravitropism](/wiki/Gravitropism \"Gravitropism\")).\n\nMany forms of developmental learning have a [critical period](/wiki/Critical_period \"Critical period\"), for instance, for [imprinting](/wiki/Filial_imprinting%23Filial_imprinting \"Filial imprinting#Filial imprinting\") among geese and [language acquisition](/wiki/Language_acquisition \"Language acquisition\") among humans. In such cases, genes determine the timing of the environmental impact.\n\nA related concept is labeled \"biased learning\" (Alcock 2001:101–103\\) and \"prepared learning\" (Wilson, 1998:86–87\\). For instance, after eating food that subsequently made them sick, rats are predisposed to associate that food with smell, not sound (Alcock 2001:101–103\\). Many primate species learn to fear snakes with little experience (Wilson, 1998:86–87\\).\"Biased learning\" is not necessarily limited to the developmental period.\n\nSee [developmental biology](/wiki/Developmental_biology \"Developmental biology\") and [developmental psychology](/wiki/Developmental_psychology \"Developmental psychology\").\n\n[thumb\\|400px\\|right\\|Explanations of Animal Behaviour: Causal Relationships; Adopted from Tinbergen (1963\\).](/wiki/File:4_behavior_questions.png \"4 behavior questions.png\")\n\nIt corresponds to Aristotle's [material cause](/wiki/Material_cause \"Material cause\").\n\n",
"#### Third question: Mechanism (causation)\n\nSome prominent classes of Proximate [causal](/wiki/Causal \"Causal\") [mechanisms](/wiki/Mechanism_%28biology%29 \"Mechanism (biology)\") include:\n\n* The [brain](/wiki/Brain \"Brain\"): For example, [Broca's area](/wiki/Broca%27s_area \"Broca's area\"), a small section of the [human brain](/wiki/Human_brain \"Human brain\"), has a critical role in [linguistic capability](/wiki/The_Language_Instinct \"The Language Instinct\").\n* [Hormones](/wiki/Hormones \"Hormones\"): Chemicals used to communicate among cells of an individual organism. [Testosterone](/wiki/Testosterone \"Testosterone\"), for instance, stimulates aggressive behaviour in a number of species.\n* [Pheromones](/wiki/Pheromones \"Pheromones\"): Chemicals used to communicate among members of the same species. Some species (e.g., dogs and some moths) use pheromones to attract mates.\n\nIn examining living organisms, [biologists](/wiki/Biologists \"Biologists\") are confronted with diverse levels of [complexity](/wiki/Complexity \"Complexity\") (e.g. chemical, physiological, psychological, social). They therefore investigate causal and functional relations within and between these levels. A [biochemist](/wiki/Biochemist \"Biochemist\") might examine, for instance, the influence of social and ecological conditions on the release of certain [neurotransmitters](/wiki/Neurotransmitters \"Neurotransmitters\") and hormones, and the effects of such releases on behaviour, e.g. stress during birth has a [tocolytic](/wiki/Tocolytic \"Tocolytic\") (contraction\\-suppressing) effect.\n\nHowever, awareness of neurotransmitters and the structure of [neurons](/wiki/Neurons \"Neurons\") is not by itself enough to understand higher levels of neuroanatomic structure or behaviour: \"The whole is more than the sum of its parts.\" All levels must be considered as being equally important: cf. [transdisciplinarity](/wiki/Transdisciplinarity \"Transdisciplinarity\"), [Nicolai Hartmann](/wiki/Nicolai_Hartmann \"Nicolai Hartmann\")'s \"Laws about the Levels of Complexity.\"\n\nIt corresponds to Aristotle's [efficient cause](/wiki/Efficient_cause \"Efficient cause\").\n\n",
"#### Fourth question: Ontogeny (development)\n\n[Ontogeny](/wiki/Ontogeny \"Ontogeny\") is the process of development of an individual organism from the [zygote](/wiki/Zygote \"Zygote\") through the embryo to the adult form.\n\nIn the latter half of the twentieth century, social scientists debated whether human behaviour was the product of nature (genes) or nurture (environment in the developmental period, including culture).\n\nAn example of interaction (as distinct from the sum of the components) involves familiarity from childhood. In a number of species, individuals prefer to associate with familiar individuals but prefer to mate with unfamiliar ones (Alcock 2001:85–89, [Incest taboo](/wiki/Incest_taboo \"Incest taboo\"), [Incest](/wiki/Incest \"Incest\")). By inference, genes affecting living together interact with the environment differently from genes affecting mating behaviour. A simple example of interaction involves plants: Some plants grow toward the light ([phototropism](/wiki/Phototropism \"Phototropism\")) and some away from gravity ([gravitropism](/wiki/Gravitropism \"Gravitropism\")).\n\nMany forms of developmental learning have a [critical period](/wiki/Critical_period \"Critical period\"), for instance, for [imprinting](/wiki/Filial_imprinting%23Filial_imprinting \"Filial imprinting#Filial imprinting\") among geese and [language acquisition](/wiki/Language_acquisition \"Language acquisition\") among humans. In such cases, genes determine the timing of the environmental impact.\n\nA related concept is labeled \"biased learning\" (Alcock 2001:101–103\\) and \"prepared learning\" (Wilson, 1998:86–87\\). For instance, after eating food that subsequently made them sick, rats are predisposed to associate that food with smell, not sound (Alcock 2001:101–103\\). Many primate species learn to fear snakes with little experience (Wilson, 1998:86–87\\).\"Biased learning\" is not necessarily limited to the developmental period.\n\nSee [developmental biology](/wiki/Developmental_biology \"Developmental biology\") and [developmental psychology](/wiki/Developmental_psychology \"Developmental psychology\").\n\n[thumb\\|400px\\|right\\|Explanations of Animal Behaviour: Causal Relationships; Adopted from Tinbergen (1963\\).](/wiki/File:4_behavior_questions.png \"4 behavior questions.png\")\n\nIt corresponds to Aristotle's [material cause](/wiki/Material_cause \"Material cause\").\n\n",
"Causal relationships\n--------------------\n\nThe figure shows the causal relationships among the categories of explanations. The left\\-hand side represents the evolutionary explanations at the species level; the right\\-hand side represents the proximate explanations at the individual level. In the middle are those processes' end products—genes (i.e., genome) and behaviour, both of which can be analyzed at both levels.\n\nEvolution, which is determined by both function and phylogeny, results in the genes of a population. The genes of an individual interact with its developmental environment, resulting in mechanisms, such as a nervous system. A mechanism (which is also an end\\-product in its own right) interacts with the individual's immediate environment, resulting in its behaviour.\n\nHere we return to the population level. Over many generations, the success of the species' behaviour in its ancestral environment—or more technically, the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) may result in evolution as measured by a change in its genes.\n\nIn sum, there are two processes—one at the population level and one at the individual level—which are influenced by environments in three time periods.\n\n",
"Examples\n--------\n\n### Vision\n\nFour ways of explaining [visual perception](/wiki/Visual_perception \"Visual perception\"):\n* Function: To find food and avoid danger.\n* Phylogeny: The [vertebrate eye](/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye \"Evolution of the eye\") initially developed with a blind spot, but the lack of adaptive intermediate forms prevented the loss of the blind spot.\n* Mechanism: The lens of the eye focuses light on the [retina](/wiki/Retina \"Retina\").\n* Development: [Neurons](/wiki/Neurons \"Neurons\") need the stimulation of [light](/wiki/Light \"Light\") to wire the eye to the brain (Moore, 2001:98–99\\).\n\n### Westermarck effect\n\nFour ways of explaining the [Westermarck effect](/wiki/Westermarck_effect \"Westermarck effect\"), the lack of sexual interest in one's siblings (Wilson, 1998:189–196\\):\n* Function: To discourage [inbreeding](/wiki/Inbreeding \"Inbreeding\"), which decreases the number of viable offspring.\n* Phylogeny: Found in a number of mammalian species, suggesting initial evolution tens of millions of years ago.\n* Mechanism: Little is known about the neuromechanism.\n* Ontogeny: Results from familiarity with another individual early in life, especially in the first 30 months for humans. The effect is manifested in nonrelatives raised together, for instance, in [kibbutzs](/wiki/Kibbutz \"Kibbutz\").\n\n### Romantic love\n\nFour ways of explaining romantic love have been used to provide a comprehensive biological definition (Bode \\& Kushnick, 2021\\):\n\n* Function: Mate choice, courtship, sex, pair\\-bonding.\n* Phylogeny: Evolved by co\\-opting mother\\-infant bonding mechanisms sometime in the recent evolutionary history of humans.\n* Mechanisms: Social, psychological mate choice, genetic, neurobiological, and endocrinological mechanisms cause romantic love.\n* Ontogeny: Romantic love can first manifest in childhood, manifests with all its characteristics following puberty, but can manifest across the lifespan.\n\n### Sleep\n\nSleep has been described using Tinbergen's four questions as a framework (Bode \\& Kuula, 2021\\):\n\n* Function: Energy restoration, metabolic regulation, thermoregulation, boosting immune system, detoxification, brain maturation, circuit reorganization, synaptic optimization, avoiding danger.\n* Phylogeny: Sleep exists in invertebrates, lower vertebrates, and higher vertebrates. NREM and REM sleep exist in eutheria, marsupialiformes, and also evolved in birds.\n* Mechanisms: Mechanisms regulate wakefulness, sleep onset, and sleep. Specific mechanisms involve neurotransmitters, genes, neural structures, and the circadian rhythm.\n* Ontogeny: Sleep manifests differently in babies, infants, children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. Differences include the stages of sleep, sleep duration, and sex differences.\n",
"### Vision\n\nFour ways of explaining [visual perception](/wiki/Visual_perception \"Visual perception\"):\n* Function: To find food and avoid danger.\n* Phylogeny: The [vertebrate eye](/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye \"Evolution of the eye\") initially developed with a blind spot, but the lack of adaptive intermediate forms prevented the loss of the blind spot.\n* Mechanism: The lens of the eye focuses light on the [retina](/wiki/Retina \"Retina\").\n* Development: [Neurons](/wiki/Neurons \"Neurons\") need the stimulation of [light](/wiki/Light \"Light\") to wire the eye to the brain (Moore, 2001:98–99\\).\n\n",
"### Westermarck effect\n\nFour ways of explaining the [Westermarck effect](/wiki/Westermarck_effect \"Westermarck effect\"), the lack of sexual interest in one's siblings (Wilson, 1998:189–196\\):\n* Function: To discourage [inbreeding](/wiki/Inbreeding \"Inbreeding\"), which decreases the number of viable offspring.\n* Phylogeny: Found in a number of mammalian species, suggesting initial evolution tens of millions of years ago.\n* Mechanism: Little is known about the neuromechanism.\n* Ontogeny: Results from familiarity with another individual early in life, especially in the first 30 months for humans. The effect is manifested in nonrelatives raised together, for instance, in [kibbutzs](/wiki/Kibbutz \"Kibbutz\").\n\n",
"### Romantic love\n\nFour ways of explaining romantic love have been used to provide a comprehensive biological definition (Bode \\& Kushnick, 2021\\):\n\n* Function: Mate choice, courtship, sex, pair\\-bonding.\n* Phylogeny: Evolved by co\\-opting mother\\-infant bonding mechanisms sometime in the recent evolutionary history of humans.\n* Mechanisms: Social, psychological mate choice, genetic, neurobiological, and endocrinological mechanisms cause romantic love.\n* Ontogeny: Romantic love can first manifest in childhood, manifests with all its characteristics following puberty, but can manifest across the lifespan.\n",
"### Sleep\n\nSleep has been described using Tinbergen's four questions as a framework (Bode \\& Kuula, 2021\\):\n\n* Function: Energy restoration, metabolic regulation, thermoregulation, boosting immune system, detoxification, brain maturation, circuit reorganization, synaptic optimization, avoiding danger.\n* Phylogeny: Sleep exists in invertebrates, lower vertebrates, and higher vertebrates. NREM and REM sleep exist in eutheria, marsupialiformes, and also evolved in birds.\n* Mechanisms: Mechanisms regulate wakefulness, sleep onset, and sleep. Specific mechanisms involve neurotransmitters, genes, neural structures, and the circadian rhythm.\n* Ontogeny: Sleep manifests differently in babies, infants, children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. Differences include the stages of sleep, sleep duration, and sex differences.\n",
"Use of the four\\-question schema as \"periodic table\"\n----------------------------------------------------\n\n[Konrad Lorenz](/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz \"Konrad Lorenz\"), [Julian Huxley](/wiki/Julian_Huxley \"Julian Huxley\") and Niko Tinbergen were familiar with both conceptual categories (i.e. the central questions of biological research: 1\\. \\- 4\\. and the levels of inquiry: a. \\- g.), the tabulation was made by Gerhard Medicus.Mapping Transdisciplinarity in Human Sciences. In: Janice W. Lee (Ed.) Focus on Gender Identity. New York, 2005, [Nova Science Publishers, Inc.](/wiki/Nova_Science_Publishers%2C_Inc. \"Nova Science Publishers, Inc.\") [http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/\\~c720126/humanethologie/ws/medicus/block1/MappingISBN1\\-59454\\-212\\-0\\.pdf](http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c720126/humanethologie/ws/medicus/block1/MappingISBN1-59454-212-0.pdf) The tabulated schema is used as the central organizing device in many animal behaviour, ethology, behavioural ecology and evolutionary psychology textbooks (e.g., Alcock, 2001\\). One advantage of this organizational system, what might be called the \"periodic table of life sciences,\" is that it highlights gaps in knowledge, analogous to the role played by the [periodic table](/wiki/Periodic_table \"Periodic table\") of elements in the early years of chemistry.\n\n| | 1\\. *Mechanism* | 2\\. *Ontogeny* | 3\\. *Function* | 4\\. *Phylogeny* |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **a**. **Molecule** | | | | |\n| **b**. **Cell** | | | | |\n| **c**. **Organ** | | | | |\n| **d**. ***Individual*** | | | | |\n| **e**. ***Family*** | | | | |\n| **f**. ***Group*** | | | | |\n| **g**. ***Society*** | | | | |\n\nThis \"[biopsychosocial](/wiki/Biopsychosocial_model \"Biopsychosocial model\")\" framework clarifies and classifies the associations between the various levels of the natural and social sciences, and it helps to integrate the social and natural sciences into a \"[tree of knowledge](/wiki/Tree_of_Knowledge_System \"Tree of Knowledge System\")\" (see also [Nicolai Hartmann](/wiki/Nicolai_Hartmann \"Nicolai Hartmann\")'s \"Laws about the Levels of Complexity\"). Especially for the social sciences, this model helps to provide an integrative, foundational model for [interdisciplinary](/wiki/Interdisciplinary \"Interdisciplinary\") collaboration, teaching and research (see *The Four Central Questions of Biological Research Using Ethology as an Example* – [PDF](https://web.archive.org/web/20090319213753/http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c720126/humanethologie/ws/medicus/block1/4BQ_E.pdf)).\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n* [Alcock, John](/wiki/John_Alcock_%28behavioral_ecologist%29 \"John Alcock (behavioral ecologist)\") (2001\\) *Animal Behaviour: An Evolutionary Approach*, Sinauer, 7th edition. .\n* [Buss, David M.](/wiki/David_Buss \"David Buss\"), Martie G. Haselton, Todd K. Shackelford, et al. (1998\\) \"Adaptations, Exaptations, and Spandrels,\" *American Psychologist*, 53:533–548\\. <http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/comm/haselton/webdocs/spandrels.html>\n* [Buss, David M.](/wiki/David_Buss \"David Buss\") (2004\\) *Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind*, Pearson Education, 2nd edition. .\n* Cartwright, John (2000\\) *Evolution and Human Behaviour*, MIT Press, .\n* [Krebs, John R.](/wiki/John_Krebs%2C_Baron_Krebs \"John Krebs, Baron Krebs\"), Davies N.B. (1993\\) *An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology,* Blackwell Publishing, .\n* [Lorenz, Konrad](/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz \"Konrad Lorenz\") (1937\\) *Biologische Fragestellungen in der Tierpsychologie* (I.e. *Biological Questions in Animal Psychology*). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1: 24–32\\.\n* [Mayr, Ernst](/wiki/Ernst_Mayr \"Ernst Mayr\") (2001\\) *What Evolution Is*, Basic Books. .\n* [Gerhard Medicus (2017, chapter 1\\). Being Human – Bridging the Gap between the Sciences of Body and Mind, Berlin VWB](https://doi.org/10.25651/1.2022.0005)\n* Medicus, Gerhard (2017\\) Being Human – Bridging the Gap between the Sciences of Body and Mind. Berlin: VWB 2015, \n* Nesse, Randolph M (2013\\) \"Tinbergen's Four Questions, Organized,\" *Trends in Ecology and Evolution*, 28:681\\-682\\.\n* Moore, David S. (2001\\) *The Dependent Gene: The Fallacy of 'Nature vs. Nurture''', Henry Holt. .\n [Pinker, Steven](/wiki/Steven_Pinker \"Steven Pinker\") (1994\\)*\n* The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language*, Harper Perennial. .\n [Tinbergen, Niko](/wiki/Niko_Tinbergen \"Niko Tinbergen\") (1963\\) \"[On Aims and Methods of Ethology](https://web.archive.org/web/20100528091716/http://www.rockefeller.edu/bard/pdf/week_02_tinbergen_on_aims_and_methods_of_ethology_zft_1963.pdf),\"*\n* Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie*, 20: 410–433\\.\n [Wilson, Edward O.](/wiki/Edward_O._Wilson \"Edward O. Wilson\") (1998\\)*\n* Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge'', Vintage Books. .\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n### Diagrams\n\n* [The Four Areas of Biology](http://www-personal.umich.edu/~nesse/Nesse-Tinbergen4Q.pdf) pdf\n* [The Four Areas and Levels of Inquiry](https://www.uibk.ac.at/psychologie/humanethologie/einfuehrung-in-die-humanethologie/dateien/klagenfurtposterefis.pdf) pdf\n* [Tinbergen's four questions within the \"Fundamental Theory of Human Sciences\"](https://www.uibk.ac.at/psychologie/humanethologie/einfuehrung-in-die-humanethologie/dateien/theoryhumansci.ppt) ppt\n* [Tinbergen's Four Questions, organized](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Randolph_Nesse/publication/258443938_Tinbergen%27s_four_questions_organized_A_response_to_Bateson_and_Laland/links/5a85093a4585159152b814ee/Tinbergens-four-questions-organized-A-response-to-Bateson-and-Laland.pdf) pdf\n\n### Derivative works\n\n* [On aims and methods of cognitive ethology](https://web.archive.org/web/20130602053840/http://as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/1192/JamiesonBekoff1992.pdf) (pdf) by Jamieson and Bekoff.\n\n[Category:Behavioral ecology](/wiki/Category:Behavioral_ecology \"Behavioral ecology\")\n[Category:Ethology](/wiki/Category:Ethology \"Ethology\")\n[Category:Evolutionary psychology](/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_psychology \"Evolutionary psychology\")\n[Category:Sociobiology](/wiki/Category:Sociobiology \"Sociobiology\")\n\n",
"### Diagrams\n\n* [The Four Areas of Biology](http://www-personal.umich.edu/~nesse/Nesse-Tinbergen4Q.pdf) pdf\n* [The Four Areas and Levels of Inquiry](https://www.uibk.ac.at/psychologie/humanethologie/einfuehrung-in-die-humanethologie/dateien/klagenfurtposterefis.pdf) pdf\n* [Tinbergen's four questions within the \"Fundamental Theory of Human Sciences\"](https://www.uibk.ac.at/psychologie/humanethologie/einfuehrung-in-die-humanethologie/dateien/theoryhumansci.ppt) ppt\n* [Tinbergen's Four Questions, organized](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Randolph_Nesse/publication/258443938_Tinbergen%27s_four_questions_organized_A_response_to_Bateson_and_Laland/links/5a85093a4585159152b814ee/Tinbergens-four-questions-organized-A-response-to-Bateson-and-Laland.pdf) pdf\n",
"### Derivative works\n\n* [On aims and methods of cognitive ethology](https://web.archive.org/web/20130602053840/http://as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/1192/JamiesonBekoff1992.pdf) (pdf) by Jamieson and Bekoff.\n\n[Category:Behavioral ecology](/wiki/Category:Behavioral_ecology \"Behavioral ecology\")\n[Category:Ethology](/wiki/Category:Ethology \"Ethology\")\n[Category:Evolutionary psychology](/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_psychology \"Evolutionary psychology\")\n[Category:Sociobiology](/wiki/Category:Sociobiology \"Sociobiology\")\n\n"
]
}
|
List of the Beatles' instruments
|
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2024-10-09T18:52:45Z
| 1,239,661,511 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Guitars",
"Basses",
"Keyboards",
"Microphones",
"Drums",
"Instruments specific to ''Rubber Soul'' sessions",
"Lennon",
"McCartney",
"Harrison",
"Starr",
"Amplifiers",
"Keyboards{{sfn|Babiuk|2002|p=171}}",
"Miscellaneous",
"Pop culture references",
"The Beatles as a five-piece, 1960–1961",
"The Beatles as a four-piece live and in the studio, 1961–1966",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References",
"Bibliography",
"External links"
],
"level": [
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2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
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"content": [
"\n\n[The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\") started out like most other [rock and roll](/wiki/Rock_and_roll \"Rock and roll\") bands, employing a standard [guitars](/wiki/Guitars \"Guitars\")/[bass](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\")/[drums](/wiki/Drums \"Drums\") instrumentation. As their touring days wound down, they became a full\\-time studio band. Their scope of experimentation grew, as did the palette of sounds. This article attempts to list the instruments used to achieve those results.\n\nNot listed are instruments played by the Beatles’ session players such as cello, violin, saxophone, trumpet, French horn or the 41\\-piece orchestra heard on \"[A Day in the Life](/wiki/A_Day_in_the_Life \"A Day in the Life\")\".\n\n",
"Guitars\n-------\n\nBoth [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon \"John Lennon\") and [George Harrison](/wiki/George_Harrison \"George Harrison\") used the [Gibson J\\-160E](/wiki/Gibson_J-160E \"Gibson J-160E\"), an acoustic guitar with an electric pickup at the base of the fretboard. The resonant character of the full acoustic body, combined with the electric pickup, meant that this guitar was susceptible to feedback, employed to great effect on the intro to \"[I Feel Fine](/wiki/I_Feel_Fine \"I Feel Fine\")\". Lennon also used a [Framus](/wiki/Framus \"Framus\") Hootenanny [twelve\\-string acoustic](/wiki/Twelve_string_guitar \"Twelve string guitar\"), which can be seen in the movie *[Help!](/wiki/Help%21_%28film%29 \"Help! (film)\")* and heard on [the title song](/wiki/Help%21_%28song%29 \"Help! (song)\") and \"[You've Got to Hide Your Love Away](/wiki/You%27ve_Got_to_Hide_Your_Love_Away \"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away\")\". This twelve\\-string guitar accounted for audibly richer rhythm guitar parts on songs like these, in comparison to the six\\-string Gibsons. After *[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band](/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\")*, Lennon moved on to a [Martin D\\-28](/wiki/Martin_D-28 \"Martin D-28\") from [C. F. Martin \\& Company](/wiki/C._F._Martin_%26_Company \"C. F. Martin & Company\") (alternating between the J\\-160E and the D\\-28 for [*The Beatles*](/wiki/The_Beatles_%28album%29 \"The Beatles (album)\")) while Harrison upgraded to a [Gibson J\\-200](/wiki/Gibson_J-200 \"Gibson J-200\") Jumbo (which Lennon used on \"[Two of Us](/wiki/Two_of_Us_%28Beatles_song%29 \"Two of Us (Beatles song)\")\" and other acoustic tracks on *[Let It Be](/wiki/Let_It_Be_%28album%29 \"Let It Be (album)\")*). Harrison later gave the guitar to Bob Dylan in 1969\\.\n\nUpgrading from a 1959 [Höfner](/wiki/H%C3%B6fner \"Höfner\") Club 40 guitar, purchased from Hessy's Music Shop in Liverpool, Lennon primarily used a [Rickenbacker 325](/wiki/Rickenbacker_325 \"Rickenbacker 325\") Capri from 1960 until 1964\\. He purchased the guitar in Hamburg in its original natural finish and used the guitar extensively throughout the Cavern Club performances. In early 1963 he sent the guitar off to be refinished in its more popular black finish. This is the way the guitar appeared on *[The Ed Sullivan Show](/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show \"The Ed Sullivan Show\")* performance in February 1964\\. Shortly thereafter, he upgraded to a brand new Rickenbacker 325, a much\\-improved version of his 325 Capri. Rickenbacker specially made a 325/12\\. During the Christmas shows of 1964, Lennon dropped the new Rickenbacker 325 which made a huge crack in the neck and headstock. British instrument distributor Rose Morris sent a replacement Rickenbacker 325 with a sound hole and in a red fire glo finish. The guitar is called a Rickenbacker 325 1996\\. Lennon used the guitar for the shows until the other 325 was repaired. In 1968 during the recording of *The Beatles*, drummer [Ringo Starr](/wiki/Ringo_Starr \"Ringo Starr\") left the group during tensions and when he returned, Lennon gave the Rickenbacker 325 1996 to Starr. He has had it ever since. During the *Help!* sessions, Lennon and Harrison acquired matching 1961 [Fender Stratocasters](/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster \"Fender Stratocaster\"). Lennon's was used on \"[Nowhere Man](/wiki/Nowhere_Man_%28song%29 \"Nowhere Man (song)\")\" and sparingly on the *Sgt. Pepper* album. \n\nIn the beginning of their career George played Czech Stratocaster copy called Futurama. After the Futurama he got hold of a Gretsch The Duo Jet. \n\nGeorge Harrison’s Duo Jet was refurbished many years later and featured on the cover and album *[Cloud Nine](/wiki/Cloud_Nine_%28George_Harrison_album%29 \"Cloud Nine (George Harrison album)\")*. In mid 1963 he switched to a [Gretsch Country Gentleman](/wiki/Gretsch_Country_Gentleman \"Gretsch Country Gentleman\") and a [Gretsch Tennessean](/wiki/Gretsch \"Gretsch\"), both of which he played until around the end of 1964\\. Harrison commented on the Gretsch guitars \"I did not like the sound I had which was a Gretsch guitar and a Vox amp\". His second Country Gentleman was given away to a friend (Harrison was an avid sharer of instruments) and is now retained by Ringo Starr, while his first Country Gentleman fell off the Beatles' van in 1965 and was crushed by a [lorry](/wiki/Truck \"Truck\"). In 1964 Harrison introduced the electric twelve\\-string guitar into mainstream pop. His Rickenbacker 360/12 twelve\\-string was a prototype. Only the second twelve\\-string guitar Rickenbacker ever made, it was delivered specially to him during their first visit to New York City. Harrison's use of the 12\\-string inspired Roger McGuinn of [the Byrds](/wiki/The_Byrds \"The Byrds\") to start using one too. He also used a Ramirez [Classical Guitar](/wiki/Classical_Guitar \"Classical Guitar\") which can be heard in \"And I Love Her\" and seen used throughout the film *[A Hard Day's Night](/wiki/A_Hard_Day%27s_Night_%28film%29 \"A Hard Day's Night (film)\")*. Harrison used a [Gibson SG](/wiki/Gibson_SG \"Gibson SG\") around 1966; these can be seen in the promotional videos for \"[Paperback Writer](/wiki/Paperback_Writer \"Paperback Writer\")\" and \"[Rain](/wiki/Rain_%28Beatles_song%29 \"Rain (Beatles song)\")\", in addition to film of the recording session for \"[Hey Bulldog](/wiki/Hey_Bulldog \"Hey Bulldog\")\". He eventually gave this guitar to [Pete Ham](/wiki/Pete_Ham \"Pete Ham\") of [Badfinger](/wiki/Badfinger \"Badfinger\"). Harrison and Lennon both obtained and used Fender Stratocasters in December 1964 during the *Help!* sessions in, first used on \"[Ticket to Ride](/wiki/Ticket_to_Ride_%28song%29 \"Ticket to Ride (song)\")\", it was originally Sonic Blue in colour until Harrison gave his a psychedelic paint job, using, among other substances, his wife's sparkly green nail polish. This psychedelic Stratocaster, dubbed \"Rocky\", is seen in the \"[I Am the Walrus](/wiki/I_Am_the_Walrus \"I Am the Walrus\")\" segment of *[Magical Mystery Tour](/wiki/Magical_Mystery_Tour_%28film%29 \"Magical Mystery Tour (film)\")*, and in the \"All You Need Is Love\" broadcast.It is also 'played' by [Mike Campbell](/wiki/Mike_Campbell_%28musician%29 \"Mike Campbell (musician)\") in the video for [Tom Petty](/wiki/Tom_Petty \"Tom Petty\")'s 'I Won't Back Down'. [John Lennon's Guitars](http://www.thecanteen.com/lennon1.html). Around this time Harrison also used a 1957 [Gibson Les Paul](/wiki/Gibson_Les_Paul \"Gibson Les Paul\") model, which was given to him by [Eric Clapton](/wiki/Eric_Clapton \"Eric Clapton\") and was once in the possession of, among other musicians, [John Sebastian](/wiki/John_Sebastian \"John Sebastian\") of [The Lovin' Spoonful](/wiki/The_Lovin%27_Spoonful \"The Lovin' Spoonful\"). Originally a \"gold top\" model, the guitar was refinished with a dark red stain before it got to Harrison and was nicknamed \"[Lucy](/wiki/Lucy_%28George_Harrison_guitar%29 \"Lucy (George Harrison guitar)\")\". The guitar can be seen in the \"[Revolution](/wiki/Revolution_%28Beatles_song%29 \"Revolution (Beatles song)\")\" promotional video and the *[Let It Be](/wiki/Let_It_Be_%281970_film%29 \"Let It Be (1970 film)\")* film. Also seen in that film is a rosewood [Fender Telecaster](/wiki/Fender_Telecaster \"Fender Telecaster\"), given to him by Fender.\n\nLennon and Harrison both purchased [Epiphone Casinos](/wiki/Epiphone_Casino \"Epiphone Casino\") in the spring of 1966\\. [Paul McCartney](/wiki/Paul_McCartney \"Paul McCartney\") acquired his Casino in 1964\\. They were used extensively in the recording of the *[Revolver](/wiki/Revolver_%28Beatles_album%29 \"Revolver (Beatles album)\")* album and continued to be used throughout their remaining years along with other instruments. Lennon extensively used his Casino as can be witnessed in the film of their final concert at [Candlestick Park](/wiki/Candlestick_Park \"Candlestick Park\") in 1966, as well as in the *Let it Be* film when playing in their studio in London. Lennon's Casino was double\\-tracked to get sufficient distortion to satisfy Lennon in the intro to *Revolution*. Although they purchased the guitars with sunburst finishes, both Harrison and Lennon later stripped the finishes off the guitars, claiming it allowed the guitars to \"breathe\" better. Lennon's stripped\\-down Casino can be seen in video footage of the famous [rooftop concert](/wiki/The_Beatles%27_rooftop_concert \"The Beatles' rooftop concert\"). Lennon used a Casino almost exclusively from 1966 until the group's break\\-up and he is even seen with it during the sessions for his *[Imagine](/wiki/Imagine_%28John_Lennon_album%29 \"Imagine (John Lennon album)\")* album.\n\nPaul McCartney's electric guitar parts (solos on \"[Ticket to Ride](/wiki/Ticket_to_Ride_%28song%29 \"Ticket to Ride (song)\")\", \"[Another Girl](/wiki/Another_Girl \"Another Girl\")\", \"[Taxman](/wiki/Taxman \"Taxman\")\", \"[Drive My Car](/wiki/Drive_My_Car_%28song%29 \"Drive My Car (song)\")\", \"[Carry That Weight](/wiki/Carry_That_Weight \"Carry That Weight\")\" and \"[Good Morning Good Morning](/wiki/Good_Morning_Good_Morning \"Good Morning Good Morning\")\" to name a few) were chiefly performed on his own Epiphone Casino or sunburst [Fender Esquire](/wiki/Fender_Esquire \"Fender Esquire\"). For recordings with acoustic parts played by McCartney (\"[Yesterday](/wiki/Yesterday_%28Beatles_song%29 \"Yesterday (Beatles song)\")\"), he favoured a 1964 [Epiphone](/wiki/Epiphone \"Epiphone\") Texan FT\\-79\\. In 1968, he started using a D\\-28 from [C. F. Martin \\& Company](/wiki/C._F._Martin_%26_Company \"C. F. Martin & Company\").\n\n",
"Basses\n------\n\n[thumb\\|110px\\|Höfner 500/1](/wiki/File:Hofner5001nologo.svg \"Hofner5001nologo.svg\")\nMcCartney custom\\-ordered a left\\-handed [Höfner](/wiki/H%C3%B6fner \"Höfner\") model [500/1](/wiki/H%C3%B6fner_500/1 \"Höfner 500/1\") \"violin\" bass during one of the group's early residences in Hamburg. This model, with two pickups very close to the neck and almost touching each other, was replaced in 1962 by a 1963 model, whose pickups were spaced much farther apart, in a more conventional manner. McCartney continued to use his early model, although very rarely, until the *Get Back* sessions. It was stolen in 1972, but was later recovered in 2023\\. He continues to use his 1963 Höfner bass. In October 1965 he switched to a [Rickenbacker](/wiki/Rickenbacker \"Rickenbacker\") [Model 4001S](/wiki/Rickenbacker_4001 \"Rickenbacker 4001\"), during the recording of *[Rubber Soul](/wiki/Rubber_Soul \"Rubber Soul\")* (as seen in pictures from those sessions),The Beatles Anthology but certainly by the recording of \"[Paperback Writer](/wiki/Paperback_Writer \"Paperback Writer\")\". It would be his principal choice for the remainder of the Beatles' career. He briefly used a left\\-handed [Fender Jazz Bass](/wiki/Fender_Jazz_Bass \"Fender Jazz Bass\") during sessions for *[The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles_%28album%29 \"The Beatles (album)\")* double album and again for *[Abbey Road](/wiki/Abbey_Road \"Abbey Road\")*. He returned to the Höfner during *Get Back* sessions He used the 1961 Höfner on the 2 January 1969 session. On 3 January he switched to the '63 Hofner. and played it during the rooftop concert, but returned to the Rickenbacker for *Abbey Road*. McCartney continued to use his Rickenbacker in his solo career and with [Wings](/wiki/Wings_%28band%29 \"Wings (band)\").\n\n",
"Keyboards\n---------\n\n[thumb\\|Steinway grand piano (left), \nSchiedmayer Celeste (right)](/wiki/File:Steinway_grand_piano_%26_Schiedmayer_Celeste%2C_Abbey_Road_Studios%2C_80th_Anniversary%2C_March_9%2C_2012.jpg \"Steinway grand piano & Schiedmayer Celeste, Abbey Road Studios, 80th Anniversary, March 9, 2012.jpg\")\n\n[thumb\\|Hammond RT\\-3 organ (left), \nChallen piano (right)](/wiki/File:Hammond_RT-3_%26_Challen_piano%2C_Abbey_Road_Studios%2C_80th_Anniversary%2C_March_9%2C_2012.jpg \"Hammond RT-3 & Challen piano, Abbey Road Studios, 80th Anniversary, March 9, 2012.jpg\")\n\n[thumb\\|[Mellotron](/wiki/Mellotron \"Mellotron\") MK II purchased by John Lennon in 1965](/wiki/File:Mellotron_Mk_II_purchased_by_John_Lennon_in_1965%2C_played_by_Lenon_on_Flying%2C_and_by_Paul_McCartney_on_Strawberry_Fields_Forever_-_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame%2C_Cleveland_%282013-10-06_by_swimfinfan%29.jpg \"Mellotron Mk II purchased by John Lennon in 1965, played by Lenon on Flying, and by Paul McCartney on Strawberry Fields Forever - Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland (2013-10-06 by swimfinfan).jpg\")\n\nAll four Beatles contributed keyboard parts to their catalogue, supplemented by [George Martin](/wiki/George_Martin \"George Martin\"), [Mal Evans](/wiki/Mal_Evans \"Mal Evans\"), [Chris Thomas](/wiki/Chris_Thomas_%28record_producer%29 \"Chris Thomas (record producer)\"), [Nicky Hopkins](/wiki/Nicky_Hopkins \"Nicky Hopkins\") and [Billy Preston](/wiki/Billy_Preston \"Billy Preston\").\n\n* [Hohner Pianet](/wiki/Hohner_Pianet \"Hohner Pianet\") N and CH models\n* [Steinway Vertegrand](/wiki/Steinway_Vertegrand \"Steinway Vertegrand\") upright piano\n* [Baldwin](/wiki/Baldwin_Piano_Company \"Baldwin Piano Company\") Combo harpsichord\n* [Baldwin](/wiki/Baldwin_Piano_Company \"Baldwin Piano Company\") Satin Ebony Grand\n* [Bechstein](/wiki/C._Bechstein \"C. Bechstein\") D\\-280 concert grand piano\n* [Blüthner](/wiki/Bl%C3%BCthner \"Blüthner\") Grand Piano\n* Challen Piano\n* Schiedmayer [Celeste](/wiki/Celesta \"Celesta\")\n* Mannborg [Harmonium](/wiki/Pump_organ \"Pump organ\")\n* [Moog synthesizer](/wiki/Moog_synthesizer \"Moog synthesizer\") III\n* [Fender Rhodes](/wiki/Rhodes_piano \"Rhodes piano\") Suitcase (‘68\\)\n* Selmer Concert [Clavioline](/wiki/Clavioline \"Clavioline\")\n* [Hammond](/wiki/Hammond_organ \"Hammond organ\") RT\\-3 organ with [Leslie](/wiki/Leslie_speaker \"Leslie speaker\") Model 122 cabinet\n* [Hammond](/wiki/Hammond_organ \"Hammond organ\") C\\-3 organ\n* Hammond L\\-100\n* [Lowrey](/wiki/Lowrey_organ \"Lowrey organ\") DSO Heritage Deluxe organ\n* [Mellotron](/wiki/Mellotron \"Mellotron\") MK II\n* [Vox Continental](/wiki/Vox_Continental \"Vox Continental\") organs used on \"[I'm Down](/wiki/I%27m_Down \"I'm Down\")\" and others\n* Unidentified [harpsichord](/wiki/Harpsichord \"Harpsichord\")(s?) used on \"[All You Need Is Love](/wiki/All_You_Need_Is_Love \"All You Need Is Love\")\", \"[Fixing a Hole](/wiki/Fixing_a_Hole \"Fixing a Hole\")\", \"[Piggies](/wiki/Piggies \"Piggies\")\"\n* Unidentified [clavichord](/wiki/Clavichord \"Clavichord\") used on \"[For No One](/wiki/For_No_One \"For No One\")\"\n",
"Microphones\n-----------\n\nAlthough microphone usage varied somewhat according to the requirements of each song, the group's recordings at Abbey Road most often employed [Neumann](/wiki/Georg_Neumann_GmbH \"Georg Neumann GmbH\") U47 or U67 microphones for electric guitars and one or more Neumann U47s (unidirectional); U48's \"figure eight\" (bidirectional) pickup pattern for vocals and most other instruments. The AKG C\\-12 was used as well, particularly on the bass (speaker) amplifier. Early in their recording career the drums usually were recorded with only two microphones: one overhead (an [AKG](/wiki/AKG_Acoustics \"AKG Acoustics\") D19 or [STC](/wiki/Standard_Telephones_and_Cables \"Standard Telephones and Cables\") 4038\\) and one for the bass drum (such as an AKG D20\\). Later, more microphones were used on the drums.\n \nThe [AKG](/wiki/AKG_Acoustics \"AKG Acoustics\") C28 is visible in the *[Let It Be](/wiki/Let_It_Be_%281970_film%29 \"Let It Be (1970 film)\")* film. Available studio documentation and interviews with their former recording engineers indicate that this microphone was not used for recording in the studio.\n\nWith the group's encouragement, recording engineer [Geoff Emerick](/wiki/Geoff_Emerick \"Geoff Emerick\") experimented with microphone placement and equalization. Many of his techniques were unusual for the time but have since become commonplace, such as \"close miking\" (physically placing the microphone very close to a sound source) of acoustic instruments or deliberately overloading the signal to produce distortion. For example, he obtained the biting string sound that characterises \"[Eleanor Rigby](/wiki/Eleanor_Rigby \"Eleanor Rigby\")\" by miking the instruments extremely closely—Emerick has related that the string players would instinctively back away from the microphones at the start of each take, and he would go back into the studio and move the microphones closer again.Emerick, Geoff, with Howard Massey (2006\\). *Here, There and Everywhere: My Life Recording the Music of The Beatles.* . The recording of George Harrison's acoustic guitar in \"[Here Comes the Sun](/wiki/Here_Comes_the_Sun \"Here Comes the Sun\")\" was another incidence of close miking.\n\n",
"Drums\n-----\n\n[thumb\\|Beatles Ludwig drumset, Vox Super Beatle amplifier, [Museum of Making Music](/wiki/Museum_of_Making_Music \"Museum of Making Music\")](/wiki/File:Beatles_Ludwig_drumset%2C_Vox_Super_Beatle_amplifier%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg \"Beatles Ludwig drumset, Vox Super Beatle amplifier, Museum of Making Music.jpg\")\nRingo Starr bought a set of [Premier drums](/wiki/Premier_Percussion \"Premier Percussion\") in 1960, but in June 1963 made the switch to a four\\-piece [Ludwig](/wiki/Ludwig-Musser \"Ludwig-Musser\") set. The American\\-made drums were newly available in England, but the clincher for Starr was the Black Oyster Pearl finish of the Ludwig kit. He used four similar kits altogether, including two that he kept at Abbey Road. The first two Ludwig kits were 20\", 12\", 14\", plus 14\" snare and the second two 22\",13\",16\", 14\" snare. Starr played a 20\" kit on the *[Ed Sullivan Show](/wiki/Ed_Sullivan_Show \"Ed Sullivan Show\")* debut in February 1964\\. He changed to the bigger 22\" kit at the end of May 1964\\. Near the end of the sessions for the *White Album*, he obtained a natural\\-tone five\\-piece Ludwig Hollywood set and set it up alongside his existing Black Oyster Pearl bass drum, according to [Mal Evans](/wiki/Mal_Evans \"Mal Evans\") in the November 1968 edition of *The Beatles' Monthly*.\nStarr continued to use the Hollywood kit for the *Let It Be* and *Abbey Road* sessions, albeit with a Ludwig Black Oyster Pearl snare rather than the snare with the Hollywood kit, and he used it at the \"rooftop concert\" as well as his drum solo in \"[The End](/wiki/The_End_%28Beatles_song%29 \"The End (Beatles song)\")\". Starr experimented with various muffling techniques. He used Ludwig and [Remo](/wiki/Remo \"Remo\") [drumheads](/wiki/Drumhead \"Drumhead\"). He started his career playing [Paiste](/wiki/Paiste \"Paiste\") cymbals, but switched to [Zildjian](/wiki/Zildjian \"Zildjian\"). He has used Paiste occasionally, most likely due to their easier availability in Europe.\n\n",
"Instruments specific to *Rubber Soul* sessions\n----------------------------------------------\n\nPhotographs of these sessions reveal the following gear:\n\n### Lennon\n\n* 1964 [Rickenbacker 325](/wiki/Rickenbacker_325 \"Rickenbacker 325\") in Black finish (given to Lennon by [Rickenbacker](/wiki/Rickenbacker \"Rickenbacker\") at the Deauville Hotel, [Miami Beach](/wiki/Miami_Beach \"Miami Beach\"), [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"), on 14 February 1964\\)\n* 1964 [Gibson J\\-160E](/wiki/Gibson_J-160E \"Gibson J-160E\") [sunburst finish](/wiki/Sunburst_%28finish%29 \"Sunburst (finish)\") [acoustic\\-electric guitar](/wiki/Acoustic-electric_guitar \"Acoustic-electric guitar\") (purchased during the September 1964 US tour. Modified for the *Rubber Soul* sessions by moving the [pick\\-up](/wiki/Pick_up_%28music_technology%29 \"Pick up (music technology)\") to the [bridge](/wiki/Bridge_%28instrument%29 \"Bridge (instrument)\") side of the [sound hole](/wiki/Sound_hole \"Sound hole\"))\n* 1961 [Fender Stratocaster](/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster \"Fender Stratocaster\") in Sonic Blue finish (purchased by [Mal Evans](/wiki/Mal_Evans \"Mal Evans\") during the making of the *[Help!](/wiki/Help%21_%28album%29 \"Help! (album)\")* album)\n* 1965 [Framus](/wiki/Framus \"Framus\") Hootenanny 5/024 [acoustic](/wiki/Acoustic_guitar \"Acoustic guitar\") [12 string guitar](/wiki/Twelve-string_guitar \"Twelve-string guitar\")\n* 1965 [Epiphone Casino](/wiki/Epiphone_Casino \"Epiphone Casino\")\n\n### McCartney\n\n* 1963 [Höfner 500/1 Violin Bass](/wiki/H%C3%B6fner_500/1 \"Höfner 500/1\") (purchased by McCartney in October 1963\\)\n* 1962 [Epiphone Casino](/wiki/Epiphone_Casino \"Epiphone Casino\") E230TD in sunburst finish (modified for playing [left\\-handed](/wiki/Left-handedness \"Left-handedness\"))\n* 1964 [Epiphone Texan](/wiki/Epiphone_Texan \"Epiphone Texan\") FT\\-79 acoustic guitar (also modified for playing left\\-handed)\n* 1965 [Rickenbacker 4001S](/wiki/Rickenbacker_4001 \"Rickenbacker 4001\") left\\-handed bass guitar in fireglo (red sunburst) finish, given to McCartney by Rickenbacker at [Burt Lancaster](/wiki/Burt_Lancaster \"Burt Lancaster\")'s house in [Benedict Canyon](/wiki/Benedict_Canyon \"Benedict Canyon\"), [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles \"Hollywood, Los Angeles\"), during the week beginning 23 August 1965\\.\n* 1965 [Tone Bender](/wiki/Tone_Bender \"Tone Bender\") [fuzz\\-box](/wiki/Distortion_%28music%29 \"Distortion (music)\")\n\n### Harrison\n\n* 1957 [Gretsch Duo Jet](/wiki/Gretsch_Duo_Jet \"Gretsch Duo Jet\")\n* 1958 Futurama Resonet Grazioso\n* 1962 Gretsch Chet Atkins Country Gentleman and 1963 [Gretsch Country Gentleman](/wiki/Gretsch_Country_Gentleman \"Gretsch Country Gentleman\")\n* 1962–63 [Gretsch](/wiki/Gretsch \"Gretsch\") Tennessean Chet Atkins electric guitar (purchased the previous year)\n* 1962 [Gibson J\\-160E](/wiki/Gibson_J-160E \"Gibson J-160E\") sunburst finish acoustic\\-electric guitar (purchased on [hire purchase](/wiki/Hire_purchase \"Hire purchase\") from Rushworths, [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\") in June 1962\\. [Brian Epstein](/wiki/Brian_Epstein \"Brian Epstein\") settled the bill a year later (As with Lennon's J\\-160E, this guitar was modified for the *Rubber Soul* sessions by moving the pick\\-up to the bridge side of the sound hole).\n* 1965 [Rickenbacker 360/12](/wiki/Rickenbacker_360/12 \"Rickenbacker 360/12\") fireglo (red sunburst) finish [electric 12\\-string guitar](/wiki/Electric_12-string_guitar \"Electric 12-string guitar\") (custom built and presented to Harrison on 21 August 1965 at a press conference in [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis \"Minneapolis\"), [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota \"Minnesota\"), by radio station [WDGY](/wiki/WDGY \"WDGY\") in association with local music store B\\-Sharp Music)\n* 1961 Fender Stratocaster in Sonic Blue finish (purchased by Mal Evans at the same time as Lennon's)\n* [Sitar](/wiki/Sitar \"Sitar\") (a cheap model purchased by Harrison from India Craft in London in 1965\\)\n* 1964 Ramirez Classical Guitar\n* 1965 [Epiphone Casino](/wiki/Epiphone_Casino \"Epiphone Casino\") sanded to a natural finish in 1968\\. John and George both sanded off the finish being told it would sound better. Quote, \"In early '68, the Beatles headed to Rishikesh, India, to study transcendental meditation with the Maharishi and friends, including [Donovan Leitch](/wiki/Donovan \"Donovan\"). There, Donovan convinced the trio to sand the finish off their instruments, telling them how a guitar sounds better without a heavy finish. After returning to London, during sessions for the self\\-titled *White Album*, Lennon and Harrison sanded their Casinos. Lennon primarily played his newly stripped Casino for the sessions. Harrison said that once they'd removed the finish, they became much better guitars. 'I think that works on a lot of guitars', he explained. 'If you take the paint and varnish off and get the bare wood, it seems to sort of breathe'.\"\n\n### Starr\n\n* [Ludwig](/wiki/Ludwig_Drums \"Ludwig Drums\") Super Classic [drum kit](/wiki/Drum_kit \"Drum kit\") in Oyster Black Pearl finish with 22\\-inch [kick drum](/wiki/Kick_drum \"Kick drum\") (presented to Starr by Ludwig in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") on 13 August 1965\\)\n\n### Amplifiers\n\n* Three 1964 [Vox AC\\-100](/wiki/Vox_%28musical_equipment%29%23Other_amplifiers \"Vox (musical equipment)#Other amplifiers\") amplifiers (prototypes given to the Beatles by [Vox](/wiki/Vox_%28musical_equipment%29 \"Vox (musical equipment)\") at [The Futurist Theatre](/wiki/Futurist_Theatre \"Futurist Theatre\"), [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_North_Yorkshire \"Scarborough, North Yorkshire\") on 9 August 1964\\)\n* 1962 [Vox AC\\-15 Twin](/wiki/Vox_AC-15_Twin \"Vox AC-15 Twin\") amplifier\n* Two 1963 [Vox AC\\-30](/wiki/Vox_AC-30 \"Vox AC-30\") amplifiers\n* Two 1965 Vox AC\\-100 guitar amplifiers\n* 1965 Vox AC\\-100 bass amplifier\n* 1963–4 [Fender Bassman](/wiki/Fender_Bassman \"Fender Bassman\") amplifier\n\n### Keyboards\n\n* 1965 [Vox Continental](/wiki/Vox_Continental \"Vox Continental\") [Portable Organ](/wiki/Combo_organ \"Combo organ\")\n* 1964 [Hohner](/wiki/Hohner \"Hohner\") [Pianet](/wiki/Pianet \"Pianet\") C\n* [Steinway](/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons \"Steinway & Sons\") [grand piano](/wiki/Grand_piano \"Grand piano\")\n* Challen [upright piano](/wiki/Upright_piano \"Upright piano\")\n* [Hammond](/wiki/Hammond_organ \"Hammond organ\") RT\\-3 [organ](/wiki/Electronic_organ \"Electronic organ\"), with [Leslie 145 rotating speaker cabinet](/wiki/Leslie_speaker \"Leslie speaker\") and Leslie 147 power amp\n* [Harmonium](/wiki/Pump_organ \"Pump organ\")\n* [Fender Rhodes piano](/wiki/Fender_Rhodes_piano \"Fender Rhodes piano\") as seen used by [Billy Preston](/wiki/Billy_Preston \"Billy Preston\") on the [Rooftop Concert](/wiki/Rooftop_Concert \"Rooftop Concert\")\n",
"### Lennon\n\n* 1964 [Rickenbacker 325](/wiki/Rickenbacker_325 \"Rickenbacker 325\") in Black finish (given to Lennon by [Rickenbacker](/wiki/Rickenbacker \"Rickenbacker\") at the Deauville Hotel, [Miami Beach](/wiki/Miami_Beach \"Miami Beach\"), [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"), on 14 February 1964\\)\n* 1964 [Gibson J\\-160E](/wiki/Gibson_J-160E \"Gibson J-160E\") [sunburst finish](/wiki/Sunburst_%28finish%29 \"Sunburst (finish)\") [acoustic\\-electric guitar](/wiki/Acoustic-electric_guitar \"Acoustic-electric guitar\") (purchased during the September 1964 US tour. Modified for the *Rubber Soul* sessions by moving the [pick\\-up](/wiki/Pick_up_%28music_technology%29 \"Pick up (music technology)\") to the [bridge](/wiki/Bridge_%28instrument%29 \"Bridge (instrument)\") side of the [sound hole](/wiki/Sound_hole \"Sound hole\"))\n* 1961 [Fender Stratocaster](/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster \"Fender Stratocaster\") in Sonic Blue finish (purchased by [Mal Evans](/wiki/Mal_Evans \"Mal Evans\") during the making of the *[Help!](/wiki/Help%21_%28album%29 \"Help! (album)\")* album)\n* 1965 [Framus](/wiki/Framus \"Framus\") Hootenanny 5/024 [acoustic](/wiki/Acoustic_guitar \"Acoustic guitar\") [12 string guitar](/wiki/Twelve-string_guitar \"Twelve-string guitar\")\n* 1965 [Epiphone Casino](/wiki/Epiphone_Casino \"Epiphone Casino\")\n",
"### McCartney\n\n* 1963 [Höfner 500/1 Violin Bass](/wiki/H%C3%B6fner_500/1 \"Höfner 500/1\") (purchased by McCartney in October 1963\\)\n* 1962 [Epiphone Casino](/wiki/Epiphone_Casino \"Epiphone Casino\") E230TD in sunburst finish (modified for playing [left\\-handed](/wiki/Left-handedness \"Left-handedness\"))\n* 1964 [Epiphone Texan](/wiki/Epiphone_Texan \"Epiphone Texan\") FT\\-79 acoustic guitar (also modified for playing left\\-handed)\n* 1965 [Rickenbacker 4001S](/wiki/Rickenbacker_4001 \"Rickenbacker 4001\") left\\-handed bass guitar in fireglo (red sunburst) finish, given to McCartney by Rickenbacker at [Burt Lancaster](/wiki/Burt_Lancaster \"Burt Lancaster\")'s house in [Benedict Canyon](/wiki/Benedict_Canyon \"Benedict Canyon\"), [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles \"Hollywood, Los Angeles\"), during the week beginning 23 August 1965\\.\n* 1965 [Tone Bender](/wiki/Tone_Bender \"Tone Bender\") [fuzz\\-box](/wiki/Distortion_%28music%29 \"Distortion (music)\")\n",
"### Harrison\n\n* 1957 [Gretsch Duo Jet](/wiki/Gretsch_Duo_Jet \"Gretsch Duo Jet\")\n* 1958 Futurama Resonet Grazioso\n* 1962 Gretsch Chet Atkins Country Gentleman and 1963 [Gretsch Country Gentleman](/wiki/Gretsch_Country_Gentleman \"Gretsch Country Gentleman\")\n* 1962–63 [Gretsch](/wiki/Gretsch \"Gretsch\") Tennessean Chet Atkins electric guitar (purchased the previous year)\n* 1962 [Gibson J\\-160E](/wiki/Gibson_J-160E \"Gibson J-160E\") sunburst finish acoustic\\-electric guitar (purchased on [hire purchase](/wiki/Hire_purchase \"Hire purchase\") from Rushworths, [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\") in June 1962\\. [Brian Epstein](/wiki/Brian_Epstein \"Brian Epstein\") settled the bill a year later (As with Lennon's J\\-160E, this guitar was modified for the *Rubber Soul* sessions by moving the pick\\-up to the bridge side of the sound hole).\n* 1965 [Rickenbacker 360/12](/wiki/Rickenbacker_360/12 \"Rickenbacker 360/12\") fireglo (red sunburst) finish [electric 12\\-string guitar](/wiki/Electric_12-string_guitar \"Electric 12-string guitar\") (custom built and presented to Harrison on 21 August 1965 at a press conference in [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis \"Minneapolis\"), [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota \"Minnesota\"), by radio station [WDGY](/wiki/WDGY \"WDGY\") in association with local music store B\\-Sharp Music)\n* 1961 Fender Stratocaster in Sonic Blue finish (purchased by Mal Evans at the same time as Lennon's)\n* [Sitar](/wiki/Sitar \"Sitar\") (a cheap model purchased by Harrison from India Craft in London in 1965\\)\n* 1964 Ramirez Classical Guitar\n* 1965 [Epiphone Casino](/wiki/Epiphone_Casino \"Epiphone Casino\") sanded to a natural finish in 1968\\. John and George both sanded off the finish being told it would sound better. Quote, \"In early '68, the Beatles headed to Rishikesh, India, to study transcendental meditation with the Maharishi and friends, including [Donovan Leitch](/wiki/Donovan \"Donovan\"). There, Donovan convinced the trio to sand the finish off their instruments, telling them how a guitar sounds better without a heavy finish. After returning to London, during sessions for the self\\-titled *White Album*, Lennon and Harrison sanded their Casinos. Lennon primarily played his newly stripped Casino for the sessions. Harrison said that once they'd removed the finish, they became much better guitars. 'I think that works on a lot of guitars', he explained. 'If you take the paint and varnish off and get the bare wood, it seems to sort of breathe'.\"\n",
"### Starr\n\n* [Ludwig](/wiki/Ludwig_Drums \"Ludwig Drums\") Super Classic [drum kit](/wiki/Drum_kit \"Drum kit\") in Oyster Black Pearl finish with 22\\-inch [kick drum](/wiki/Kick_drum \"Kick drum\") (presented to Starr by Ludwig in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") on 13 August 1965\\)\n",
"### Amplifiers\n\n* Three 1964 [Vox AC\\-100](/wiki/Vox_%28musical_equipment%29%23Other_amplifiers \"Vox (musical equipment)#Other amplifiers\") amplifiers (prototypes given to the Beatles by [Vox](/wiki/Vox_%28musical_equipment%29 \"Vox (musical equipment)\") at [The Futurist Theatre](/wiki/Futurist_Theatre \"Futurist Theatre\"), [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_North_Yorkshire \"Scarborough, North Yorkshire\") on 9 August 1964\\)\n* 1962 [Vox AC\\-15 Twin](/wiki/Vox_AC-15_Twin \"Vox AC-15 Twin\") amplifier\n* Two 1963 [Vox AC\\-30](/wiki/Vox_AC-30 \"Vox AC-30\") amplifiers\n* Two 1965 Vox AC\\-100 guitar amplifiers\n* 1965 Vox AC\\-100 bass amplifier\n* 1963–4 [Fender Bassman](/wiki/Fender_Bassman \"Fender Bassman\") amplifier\n",
"### Keyboards\n\n* 1965 [Vox Continental](/wiki/Vox_Continental \"Vox Continental\") [Portable Organ](/wiki/Combo_organ \"Combo organ\")\n* 1964 [Hohner](/wiki/Hohner \"Hohner\") [Pianet](/wiki/Pianet \"Pianet\") C\n* [Steinway](/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons \"Steinway & Sons\") [grand piano](/wiki/Grand_piano \"Grand piano\")\n* Challen [upright piano](/wiki/Upright_piano \"Upright piano\")\n* [Hammond](/wiki/Hammond_organ \"Hammond organ\") RT\\-3 [organ](/wiki/Electronic_organ \"Electronic organ\"), with [Leslie 145 rotating speaker cabinet](/wiki/Leslie_speaker \"Leslie speaker\") and Leslie 147 power amp\n* [Harmonium](/wiki/Pump_organ \"Pump organ\")\n* [Fender Rhodes piano](/wiki/Fender_Rhodes_piano \"Fender Rhodes piano\") as seen used by [Billy Preston](/wiki/Billy_Preston \"Billy Preston\") on the [Rooftop Concert](/wiki/Rooftop_Concert \"Rooftop Concert\")\n",
"Miscellaneous\n-------------\n\nGeorge Harrison owned many Indian instruments, including tambouras, a swarmandel (or Indian harp) and at least three sitars. All the Beatles kept pianos, guitars and other instruments at their homes to work on songs and demos. Most of these pieces never made their way into the studio with the well\\-known exception of Harrison's Moog synthesizer. Lennon's home Mellotron was never brought into the studio, though a Mellotron was rented for use during the *Sgt. Pepper* sessions and an Abbey Road Studios\\-owned Mellotron was used for the *White Album*. Both Harrison and Lennon were given [Coral](/wiki/Danelectro \"Danelectro\") [electric sitars](/wiki/Electric_sitar \"Electric sitar\"). Other instruments were [recorder](/wiki/Recorder_%28musical_instrument%29 \"Recorder (musical instrument)\"), [harmonica](/wiki/Harmonica \"Harmonica\"), [banjo](/wiki/Banjo \"Banjo\"), [trumpet](/wiki/Trumpet \"Trumpet\"), [saxophone](/wiki/Saxophone \"Saxophone\"), [glockenspiel](/wiki/Glockenspiel \"Glockenspiel\"), [vibraphone](/wiki/Vibraphone \"Vibraphone\"), [accordion](/wiki/Accordion \"Accordion\"),[Anthony Fawcett](/wiki/Anthony_Fawcett \"Anthony Fawcett\"), *John Lennon: One Day At A Time* (Grove Press: New York, 1976/1981\\), 155–156\\. [comb and paper](/wiki/Comb_and_paper \"Comb and paper\"), and assorted percussion ([congas](/wiki/Conga \"Conga\"), [bongos](/wiki/Bongo_drum \"Bongo drum\"), Arabian loose\\-skin bongo, [African drum](/wiki/Djembe \"Djembe\"), [timpani](/wiki/Timpani \"Timpani\"), [anvil](/wiki/Anvil%23Musical_instruments \"Anvil#Musical instruments\"), package case, [maracas](/wiki/Maraca \"Maraca\"), [tambourine](/wiki/Tambourine \"Tambourine\"), [zill](/wiki/Zill \"Zill\"), [güiro](/wiki/G%C3%BCiro \"Güiro\")).\n\n",
"Pop culture references\n----------------------\n\nThe \"Beatle\" style instruments have been used many times in pop culture. In *[Agent Cody Banks 2](/wiki/Agent_Cody_Banks_2 \"Agent Cody Banks 2\")* during the fight scene, there is a display of the original instruments and Agent Banks uses Paul McCartney's Höfner bass to hit the villain. The instruments have also been replicated into plastic game controllers for the game *[The Beatles Rock Band](/wiki/The_Beatles_Rock_Band \"The Beatles Rock Band\")*.\n\n",
"The Beatles as a five\\-piece, 1960–1961\n---------------------------------------\n\n| **Period** | **Lennon** | **McCartney** | **Harrison** | **Sutcliffe/Newby\\+** | **Moore/Chapman/Best**\\+\\+ |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| January–June 1960 | Höfner Club 40 | Zenith Model 17 Elpico amplifier | Futurama Resonet Grazioso | Höfner 333 bass | Moore's drums |\n| June 1960 | Höfner Club 40 | drums | Futurama Resonet Grazioso Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier | Höfner 333 bass | – |\n| July 1960 | Höfner Club 40 | Rosetti Solid 7 Elpico amplifier | Futurama Resonet Grazioso Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier | Höfner 333 bass | Chapman's drums |\n| August–October 1960 | Höfner Club 40 | Rosetti Solid 7 Elpico amplifier | Futurama Resonet Grazioso Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier | Höfner 333 bass Watkins Westminster amplifier | Best's Premier drums |\n| October–November 1960 | 1958 Rickenbacker Capri 325 Fender Vibrolux amplifier | Rosetti Solid 7 Höfner Club 40 Elpico amplifier | Futurama Resonet Grazioso Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier | Höfner 333 bass Gibson Les Paul GA\\-40 amplifier | Best's Premier drums |\n| December 1960 | 1958 Rickenbacker Capri 325 Fender Vibrolux amplifier | Rosetti Solid 7 Höfner Club 40 Elpico amplifier | Futurama Resonet Grazioso Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier | bass (Chas Newby) | Best's Premier drums |\n| December 1960 – April 1961 | 1958 Rickenbacker Capri 325 Fender Vibrolux amplifier | Rosetti Solid 7 Elpico amplifier | Futurama Resonet Grazioso Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier | Höfner 333 bass Gibson Les Paul GA\\-40 amplifier | Best's Premier drums |\n| December 1960 – April 1961 | 1958 Rickenbacker Capri 325 Fender Vibrolux amplifier | piano | Futurama Resonet Grazioso Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier | Höfner 333 bass Gibson Les Paul GA\\-40 amplifier | Best's Premier drums |\n|\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - \\+ Chas Newby (December 1960 only), deputising for Sutcliffe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\+\\+ Tommy Moore (January–June 1960\\), Norman Chapman (July 1960\\), Pete Best (August 1960\\)\n\n",
"The Beatles as a four\\-piece live and in the studio, 1961–1966\n--------------------------------------------------------------\n\n| **Period** | **Lennon** | **McCartney** | **Harrison** | **Best/Starr**\\+ |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| July–November 1961 | 1958 [Rickenbacker 325](/wiki/Rickenbacker_325 \"Rickenbacker 325\") Fender Vibrolux amplifier | 1961 Höfner Violin bass Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier | Futurama Resonet Grazioso 1957 [Gretsch Duo Jet](/wiki/Gretsch_Duo_Jet \"Gretsch Duo Jet\") Gibson Les Paul GA\\-40 amplifier | Best's Premier drumkit |\n| November 1961 – July 1962 | 1958 Rickenbacker 325 Fender Vibrolux amplifier | 1961 Höfner Violin bass Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier 'Coffin' speaker rig | 1957 Gretsch Duo Jet Gibson Les Paul GA\\-40 amplifier | Best's Premier drumkit |\n| July–September 1962 | 1958 Rickenbacker 325 [Vox](/wiki/Vox_%28musical_equipment%29 \"Vox (musical equipment)\") AC\\-15 Twin amplifier | 1961 Höfner Violin bass Quad II amplifier 'Coffin' speaker rig | 1957 Gretsch Duo Jet Vox AC\\-30 amplifier | Best's Premier drumkit (July–August) Starr's Premier drumkit (August–September) |\n| September 1962 – April 1963 | 1958 Rickenbacker 325 1962 [Gibson J\\-160E](/wiki/Gibson_J-160E \"Gibson J-160E\") Vox AC\\-15 Twin amplifier | 1961 Höfner Violin bass Quad II amplifier 'Coffin' speaker rig | 1957 Gretsch Duo Jet 1962 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-30 amplifier | Starr's Premier drumkit |\n| April 1963 | 1958 Rickenbacker 325 1962 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-15 Twin amplifier | 1961 Höfner Violin bass Vox T\\-60 amplifier | 1957 Gretsch Duo Jet 1962 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-30 amplifier | Starr's Premier drumkit |\n| April–June 1963 | 1958 Rickenbacker 325 1962 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-15 Twin amplifier | 1961 Höfner Violin bass Vox T\\-60 amplifier | 1957 Gretsch Duo Jet 1962 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-30 amplifier | Starr's first Ludwig drumkit with first drop T logo drumhead |\n| April–June 1963 | 1958 Rickenbacker 325 1962 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-15 Twin amplifier | 1961 Höfner Violin bass Vox T\\-60 amplifier | 1962 [Gretsch](/wiki/Gretsch \"Gretsch\") 6122 Chet Atkins Country Gentleman 1962 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-30 amplifier | Starr's first Ludwig drumkit with first drop T logo drumhead |\n| June–September 1963 | 1958 Rickenbacker 325 1962 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-30 amplifier | 1961 Höfner Violin bass Vox AC30 bass head Vox T\\-60 cabinet | 1962 Gretsch 6122 Chet Atkins Country Gentleman 1962 Gibson J\\-160E Maton Mastersound MS\\-500 (July–August only) new Vox AC\\-30 amplifier | Starr's first Ludwig drumkit with first drop T logo drumhead |\n| October–December 1963 | 1958 Rickenbacker 325 1962 Gibson J\\-160E (stolen in December 1963\\) Vox AC\\-30 amplifier | 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass Vox AC30 bass head Vox T\\-60 cabinet | 1962 Gretsch 6122 Chet Atkins Country Gentleman Rickenbacker 425 1962 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-30 amplifier | Starr's first Ludwig drumkit with first drop T logo drumhead |\n| December 1963 – January 1964 | 1958 Rickenbacker 325 Vox AC\\-50 amplifier | 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass Vox AC100 bass amplifier | 1962 Gretsch 6122 Chet Atkins Country Gentleman 1962 Gretsch Tennessean 1962 Gibson J\\-160E (used by Lennon and Harrison) Vox AC\\-50 amplifier | Starr's first Ludwig drumkit with first drop T logo drumhead |\n| February 1964 | 1958 Rickenbacker 325 1964 Rickenbacker 325 Vox AC\\-50 amplifier | 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass Vox AC100 bass amplifier | 1962 Gretsch 6122 Chet Atkins Country Gentleman 1962 Gretsch Tennessean 1963 [Rickenbacker 360/12](/wiki/Rickenbacker_360/12 \"Rickenbacker 360/12\") 1962 Gibson J\\-160E (used by Lennon and Harrison) [Ramirez classical](/wiki/Ramirez_classical \"Ramirez classical\") (studio only) Vox AC\\-50 amplifier | Starr's second Ludwig drumkit with second drop T logo drumhead |\n| February–April 1964 | 1964 Rickenbacker 325 Vox AC\\-50 amplifier | 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass Vox AC100 bass amplifier | Second Gretsch Country Gentleman Gretsch Tennessean 1963 Rickenbacker 360/12 1962 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-50 amplifier | Starr's second Ludwig drumkit with third drop T logo drumhead |\n| May–July 1964 | 1964 Rickenbacker 325 1964 Rickenbacker 325/12 Vox AC\\-50 amplifier | 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass Vox AC100 bass amplifier | Second Gretsch Country Gentleman 1962 Gretsch Tennessean 1963 Rickenbacker 360/12 1962 Gibson J\\-160E (used by Lennon and Harrison) Vox AC\\-50 amplifier | Starr's third Ludwig drumkit with fourth drop T logo drumhead |\n| July 1964 | 1964 Rickenbacker 325 1964 Rickenbacker 325/12 new Vox AC\\-50 amplifier | 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass Vox AC100 bass amplifier | Second Gretsch Country Gentleman 1962 Gretsch Tennessean 1963 Rickenbacker 360/12 1962 Gibson J\\-160E (used by Lennon and Harrison) new Vox AC\\-50 amplifier | Starr's third Ludwig drumkit with fourth drop T logo drumhead |\n| August–December 1964 | 1964 Rickenbacker 325 1964 Rickenbacker 325/12 1964 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-100 amplifier | 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass Vox AC100 bass amplifier | Second Grestch Country Gentleman 1962 Gretsch Tennessean 1963 Rickenbacker 360/12 1962 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-100 amplifier | Starr's third Ludwig drumkit with fourth drop T logo drumhead |\n| December 1964 – January 1965 | 1964 Rickenbacker Rose, Morris 1996 (replaced 1964 325 after it gets a crack in the headstock) 1964 Rickenbacker 325/12 1964 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-100 amplifier | 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass 1962 [Epiphone Casino](/wiki/Epiphone_Casino \"Epiphone Casino\") E230TD (studio only) [Epiphone Texan](/wiki/Epiphone_Texan \"Epiphone Texan\") FT\\-79 Vox AC100 bass amplifier | Second Gretsch Country Gentleman 1962 Gretsch Tennessean 1963 Rickenbacker 360/12 1962 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-100 amplifier | Starr's third Ludwig drumkit with fourth drop T logo drumhead |\n| January–August 1965 | 1964 Rickenbacker 325 1961 [Fender Stratocaster](/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster \"Fender Stratocaster\") (studio only) [Framus](/wiki/Framus \"Framus\") Hootenanny 5/024 12\\-string (studio only) 1964 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-100 amplifier | 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass 1962 Epiphone Casino E230TD (studio only) Epiphone Texan FT\\-79 Vox AC100 bass amplifier | Second Gretsch Country Gentleman 1962 Gretsch Tennessean 1961 Fender Stratocaster (studio only) 1963 Rickenbacker 360/12 1962 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-100 amplifier | Starr's third Ludwig drumkit with fourth drop T logo drumhead |\n| August – September 1965 | 1964 Rickenbacker 325 1964 Gibson J\\-160E Vox AC\\-100 amplifier | 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass Epiphone Texan FT\\-79 Vox AC100 bass amplifier | Second Gretsch Country Gentleman Gretsch Tennessean 1963 Rickenbacker 360/12 Vox AC\\-100 amplifier | Starr's fourth Ludwig drumkit with fifth drop T logo drumhead |\n| October 1965 – March 1966 | 1964 Rickenbacker 325 1961 Fender Stratocaster (studio only) 1964 Gibson J\\-160E 1965 Epiphone Casino (Used on \"Think For Yourself\") Vox AC\\-30 and AC\\-100 amplifiers | 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass 1964 Rickenbacker 4001S bass (studio only) Fender Bassman amplifier | Second Gretsch Country Gentleman 1961 Fender Stratocaster (studio only) Gibson ES\\-345 1962 Gibson J\\-160E 1965 Rickenbacker 360/12 1965 Epiphone Casino (Used on \"[Day Tripper](/wiki/Day_Tripper \"Day Tripper\")\", Think For Yourself and I'm Looking Through You) Vox AC\\-30 and AC\\-100 amplifiers | Starr's fourth Ludwig drumkit with fifth drop T logo drumhead |\n| April–June 1966 | 1965 Epiphone Casino [Gretsch 6120](/wiki/Gretsch_6120 \"Gretsch 6120\") (studio only) 1964 Gibson J\\-160E 1964 Rickenbacker 325 (Used on \"[And Your Bird Can Sing](/wiki/And_Your_Bird_Can_Sing \"And Your Bird Can Sing\")\") Vox AC\\-30 amplifier Fender Showman amplifier Vox 7120 prototype amplifier | 1964 Rickenbacker 4001S bass (studio only) 1962 Epiphone Casino E230TD (studio only) Fender Bassman amplifier Vox 4120 prototype amplifier | 1961 Fender Stratocaster 1965 Epiphone Casino 1965 Rickenbacker 360/12 1964 Gibson SG Standard 1962 Gibson J\\-160E [Burns](/wiki/Burns_London \"Burns London\") Nu\\-Sonic bass guitar (studio only) Vox AC\\-30 amplifier Fender Showman amplifier Vox 730 prototype amplifier | Starr's fourth Ludwig drumkit with fifth drop T logo drumhead |\n| June–July 1966 | 1965 Epiphone Casino 1964 Gibson J\\-160E Vox 7120 prototype amplifier | 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass Vox 4120 prototype amplifier | 1965 Epiphone Casino 1965 Rickenbacker 360/12 1964 Gibson SG Standard Vox 730 prototype amplifier | Starr's fourth Ludwig drumkit with fifth drop T logo drumhead |\n| August 1966 | 1965 Epiphone Casino 1964 Gibson J\\-160E Vox Super Beatle amplifier | 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass Vox Super Bass Beatle amplifier | 1965 Epiphone Casino 1965 Rickenbacker 360/12 1964 Gibson SG Standard Vox Super Beatle amplifier | Starr's fourth Ludwig drumkit with fifth drop T logo drumhead |\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * \\+ Ringo Starr replaced Pete Best in August 1962\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of Gibson players](/wiki/List_of_Gibson_players \"List of Gibson players\")\n* [John Lennon's musical instruments](/wiki/John_Lennon%27s_musical_instruments \"John Lennon's musical instruments\")\n* [Outline of the Beatles](/wiki/Outline_of_the_Beatles \"Outline of the Beatles\")\n* [The Beatles timeline](/wiki/The_Beatles_timeline \"The Beatles timeline\")\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Paul McCartney 1993 interview for Guitar magazine](https://guitar.com/features/interviews/paul-mccartney-beatles-wings/)\n\n[Beatles](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_musical_instruments \"Lists of musical instruments\")\n[Beatles](/wiki/Category:Instruments_of_musicians \"Instruments of musicians\")\n\n"
]
}
|
De Vaucouleurs's law
|
{
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
}
|
jm1s9jhkwxob92cgeulthkrndffnir3
|
2024-05-02T15:38:39Z
| 1,213,460,270 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**de Vaucouleurs's law**, also known as the **de Vaucouleurs profile** or **de Vaucouleurs model**, describes how the surface brightness I of an [elliptical galaxy](/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy \"Elliptical galaxy\") varies as a function of apparent distance R from the center of the galaxy:\n\n\\\\ln I(R) \\= \\\\ln I\\_{0} \\- k R^{1/4}.\n\nBy defining *Re* as the radius of the [isophote](/wiki/Contour_line%23Other_phenomena \"Contour line#Other phenomena\") containing half of the total luminosity of the galaxy, the [half\\-light radius](/wiki/Half-light_radius \"Half-light radius\"), de Vaucouleurs profile may be expressed as:\n\n\\\\ln I(R) \\= \\\\ln I\\_{e} \\+ 7\\.669 \\\\left\\[ 1 \\- \\\\left( \\\\frac{R}{R\\_{e \\\\right)^{1/4} \\\\right]\n\nor\n\nI(R) \\= I\\_{e} e^{\\-7\\.669 \\\\left\\[ \\\\left(\\\\frac{R}{R\\_{e\\\\right)^{1/4} \\- 1 \\\\right]}\n\nwhere *Ie* is the surface brightness at *Re*. This can be confirmed by noting\n\n\\\\int^{R\\_e}\\_0 I(r)2\\\\pi r \\\\, dr \\= \\\\frac{1}{2} \\\\int^{\\\\infty}\\_0 I(r)2\\\\pi r \\\\, dr .\n\nde Vaucouleurs model is a special case of [Sersic's model](/wiki/Sersic%27s_law \"Sersic's law\"), with a [Sersic index](/wiki/Sersic_index \"Sersic index\") of . A number of (internal) density profiles that approximately reproduce de Vaucouleurs's law after projection onto the plane of the sky include [Jaffe's model](/wiki/Jaffe_profile \"Jaffe profile\") and [Dehnen's model](/wiki/Dehnen_profile \"Dehnen profile\").\n\nThe model is named after [Gérard de Vaucouleurs](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Vaucouleurs \"Gérard de Vaucouleurs\") who first formulated it in 1948\\. Although an empirical model rather than a law of physics, it was so entrenched in astronomy during the 20th century that it was referred to as a \"law\".\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Eric Weisstein's World of Astronomy entry](http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/deVaucouleursLaw.html)\n\n[Category:Astrophysics](/wiki/Category:Astrophysics \"Astrophysics\")\n[Category:Equations of astronomy](/wiki/Category:Equations_of_astronomy \"Equations of astronomy\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Amara language
|
{
"id": [
45243463
],
"name": [
"LOOKSQUARE"
]
}
|
9efp5oph714a2j6yqi8umuujj45gfkg
|
2024-08-13T01:14:58Z
| 1,217,955,167 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Phonology",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Amara** is an [Austronesian language](/wiki/Austronesian_languages \"Austronesian languages\") spoken by about 1200 individuals along the northwest coast of [West New Britain Province](/wiki/West_New_Britain \"West New Britain\"), [Papua New Guinea](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea \"Papua New Guinea\") on the island of [New Britain](/wiki/New_Britain \"New Britain\"). Speakers have close to 100% bilingualism with [Bariai](/wiki/Bariai_language \"Bariai language\"), and many also speak [Tok Pisin](/wiki/Tok_Pisin \"Tok Pisin\").\n\n",
"Phonology\n---------\n\n| \\+Consonants | | [Labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant \"Labial consonant\") | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant \"Alveolar consonant\") | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Plosive](/wiki/Plosive \"Plosive\") | | | |\n| [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative \"Fricative\") | | | |\n| [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant \"Nasal consonant\") | | | |\n| [Approximant](/wiki/Approximant \"Approximant\") | | , | |\n\n* The voiced stops /b d g/ frequently manifest as fricatives \\[β ɹ ɣ] after vowels.\n\n| \\+Vowels | | [Front](/wiki/Front_vowel \"Front vowel\") | [Central](/wiki/Central_vowel \"Central vowel\") | [Back](/wiki/Back_vowel \"Back vowel\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [High](/wiki/Close_vowel \"Close vowel\") | | | |\n| [Mid](/wiki/Mid_vowel \"Mid vowel\") | | | |\n| [Low](/wiki/Open_vowel \"Open vowel\") | | | |\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Ngero–Vitiaz languages](/wiki/Category:Ngero%E2%80%93Vitiaz_languages \"Ngero–Vitiaz languages\")\n[Category:Western Oceanic languages](/wiki/Category:Western_Oceanic_languages \"Western Oceanic languages\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Golden Choice
|
{
"id": [
40411708
],
"name": [
"Gabraidza"
]
}
|
olxoupdki2kb3vsiqqyonirho7j8dp8
|
2023-09-12T05:36:02Z
| 1,137,250,746 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Golden Choice** (foaled 1983\\) is a Canadian [Thoroughbred](/wiki/Thoroughbred \"Thoroughbred\") [racehorse](/wiki/Horse_racing \"Horse racing\") best known for winning Canada's most prestigious horse race, the [Queen's Plate](/wiki/Queen%27s_Plate \"Queen's Plate\"). Sired by [Val de l'Orne](/wiki/Val_de_l%27Orne \"Val de l'Orne\"), the 1975 [Prix du Jockey Club](/wiki/Prix_du_Jockey_Club \"Prix du Jockey Club\") winner, his damsire was Barachois, a son of [Northern Dancer](/wiki/Northern_Dancer \"Northern Dancer\"). Golden Choice was purchased as a yearling for $60,000 at the [Canadian Thoroughbred Horse Society](/wiki/Canadian_Thoroughbred_Horse_Society \"Canadian Thoroughbred Horse Society\") (CTHS) sale at [Woodbine](/wiki/Woodbine_Racetrack \"Woodbine Racetrack\").\n\nRacing as a three\\-year\\-old, he finished third in the 1986 [Plate Trial Stakes](/wiki/Plate_Trial_Stakes \"Plate Trial Stakes\") and then won the first two legs of the [Canadian Triple Crown](/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing%23Canada \"Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing#Canada\"). The [Queen's Plate](/wiki/Queen%27s_Plate \"Queen's Plate\") was the first ever win for Golden Choice, who then defeated the great [filly](/wiki/Filly \"Filly\") [Carotene](/wiki/Carotene_%28horse%29 \"Carotene (horse)\") to capture the [Prince of Wales Stakes](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Stakes \"Prince of Wales Stakes\"). However, in the final leg of the Triple Crown series, he finished third to Carotene. Among his other victories in 1986, Golden Choice won the [Niagara Breeders' Cup Stakes](/wiki/Northern_Dancer_Breeders%27_Cup_Turf \"Northern Dancer Breeders' Cup Turf\"). His performances that year earned him the [Sovereign Award for Champion 3\\-Year\\-Old Male Horse](/wiki/Sovereign_Award_for_Champion_3-Year-Old_Male_Horse \"Sovereign Award for Champion 3-Year-Old Male Horse\").\n\nHis co\\-owner, Richard \"Dick\" Sanderson, wrote a book about Golden Choice titled *The Choice was GOLDEN :The True Story of a Racehorse*. Noted [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") sportscaster [Jim McKay](/wiki/Jim_McKay \"Jim McKay\") said of the book: \"There are more good stories in horse racing than in any other sport. This is one of them.\"\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* Sanderson, Dick *[The Choice was GOLDEN : The True Story of a Racehorse](/wiki/The_Choice_was_GOLDEN:The_True_Story_of_a_Racehorse \"The True Story of a Racehorse\")* (1988\\) [Caxton Hall Publishers](/wiki/Caxton_Hall_Publishers \"Caxton Hall Publishers\") \n* [Golden Choice's pedigree and partial racing stats](http://www.pedigreequery.com/golden+choice)\n\n[Category:1983 racehorse births](/wiki/Category:1983_racehorse_births \"1983 racehorse births\")\n[Category:Racehorses bred in Ontario](/wiki/Category:Racehorses_bred_in_Ontario \"Racehorses bred in Ontario\")\n[Category:Racehorses trained in Canada](/wiki/Category:Racehorses_trained_in_Canada \"Racehorses trained in Canada\")\n[Category:King's Plate winners](/wiki/Category:King%27s_Plate_winners \"King's Plate winners\")\n[Category:Sovereign Award winners](/wiki/Category:Sovereign_Award_winners \"Sovereign Award winners\")\n[Category:Thoroughbred family 4\\-r](/wiki/Category:Thoroughbred_family_4-r \"Thoroughbred family 4-r\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Daniel McDonald (actor)
|
{
"id": [
372290
],
"name": [
"Nikkimaria"
]
}
|
4gq78v3zgvb09s17bbg4op08d7psi4j
|
2024-04-12T02:56:34Z
| 1,218,446,542 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Personal life",
"Career",
"Death",
"Filmography",
"Movies",
"Television",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Daniel McDonald** (July 30, 1960 – February 15, 2007\\) was an American actor who guest\\-starred in many TV shows such as *[CSI: Miami](/wiki/CSI:Miami \"Miami\")*, *[Law \\& Order](/wiki/Law_%26_Order \"Law & Order\")*, *[Murder, She Wrote](/wiki/Murder%2C_She_Wrote \"Murder, She Wrote\")* and *[Sex and the City](/wiki/Sex_and_the_City \"Sex and the City\")*. He was also involved in [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\"), performing in *[Mamma Mia!](/wiki/Mamma_Mia%21_%28musical%29 \"Mamma Mia! (musical)\")*\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nMcDonald was born the youngest of seven children in [Scranton, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Scranton%2C_Pennsylvania \"Scranton, Pennsylvania\"), and raised in [Romulus, New York](/wiki/Romulus%2C_New_York \"Romulus, New York\"). He graduated from [Ithaca College](/wiki/Ithaca_College \"Ithaca College\").\n\nMcDonald's older brother, [Christopher McDonald](/wiki/Christopher_McDonald \"Christopher McDonald\"), is also an actor who is seen in many films and television shows.\n\nHe met Mujah Maraini\\-Melehi during the rehearsals for *[Steel Pier](/wiki/Steel_Pier_%28musical%29 \"Steel Pier (musical)\")*. The couple were married in 1999 and had two children.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nHe was a life member of the [Actors Studio](/wiki/Actors_Studio \"Actors Studio\"). He also studied at the [Royal Academy of Dramatic Art](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art \"Royal Academy of Dramatic Art\") in London, with Paul Curtis of the [American Mime Theatre](/wiki/American_Mime_Theatre \"American Mime Theatre\"), and with [Sanford Meisner](/wiki/Sanford_Meisner \"Sanford Meisner\") on the island of [Bequia](/wiki/Bequia \"Bequia\") in the [British West Indies](/wiki/British_West_Indies \"British West Indies\") where he met long\\-time friend and photographer Michael Sanville.\n\nMcDonald received a 1997 [Tony Award](/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Performance_by_a_Leading_Actor_in_a_Musical \"Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical\") nomination for his lead role in *[Steel Pier](/wiki/Steel_Pier_%28musical%29 \"Steel Pier (musical)\")*, which co\\-starred [Karen Ziemba](/wiki/Karen_Ziemba \"Karen Ziemba\") and [Gregory Harrison](/wiki/Gregory_Harrison \"Gregory Harrison\").\n\nIn 2002, Daniel McDonald replaced Alan Campbell as lead in the national tour of *[Contact](/wiki/Contact_%28musical%29 \"Contact (musical)\")*.\n\n*The Gift: Life Unwrapped*, McDonald's last film, was released posthumously in May 2007\\.\n\nHe recorded an album *True Love*.\n\n",
"Death\n-----\n\nMcDonald died on February 15, 2007, at his home in New York, aged 46\\. The cause was [brain cancer](/wiki/Brain_cancer \"Brain cancer\"), said Jason Brantley, a spokesman for Mr. McDonald's family. Funeral services were held February 24, 2007, at the Cathedral Church of Saint John the Divine in New York City.\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n### Movies\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1984 | *[Where the Boys Are '84](/wiki/Where_the_Boys_Are_%2784 \"Where the Boys Are '84\")* | Camden Roxbury | |\n| 1985 | *[The Falcon and the Snowman](/wiki/The_Falcon_and_the_Snowman \"The Falcon and the Snowman\")* | Clay | Credited as Dan McDonald |\n| 1987 | *[Million Dollar Mystery](/wiki/Million_Dollar_Mystery \"Million Dollar Mystery\")* | Crush | |\n| 1993\n\n *[Blood In Blood Out](/wiki/Blood_In_Blood_Out \"Blood In Blood Out\")* |\n Gallery Assistant |\n |\n| *[What's Love Got to Do with It](/wiki/What%27s_Love_Got_to_Do_with_It_%281993_film%29 \"What's Love Got to Do with It (1993 film)\")* | London Announcer | |\n| 1994 | *[At Risk](/wiki/At_Risk_%281994_film%29 \"At Risk (1994 film)\")* | Steven | |\n| 1995 | *[Let It Be Me](/wiki/Let_It_Be_Me_%281995_film%29 \"Let It Be Me (1995 film)\")* | Fred | |\n| 1997 | *[The Ice Storm](/wiki/The_Ice_Storm_%28film%29 \"The Ice Storm (film)\")* | Weatherman | |\n| 1998 | *[Jaded](/wiki/Jaded_%28film%29 \"Jaded (film)\")* | Bart | |\n| 2007 | *The Gift: Life Unwrapped* | Stephen | Archive Footage |\n|\n\n### Television\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1985 | *[The Fall Guy](/wiki/The_Fall_Guy \"The Fall Guy\")* | Brian Carlin | 1 Episode: *Her Bodyguard* |\n| *[Call to Glory](/wiki/Call_to_Glory \"Call to Glory\")* | Nick Oliver | 2 episodes: *JFK: Part 1 \\& 2* |\n| *[Shadow Chasers](/wiki/Shadow_Chasers \"Shadow Chasers\")* | Hall | 1 Episode: *Spirit of St. Louis* |\n| 1985–88 | *[Cagney \\& Lacey](/wiki/Cagney_%26_Lacey \"Cagney & Lacey\")* | Frank Myerling | 2 episodes: *Lost and Found*, *Yup* |\n| 1986 | *Thompson's Last Run* | Casino | TV movie |\n| *[A Year in the Life](/wiki/A_Year_in_the_Life \"A Year in the Life\")* | Eric Castle | 2 episodes: *Springtime/Autumn*, *Christmas '86* |\n| 1987 | *[The Betty Ford Story](/wiki/The_Betty_Ford_Story \"The Betty Ford Story\")* | Mike Ford | TV movie |\n| *[Mr. President](/wiki/Mr._President_%28TV_series%29 \"Mr. President (TV series)\")* | Fred | 1 Episode: *Pilot* |\n| *Home Fires* | | TV movie |\n| 1988 | *[Freddy's Nightmares](/wiki/Freddy%27s_Nightmares \"Freddy's Nightmares\")* | Mark | 1 Episode: *Freddy's Tricks and Treats* |\n| 1989 | *[Murder, She Wrote](/wiki/Murder%2C_She_Wrote \"Murder, She Wrote\")* | Bobby Shipton | 2 episodes: *Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall: Part 1 \\& 2* |\n| 1990 | *[The Baby\\-Sitters Club](/wiki/The_Baby-Sitters_Club_%28TV_series%29 \"The Baby-Sitters Club (TV series)\")* | Photographer | 1 Episode: *Stacey's Big Break* |\n| 1992 | *[Columbo](/wiki/Columbo \"Columbo\")* | Strassa | 1 Episode: *No Time to Die* |\n| 1994 | *[Herman's Head](/wiki/Herman%27s_Head \"Herman's Head\")* | Roy | 1 Episode: *Sweet Obsessions* |\n| 1995 | *[As Good as Dead](/wiki/As_Good_as_Dead_%281995_film%29 \"As Good as Dead (1995 film)\")* | Thomas A. Rutherford | TV movie |\n| *[New York News](/wiki/New_York_News \"New York News\")* | | 1 Episode: *Cost of Living* |\n| *[New York Undercover](/wiki/New_York_Undercover \"New York Undercover\")* | Milton Allen | 1 Episode: *Color Lines* |\n| 1996 | *[All My Children](/wiki/All_My_Children \"All My Children\")* | Dr. Brad Phillips | 2 episodes: *\\#1\\.6768*, *\\#1\\.6969* |\n| 1998 | *[Law \\& Order](/wiki/Law_%26_Order \"Law & Order\")* | Bernard Dressler | 1 Episode: *Under the Influence* |\n| 1999 | *[Sex and the City](/wiki/Sex_and_the_City \"Sex and the City\")* | Roger Cobb | 1 Episode: *Shortcomings* |\n| 2000 | *[D.C.](/wiki/D.C._%28TV_series%29 \"D.C. (TV series)\")* | Dryder | 3 episodes: *Blame*, *Party*, *Guns and Roses* |\n| *Dov'è mio figlio* | McCarthy | TV movie |\n| *[Madigan Men](/wiki/Madigan_Men \"Madigan Men\")* | Serge | 1 Episode: *Love's Labor Lost* |\n| 2001 | *[Law \\& Order: Special Victims Unit](/wiki/Law_%26_Order:Special_Victims_Unit \"Special Victims Unit\")* | Dr. Byron Marks | 1 Episode: *Secrets* |\n| 2004 | *[CSI: Miami](/wiki/CSI:Miami \"Miami\")* | Gary Nielson | 1 Episode: *The Oath* |\n| *Tempting Adam* | Miles | TV movie |\n|\n\n",
"### Movies\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1984 | *[Where the Boys Are '84](/wiki/Where_the_Boys_Are_%2784 \"Where the Boys Are '84\")* | Camden Roxbury | |\n| 1985 | *[The Falcon and the Snowman](/wiki/The_Falcon_and_the_Snowman \"The Falcon and the Snowman\")* | Clay | Credited as Dan McDonald |\n| 1987 | *[Million Dollar Mystery](/wiki/Million_Dollar_Mystery \"Million Dollar Mystery\")* | Crush | |\n| 1993\n\n *[Blood In Blood Out](/wiki/Blood_In_Blood_Out \"Blood In Blood Out\")* |\n Gallery Assistant |\n |\n| *[What's Love Got to Do with It](/wiki/What%27s_Love_Got_to_Do_with_It_%281993_film%29 \"What's Love Got to Do with It (1993 film)\")* | London Announcer | |\n| 1994 | *[At Risk](/wiki/At_Risk_%281994_film%29 \"At Risk (1994 film)\")* | Steven | |\n| 1995 | *[Let It Be Me](/wiki/Let_It_Be_Me_%281995_film%29 \"Let It Be Me (1995 film)\")* | Fred | |\n| 1997 | *[The Ice Storm](/wiki/The_Ice_Storm_%28film%29 \"The Ice Storm (film)\")* | Weatherman | |\n| 1998 | *[Jaded](/wiki/Jaded_%28film%29 \"Jaded (film)\")* | Bart | |\n| 2007 | *The Gift: Life Unwrapped* | Stephen | Archive Footage |\n|\n\n",
"### Television\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1985 | *[The Fall Guy](/wiki/The_Fall_Guy \"The Fall Guy\")* | Brian Carlin | 1 Episode: *Her Bodyguard* |\n| *[Call to Glory](/wiki/Call_to_Glory \"Call to Glory\")* | Nick Oliver | 2 episodes: *JFK: Part 1 \\& 2* |\n| *[Shadow Chasers](/wiki/Shadow_Chasers \"Shadow Chasers\")* | Hall | 1 Episode: *Spirit of St. Louis* |\n| 1985–88 | *[Cagney \\& Lacey](/wiki/Cagney_%26_Lacey \"Cagney & Lacey\")* | Frank Myerling | 2 episodes: *Lost and Found*, *Yup* |\n| 1986 | *Thompson's Last Run* | Casino | TV movie |\n| *[A Year in the Life](/wiki/A_Year_in_the_Life \"A Year in the Life\")* | Eric Castle | 2 episodes: *Springtime/Autumn*, *Christmas '86* |\n| 1987 | *[The Betty Ford Story](/wiki/The_Betty_Ford_Story \"The Betty Ford Story\")* | Mike Ford | TV movie |\n| *[Mr. President](/wiki/Mr._President_%28TV_series%29 \"Mr. President (TV series)\")* | Fred | 1 Episode: *Pilot* |\n| *Home Fires* | | TV movie |\n| 1988 | *[Freddy's Nightmares](/wiki/Freddy%27s_Nightmares \"Freddy's Nightmares\")* | Mark | 1 Episode: *Freddy's Tricks and Treats* |\n| 1989 | *[Murder, She Wrote](/wiki/Murder%2C_She_Wrote \"Murder, She Wrote\")* | Bobby Shipton | 2 episodes: *Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall: Part 1 \\& 2* |\n| 1990 | *[The Baby\\-Sitters Club](/wiki/The_Baby-Sitters_Club_%28TV_series%29 \"The Baby-Sitters Club (TV series)\")* | Photographer | 1 Episode: *Stacey's Big Break* |\n| 1992 | *[Columbo](/wiki/Columbo \"Columbo\")* | Strassa | 1 Episode: *No Time to Die* |\n| 1994 | *[Herman's Head](/wiki/Herman%27s_Head \"Herman's Head\")* | Roy | 1 Episode: *Sweet Obsessions* |\n| 1995 | *[As Good as Dead](/wiki/As_Good_as_Dead_%281995_film%29 \"As Good as Dead (1995 film)\")* | Thomas A. Rutherford | TV movie |\n| *[New York News](/wiki/New_York_News \"New York News\")* | | 1 Episode: *Cost of Living* |\n| *[New York Undercover](/wiki/New_York_Undercover \"New York Undercover\")* | Milton Allen | 1 Episode: *Color Lines* |\n| 1996 | *[All My Children](/wiki/All_My_Children \"All My Children\")* | Dr. Brad Phillips | 2 episodes: *\\#1\\.6768*, *\\#1\\.6969* |\n| 1998 | *[Law \\& Order](/wiki/Law_%26_Order \"Law & Order\")* | Bernard Dressler | 1 Episode: *Under the Influence* |\n| 1999 | *[Sex and the City](/wiki/Sex_and_the_City \"Sex and the City\")* | Roger Cobb | 1 Episode: *Shortcomings* |\n| 2000 | *[D.C.](/wiki/D.C._%28TV_series%29 \"D.C. (TV series)\")* | Dryder | 3 episodes: *Blame*, *Party*, *Guns and Roses* |\n| *Dov'è mio figlio* | McCarthy | TV movie |\n| *[Madigan Men](/wiki/Madigan_Men \"Madigan Men\")* | Serge | 1 Episode: *Love's Labor Lost* |\n| 2001 | *[Law \\& Order: Special Victims Unit](/wiki/Law_%26_Order:Special_Victims_Unit \"Special Victims Unit\")* | Dr. Byron Marks | 1 Episode: *Secrets* |\n| 2004 | *[CSI: Miami](/wiki/CSI:Miami \"Miami\")* | Gary Nielson | 1 Episode: *The Oath* |\n| *Tempting Adam* | Miles | TV movie |\n|\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Daniel McDonald Bio](http://www.filmreference.com/film/84/Daniel-McDonald.html)\n\n[Category:1960 births](/wiki/Category:1960_births \"1960 births\")\n[Category:2007 deaths](/wiki/Category:2007_deaths \"2007 deaths\")\n[Category:Male actors from New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Male_actors_from_New_York_%28state%29 \"Male actors from New York (state)\")\n[Category:Male actors from Pennsylvania](/wiki/Category:Male_actors_from_Pennsylvania \"Male actors from Pennsylvania\")\n[Category:American male stage actors](/wiki/Category:American_male_stage_actors \"American male stage actors\")\n[Category:American male television actors](/wiki/Category:American_male_television_actors \"American male television actors\")\n[Category:American male musical theatre actors](/wiki/Category:American_male_musical_theatre_actors \"American male musical theatre actors\")\n[Category:Deaths from brain cancer in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_brain_cancer_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Deaths from brain cancer in New York (state)\")\n[Category:People from Romulus, New York](/wiki/Category:People_from_Romulus%2C_New_York \"People from Romulus, New York\")\n[Category:Actors from Scranton, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Category:Actors_from_Scranton%2C_Pennsylvania \"Actors from Scranton, Pennsylvania\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American male actors](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_actors \"20th-century American male actors\")\n[Category:Theatre World Award winners](/wiki/Category:Theatre_World_Award_winners \"Theatre World Award winners\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American male singers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_singers \"20th-century American male singers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American singers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_singers \"20th-century American singers\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Jalan Pinggiran Batu Caves
|
{
"id": [
39166520
],
"name": [
"JoeNMLC"
]
}
|
9s9d0oe5gq9goqjm7tlrjryk3enr87e
|
2023-08-14T14:29:26Z
| 1,170,345,764 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"List of junctions",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Jalan Pinggiran Batu Caves** (Selangor state route B125\\) is a major roads in [Klang Valley](/wiki/Klang_Valley \"Klang Valley\") region, [Selangor](/wiki/Selangor \"Selangor\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\").\n\n",
"List of junctions\n-----------------\n\n| Km | Exit | Junctions | To | Remarks |\n| | | **Pinggiran Batu Caves** | Kampung Melayu Wira DamaiPinggiran Batu CavesTaman Gemilang | T\\-junctions |\n| | | Kuala Lumpur panoramic view | | |\n| | | Taman Sri Gombak | Taman Sri Gombak | T\\-junctions |\n| | | Taman Sri Gombak | Taman Sri Gombak | T\\-junctions |\n| | | Taman Bolton | Taman Bolton | T\\-junctions |\n| | | **Taman Sri Gombak\\-MRR2** | **[Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Middle_Ring_Road_2 \"Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2\")****West**Taman SamuderaBatu CavesKuala LumpurIpohKepongSungai BulohPetaling Jaya**East**GombakSentulKuantanGenting HighlandsUlu KlangAmpang | Half diamond interchange |\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Roads in Selangor](/wiki/Category:Roads_in_Selangor \"Roads in Selangor\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Discos y Cintas Denver
|
{
"id": [
45697032
],
"name": [
"Estivy"
]
}
|
305s7dbuxlyii6cw3bd94oohs0pxvcc
|
2024-02-10T01:56:07Z
| 1,186,678,289 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Catalogue",
"Important contributions",
"Distribution",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Discos y Cintas Denver** () is an independent [Mexican](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\") [record label](/wiki/Record_label \"Record label\") known for their catalogue of [underground](/wiki/Underground_music \"Underground music\") [Mexican rock](/wiki/Mexican_rock \"Mexican rock\") [music](/wiki/Music \"Music\"), among other less popular genres.Discogs list of Denver artists/label information [https://www.discogs.com/label/238298\\-Discos\\-Y\\-Cintas\\-Denver](https://www.discogs.com/label/238298-Discos-Y-Cintas-Denver)\n\n",
"Catalogue\n---------\n\nAlthough their list is extensive, among the most famous groups in the catalogue are:\n* [El Haragán](/wiki/El_Harag%C3%A1n \"El Haragán\") (also known as Haragán y Compañia or Haragán y Cia)\n* [Luzbel](/wiki/Luzbel \"Luzbel\")\n* [Liran' Roll](/wiki/Liran%27_Roll \"Liran' Roll\")\n* Heavy Nopal\n* Transmetal\n* Espécimen\n* Sindrome Del Punk (Sindrome)Sindrome Del Punk discography catalog [https://www.discogs.com/artist/3140030\\-Síndrome\\-Del\\-Punk](https://www.discogs.com/artist/3140030-Síndrome-Del-Punk)\n* [Banda Bostik](/wiki/Banda_Bostik \"Banda Bostik\")\n* Charlie Monttana\n* Kenny y los Eléctricos\n* Leprosy\n* Sam Sam\n* Anabantha\n1. Mantra (Costa Rica)\n2. Rotteurs (Rusia)\n3. Voltrim (Grecia)\n4. Entre otros\nWithin the new and most recent:\n\n1. [Lira N' Roll](/wiki/Lira_N%27_Roll \"Lira N' Roll\") \\- Va Por Ti\n2. [Poder Oculto](/wiki/Poder_Oculto \"Poder Oculto\") \\- Hacia La Libertad\n3. 3 Vallejo \\- Déjame Conocerte\n4. California Blues, \\- Magia\n5. Toma II \\- Tiempo\n6. Cer d' Heavy\n7. [Lvzbel](/wiki/Lvzbel \"Lvzbel\") \\- Tentaciones\n8. [Dinastía Inmortal](/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Inmortal \"Dinastía Inmortal\") \\- Primer Acto\n9. [Dinastía Inmortal](/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Inmortal \"Dinastía Inmortal\") \\- Segundo Acto\n10. [Morante](/wiki/Morante_%28band%29 \"Morante (band)\") \\- Danza al Viento\n11. Nuits Eternelles \\- Noche Eterna\n12. Trágico Ballet \\- Del amor y otros Excesos\n13. Erszebeth \\- La Condesa Inmortal\n14. [Morante](/wiki/Morante_%28band%29 \"Morante (band)\") \\- El Vigilante Nocturno\n15. [María Escarlata](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Escarlata \"María Escarlata\") \\- El Misterio\n16. [Dinastía Inmortal](/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Inmortal \"Dinastía Inmortal\") \\- Tercer Acto\n17. Valle de la Muerte \\- Crónicas Nocturnas\n18. [Fortaleza](/wiki/Fortaleza_%28band%29 \"Fortaleza (band)\") \\- La Fortaleza de la Soledad\n19. Anabantha \\- Hermanos de Sangre\n20. Requiem \\- Falsos Poemas\n21. interpuesto\\-hasta la eternidad\n",
"Important contributions\n-----------------------\n\nThis label also has valuable material rescued from the Mexican rock culture, as the disc's Top Lucifer (EP recorded in 1983 and edited until 1995\\) and has launched the careers of great bands like Transmetal and Leprosy currently have international fame and groups have shared the stage with the likes of Morbid Angel, Carcass, Rata Blanca, Motörhead, etc.Musicbrainz info on Discos y Cintas Denver [https://musicbrainz.org/label/dafbc375\\-7406\\-440f\\-b146\\-3672c33d42f2](https://musicbrainz.org/label/dafbc375-7406-440f-b146-3672c33d42f2)\nAnother major contribution was the reissue of all the albums of Three Souls in My Mind Alejandro Lora band exchange after the name of El Tri. \nThe most outstanding product of this company was, at the time, the double\\-plate edition of the legendary Avándaro Festival (the Mexican version of Woodstock), which brings together the best of the golden age of Mexican Rock in its infancy (Enigma, The revolution of Emiliano Zapata, and the aforementioned dugs Dug Three Souls in My Mind. \nIn 2007, Records and Tapes Denver, launches Immortal Dynasty, First and Second Act, two compilation albums with the best of the Mexican gothic metal bands. Thus this record becomes the most important and prominent support for the goth metal scene in recent years, launching first Anabantha entire discography and a live album and DVD, filmed in Mexico City Zócalo and then signing Four of the 10 groups Immortal Dynasty: Tragic Ballet (Irapuato, GTO.) Morante (band) (Mexico City), Erszebeth (Mexico City) and Nuits Eternelles (San Pablo A., Tlaxcala), recording and releasing record of these productions. \nIn 2008 Immortal Dynasty launches third with 10 bands. \nIn 2009 he released the records of the bands Requiem (band) (Matehuala, San Luis Potosí) and the Fortaleza (Veracruz) every time a band that more and ba grres Death Valley (band) (Monterrey) involved in the new dynasty. Also the new album comes Anabantha: Blood Brothers. \nAlso upcoming is the release of the DVD and CD Immortal Dynasty Live recorded at Circo Volador, and the fourth act of this recording project.\n\n",
"Distribution\n------------\n\nCurrently, they distribute [discs](/wiki/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") in [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\"), among others.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of record labels](/wiki/List_of_record_labels \"List of record labels\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website](http://www.discosdenver.com/)\n* Especimen official website <http://especimen.com.mx/>\n\n[Category:Mexican independent record labels](/wiki/Category:Mexican_independent_record_labels \"Mexican independent record labels\")\n[Category:Rock record labels](/wiki/Category:Rock_record_labels \"Rock record labels\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Marvin Brown
|
{
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
}
|
dksntttfci0twoam52v6wygmv0en4sq
|
2024-09-18T00:42:44Z
| 1,245,844,155 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Marvin Robert Brown** (born 6 July 1983\\) is an English [football forward](/wiki/Forward_%28association_football%29 \"Forward (association football)\") who plays for [Southern Football League Premier Division](/wiki/Southern_Football_League_Premier_Division \"Southern Football League Premier Division\") side [Chippenham Town F.C.](/wiki/Chippenham_Town_F.C. \"Chippenham Town F.C.\") He has formerly played [League](/wiki/The_Football_League \"The Football League\") football. He is the owner of elite sports coaching company Total Pro Soccer.\n\nBrown began his career as a trainee with [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. \"Bristol City F.C.\"). On his City debut, as a second\\-half substitute for [Alex Meechan](/wiki/Alex_Meechan \"Alex Meechan\") in the [League Cup](/wiki/Football_League_Cup \"Football League Cup\") defeat away to [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C. \"Nottingham Forest F.C.\") on 15 September 1999 he became their youngest ever player, aged 16 years and 71 days. Brown's league debut came a month later, on 17 October 1999 when he came on as a late substitute for [Tony Thorpe](/wiki/Tony_Thorpe_%28footballer%29 \"Tony Thorpe (footballer)\") in a goalless draw at home to local rivals [Bristol Rovers](/wiki/Bristol_Rovers_F.C. \"Bristol Rovers F.C.\"). He made one further league appearance and two in the [Football League Trophy](/wiki/Football_League_Trophy \"Football League Trophy\"), all as substitute, that season.\n\nUnable to establish himself in the first team, Brown joined [Torquay United](/wiki/Torquay_United_F.C. \"Torquay United F.C.\") on loan on 27 September 2002, playing four times before returning to [Ashton Gate](/wiki/Ashton_Gate_Stadium \"Ashton Gate Stadium\"). In January 2003, Brown joined [Cheltenham Town](/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C. \"Cheltenham Town F.C.\") on loan until the end of the season, playing regularly as Cheltenham narrowly failed to avoid relegation back to the Third Division.\n\nBrown played twice for Bristol City the following season before released in May 2004\\. He subsequently joined [Conference](/wiki/Football_Conference \"Football Conference\") side [Forest Green Rovers](/wiki/Forest_Green_Rovers_F.C. \"Forest Green Rovers F.C.\"), but appeared only as a substitute before joining [Tamworth](/wiki/Tamworth_F.C. \"Tamworth F.C.\") on 25 September 2004\\. His stay at Tamworth was not a long one, joining Northern Irish side [Cliftonville](/wiki/Cliftonville_F.C. \"Cliftonville F.C.\") on trial in November 2004\\.\n\nIn March 2005, Brown returned to the [Football League](/wiki/Football_League \"Football League\"), joining [Yeovil Town](/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C. \"Yeovil Town F.C.\"), but played just twice before being released at the end of the season.\n\nBrown joined [Weston\\-super\\-Mare](/wiki/Weston-super-Mare_A.F.C. \"Weston-super-Mare A.F.C.\") at the start of the 2005–06 season and was top scorer that season. He was leading scorer again for Weston when he left on 8 March 2007 to join [Conference South](/wiki/Conference_South \"Conference South\") rivals [Salisbury City](/wiki/Salisbury_City_F.C. \"Salisbury City F.C.\").\n\nIn the 2008 close season Brown was transfer listed by [Salisbury City](/wiki/Salisbury_City_F.C. \"Salisbury City F.C.\") boss [Nick Holmes](/wiki/Nick_Holmes_%28footballer%29 \"Nick Holmes (footballer)\") He left to rejoin Weston\\-super\\-Mare in July 2008\\.\n\nDuring the 2010 January transfer window he joined big spending [Southern Premier League](/wiki/Southern_Football_League \"Southern Football League\") team, [Truro City](/wiki/Truro_City_F.C. \"Truro City F.C.\"). He made his debut against Bashley United. He scored his first goal for Truro City, against [Leamington](/wiki/Leamington_F.C. \"Leamington F.C.\") in a 2–2 draw.\n\nHis older brother [Aaron](/wiki/Aaron_Brown_%28footballer_born_1980%29 \"Aaron Brown (footballer born 1980)\") is also a professional footballer.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [England profile](http://www.thefa.com/england/all-teams/players?p=331150) at theFA\n\n[Category:1983 births](/wiki/Category:1983_births \"1983 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Footballers from Bristol](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Bristol \"Footballers from Bristol\")\n[Category:English men's footballers](/wiki/Category:English_men%27s_footballers \"English men's footballers\")\n[Category:Bristol City F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Bristol_City_F.C._players \"Bristol City F.C. players\")\n[Category:Torquay United F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Torquay_United_F.C._players \"Torquay United F.C. players\")\n[Category:Cheltenham Town F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Cheltenham_Town_F.C._players \"Cheltenham Town F.C. players\")\n[Category:Forest Green Rovers F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Forest_Green_Rovers_F.C._players \"Forest Green Rovers F.C. players\")\n[Category:Tamworth F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Tamworth_F.C._players \"Tamworth F.C. players\")\n[Category:Yeovil Town F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Yeovil_Town_F.C._players \"Yeovil Town F.C. players\")\n[Category:Weston\\-super\\-Mare A.F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Weston-super-Mare_A.F.C._players \"Weston-super-Mare A.F.C. players\")\n[Category:Salisbury City F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Salisbury_City_F.C._players \"Salisbury City F.C. players\")\n[Category:Truro City F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Truro_City_F.C._players \"Truro City F.C. players\")\n[Category:Chippenham Town F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Chippenham_Town_F.C._players \"Chippenham Town F.C. players\")\n[Category:Men's association football forwards](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_forwards \"Men's association football forwards\")\n[Category:English Football League players](/wiki/Category:English_Football_League_players \"English Football League players\")\n[Category:Black British sportsmen](/wiki/Category:Black_British_sportsmen \"Black British sportsmen\")\n\n"
]
}
|
El Retén
|
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ratw5nhe6hn025dobsqomfhsu13su3p
|
2024-06-26T21:27:56Z
| 1,230,916,550 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Climate",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
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"\n\n**El Retén** is a town and municipality of the [Magdalena Department](/wiki/Magdalena_Department \"Magdalena Department\") in northern [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\").\n\n",
"Climate\n-------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Gobernacion del Magdalena \\- El Reten](https://web.archive.org/web/20070623030110/http://www.gobmagdalena.gov.co/default.asp?id=10&mnu=10)\n\n[Category:Municipalities of Magdalena Department](/wiki/Category:Municipalities_of_Magdalena_Department \"Municipalities of Magdalena Department\")\n\n"
]
}
|
First fix and second fix
|
{
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29863264
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6yujpt7wnie14epqrclvduupxywif4f
|
2023-10-14T17:36:48Z
| 1,124,422,821 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Electrical installations and \"third fixes\"",
"References"
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1,
2,
2
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"\n**First fix and second fix** are terms used in the UK and Irish [housebuilding](/wiki/Construction \"Construction\") and commercial building construction industry.\n\nFirst fix comprises all the work needed to take a [building](/wiki/Building \"Building\") from [foundation](/wiki/Foundation_%28architecture%29 \"Foundation (architecture)\") to putting [plaster](/wiki/Plaster \"Plaster\") on the internal [walls](/wiki/Wall \"Wall\"). This includes constructing walls, [floors](/wiki/Floor \"Floor\") and [ceilings](/wiki/Ceiling \"Ceiling\"), and inserting [cables](/wiki/Electrical_cable \"Electrical cable\") for [electrical supply](/wiki/Mains_electricity \"Mains electricity\") and [pipes](/wiki/Water_pipe \"Water pipe\") for [water supply](/wiki/Water_supply \"Water supply\").\n\nSome argue that First Fix starts after the shell of the building is complete, and ends when the walls are plastered. Here is a list, in no particular order, of the elements of First Fix.\n* Drain runs: must be downhill and straight\n* Spare conduits: draw strings\n* Soil pipes\n* Copper pipes\n* MVHR (mechanical [heat recovery ventilation](/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation \"Heat recovery ventilation\") runs)\n* Push\\-fit or other plastic piping\n* Electrical back boxes\n* Electricity cable runs\n* Telephone, data and audiovisual cables\n* Socket location\n* Security\n* Fire alarm\n* Normal pipes\n* Door bell\n* Door frames\n* Pocket doorframes\n* Stair well: floating / cantilevered?\n* Sound insulation\n* Plasterboarding\n\nThe list is not exhaustive.\n\nSecond fix comprises all the work after the plastering of a finished house. Electrical fixtures are connected to the cables, [sinks](/wiki/Sink \"Sink\") and [baths](/wiki/Bathtub \"Bathtub\") connected to the pipes, and [doors](/wiki/Door \"Door\") fitted into doorframes. Second fix work requires a neater finish than first fix.\n\nThe division of work is a convenient description because [electricians](/wiki/Electrician \"Electrician\"), [plumbers](/wiki/Plumber \"Plumber\") and [carpenters](/wiki/Carpenter \"Carpenter\") will probably have to make two separate visits to one property under construction, at separate times. [Project managers](/wiki/Project_manager \"Project manager\") can report \"first fix complete\" or \"second fix 50% done\" and others can understand.\n\nSome construction companies specialise in first fix work or second fix work, but most do both.\n\nIn North America, terms such as **roughing in** and **finishing** or **rough\\-in** and **finish work** are often heard, referring to similar concepts. Another related set of terms is **outside work** and **inside work** (the building is closed to the weather when the latter occurs). Carpenters speak of **rough work** and **trim work** (or framing versus trimming), and other fields have analogues, such as [machining](/wiki/Machining \"Machining\") (roughing versus finishing cuts) and communications (rough [draft](/wiki/Draft_document \"Draft document\") versus revised draft).\n\n",
"Electrical installations and \"third fixes\"\n------------------------------------------\n\nElectrical installations can be further divided into first, second and third fixes:Russell, Jack (2007\\). *The Streetwise Subbie: How to Survive the Contracts Jungle*. 3rd ed. Oxford: Newnes. . App. 4\n\n* First Fix: Positioning and securing of accessory boxes\n* Second Fix: Preparation and positioning of cables\n* Third Fix: Termination of conductors to accessories and protective devices\n\nAs modern society's reliance on technology increases, the need to properly house sensitive electronic equipment becomes a greater concern. The installation of this equipment takes place in the \"third fix\" segment of a construction project. It is especially important that installation of sensitive electronic equipment be installed only when a construction site is dust\\-controlled and prepared for what would be considered \"dust free\" conditions. For example, for the modern computer [server room](/wiki/Server_room \"Server room\"), equipment would be installed only when dust and atmospheric conditions are minimized and controlled. Similar to the atmospheric needs of medical and scientific research laboratories, the production of [discrete](/wiki/Discrete_component \"Discrete component\") [semiconductor devices](/wiki/Semiconductor_device \"Semiconductor device\") and [integrated circuits](/wiki/Integrated_circuit \"Integrated circuit\") is undertaken in a [cleanroom](/wiki/Cleanroom \"Cleanroom\") atmosphere where low levels of environmental pollutants such as particulates and airborne microbes are strictly minimised and most preferably eliminated.\n\nThe UK national building specifications, British Standard 5295:1989, specifically addresses \"clean room\" environments serving electronics manufacturers, as well as the pharmaceutical industry (the Pharmaceutical Industry has, for some time, worked to the ISO standard 14644 which is subtly different). Standard 5295:1989 specifically pertains to constructed interior spaces where higher than normal environmental standards must be maintained, in order to control particulate contamination, temperature and humidity. It is only at the third fix stage, when building site conditions are rendered virtually *dust free*, so as to minimise the introduction, generation and retention of particles which may contaminate equipment serving the electronics and pharmaceuticals manufacturing process, that the build\\-out of \"clean room\" spaces can commence.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Building engineering](/wiki/Category:Building_engineering \"Building engineering\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Charles Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel
|
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of882q9df4n8nlrvu63vi285ztqxr2i
|
2024-06-19T14:16:52Z
| 1,188,168,972 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Cricket career",
"Business career",
"Public service",
"Personal life",
"Works",
"References",
"External links"
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"\n\n**Charles Cuthbert Powell Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel**, (9 February 1933 – 30 December 2019) was a British business executive, [Labour](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 \"Labour Party (UK)\") [life peer](/wiki/Life_peer \"Life peer\") and member of the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\"). In his 20s he played [first\\-class cricket](/wiki/First-class_cricket \"First-class cricket\") while at university and for several seasons afterwards. He was the stepfather of [Justin Welby](/wiki/Justin_Welby \"Justin Welby\"), the [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury \"Archbishop of Canterbury\").\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nWilliams was born on 9 February 1933, the son of Dr [Norman Powell Williams](/wiki/Norman_Powell_Williams \"Norman Powell Williams\") (died 1943\\), [DD](/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity \"Doctor of Divinity\"), [Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity](/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Professor_of_Divinity \"Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity\") at the [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\") from 1927 to his death in 1943 and Canon of Christ Church, and Muriel de Lérisson Cazenove (died 1979\\),People of Today, Debrett's Ltd, 2006, p. 1746 from a landed gentry family.Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 3, ed. Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 4182Who's Who, 90th edition, H. O. Addison et al, A. \\& C. Black, 1938, p. 3632 His mother's brother was [Brigadier Arnold de Lérisson Cazenove](/wiki/Arnold_Cazenove \"Arnold Cazenove\").\n\nHe was educated at [Westminster School](/wiki/Westminster_School \"Westminster School\") and at [Christ Church, Oxford](/wiki/Christ_Church%2C_Oxford \"Christ Church, Oxford\"), where he received a [Bachelor of Arts](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts \"Bachelor of Arts\") in *[literae humaniores](/wiki/Literae_humaniores \"Literae humaniores\")* in 1955 and a [Master of Arts](/wiki/Master_of_Arts_%28Oxbridge%29 \"Master of Arts (Oxbridge)\"). Williams was further educated at the [London School of Economics](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics \"London School of Economics\"), where he graduated with a [Bachelor of Science](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science \"Bachelor of Science\") in 1964\\. Between 1955 and 1957, he served as [Subaltern](/wiki/Subaltern_%28military%29 \"Subaltern (military)\") in the Headquarters of the [King's Royal Rifle Corps](/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Rifle_Corps \"King's Royal Rifle Corps\") in [Winchester](/wiki/Winchester \"Winchester\") and in the regiment's 1st Battalion in [Derna](/wiki/Derna%2C_Libya \"Derna, Libya\") in [Libya](/wiki/Libya \"Libya\").\n\n",
"Cricket career\n--------------\n\nA right\\-handed middle order batsman, Williams played 87 [first\\-class cricket](/wiki/First-class_cricket \"First-class cricket\") matches, 40 of them for [Essex](/wiki/Essex_County_Cricket_Club \"Essex County Cricket Club\") and 42 for [Oxford University](/wiki/Oxford_University_Cricket_Club \"Oxford University Cricket Club\").\n\nHe made his first\\-class debut for Oxford University about halfway through the 1952 university cricket season and hit 53 in his first match, against [Sussex](/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club \"Sussex County Cricket Club\") in [The Parks](/wiki/The_Parks \"The Parks\"). In the return match at [Worthing](/wiki/Worthing \"Worthing\"), he made 74, but he did not retain his place and he was not selected for the [University Match](/wiki/University_Match_%28cricket%29 \"University Match (cricket)\") against [Cambridge](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Cricket_Club \"Cambridge University Cricket Club\"). When the university cricket season was over, Williams played for [Oxfordshire](/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Oxfordshire County Cricket Club\") in the [Minor Counties](/wiki/Minor_Counties \"Minor Counties\").\n\nIn 1953, Williams played regularly for the university side and in the match against [Free Foresters](/wiki/Free_Foresters_cricket_team \"Free Foresters cricket team\"), an itinerant amateur side of varying quality whose matches against the universities were considered first\\-class at this time, he made his first century, scoring 115 in a match ruined by rain. In the University Match, he made 40 and 5 as Oxford lost by two wickets in a close finish.\n\nThe 1954 season saw Williams achieve 1,000 runs in the season for the first time: he finished with 1128 at an average of 30\\.48 runs per innings. He was particularly successful for Oxford University, batting generally at No 3 and scoring 115 against [Lancashire](/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club \"Lancashire County Cricket Club\") and then an unbeaten 139 followed by 89 in the second innings in the match against [Hampshire](/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Hampshire County Cricket Club\"). He was not successful in the University Match, batting just once and scoring 14\\. Later in the summer, he played in 11 matches for Essex, but his highest score for the county was only 54\\.\n\nWilliams was captain of the Oxford University cricket team in his final year at the university, 1955\\. The team was not successful, failing to win any of its first\\-class matches, and Williams' captaincy attracted some criticism in [Wisden Cricketers' Almanack](/wiki/Wisden_Cricketers%27_Almanack \"Wisden Cricketers' Almanack\"). \"The weather was certainly against them, and in all their ten home games none was played through without some interference from rain and, altogether, nine and a half days of playing time were lost,\" Wisden wrote. \"That in itself may have undermined the determination of the side, though a more likely handicap to the individual players was the length of time C. C. P. Williams took to decide who would be in the XI to meet Cambridge. The freshmen were particularly affected and when the weeks passed and they were still playing for their places none of them was able to relax and play a natural game.\"\n\nWilliams started the season well with 120 in the first match, against [Gloucestershire](/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club \"Gloucestershire County Cricket Club\"). But his form declined and Oxford had the worse of a drawn University Match, though Williams' own second innings 47 not out helped save the game for his side. After the university season was over, he again played for Essex, and scored his first century in [County Championship](/wiki/County_Championship \"County Championship\") cricket, making 119 and sharing a fourth\\-wicket partnership of 200 with [Doug Insole](/wiki/Doug_Insole \"Doug Insole\") in the match against [Leicestershire](/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Cricket_Club \"Leicestershire County Cricket Club\") at [Leicester](/wiki/Leicester \"Leicester\"). The 1955 season was, in all, Williams' most successful: he made 1219 runs at an average of 31\\.25, both his highest seasonal aggregate and average.\n\nIn 1956 and 1957, Williams was on [National Service](/wiki/National_Service \"National Service\"). In the 1956 season, he played a couple of matches for the [Combined Services cricket team](/wiki/Combined_Services_cricket_team \"Combined Services cricket team\"), making an unbeaten 125 in the match against [Warwickshire](/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Warwickshire County Cricket Club\"). There were also a few matches in this season for Essex and one for [Marylebone Cricket Club](/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club \"Marylebone Cricket Club\") (MCC) at [Lord's](/wiki/Lord%27s \"Lord's\"); at the end of the season, he played in two matches at the [Scarborough Festival](/wiki/Scarborough_Festival \"Scarborough Festival\"), one for MCC against [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Yorkshire County Cricket Club\") in which he was used unsuccessfully as an opening batsman, and the second the [Gentlemen v Players](/wiki/Gentlemen_v_Players \"Gentlemen v Players\") match in which he made 0 and 1\\. These were his only games of representative cricket. In 1957, he played no first\\-class cricket at all.\n\nWilliams returned to first\\-class cricket in the second half of the 1958 season, playing 10 matches for Essex and adding what Wisden called \"extra stability\" to the county's batting. In 1959, he reappeared for four matches, but with no success, and these were his final first\\-class matches.\n\nWilliams had been an amateur cricketer and played for the Gentlemen against the Players. Social change after the Second World War led to a reaction against the cricketing concept of amateurism, often disparaged as \"shamateurism\", and in 1963 all first\\-class cricketers became nominally professional as, in effect, \"Players\". The last edition of the annual Gentlemen v Players fixture was at Scarborough in September 1962\\. The events leading to the abolition of amateurism are described by Williams in his 2012 book, *Gentlemen \\& Players*, appropriately subtitled *The Death of Amateurism in Cricket*.\n\n",
"Business career\n---------------\n\nWilliams worked for [British Petroleum Co. Ltd](/wiki/British_Petroleum_Co._Ltd \"British Petroleum Co. Ltd\") from 1958 to 1964\\. From 1964 to 1966, he was personal assistant to the manager of the [Guatemala](/wiki/Guatemala \"Guatemala\") branch of the [Bank of London and Montreal](/wiki/Bank_of_London_and_Montreal \"Bank of London and Montreal\") and from 1966 to 1970, he was manager of mergers and acquisitions of [Eurofinance SA Paris](/wiki/Eurofinance_SA_Paris \"Eurofinance SA Paris\"). For [Baring Bros \\& Co. Ltd](/wiki/Barings_Bank \"Barings Bank\"), he worked between 1970 and 1977, as managing director from 1971\\. From 1977 to 1979, he was chairman of the [Price Commission](/wiki/Price_Commission \"Price Commission\") and from 1985 to 1992 director of [Mirror Group Newspapers plc](/wiki/Mirror_Group_Newspapers \"Mirror Group Newspapers\"). Between 1979 and 1982, he was managing director of [Henry Ansbacher \\& Co. Ltd](/wiki/Henry_Ansbacher_%26_Co._Ltd \"Henry Ansbacher & Co. Ltd\") and between 1982 and 1985 of [Henry Ansbacher Holdings](/wiki/Henry_Ansbacher_Holdings \"Henry Ansbacher Holdings\").\n\n",
"Public service\n--------------\n\nIn the [1964 General Election](/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1964 United Kingdom general election\"), Williams stood unsuccessfully for Parliament as the Labour Party candidate for [Colchester](/wiki/Colchester_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Colchester (UK Parliament constituency)\"). In 1976 he unsuccessfully attempted to become the Labour candidate for the Vauxhall constituency.Chris Mullin, Hinterland, 2017\n\nFrom 1988 to 1990, Williams was chair of the [Academy of St Martin\\-in\\-the\\-Fields](/wiki/Academy_of_St_Martin-in-the-Fields \"Academy of St Martin-in-the-Fields\") and from 1989 to 1999 Busby trustee of [Westminster School](/wiki/Westminster_School \"Westminster School\"). For the [Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales](/wiki/Campaign_for_the_Protection_of_Rural_Wales \"Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales\") (CPRW), he was president between 1989 and 1995, and had been immediate past president and vice\\-president as well as president of its [Radnor](/wiki/Radnorshire \"Radnorshire\") branch since 1995\\. Appointed a [Commander of the Order of the British Empire](/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire \"Commander of the Order of the British Empire\") (CBE) in 1980, he was created a [life peer](/wiki/Life_peer \"Life peer\") on 22 May 1985 taking the title **Baron Williams of Elvel**, of [Llansantffraed](/wiki/Llansantffraed \"Llansantffraed\") in Elvel in the County of [Powys](/wiki/Powys \"Powys\"). He sat in the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\") as a [Labour](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 \"Labour Party (UK)\") peer. In 2013 he was appointed to the [Privy Council](/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Privy Council of the United Kingdom\").\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nIn 1975, he married [Jane Gillian Portal](/wiki/Jane_Williams%2C_Baroness_Williams_of_Elvel \"Jane Williams, Baroness Williams of Elvel\") (1929−2023\\). His stepson is the Most Revd and Right Hon [Justin Welby](/wiki/Justin_Welby \"Justin Welby\"), the 105th [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury \"Archbishop of Canterbury\"). Welby described him as a supportive stepfather. Williams died from heart disease at his home in [Chelsea, London](/wiki/Chelsea%2C_London \"Chelsea, London\"), on 30 December 2019, at the age of 86\\.\n\n",
"Works\n-----\n\n* 1993: *The Last Great Frenchman: A Life of [General de Gaulle](/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle \"Charles de Gaulle\")*\n* 1996: *[Bradman](/wiki/Don_Bradman \"Don Bradman\"): An Australian Hero*\n* 2000: *[Adenauer](/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer \"Konrad Adenauer\"): The Father of the New Germany*\n* 2005: *[Pétain](/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain \"Philippe Pétain\")*. Winner of the 2006 [Elizabeth Longford Prize for Historical Biography](/wiki/Elizabeth_Longford_Prize_for_Historical_Biography \"Elizabeth Longford Prize for Historical Biography\")\n* 2009: *[Harold Macmillan](/wiki/Harold_Macmillan \"Harold Macmillan\")*\n* 2012: *Gentlemen \\& Players: The Death of Amateurism in Cricket*\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Lord Williams of Elvel – UK Parliament](http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/lords/lord-williams-of-elvel/1728)\n\n[Category:1933 births](/wiki/Category:1933_births \"1933 births\")\n[Category:2019 deaths](/wiki/Category:2019_deaths \"2019 deaths\")\n[Category:20th\\-century British businesspeople](/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_businesspeople \"20th-century British businesspeople\")\n[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Christ_Church%2C_Oxford \"Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford\")\n[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_London_School_of_Economics \"Alumni of the London School of Economics\")\n[Category:British bankers](/wiki/Category:British_bankers \"British bankers\")\n[Category:British sportsperson\\-politicians](/wiki/Category:British_sportsperson-politicians \"British sportsperson-politicians\")\n[Category:Combined Services cricketers](/wiki/Category:Combined_Services_cricketers \"Combined Services cricketers\")\n[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire](/wiki/Category:Commanders_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire \"Commanders of the Order of the British Empire\")\n[Category:Cricketers from Oxford](/wiki/Category:Cricketers_from_Oxford \"Cricketers from Oxford\")\n[Category:English biographers](/wiki/Category:English_biographers \"English biographers\")\n[Category:English cricketers](/wiki/Category:English_cricketers \"English cricketers\")\n[Category:Essex cricketers](/wiki/Category:Essex_cricketers \"Essex cricketers\")\n[Category:Gentlemen cricketers](/wiki/Category:Gentlemen_cricketers \"Gentlemen cricketers\")\n[Category:King's Royal Rifle Corps officers](/wiki/Category:King%27s_Royal_Rifle_Corps_officers \"King's Royal Rifle Corps officers\")\n[Williams of Elvel](/wiki/Category:Labour_Party_%28UK%29_life_peers \"Labour Party (UK) life peers\")\n[Category:Life peers created by Elizabeth II](/wiki/Category:Life_peers_created_by_Elizabeth_II \"Life peers created by Elizabeth II\")\n[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers](/wiki/Category:Marylebone_Cricket_Club_cricketers \"Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers\")\n[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:Oxford University cricketers](/wiki/Category:Oxford_University_cricketers \"Oxford University cricketers\")\n[Category:Oxfordshire cricketers](/wiki/Category:Oxfordshire_cricketers \"Oxfordshire cricketers\")\n[Category:People educated at Westminster School, London](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Westminster_School%2C_London \"People educated at Westminster School, London\")\n[Category:Politicians from Oxford](/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Oxford \"Politicians from Oxford\")\n[Charles](/wiki/Category:Cazenove_family \"Cazenove family\")\n[Charles](/wiki/Category:Williams_family_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Williams family (United Kingdom)\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Whitegate, Ireland
|
{
"id": [
431183
],
"name": [
"A bit iffy"
]
}
|
01yqfoqgdnbyo1ykzvxlj6z5oglkhd7
|
2024-01-29T22:10:01Z
| 933,248,789 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Whitegate, Ireland"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Whitegate, Ireland** may refer to:\n\n* [Whitegate, County Clare](/wiki/Whitegate%2C_County_Clare \"Whitegate, County Clare\"), a village\n* [Whitegate, County Cork](/wiki/Whitegate%2C_County_Cork \"Whitegate, County Cork\"), village\n* [Whitegate power station](/wiki/Whitegate_power_station \"Whitegate power station\"), County Cork, a generating station in Cork Harbour\n* [Whitegate refinery](/wiki/Whitegate_refinery \"Whitegate refinery\"), County Cork, an oil refinery in Cork Harbour\n\n"
]
}
|
Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game
|
{
"id": [
41465980
],
"name": [
"HypeBoy"
]
}
|
rbuy4c1l05sn5y8igdb7e70nqpmk3dt
|
2024-10-17T06:20:19Z
| 1,251,641,234 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Prologue",
"Game report",
"First three quarters",
"Breaking records",
"Finale",
"Aftermath",
"Legacy",
"Box score",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[Wilt Chamberlain](/wiki/Wilt_Chamberlain \"Wilt Chamberlain\") set the [single\\-game scoring record](/wiki/List_of_National_Basketball_Association_single-game_scoring_leaders \"List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders\") in the [National Basketball Association](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\") (NBA) by scoring 100 points for the [Philadelphia Warriors](/wiki/Philadelphia_Warriors \"Philadelphia Warriors\") in a 169–147 win over the [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks \"New York Knicks\") on March 2, 1962, at [Hershey Sports Arena](/wiki/Hersheypark_Arena \"Hersheypark Arena\") in [Hershey, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Hershey%2C_Pennsylvania \"Hershey, Pennsylvania\"), United States. It is widely considered one of the greatest records in the sport's history. Chamberlain set five other [league records](/wiki/NBA_regular_season_records \"NBA regular season records\") that game, including most [free throws](/wiki/Free_throw \"Free throw\") made, a notable achievement, as he was regarded as a poor free throw shooter. The teams broke the record for [most combined points in a game](/wiki/List_of_highest-scoring_NBA_games \"List of highest-scoring NBA games\") (316\\).\n\n[That season](/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_NBA_season \"1961–62 NBA season\"), Chamberlain averaged a [single\\-season record 50\\.4 points per game](/wiki/List_of_National_Basketball_Association_single-season_scoring_leaders \"List of National Basketball Association single-season scoring leaders\"), and he broke the NBA single\\-game scoring record (71\\) earlier in the season in December with 78 points. The third\\-year [center](/wiki/Center_%28basketball%29 \"Center (basketball)\") had already set season scoring records in his first two seasons. During the fourth quarter, the Knicks began [fouling](/wiki/Foul_%28basketball%29 \"Foul (basketball)\") other players to keep the ball away from Chamberlain, and they also became deliberate on offense to reduce the number of possessions for Philadelphia. The Warriors countered by committing fouls of their own to get the ball back.\n\nThe game was not televised, and no video footage of the game has been recovered; there are only audio recordings of the game's fourth quarter. The NBA was not yet recognized as a [major sports league](/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\") and struggled to compete against [college basketball](/wiki/College_basketball \"College basketball\"). The attendance at the game was approximately half of capacity, and no members of the New York press were present.\n\n",
"Prologue\n--------\n\nA and [center](/wiki/Center_%28basketball%29 \"Center (basketball)\"),[Cherry 2004](/wiki/%23cherry2004 \"#cherry2004\"), p. xviii. Chamberlain was in his third season in the NBA, having set [season scoring records](/wiki/List_of_National_Basketball_Association_top_individual_scoring_season_averages \"List of National Basketball Association top individual scoring season averages\") in each of his first two seasons with 37\\.6 and then 38\\.4 points per game.[Cherry 2004](/wiki/%23cherry2004 \"#cherry2004\"), pp. 97, 99 [Frank McGuire](/wiki/Frank_McGuire \"Frank McGuire\"), the Warriors' new coach, started the season vowing to get the ball to Chamberlain \"two\\-thirds of the time.\" *[Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated \"Sports Illustrated\")* wrote that McGuire's \"eventual effect may be to measurably change the character of professional basketball from the brawling, hustling, cigar\\-in\\-the\\-face and eye\\-on\\-the\\-till game it has been for decades to the major league sport which it longs and deserves to be.\" He was determined to play Chamberlain every minute of every game; the center had missed only eight minutes and 33 seconds that season due to disqualification in a game from [technical fouls](/wiki/Technical_fouls \"Technical fouls\").[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 81, 119 In three earlier games that week, Chamberlain had scored 67, 65, and 61 points respectively,[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 20 giving him an already\\-record [15 times scoring 60 or more points](/wiki/List_of_National_Basketball_Association_single-game_scoring_leaders \"List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders\") in his career. He was closing in on 4,000 points for the season, needing 237 more; no other player had ever scored 3,000 points at that point. On December 8, 1961, in a triple overtime game versus the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers \"Los Angeles Lakers\"), he set a new NBA record by scoring 78 points, breaking the record of 71 previously set by [Elgin Baylor](/wiki/Elgin_Baylor \"Elgin Baylor\"). Legendary Laker broadcaster [Chick Hearn](/wiki/Chick_Hearn \"Chick Hearn\") often told the story that after the game, he asked Baylor if it bothered him that Chamberlain had an extra 15 minutes to break the record. According to Hearn, Baylor said he was not concerned because \"someday that guy is going to score 100\".Curry, Chuck. (2001, October 24\\). \"[A Tribute to Wilt Chamberlain](http://www.nba.com/news/wilt_tribute000113.html) \", [NBA.com](/wiki/NBA.com \"NBA.com\"). Rival center [Bill Russell](/wiki/Bill_Russell \"Bill Russell\") predicted, \"\\[Chamberlain] has the size, strength, and stamina to score one hundred some night.\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 158 In a high school game in 1955, Chamberlain had scored 90 points in a 123–21 victory. *[The Philadelphia Inquirer](/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\")* wrote, \"Chamberlain might have hit 100 if he had played the entire 32 minutes.\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 159–160\n\n[thumb\\|[George Mikan](/wiki/George_Mikan \"George Mikan\") (No. 99\\), shown here in college, dominated the NBA before Chamberlain.](/wiki/File:GeorgeMikan.jpg \"GeorgeMikan.jpg\")\nBefore Chamberlain, the most dominant [big man](/wiki/Big_man_%28basketball%29 \"Big man (basketball)\") in the NBA had been [George Mikan](/wiki/George_Mikan \"George Mikan\"). In November 1950, the [Fort Wayne Pistons](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Pistons \"Fort Wayne Pistons\") held the ball for minutes at a time without shooting to limit the impact of the [Minneapolis Lakers](/wiki/Minneapolis_Lakers \"Minneapolis Lakers\")' Mikan. The Pistons attempted 13 shots in the game, and won 19–18\\.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 31–32 NBA President [Maurice Podoloff](/wiki/Maurice_Podoloff \"Maurice Podoloff\") said, \"In our game, with the number of stars we have, we of necessity run up big scores.\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 33 In the , teams averaged just over 80 points per game. The NBA introduced the 24\\-second [shot clock](/wiki/Shot_clock \"Shot clock\") in 1954, and league scoring and attendance increased. By the , teams were averaging 119 points each game.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 33–34 Chamberlain that season was one of 37 [black](/wiki/African_American \"African American\") players in the league, the NBA having started the [integration of blacks in 1950](/wiki/Racial_integration_in_the_NBA \"Racial integration in the NBA\").[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 52–53, 186 With their emergence, the NBA game was stylistically being played faster and above the [rim](/wiki/Basketball_rim \"Basketball rim\"). Many of the league's great players were black, and blacks believed they were limited by a league [quota](/wiki/Racial_quota \"Racial quota\") of four black players per team.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 53, 123 Critics suggested that basketball was becoming uninteresting with taller players dominating.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 57–58, 112–113, 122 Warriors teammate [Joe Ruklick](/wiki/Joe_Ruklick \"Joe Ruklick\") thought that \"the attitude \\[among white players in the NBA] was, in my opinion, '\\[Chamberlain] is a freak who will come and go. There will never be a black guy doing this again.'\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 205 Chamberlain, nicknamed *Dipper*, was revolutionizing the sport with his [slam dunks](/wiki/Slam_dunks \"Slam dunks\"), nicknamed the *Dipper Dunk*.[Cherry 2004, pp. 22–23](/wiki/%23cherry2004 \"#cherry2004\") Traditionalists considered dunking poor [sportsmanship](/wiki/Sportsmanship \"Sportsmanship\"), and their occurrence was rare. As the league's second\\-tallest player,[Swede Halbrook](/wiki/Swede_Halbrook \"Swede Halbrook\") of the [Syracuse Nationals](/wiki/Syracuse_Nationals \"Syracuse Nationals\") was Chamberlain began dunking more regularly. He was still more of a finesse player, preferring [fadeaway](/wiki/Fadeaway \"Fadeaway\") shots and [finger rolls](/wiki/Finger_rolls \"Finger rolls\"). He rarely dunked forcefully. Teammate [Paul Arizin](/wiki/Paul_Arizin \"Paul Arizin\") believed Chamberlain did not want to be perceived as great merely by being tall.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 20, 36–37, 57\n\nThere was little advance excitement about the pending Warriors\\-Knicks game that Friday. Only five games remained in the regular season, with the Warriors (46–29\\) in second place—eleven games behind the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\")—and the Knicks in last place.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 25 Chamberlain had spent the night before the game in New York City,Despite playing for Philadelphia, Chamberlain lived in Manhattan; he commuted to Philadelphia each day for the team's activities. partying all night with a female companion before dropping her off at her home at 6am With no sleep and suffering from a [hangover](/wiki/Hangover \"Hangover\"), he boarded the train to [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") at 8am, met several friends at the Philadelphia train station, and had a long lunch with them, thus almost missing the team bus to Hershey. The other players were similarly bored. Warriors player [York Larese](/wiki/York_Larese \"York Larese\") said, \"The biggest thrill in my life was to see that. There was nothing exciting about the Knicks playing the Warriors in Hershey. Chocolate was more exciting.\" The game was played at [Hershey Sports Arena](/wiki/Hershey_Sports_Arena \"Hershey Sports Arena\"), an old, drafty gym originally built for [ice hockey](/wiki/Ice_hockey \"Ice hockey\"). The league occasionally played games in remote towns to attract new fans. This was the Warriors' third \"home\" game of the season in Hershey, which was from Philadelphia.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 11, 24, 74–75[Cherry 2004](/wiki/%23cherry2004 \"#cherry2004\"), p. 109 The Warriors' [Tom Meschery](/wiki/Tom_Meschery \"Tom Meschery\") called the arena \"god\\-forsaken place... The town of Hershey was built around a huge chocolate factory; everything there became permeated with the smell of chocolate. It was practically impossible to stay indoors; people felt sick. I was just dreaming to leave the place as fast as I could.\"\n\nOn a cold, rainy Friday night, only 4,124 spectators paid to see the game, primarily to see players from the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles \"Philadelphia Eagles\") play an exhibition basketball game against their colleagues from the [Baltimore Colts](/wiki/History_of_the_Baltimore_Colts \"History of the Baltimore Colts\") before the NBA game started. The arena's capacity was over 8,000, and Warriors owner [Eddie Gottlieb](/wiki/Eddie_Gottlieb \"Eddie Gottlieb\") was infamous for exaggerating attendance numbers. Warriors home attendance had dropped from 7,000 in Chamberlain's rookie season to less than 5,000 in this, his third, season.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 77 [College basketball](/wiki/College_basketball \"College basketball\") had started offering doubleheaders during the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") to provide customers value for their money. Fans had grown accustomed to watching two games, so doubleheaders in the NBA became common.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 108\n\nThe NBA was still struggling in its 16th season, not yet a major sports league and less established than [college basketball](/wiki/College_basketball \"College basketball\"). The league was hardly national, with only one team, the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers \"Los Angeles Lakers\"), west of [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis \"St. Louis\"). The NBA received low [television ratings](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings \"Nielsen ratings\"), and this game was not televised.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 10–11 The [National Broadcasting Company](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") (NBC) considered not renewing the league's television contract. No members from the New York press were present, as reporters were in Florida covering [spring training](/wiki/Spring_training \"Spring training\") for the [New York Yankees](/wiki/New_York_Yankees \"New York Yankees\") and the expansion [New York Mets](/wiki/New_York_Mets \"New York Mets\").[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 107 With few in the media present, the Warriors' publicist was tasked this night with being the [stringer](/wiki/Stringer_%28journalism%29 \"Stringer (journalism)\") for the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") (AP), [United Press International](/wiki/United_Press_International \"United Press International\") (UPI), and *The Philadelphia Inquirer*.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 117–118 Only two photographers were at the game.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 11\n\nThe Knicks were shorthanded, with their starting center, [Phil Jordon](/wiki/Phil_Jordon \"Phil Jordon\"), out with an illness,[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 113 officially reported as [influenza](/wiki/Influenza \"Influenza\") but it was widely suspected he was simply [hung over](/wiki/Hangover \"Hangover\"). Jordon, in an early\\-season game, had played Chamberlain even, scoring 33 points to the Warriors center's 34\\.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 142 The Knicks instead started , , second\\-year player [Darrall Imhoff](/wiki/Darrall_Imhoff \"Darrall Imhoff\"), a strong defensive player in college who led the [California Golden Bears](/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_men%27s_basketball \"California Golden Bears men's basketball\") to the [NCAA championship in 1959](/wiki/1959_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament \"1959 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\") and won a gold medal in [the 1960 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1960_United_States_men%27s_Olympic_basketball_team \"1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team\").[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. xiii, 102, 106 New York also had , , backup center [Cleveland Buckner](/wiki/Cleveland_Buckner \"Cleveland Buckner\"), a better shooter than a defender who Chamberlain had overpowered for an NBA record 28 points in one quarter two days earlier.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. xiii, 56–57, 111\n\n",
"Game report\n-----------\n\n### First three quarters\n\nAccording to McGuire, the game did not start with any game plan to get Chamberlain 100 points.[Pluto 2000](/wiki/%23pluto2000 \"#pluto2000\"), p.220 After a few minutes, the Warriors led 19–3, and their star center had already scored 13 points and made his first five shots.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 37 At the end of the first quarter, the Knicks trailed 42–26, and in his typical style, Chamberlain had already scored 23 points, making all nine of his free throws.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p.40 Free throws were the weakest part of his game: he made barely more than half in his first two seasons. He had started shooting free throws underhanded that season per McGuire's suggestion.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 62, 81 Chamberlain at that point was thinking more about a free throw shooting record than scoring a lot of points; the NBA record was 24 free throws made in a game. Imhoff was soon benched because of foul trouble. [*The Charlotte Observer*; Elder, Jeff; (January 18, 2007\\) Page 1E](http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=search&s_dispstring=Jeff%20Elder%20AND%20Darrall%20Imhoff%20AND%20Wilt%20Chamberlain%20AND%20date(all)) \"Truth about Wilt scoring 100 points.\" Retrieved on April 14, 2007\\. After one foul, he snapped at the [referee](/wiki/Official_%28basketball%29 \"Official (basketball)\"), \"Well, why don't you just give the guy a hundred now and we'll all go home!\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p.38 Neither referee had ever been a lead official before, and Imhoff privately wished a stronger lead was working the game.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp.37–8 By halftime, the Warriors had lost some of their edge, but still led 79–68\\. Chamberlain's point total stood at 41\\. The Warriors felt little excitement, as he had scored 60 or more points on 15 previous occasions. \"I often came into the locker room with 30 or 35 points, therefore, 41 points was not a big deal\", Chamberlain later explained. During halftime, the Warriors' [Guy Rodgers](/wiki/Guy_Rodgers \"Guy Rodgers\") said, \"Let's get the ball to Dip. Let's see how many he can get.\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 96 McGuire agreed.\n\nThis simple tactic proved unstoppable. Soon, he had surpassed 50 points, causing arena speaker [Dave Zinkoff](/wiki/Dave_Zinkoff \"Dave Zinkoff\") to fire up the previously sleepy crowd. Chamberlain also kept his cool despite getting perpetually triple and quadruple\\-teamed by the Knicks, who did not shy away from hard fouls to distract the center. McGuire was irate and demanded that the referees call more fouls, but Chamberlain could not be stopped.[Cherry 2004](/wiki/%23cherry2004 \"#cherry2004\"), pp. 109–115\\. He scored another 28 points to lift his Warriors to a commanding 125–106 lead by the end of the third quarter. His own total stood at 69, nine shy of his previous scoring record. The Knicks' third center, [Dave Budd](/wiki/Dave_Budd \"Dave Budd\"), who alternated with the foul\\-troubled Imhoff at pivot, later stated that resistance was futile: \n\n> You couldn't play \\[Chamberlain] conventionally because he was so big. The only thing you could attempt to do was either front him, and in that case they'd try to lob it in to him, or beat him down the floor and set up where he wanted to get and force him out a couple of extra steps. The guy weighed 300 or 270 \\[pounds], so that wasn't easy, either.\n\nChamberlain now realized he could break his own 73\\-point scoring record (for a regulation 48\\-minute game) or his record 78 points, set in triple [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28basketball%29 \"Overtime (basketball)\").\n\n### Breaking records\n\n[Dave Zinkoff](/wiki/Dave_Zinkoff \"Dave Zinkoff\"), the public address announcer, began announcing Chamberlain's point total after each of his baskets. With ten minutes to play in the game, Warriors forward [Tom Meschery](/wiki/Tom_Meschery \"Tom Meschery\") sensed the team concept breaking down. The team's offense had shifted to getting Chamberlain the ball and then stopping and watching instead of cutting and moving without the ball.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 147, 168 Chamberlain needed 25 points with eight minutes remaining to reach 100, a rate equivalent to 150 points in a full game.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 153 He scored his 79th point with 7:51 left, breaking his own record and sending the crowd into a frenzy. The 4,124 spectators screamed, \"Give it to Wilt! Give it to Wilt!\" After he reached 80, the crowd yelled for 100\\. Chamberlain thought, \"Man, these people are tough. I'm tired. I've got 80 points and no one has ever scored 80\\.\" The Warriors continued giving Chamberlain the ball. Warrior [Al Attles](/wiki/Al_Attles \"Al Attles\") later explained, \"We wanted that Wilt got the record, because we all liked him.\" Attles himself led by example, passing up on an easy layup so that Chamberlain could score points 88 and 89, five minutes before the end.\n\nWith six minutes remaining, the Knicks began intentionally fouling any Warrior except Chamberlain, keeping the ball out of the center's hands.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 166[Cherry 2004](/wiki/%23cherry2004 \"#cherry2004\"), p.111 New York also began moving the ball slowly and using as much of the shot clock as possible to leave fewer opportunities for him to score.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p.167 Effectively, they played the opposite of what a normal club would do if they faced a deficit, willingly giving up many easy points instead of making attempts to rally back. Meschery said the Warriors lobbed the ball in from the sideline across the floor directly to Chamberlain, who would use his size and strength to get the ball.[Pluto 2000](/wiki/%23pluto2000 \"#pluto2000\"), p. 221 Chamberlain was the only Warrior to make a [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28basketball%29 \"Field goal (basketball)\") in almost four minutes before Meschery made a [jump shot](/wiki/Jump_shot_%28basketball%29 \"Jump shot (basketball)\") at 4:15\\.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 168 Philadelphia began quickly fouling New York with around four minutes left, reciprocating the intentional foul strategy.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 169, 172 Warriors coach [Frank McGuire](/wiki/Frank_McGuire \"Frank McGuire\") at one point pulled out his entire starting five, save Chamberlain, and replaced them with bench players.Starters Meschery, Attles, Rodgers, and Arizin were replaced by reserves Ruklick, Larese, [Ed Conlin](/wiki/Ed_Conlin \"Ed Conlin\") and [Ted Luckenbill](/wiki/Ted_Luckenbill \"Ted Luckenbill\"). The intention was to foul the Knicks, get the ball back after free throws and give Chamberlain the ball. Thus each team spent the last minutes fouling each other. The Warriors ended with 25 personal fouls, and the Knicks with 32, and lost Imhoff and [Willie Naulls](/wiki/Willie_Naulls \"Willie Naulls\") with six fouls.\n\nWith 2:12 left, Chamberlain had 94 points, and he scored on a fadeaway for his 96th point. His next basket at 1:19 came off a lob pass from [York Larese](/wiki/York_Larese \"York Larese\") for a powerful dunk that was rare for Chamberlain. [Gary M. Pomerantz](/wiki/Gary_M._Pomerantz \"Gary M. Pomerantz\") in his book *Wilt, 1962: The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era* wrote that Chamberlain's usual \"Dipper Dunk\" was \"a considerably less emphatic basket stuff, like a rock that barely ripples the pond.\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 173 With less than a minute left in the game, Chamberlain set up in the post. Ruklick passed to Rodgers, who passed to Chamberlain close to the basket, but he missed the shot. [Ted Luckenbill](/wiki/Ted_Luckenbill \"Ted Luckenbill\") rebounded and passed it back to Chamberlain, who missed again. Luckenbill again rebounded and this time passed to Ruklick, who eschewed an easy layup and instead lobbed a high pass to Chamberlain. With 46 seconds left, Chamberlain got free from the five Knicks, jumped high and put the ball into the basket to hit the century mark. Eyewitness accounts of the historic basket differ as to whether Chamberlain merely laid the ball in(February 1, 2006\\). \"[Remembering 100](http://www.nba.com/features/remembering100_0609126.html) \". NBA.com. or actually stuffed the ball through the hoop for an [alley\\-oop](/wiki/Alley-oop \"Alley-oop\") slam dunk. In any event, the arena exploded in a frenzy, and over 200 spectators stormed the floor, wanting to touch the hero of the night. Ruklick immediately ran to the scorer's table to ensure that he was officially credited with the assist.\n\n### Finale\n\nFor years, the belief was that the final 46 seconds of the game were not played after Chamberlain scored his 100th point due to the celebration on the court;[Cherry 2004](/wiki/%23cherry2004 \"#cherry2004\"), p.112Ostler, Scott. (March 2, 1987\\). \"[100 Astonishing Points 25 Years Ago Today, Wilt Chamberlain Made NBA History](https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/58253595.html?dids=58253595:58253595&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+02%2C+1987&author=SCOTT+OSTLER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=100+ASTONISHING+POINTS+25+Years+Ago+Today%2C+Wilt+Chamberlain+Made+NBA+History) .\" *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* Chamberlain himself was quoted as having made that claim.Schneider, Marv. [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). (March 5, 1982\\). \"[A 20th Anniversary Sneaks Up on Wilt](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Cf0yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WoMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6580,1318556&dq=wilt-chamberlain+100+46-seconds&hl=en) \", *[The Deseret News](/wiki/The_Deseret_News \"The Deseret News\")*, page 2D. However, recordings from the [WCAU](/wiki/WCAU_Radio \"WCAU Radio\") radio broadcast include announcer [Bill Campbell](/wiki/Bill_Campbell_%28sportscaster%29 \"Bill Campbell (sportscaster)\") resuming his [play\\-by\\-play](/wiki/Play-by-play \"Play-by-play\") call after Chamberlain's 100th point and calling the game to its conclusion. (The web page's interactive audio broadcast of the game uses [Adobe Flash Player](/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player \"Adobe Flash Player\").) A copy of the radio broadcast of the game was only uncovered in 1988\\. WCAU's original game tape had been recorded over by one of its engineers, a standard practice in those days. However, a Philadelphian had recorded with a [Dictaphone](/wiki/Dictaphone \"Dictaphone\") part of Campbell's coverage in the fourth quarter, but only the Warriors' possessions. Two years later, a [reel\\-to\\-reel tape](/wiki/Reel-to-reel_tape \"Reel-to-reel tape\") of Campbell's entire fourth quarter call surfaced; [Jim Trelease](/wiki/Jim_Trelease \"Jim Trelease\"), then a college student at the [University of Massachusetts](/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst \"University of Massachusetts Amherst\"), had recorded a 3am re\\-broadcast of the fourth quarter of the game. The NBA merged the reel\\-to\\-reel with the Dictaphone tape, which also included a short [postgame show](/wiki/Postgame_show \"Postgame show\").[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 203 German sports journalist Gunter Bork specified that the interruption resulting from Chamberlain's 100th point lasted for nine minutes, after which play continued.\n\nOver the years, [Harvey Pollack](/wiki/Harvey_Pollack \"Harvey Pollack\"), who at the time was in charge of publicity and statistics for the Warriors, has given conflicting statements on the question. In a 1992 book, he was twice quoted as saying that the game ended with 46 seconds remaining. But in a 2002 interview quoted by Chamberlain biographer Robert Cherry, Pollack said that the last 46 seconds were played, and that Chamberlain just stood in the middle circle, waiting for the game to end and not wanting to touch the ball, as \"100 sounded better than 102\".Maaddi, Rob. (March 2, 2002\\). [\"Wilt's 100\\-point game Brings Back Memories\"](http://www.onlineathens.com/stories/030302/spo_0303020056.shtml) [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). The game's official box score notes that Warrior [Joe Ruklick](/wiki/Joe_Ruklick \"Joe Ruklick\") missed two free throws after the break. Ruklick said he planned to miss the second free throw in hopes that Chamberlain might rebound it and get 102 points.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 179–180\n\nThe radio postgame show reported the Warriors defeating the Knicks 169–150\\. However, the official scorer's report recorded the game as 169–147, a discrepancy that has never been explained.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 180 Chamberlain made 36 of 63 field\\-goals and 28 of 32 [free throws](/wiki/Free_throw \"Free throw\"), the latter a far better rate than his roughly 50% career average. In two earlier games at Hershey that season, Chamberlain had made a combined 27 of 38 free throws, 71 percent. The basket rims at the arena were aged, flimsy, and forgiving. Balls would bounce off of typical firm rims, whereas balls near the rim in Hershey were apt to get a good roll and fall in.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 116–117 Playing all 48 minutes of the game, Chamberlain set NBA records for field goals attempted (63\\) and made (36\\), free throws made (28\\), most points in a quarter (31\\), and half (59\\). He averaged 73 points in four games that week, exceeding 60 in all of them.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 195\n\nRodgers finished with a game\\-high 20 assists and later said: \"It was the easiest game ever for me to get assists, all I had to do was pass it to Wilt.\" Attles was a defensive specialist who rarely scored, yet went 8–8 from the field and hit his single free throw. He later lamented, \"In the game where I literally couldn't miss, Wilt had to go out and score 100\\.\"\n\nThe Warriors and Knicks combined for a record 316 points. Philadelphia fell short of the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\")' then\\-record of 173 points in a game.[Cherry 2004](/wiki/%23cherry2004 \"#cherry2004\"), pp. 112–113 It was not uncommon for late\\-season NBA games to feature little defense. Celtics guard [Bob Cousy](/wiki/Bob_Cousy \"Bob Cousy\") said that the level of play in the NBA decreased as the season progressed, and \"defenses are out of gas\" by the end of the season.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 112\n\nThe following night, Chamberlain got permission to travel back to New York with three Knicks players. According to Cherry, Chamberlain drifted in and out of sleep and got a kick overhearing the New York players talk about the \"S.O.B. who scored 100 points on us\". On March 4, the Warriors played the Knicks again in [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_%281925%29 \"Madison Square Garden (1925)\"), and Imhoff got a standing ovation for \"holding\" Chamberlain to 58 points.\n\n",
"### First three quarters\n\nAccording to McGuire, the game did not start with any game plan to get Chamberlain 100 points.[Pluto 2000](/wiki/%23pluto2000 \"#pluto2000\"), p.220 After a few minutes, the Warriors led 19–3, and their star center had already scored 13 points and made his first five shots.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 37 At the end of the first quarter, the Knicks trailed 42–26, and in his typical style, Chamberlain had already scored 23 points, making all nine of his free throws.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p.40 Free throws were the weakest part of his game: he made barely more than half in his first two seasons. He had started shooting free throws underhanded that season per McGuire's suggestion.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 62, 81 Chamberlain at that point was thinking more about a free throw shooting record than scoring a lot of points; the NBA record was 24 free throws made in a game. Imhoff was soon benched because of foul trouble. [*The Charlotte Observer*; Elder, Jeff; (January 18, 2007\\) Page 1E](http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=search&s_dispstring=Jeff%20Elder%20AND%20Darrall%20Imhoff%20AND%20Wilt%20Chamberlain%20AND%20date(all)) \"Truth about Wilt scoring 100 points.\" Retrieved on April 14, 2007\\. After one foul, he snapped at the [referee](/wiki/Official_%28basketball%29 \"Official (basketball)\"), \"Well, why don't you just give the guy a hundred now and we'll all go home!\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p.38 Neither referee had ever been a lead official before, and Imhoff privately wished a stronger lead was working the game.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp.37–8 By halftime, the Warriors had lost some of their edge, but still led 79–68\\. Chamberlain's point total stood at 41\\. The Warriors felt little excitement, as he had scored 60 or more points on 15 previous occasions. \"I often came into the locker room with 30 or 35 points, therefore, 41 points was not a big deal\", Chamberlain later explained. During halftime, the Warriors' [Guy Rodgers](/wiki/Guy_Rodgers \"Guy Rodgers\") said, \"Let's get the ball to Dip. Let's see how many he can get.\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 96 McGuire agreed.\n\nThis simple tactic proved unstoppable. Soon, he had surpassed 50 points, causing arena speaker [Dave Zinkoff](/wiki/Dave_Zinkoff \"Dave Zinkoff\") to fire up the previously sleepy crowd. Chamberlain also kept his cool despite getting perpetually triple and quadruple\\-teamed by the Knicks, who did not shy away from hard fouls to distract the center. McGuire was irate and demanded that the referees call more fouls, but Chamberlain could not be stopped.[Cherry 2004](/wiki/%23cherry2004 \"#cherry2004\"), pp. 109–115\\. He scored another 28 points to lift his Warriors to a commanding 125–106 lead by the end of the third quarter. His own total stood at 69, nine shy of his previous scoring record. The Knicks' third center, [Dave Budd](/wiki/Dave_Budd \"Dave Budd\"), who alternated with the foul\\-troubled Imhoff at pivot, later stated that resistance was futile: \n\n> You couldn't play \\[Chamberlain] conventionally because he was so big. The only thing you could attempt to do was either front him, and in that case they'd try to lob it in to him, or beat him down the floor and set up where he wanted to get and force him out a couple of extra steps. The guy weighed 300 or 270 \\[pounds], so that wasn't easy, either.\n\nChamberlain now realized he could break his own 73\\-point scoring record (for a regulation 48\\-minute game) or his record 78 points, set in triple [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28basketball%29 \"Overtime (basketball)\").\n\n",
"### Breaking records\n\n[Dave Zinkoff](/wiki/Dave_Zinkoff \"Dave Zinkoff\"), the public address announcer, began announcing Chamberlain's point total after each of his baskets. With ten minutes to play in the game, Warriors forward [Tom Meschery](/wiki/Tom_Meschery \"Tom Meschery\") sensed the team concept breaking down. The team's offense had shifted to getting Chamberlain the ball and then stopping and watching instead of cutting and moving without the ball.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 147, 168 Chamberlain needed 25 points with eight minutes remaining to reach 100, a rate equivalent to 150 points in a full game.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 153 He scored his 79th point with 7:51 left, breaking his own record and sending the crowd into a frenzy. The 4,124 spectators screamed, \"Give it to Wilt! Give it to Wilt!\" After he reached 80, the crowd yelled for 100\\. Chamberlain thought, \"Man, these people are tough. I'm tired. I've got 80 points and no one has ever scored 80\\.\" The Warriors continued giving Chamberlain the ball. Warrior [Al Attles](/wiki/Al_Attles \"Al Attles\") later explained, \"We wanted that Wilt got the record, because we all liked him.\" Attles himself led by example, passing up on an easy layup so that Chamberlain could score points 88 and 89, five minutes before the end.\n\nWith six minutes remaining, the Knicks began intentionally fouling any Warrior except Chamberlain, keeping the ball out of the center's hands.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 166[Cherry 2004](/wiki/%23cherry2004 \"#cherry2004\"), p.111 New York also began moving the ball slowly and using as much of the shot clock as possible to leave fewer opportunities for him to score.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p.167 Effectively, they played the opposite of what a normal club would do if they faced a deficit, willingly giving up many easy points instead of making attempts to rally back. Meschery said the Warriors lobbed the ball in from the sideline across the floor directly to Chamberlain, who would use his size and strength to get the ball.[Pluto 2000](/wiki/%23pluto2000 \"#pluto2000\"), p. 221 Chamberlain was the only Warrior to make a [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28basketball%29 \"Field goal (basketball)\") in almost four minutes before Meschery made a [jump shot](/wiki/Jump_shot_%28basketball%29 \"Jump shot (basketball)\") at 4:15\\.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 168 Philadelphia began quickly fouling New York with around four minutes left, reciprocating the intentional foul strategy.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 169, 172 Warriors coach [Frank McGuire](/wiki/Frank_McGuire \"Frank McGuire\") at one point pulled out his entire starting five, save Chamberlain, and replaced them with bench players.Starters Meschery, Attles, Rodgers, and Arizin were replaced by reserves Ruklick, Larese, [Ed Conlin](/wiki/Ed_Conlin \"Ed Conlin\") and [Ted Luckenbill](/wiki/Ted_Luckenbill \"Ted Luckenbill\"). The intention was to foul the Knicks, get the ball back after free throws and give Chamberlain the ball. Thus each team spent the last minutes fouling each other. The Warriors ended with 25 personal fouls, and the Knicks with 32, and lost Imhoff and [Willie Naulls](/wiki/Willie_Naulls \"Willie Naulls\") with six fouls.\n\nWith 2:12 left, Chamberlain had 94 points, and he scored on a fadeaway for his 96th point. His next basket at 1:19 came off a lob pass from [York Larese](/wiki/York_Larese \"York Larese\") for a powerful dunk that was rare for Chamberlain. [Gary M. Pomerantz](/wiki/Gary_M._Pomerantz \"Gary M. Pomerantz\") in his book *Wilt, 1962: The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era* wrote that Chamberlain's usual \"Dipper Dunk\" was \"a considerably less emphatic basket stuff, like a rock that barely ripples the pond.\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 173 With less than a minute left in the game, Chamberlain set up in the post. Ruklick passed to Rodgers, who passed to Chamberlain close to the basket, but he missed the shot. [Ted Luckenbill](/wiki/Ted_Luckenbill \"Ted Luckenbill\") rebounded and passed it back to Chamberlain, who missed again. Luckenbill again rebounded and this time passed to Ruklick, who eschewed an easy layup and instead lobbed a high pass to Chamberlain. With 46 seconds left, Chamberlain got free from the five Knicks, jumped high and put the ball into the basket to hit the century mark. Eyewitness accounts of the historic basket differ as to whether Chamberlain merely laid the ball in(February 1, 2006\\). \"[Remembering 100](http://www.nba.com/features/remembering100_0609126.html) \". NBA.com. or actually stuffed the ball through the hoop for an [alley\\-oop](/wiki/Alley-oop \"Alley-oop\") slam dunk. In any event, the arena exploded in a frenzy, and over 200 spectators stormed the floor, wanting to touch the hero of the night. Ruklick immediately ran to the scorer's table to ensure that he was officially credited with the assist.\n\n",
"### Finale\n\nFor years, the belief was that the final 46 seconds of the game were not played after Chamberlain scored his 100th point due to the celebration on the court;[Cherry 2004](/wiki/%23cherry2004 \"#cherry2004\"), p.112Ostler, Scott. (March 2, 1987\\). \"[100 Astonishing Points 25 Years Ago Today, Wilt Chamberlain Made NBA History](https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/58253595.html?dids=58253595:58253595&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+02%2C+1987&author=SCOTT+OSTLER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=100+ASTONISHING+POINTS+25+Years+Ago+Today%2C+Wilt+Chamberlain+Made+NBA+History) .\" *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* Chamberlain himself was quoted as having made that claim.Schneider, Marv. [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). (March 5, 1982\\). \"[A 20th Anniversary Sneaks Up on Wilt](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Cf0yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WoMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6580,1318556&dq=wilt-chamberlain+100+46-seconds&hl=en) \", *[The Deseret News](/wiki/The_Deseret_News \"The Deseret News\")*, page 2D. However, recordings from the [WCAU](/wiki/WCAU_Radio \"WCAU Radio\") radio broadcast include announcer [Bill Campbell](/wiki/Bill_Campbell_%28sportscaster%29 \"Bill Campbell (sportscaster)\") resuming his [play\\-by\\-play](/wiki/Play-by-play \"Play-by-play\") call after Chamberlain's 100th point and calling the game to its conclusion. (The web page's interactive audio broadcast of the game uses [Adobe Flash Player](/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player \"Adobe Flash Player\").) A copy of the radio broadcast of the game was only uncovered in 1988\\. WCAU's original game tape had been recorded over by one of its engineers, a standard practice in those days. However, a Philadelphian had recorded with a [Dictaphone](/wiki/Dictaphone \"Dictaphone\") part of Campbell's coverage in the fourth quarter, but only the Warriors' possessions. Two years later, a [reel\\-to\\-reel tape](/wiki/Reel-to-reel_tape \"Reel-to-reel tape\") of Campbell's entire fourth quarter call surfaced; [Jim Trelease](/wiki/Jim_Trelease \"Jim Trelease\"), then a college student at the [University of Massachusetts](/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst \"University of Massachusetts Amherst\"), had recorded a 3am re\\-broadcast of the fourth quarter of the game. The NBA merged the reel\\-to\\-reel with the Dictaphone tape, which also included a short [postgame show](/wiki/Postgame_show \"Postgame show\").[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 203 German sports journalist Gunter Bork specified that the interruption resulting from Chamberlain's 100th point lasted for nine minutes, after which play continued.\n\nOver the years, [Harvey Pollack](/wiki/Harvey_Pollack \"Harvey Pollack\"), who at the time was in charge of publicity and statistics for the Warriors, has given conflicting statements on the question. In a 1992 book, he was twice quoted as saying that the game ended with 46 seconds remaining. But in a 2002 interview quoted by Chamberlain biographer Robert Cherry, Pollack said that the last 46 seconds were played, and that Chamberlain just stood in the middle circle, waiting for the game to end and not wanting to touch the ball, as \"100 sounded better than 102\".Maaddi, Rob. (March 2, 2002\\). [\"Wilt's 100\\-point game Brings Back Memories\"](http://www.onlineathens.com/stories/030302/spo_0303020056.shtml) [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\"). The game's official box score notes that Warrior [Joe Ruklick](/wiki/Joe_Ruklick \"Joe Ruklick\") missed two free throws after the break. Ruklick said he planned to miss the second free throw in hopes that Chamberlain might rebound it and get 102 points.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 179–180\n\nThe radio postgame show reported the Warriors defeating the Knicks 169–150\\. However, the official scorer's report recorded the game as 169–147, a discrepancy that has never been explained.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 180 Chamberlain made 36 of 63 field\\-goals and 28 of 32 [free throws](/wiki/Free_throw \"Free throw\"), the latter a far better rate than his roughly 50% career average. In two earlier games at Hershey that season, Chamberlain had made a combined 27 of 38 free throws, 71 percent. The basket rims at the arena were aged, flimsy, and forgiving. Balls would bounce off of typical firm rims, whereas balls near the rim in Hershey were apt to get a good roll and fall in.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 116–117 Playing all 48 minutes of the game, Chamberlain set NBA records for field goals attempted (63\\) and made (36\\), free throws made (28\\), most points in a quarter (31\\), and half (59\\). He averaged 73 points in four games that week, exceeding 60 in all of them.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 195\n\nRodgers finished with a game\\-high 20 assists and later said: \"It was the easiest game ever for me to get assists, all I had to do was pass it to Wilt.\" Attles was a defensive specialist who rarely scored, yet went 8–8 from the field and hit his single free throw. He later lamented, \"In the game where I literally couldn't miss, Wilt had to go out and score 100\\.\"\n\nThe Warriors and Knicks combined for a record 316 points. Philadelphia fell short of the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\")' then\\-record of 173 points in a game.[Cherry 2004](/wiki/%23cherry2004 \"#cherry2004\"), pp. 112–113 It was not uncommon for late\\-season NBA games to feature little defense. Celtics guard [Bob Cousy](/wiki/Bob_Cousy \"Bob Cousy\") said that the level of play in the NBA decreased as the season progressed, and \"defenses are out of gas\" by the end of the season.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 112\n\nThe following night, Chamberlain got permission to travel back to New York with three Knicks players. According to Cherry, Chamberlain drifted in and out of sleep and got a kick overhearing the New York players talk about the \"S.O.B. who scored 100 points on us\". On March 4, the Warriors played the Knicks again in [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_%281925%29 \"Madison Square Garden (1925)\"), and Imhoff got a standing ovation for \"holding\" Chamberlain to 58 points.\n\n",
"Aftermath\n---------\n\nThe record was not highly anticipated like the [four\\-minute mile](/wiki/Four-minute_mile \"Four-minute mile\") had been.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 193 In Philadelphia, there was little fanfare in *The Philadelphia Inquirer* or *[The Philadelphia Bulletin](/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Bulletin \"The Philadelphia Bulletin\")*, which both had a box on the front page announcing the achievement with a story in the sports section. The *[Philadelphia Daily News](/wiki/Philadelphia_Daily_News \"Philadelphia Daily News\")* had no mention on its cover. *The Bulletin* wrote, \"Thus was fulfilled a prophecy made the first time the magnificent 7'1\" scoring star of the Warriors played a game in the National Basketball Association three years ago.\"[Cherry 2004](/wiki/%23cherry2004 \"#cherry2004\"), p.114 New York City papers ran stories from the news agencies. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* and *[The New York Herald Tribune](/wiki/The_New_York_Herald_Tribune \"The New York Herald Tribune\")* ran the AP story on pages 14 and 11, respectively. *[The New York Daily News](/wiki/The_New_York_Daily_News \"The New York Daily News\")* ran the UPI story on page 26\\. *[The New York Post](/wiki/The_New_York_Post \"The New York Post\")* gave prominent back\\-page coverage to Chamberlain's feat on Sunday.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 187 *The New York Daily News* on Sunday wrote, \"Basketball is not prospering because most normal sized American youngsters or adults cannot identify themselves with the freakish stars ... You just can't sell a seven\\-foot basket stuffing monster to even the most gullible adolescent.\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 188 In his prime, Chamberlain was such a dominant scorer that his feat was mostly taken for granted. Warriors player Al Attles said that after Chamberlain's previous record 78\\-point game, \"It was only a matter of time until he reached 100, you could wait for it.\" Warriors coach Frank McGuire initially thought the same thing, then said, \"I always thought it was inevitable that he would do it. But when he did, I stopped and thought about it. I couldn't believe it.\"\n\nChamberlain thanked his teammates. \"It wouldn't even have been close to possible without them. They wanted me to get it as much I did.\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 182 He added, \"They had to do more than just give up open shots. They had to avoid fouls and pass me the ball in traffic.\" Knicks' player [Richie Guerin](/wiki/Richie_Guerin \"Richie Guerin\") felt the Warriors broke a code of honor in sports by embarrassing an opponent and setting a record outside the normal flow of the game.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 150 Although effusive in his praise of Chamberlain, Guerin nonetheless estimated that if the game had played out normally, Chamberlain would have finished 15 to 20 points shy of 100\\. Chamberlain countered he could have scored 140 if the Knicks \"had played straight\\-up basketball.\" New York coach [Eddie Donovan](/wiki/Eddie_Donovan \"Eddie Donovan\") suggested, \"The game was a farce. They would foul us and we would foul them.\" The Knicks' Naulls stated, \"The game was not a fluke ... I thought it was absolutely authentic.\" Imhoff said Zinkoff's announcements did not help the Knicks' cause.\n\n[Johnny Kerr](/wiki/Johnny_Kerr \"Johnny Kerr\") of the [Syracuse Nationals](/wiki/Syracuse_Nationals \"Syracuse Nationals\") marveled, \"How about this: He's the world's worst free\\-throw shooter and he's 28 out of 32!\" Cousy figured the game must have gone out of control, just as when Cousy had 29 assists when the Celtics scored 173 points against Minneapolis. Boston coach [Red Auerbach](/wiki/Red_Auerbach \"Red Auerbach\") laughed, \"He's playing against nobody.\" Bill Russell smiled and said, \"The Big Fella finally did it.\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 189 In a conversation with Naulls after the game, Chamberlain predicted he would win his NBA championships but still be known for his individualism, [versus Russell](/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Chamberlain_rivalry \"Russell–Chamberlain rivalry\"), who was credited for making his team—the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\")—great.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 186 Two days after the historic feat, Chamberlain made a guest appearance on *[The Ed Sullivan Show](/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show \"The Ed Sullivan Show\")*.\n\nChamberlain finished the season with a record of 50\\.4 points per game. He scored a single\\-season record 4,029 points, more than the division\\-winning [Warriors in 1947–48](/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Philadelphia_Warriors_season \"1947–48 Philadelphia Warriors season\") scored as a team. He played in a record 3,882 minutes—including every minute of 79 (a record) of 80 games.[Cherry 2004](/wiki/%23cherry2004 \"#cherry2004\"), pp. 106, 117 He averaged 48\\.5 minutes per game. An NBA game is 48 minutes, but Chamberlain played in 10 overtime periods in seven games. He was second in the league in field goal percentage at .506 and made 61 percent of his free throws, a career high.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 81 The Warriors finished the season with a [49–31 record](/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_Philadelphia_Warriors_season \"1961–62 Philadelphia Warriors season\"). They lost in the Eastern Division Finals of the [playoffs](/wiki/1962_NBA_playoffs%23Eastern_Division_Finals \"1962 NBA playoffs#Eastern Division Finals\") to the Celtics, losing the seventh game 109–107\\.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 201 The closest Chamberlain came again to 100 was 73 and 72 points the next season, when he also averaged 44\\.8 points. The NBA in 1964 widened the [lane](/wiki/Lane_%28basketball%29 \"Lane (basketball)\") from to to limit Chamberlain, and he averaged 36\\.9 that season.\n\n",
"Legacy\n------\n\n[thumb\\|Chamberlain (\\#13\\) predicted comparisons to [Bill Russell](/wiki/Bill_Russell \"Bill Russell\") (left).](/wiki/File:Wilt_Chamberlain_Bill_Russell.jpg \"Wilt Chamberlain Bill Russell.jpg\")\nThe anniversary of the game was not widely commemorated until its silver anniversary in 1987\\. By that time, the NBA had grown to be a popular sports league with average attendance of 13,000 fans per game and star players such as [Magic Johnson](/wiki/Magic_Johnson \"Magic Johnson\"), [Larry Bird](/wiki/Larry_Bird \"Larry Bird\"), and [Michael Jordan](/wiki/Michael_Jordan \"Michael Jordan\").[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 193–194 The Warriors' PR director [Harvey Pollack](/wiki/Harvey_Pollack \"Harvey Pollack\") said an impossible 40,000 people claimed to have seen the game, and some even testified it took place in Madison Square Garden. Chamberlain later stated it was one of his favorite games, but not *the* favorite: that title belonged to the match in which he grabbed an [NBA record](/wiki/NBA_regular_season_records \"NBA regular season records\") 55 rebounds against perennial rival [Bill Russell](/wiki/Bill_Russell \"Bill Russell\"). He did not want to feed the criticism that he was more interested in personal stardom than winning.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 199 Although Chamberlain won two NBA championships and was the NBA's all\\-time leading scorer and rebounder when he retired, [he was mostly remembered](/wiki/Wilt_Chamberlain%23Legacy \"Wilt Chamberlain#Legacy\") as the man who had single\\-handedly scored 100 points in a game. Chamberlain publicly embraced the 100\\-point game in his final years. On a radio show commemorating the game's 31st anniversary in 1993, he said, \"As time goes by, I feel more a part of that 100\\-point game.\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 196 He explained that growing up on the streets, he would have been derisively labelled a *gunner*, a glory\\-hound, for attempting 63 shots.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 159, 182, 196 \"You take that many shots on the playground, and no one ever wants you on their team again.\"[Pluto 2000](/wiki/%23pluto2000 \"#pluto2000\"), p. 223 He said he took shots he normally would not have, noting that in contests which he considered to be better he scored 50 to 60 points on around 75 percent shooting, as opposed to his 57 percent shooting in the 100\\-point game. He was proud that people who knew nothing about basketball would point out the game to their kids when they saw him. \n\n> I know that it has been my tag. I am definitely proud of it. But it was definitely a team effort. You had to see some of the things my teammates did to get me the ball ... It was almost like a circus out there for a while.\n\nTwo other participants were profoundly affected. Knicks center [Darrall Imhoff](/wiki/Darrall_Imhoff \"Darrall Imhoff\") was branded as the player who let Chamberlain score 100 on him, although he only played 20 of 48 minutes and was not on the court when it happened.[Pluto 2000](/wiki/%23pluto2000 \"#pluto2000\"), p. 222 On the other hand, the game immortalized little\\-used Warriors reserve player [Joe Ruklick](/wiki/Joe_Ruklick \"Joe Ruklick\") as the man who gave Chamberlain the 100th point assist. Decades later, *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* interviewed Ruklick and found out that he refers to himself as \"a walking footnote\" of one of basketball's greatest moments. The game also produced the famous picture of Chamberlain sitting on a bench, holding up a paper with a scribbled \"100\". The photograph was actually a matter of improvisation: when Warriors PR manager Harvey Pollack entered the Warriors locker room, he took a paper and scribbled the number on it, and Associated Press photographer Paul Vathis who was there at the game (not for professional reasons, but rather because he wanted to give his son a treat) took the now\\-famous photo. Cherry calls it the \"ultimate picture\" of Wilt Chamberlain.\n\nChamberlain's 100 points is widely considered one of basketball's greatest records. Decades after his record was set, many NBA teams did not even average 100 points, as fewer field goals per game were being attempted. The closest any player has gotten to 100 points was the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers \"Los Angeles Lakers\")' [Kobe Bryant](/wiki/Kobe_Bryant \"Kobe Bryant\"), who scored 81 in a 122–104 win over the [Toronto Raptors](/wiki/Toronto_Raptors \"Toronto Raptors\") on January 22, 2006\\. Whereas Chamberlain was fed repeatedly by teammates for inside shots in a blowout win, Bryant created his own shots—mostly from the outside—in a game which the Lakers trailed at halftime by 14 and did not pull away until the fourth quarter. Chamberlain, playing in an era when the games were paced faster and scoring opportunities were more plentiful, accounted for 59% of his team's points, compared to Bryant scoring 66% of the Lakers' points. Bryant afterwards said Chamberlain's record was \"unthinkable ... It's pretty exhausting to think about it.\" [David Thompson](/wiki/David_Thompson_%28basketball%29 \"David Thompson (basketball)\") broke Chamberlain's record for points in a quarter by scoring 32 in the first quarter of his 73\\-point game.[George Gervin](/wiki/George_Gervin \"George Gervin\") broke that record seven hours later by scoring 33\\. [Adrian Dantley](/wiki/Adrian_Dantley \"Adrian Dantley\") tied the record of 28 free throws made in a regular season game on January 4, 1984, but through the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_NBA_season \"2010–11 NBA season\"), all of Chamberlain's other records set that day still stand. Twenty years after the Warriors and Knicks combined for 316 points, the [San Antonio Spurs](/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_San_Antonio_Spurs_season \"1981–82 San Antonio Spurs season\") defeated the [Milwaukee Bucks](/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Milwaukee_Bucks_season \"1981–82 Milwaukee Bucks season\") 171–166 in triple overtime on March 6, 1982, for a total of 337 points. That record was broken more quickly, as the [Detroit Pistons](/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Detroit_Pistons_season \"1983–84 Detroit Pistons season\") defeated the [Denver Nuggets](/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Denver_Nuggets_season \"1983–84 Denver Nuggets season\") 186–184 (also in triple overtime) on December 13, 1983, for 370 points.[This Date in History](http://www.nba.com/history/this_date_march.html) . NBA.com. Retrieved on January 6, 2012\\.\n\nPomerantz wrote in his 2005 book that the lack of videotape of the 100\\-point game \"only added to its mystique.\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 194 For a while, NBA Commissioner [David Stern](/wiki/David_Stern \"David Stern\")'s office phone would play Campbell's call of the 100\\-point basket to callers on hold: \"He made it! He made it! He made it! A Dipper Dunk!\" Kerry Ryman, who was 14 years old when he attended the game, said that he left the arena with the basketball that Chamberlain used to score his famous basket. The ball was auctioned by Leland's Auction in 2000 for $551,844, which was the then\\-third highest sports memorabilia auction price. After controversy over the ball's authenticity, the sale was suspended. The ball was relisted months later and sold for $67,791\\.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), pp. 177–179, 186–187, 208–215 Attles stated that Chamberlain gave him the actual 100\\-point ball.[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 213 In 2014, [Josh Pastner](/wiki/Josh_Pastner \"Josh Pastner\"), then head coach of the [Memphis Tigers](/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_men%27s_basketball \"Memphis Tigers men's basketball\"), stated that his father, who was a ballboy for the Warriors, had taped the game starting in the second quarter. Pastner's father had been attempting to locate the footage among his many boxes, but he also conceded that the footage might be lost.\n\nIn 1961–1962, the NBA's three highest scoring averages were by black players (Chamberlain, Baylor, [Walt Bellamy](/wiki/Walt_Bellamy \"Walt Bellamy\")).[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p.123 [Oscar Robertson](/wiki/Oscar_Robertson \"Oscar Robertson\"), a [Hall of Famer](/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame \"Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame\"), believes the NBA would have lost its small television contract and not survived without the emergence of black superstars. \"People heard about Wilt scoring a 100, averaging 50 a night, and they wanted to see the guy do it ... I believe Wilt Chamberlain single\\-handedly saved the league.\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 5 Naulls wrote, \"Wilt had rung the bell of freedom loud and clear, shouting, 'Let my people be free to express themselves.' For we were and will be for all time those who withstood the humiliation of racial quotas even to the point of the NBA's facing extinction because of retarded expression and stagnating growth.\"[Pomerantz 2005](/wiki/%23pomerantz \"#pomerantz\"), p. 204\n\nIn 2016, the extant fourth quarter audio recording of the 100\\-point game was added to the [National Recording Registry](/wiki/National_Recording_Registry \"National Recording Registry\") for its \"cultural, artistic and/or historical significance to American society and the nation's aural legacy.\"\n\nOn March 2, 2024, on the game's 62nd anniversary, [LeBron James](/wiki/LeBron_James \"LeBron James\") became the first player in NBA history to record 40,000 points.\n\n",
"Box score\n---------\n\nSource\n\n \n\n|Legend\n\n| |\n|Pos\n\n[Position](/wiki/Basketball_positions \"Basketball positions\")\n\nMin\n\nMinutes played\n\nFGM\n\n [Field goals](/wiki/Field_goal_%28basketball%29 \"Field goal (basketball)\") made |\nFGA\n\n Field goals attempted |\nFTM\n\n [Free throws](/wiki/Free_throws \"Free throws\") made |\n|FTA\n\n Free throws attempted |\nReb\n\n [Rebounds](/wiki/Rebound_%28basketball%29 \"Rebound (basketball)\") |\nAst\n\n [Assists](/wiki/Assist_%28basketball%29 \"Assist (basketball)\") |\nPF\n\n [Personal fouls](/wiki/Personal_foul_%28basketball%29 \"Personal foul (basketball)\") |\nPts\n\n [Points](/wiki/Point_%28basketball%29 \"Point (basketball)\") |\n\n| \\+Philadelphia Warriors |\n| --- |\n| **Player** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** |\n| | [F](/wiki/Forward_%28basketball%29 \"Forward (basketball)\") | 31 | 7 | 18 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 16 |\n| | F | 40 | 7 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 16 |\n| | [C](/wiki/Center_%28basketball%29 \"Center (basketball)\") | 48 | 36 | 63 | 28 | 32 | 25 | 2 | 2 | 100 |\n| | [G](/wiki/Guard_%28basketball%29 \"Guard (basketball)\") | 48 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 12 | 7 | 20 | 5 | 11 |\n| | G | 34 | 8 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 17 |\n| | | 14 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 9 |\n| | | 14 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 |\n| | | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 |\n| | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |\n| Team rebounds | | | | | | | 3 |\n\n| **Team totals** | | **240** | **63** | **115** | **43** | **52** | **60** | **39** | **25** | **169** |\n\n| \\+New York Knicks |\n| --- |\n| **Player** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** |\n| | [F](/wiki/Forward_%28basketball%29 \"Forward (basketball)\") | 43 | 9 | 22 | 13 | 15 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 31 |\n| | F | 21 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 5 | 6 |\n| | [C](/wiki/Center_%28basketball%29 \"Center (basketball)\") | 20 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 7 |\n| | [G](/wiki/Guard_%28basketball%29 \"Guard (basketball)\") | 46 | 13 | 29 | 13 | 17 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 39 |\n| | G | 32 | 4 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 8 |\n| | | 33 | 16 | 26 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 33 |\n| | | 27 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 13 |\n| | | 18 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 10 |\n| Team rebounds | | | | | | | 4 |\n\n| **Team totals** | | **240** | **57** | **118** | **33** | **41** | **60** | **17** | **32** | **147** |\n\nWilt Chamberlain's statistics by quarter\n\n| **Quarter** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1st | 12 | 7 | 14 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 23 |\n| 2nd | 12 | 7 | 12 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 18 |\n| 3rd | 12 | 10 | 16 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 28 |\n| 4th | 12 | 12 | 21 | 7 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 31 |\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game](/wiki/List_of_basketball_players_who_have_scored_100_points_in_a_single_game \"List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game\")\n* [List of career achievements by Wilt Chamberlain](/wiki/List_of_career_achievements_by_Wilt_Chamberlain \"List of career achievements by Wilt Chamberlain\")\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Video: Wilt's 100 Point Game](http://www.nba.com/video/channels/originals/2011/03/01/20110302_wilt_100.nba/) at NBA.com. ([Adobe Flash](/wiki/Adobe_Flash \"Adobe Flash\"))\n\n[100 points](/wiki/Category:Wilt_Chamberlain \"Wilt Chamberlain\")\n[Category:1961–62 NBA season](/wiki/Category:1961%E2%80%9362_NBA_season \"1961–62 NBA season\")\n[Category:New York Knicks games](/wiki/Category:New_York_Knicks_games \"New York Knicks games\")\n[Category:Philadelphia Warriors games](/wiki/Category:Philadelphia_Warriors_games \"Philadelphia Warriors games\")\n[Category:Sports in Hershey, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Category:Sports_in_Hershey%2C_Pennsylvania \"Sports in Hershey, Pennsylvania\")\n[Category:NBA games](/wiki/Category:NBA_games \"NBA games\")\n[Category:1962 in sports in Pennsylvania](/wiki/Category:1962_in_sports_in_Pennsylvania \"1962 in sports in Pennsylvania\")\n[Category:March 1962 sports events in the United States](/wiki/Category:March_1962_sports_events_in_the_United_States \"March 1962 sports events in the United States\")\n[Category:United States National Recording Registry recordings](/wiki/Category:United_States_National_Recording_Registry_recordings \"United States National Recording Registry recordings\")\n[Category:Nicknamed sporting events](/wiki/Category:Nicknamed_sporting_events \"Nicknamed sporting events\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Southwestern High School (Michigan)
|
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7362867
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|
tffsehhroz5haqbd8cc9pe447bf18tb
|
2024-08-07T12:46:59Z
| 1,189,242,432 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Saving the school",
"Scrapping",
"Demolition",
"Campus",
"Curriculum",
"Notable alumni",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
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2,
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"content": [
"\n**Southwestern High School** was a [high school](/wiki/High_school \"High school\") in [Southwest](/wiki/Southwest_Detroit \"Southwest Detroit\") [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\"). It was part of the [Detroit Public Schools](/wiki/Detroit_Public_Schools \"Detroit Public Schools\") district. The school's area, Southwest Detroit, has the majority of Detroit's Latino population.Foley, Aaron. \"[Closing southwest Detroit schools would be devastating, protesters say](http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2012/02/closing_southwestern_detroit_s.html).\" *[MLive](/wiki/MLive \"MLive\")*. Saturday February 25, 2012\\. Retrieved on November 1, 2012\\. The school was located in a three\\-story building.Satyanarayana, Megha. \"[Contents of Southwestern High School go up for sale online today](http://www.freep.com/article/20121018/NEWS01/310180288/Contents-of-Old-Detroit-high-school-go-up-for-sale-online-today?odyssey=mod%7Cnewswell%7Ctext%7CFrontpage%7Cp).\" *[Detroit Free Press](/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press \"Detroit Free Press\")*. October 18, 2012\\. Retrieved on November 1, 2012\\. It closed in 2012\\.\n\nThe school served [Boynton–Oakwood Heights](/wiki/Boynton%E2%80%93Oakwood_Heights_%28Detroit%29 \"Boynton–Oakwood Heights (Detroit)\"), [Delray](/wiki/Delray%2C_Detroit \"Delray, Detroit\"), and [Springwells](/wiki/Springwells%2C_Detroit \"Springwells, Detroit\") from September 1916 until June 2012\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nSouthwestern was designed with a gymnasium, swimming pool, extensive track and field space, and an auditorium. It was one of the first schools developed following Michigan's enactment of statutes requiring mandatory attendance at high school. The students of adjoining Nordstrum attended the dedication of Southwestern in April 1922, and began using the building immediately, although the first regular classes began in September 1922\\. The January 1923 yearbook was called the Sou'wester.[http://interactive.ancestry.com/1265/43134\\_b208158\\-00000?imageId\\=43134\\_b208158\\-00000](http://interactive.ancestry.com/1265/43134_b208158-00000?imageId=43134_b208158-00000) Sou'wester January 1923 Yearbook (www.ancestry.com subscription website) Its initial student body was heavily [Hungarian American](/wiki/Hungarian_American \"Hungarian American\"). \\- [Clipping of first](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94244682/) and [of second page](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94244841/) at [Newspapers.com](/wiki/Newspapers.com \"Newspapers.com\").\n\nThe growth in Detroit's student population was so rapid, Nordstrom simply became a wing of Southwestern used mainly by ninth and tenth grade students, with the most advanced classes held in the newer building.\n\nIn a period prior to 1955, Southwestern was one of the schools serving high school students from the [Allen Park School District](/wiki/Allen_Park_School_District \"Allen Park School District\"). That year, [Allen Park High School](/wiki/Allen_Park_High_School \"Allen Park High School\") in [Allen Park](/wiki/Allen_Park%2C_Michigan \"Allen Park, Michigan\") opened.Broglin, Sharon. *Allen Park*. [Arcadia Publishing](/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing \"Arcadia Publishing\"), 2007\\. , 9780738551098\\. p. [41](https://books.google.com/books?id=0ot_YQpn-8UC&pg=PA41).\n\nWhen [integration busing](/wiki/Integration_busing \"Integration busing\") came in 1970, with 350 [White American](/wiki/White_American \"White American\") students newly assigned to Southwestern High, student discipline declined. In 1979 the principal died after being hit by a bullet off\\-campus. By 1982 Joe Greene, who was now principal, instituted a new school discipline program. That year the student body at that time was described as \"melting\\-pot\" by Glen Macnow of *[Detroit Free Press](/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press \"Detroit Free Press\")*.\n\nIn the 1980s [Guam](/wiki/Guam \"Guam\")\\-born [Manny Crisostomo](/wiki/Manny_Crisostomo \"Manny Crisostomo\"), working for the *Detroit Free Press*, received permission from the DPS superintendent to photograph the inside of the school, including the students. He took photographs for 40 weeks, and based on these photographs he won the 1989 [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize \"Pulitzer Prize\") Feature Photography Award.Fischer, Heinz\\-Dietrich. *Picture Coverage of the World: Pulitzer Prize Winning Photos* (Volume 2 of Pulitzer Prize panorama). [LIT Verlag Münster](/wiki/LIT_Verlag_M%C3%BCnster \"LIT Verlag Münster\"), 2011\\. , 9783643108449\\. p. [148](https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw0Gx8XsWdUC&pg=PA148).\n\n[Chadsey High School](/wiki/Chadsey_High_School \"Chadsey High School\") closed in 2009 and its neighborhoods became part of the Southwestern zone. Population decline continued in Detroit, and specifically in the quantity of schoolchildren in neighborhoods served by Southwestern High School. For several years the district considered closing Southwestern. [Robert Bobb](/wiki/Robert_Bobb \"Robert Bobb\"), who served as the [Detroit Public Schools](/wiki/Detroit_Public_Schools \"Detroit Public Schools\") emergency manager, had almost closed Southwestern. By February 2012 the school district announced that it had plans to close Southwestern at the end of the [school year](/wiki/School_year \"School year\"). Several protesters challenged the school closing proposal. Aaron Foley of *[MLive](/wiki/MLive \"MLive\")* said that the protesters were concerned about a loss of bilingual education employees and fears of a rivalry with students at [Western International High School](/wiki/Western_International_High_School \"Western International High School\"). The school closed in June 2012\\. Its neighborhoods were apportioned between [Northwestern High School](/wiki/Northwestern_High_School_%28Detroit%29 \"Northwestern High School (Detroit)\") and Western International for summer school and the start of the fall semester in September 2012\\. The school's contents were auctioned using the [internet](/wiki/Internet \"Internet\") in October 2012\\. DPS officials said that making the sale online would save $85,000 of school funds.\n\nBy 2014 scrappers and vandals had attacked the closed Southwestern campus.Burns, Gus. \"[Scrappers decimate Detroit's Southwestern High School just two years after it closed](http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2014/03/detroit_southwestern_high_scho.html).\" [MLive](/wiki/MLive \"MLive\"). March 13, 2014\\. Retrieved on November 15, 2015\\.\n\n",
"Saving the school\n-----------------\n\nThroughout Southwestern High School's abandonment, there had been many attempts to save the school. In 2012, Southwestern Community Village, a neighborhood group, announced that they had plans to save the school, however a fire in 2013 dealt a big setback to their plans. Southwestern Community Village, not trying to deal with the deterioration that had occurred as a result of the fire, decided to drop the plans. The school would continue to be destroyed by scrappers in the following years. \nIn 2015, despite the heavy damage that had already occurred, auto\\-supplier group Sakthi Automotive, whose office building was situated right next to Southwestern High School across Waterman street, purchased Southwestern High School and announced that they would be renovating the school, and converting it into a training center for the nearby factories. Soon after their purchase, Sakthi Automotive began tearing away the track field behind Southwestern High School, making way for the construction of a large facility. Construction was completed, although some of the track field still remains, mostly reclaimed by the elements. Sakthi Automotive also installed boards over the windows of the school, which, from a distance, appeared like a real window, in order to make the school look more aesthetically pleasing. Unfortunately, this is all Sakthi Automotive would do, and despite the boards over the windows, scrappers still flooded into the school, further tearing it apart. Several years would pass, and Sakthi Automotive would not do anything for the school. In September 2020, real estate owner [Dan Gilbert](/wiki/Dan_Gilbert \"Dan Gilbert\") purchased the Southwestern High School site from Sakthi Automotive for $38\\.5 million. He did not announce what he would do with the school, which remained abandoned for about 2 more years later. In 2023, Dan Gilbert razed the school.\n\n",
"Scrapping\n---------\n\nJust a few years after Southwestern High School's closure, it was completely gutted. Scrappers smashed all of the windows, exposing the school's ghostly interior to those who drove by. Scrappers ripped all valuable metal from the interior of the school, including pipes and wiring. Detroit Public Schools (DPS) Police were called to the abandoned school almost daily in order to stop scrappers from further stripping the school. The school quickly became an eyesore to the neighborhood that surrounded it. On March 3, 2013, a trespasser deliberately set a fire in the school's cafeteria, which damaged several nearby rooms within the newer wing.\n\n",
"Demolition\n----------\n\nIn January 2023, Southwestern High School began demolition after sitting vacant for over a decade. By February 10, the school was completely gone. There is currently no information about any future plans for the site.\n\n",
"Campus\n------\n\nThe campus has of space. In 2002 a replacement pool was built for $1\\.25 million.\n\n",
"Curriculum\n----------\n\nAs of 2000 the school offered training programs in business\\-oriented technical skills and by that year it included a [computer\\-assisted design](/wiki/Computer-assisted_design \"Computer-assisted design\") computer center. Students were able to take internship and work and school cooperative programs. In 2000 the school did not offer skilled manufacturing and trade courses.Brooks, Ann. *[Alternative Uses for Wolverine Tube and Beard/Chatfield Brownfield Sites](http://sitemaker.umich.edu/urpoutreachreports/environment___land_use__e_/da.data/55285/ReportFile/complete_report.pdf)* ([Archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20160119145246/http://sitemaker.umich.edu/urpoutreachreports/environment___land_use__e_/da.data/55285/ReportFile/complete_report.pdf)). [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan \"University of Michigan\") Urban and Regional Planning. April 26, 2000\\. p. 40\\. [Also posted at](https://books.google.com/books?id=U2RPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22and+Western+International+High+Schools+integrate%22) [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books \"Google Books\") (in snippet view form). These courses were offered at five different technical centers in Detroit, and interested students would arrive to their regular school early and board buses bound for a technical center. That year the technical schools had limited numbers of recruitment information available in Spanish, the primary language of many students at Southwestern.Brooks, Ann. *[Alternative Uses for Wolverine Tube and Beard/Chatfield Brownfield Sites](http://sitemaker.umich.edu/urpoutreachreports/environment___land_use__e_/da.data/55285/ReportFile/complete_report.pdf)* ([Archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20160119145246/http://sitemaker.umich.edu/urpoutreachreports/environment___land_use__e_/da.data/55285/ReportFile/complete_report.pdf)). [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan \"University of Michigan\") Urban and Regional Planning. April 26, 2000\\. p. 41\\. [Also posted at](https://books.google.com/books?id=U2RPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Western+International%22) [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books \"Google Books\") (in snippet view form). Also in: Brooks, Ann, Steve Gutterman, Christina Kelly, Megan Masson, Kathryn Whiteman, and Moira Zellner. *[Planning for brownfield redevelopment in southwest Detroit](http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/101605)*. [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan \"University of Michigan\"). p. [41](https://books.google.com/books?id=UlvX6RNZTzgC&q=%22Western+International%22+Detroit).\n\n",
"Notable alumni\n--------------\n\n* [Ben Carson](/wiki/Ben_Carson \"Ben Carson\"), physician and politician\n* [Martha Farkas Glaser](/wiki/Martha_Farkas_Glaser \"Martha Farkas Glaser\"), Civil Rights Activist and Manager of Jazz Musician [Erroll Garner](/wiki/Erroll_Garner \"Erroll Garner\")\n* former [NFL](/wiki/NFL \"NFL\") player [Dale Hansen](/wiki/Dale_Hansen_%28American_football%29 \"Dale Hansen (American football)\")\n* former [MLB](/wiki/MLB \"MLB\") player [Stan Lopata](/wiki/Stan_Lopata \"Stan Lopata\")\n* former [MLB](/wiki/MLB \"MLB\") player [Barney McCosky](/wiki/Barney_McCosky \"Barney McCosky\")\n* former [MLB](/wiki/MLB \"MLB\") player [Merv Rettenmund](/wiki/Merv_Rettenmund \"Merv Rettenmund\")\n* former [NFL](/wiki/NFL \"NFL\") player [Luis Sharpe](/wiki/Luis_Sharpe \"Luis Sharpe\")\n* former [MLB](/wiki/MLB \"MLB\") player [Mike Tresh](/wiki/Mike_Tresh \"Mike Tresh\")\n* Former 1990 Final Four MOP [Anderson Hunt](/wiki/Anderson_Hunt \"Anderson Hunt\") (UNLV)\n* Former Detroit Mercy basketball head coach [Bacari Alexander](/wiki/Bacari_Alexander \"Bacari Alexander\")\n* Former NBA basketball player [Tony Robertson](/wiki/Tony_Robertson \"Tony Robertson\")\n* Former NBA basketball player [Voshon Lenard](/wiki/Voshon_Lenard \"Voshon Lenard\")\n* Former NBA basketball player [Howard Eisley](/wiki/Howard_Eisley \"Howard Eisley\")\n* Former NBA basketball player [Jalen Rose](/wiki/Jalen_Rose \"Jalen Rose\")Dawsey, Chastity Pratt. \"[Charter high school founded by Jalen Rose changes direction, staff heading into its second year](http://www.freep.com/article/20120903/NEWS01/309030077/Charter-high-school-founded-by-Jalen-Rose-changes-direction-staff-heading-into-its-second-year?odyssey=tab|topnews|text|FRONTPAGE)\" ([Archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20150403103903/http://www.freep.com/article/20120903/NEWS01/309030077/Charter-high-school-founded-by-Jalen-Rose-changes-direction-staff-heading-into-its-second-year?odyssey=tab%7Ctopnews%7Ctext%7CFRONTPAGE)). *[Detroit Free Press](/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press \"Detroit Free Press\")*. September 3, 2012\\. Retrieved on June 30, 2014\\.\n* Basketball head coach and former professional player [Antoine Joubert](/wiki/Antoine_Joubert \"Antoine Joubert\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Inside Southwestern High School](http://detroiturbex.com/content/schools/southwestern/index.html) at Detroiturbex.com\n* [Profile](http://detroitk12.org/schools/school/584/) at [Detroit Public Schools](/wiki/Detroit_Public_Schools \"Detroit Public Schools\")\n* [Official site](https://web.archive.org/*/http://schools.detroitk12.org/Southwestern) (Archive)\n\n[Category:Public high schools in Michigan](/wiki/Category:Public_high_schools_in_Michigan \"Public high schools in Michigan\")\n[Category:High schools in Detroit](/wiki/Category:High_schools_in_Detroit \"High schools in Detroit\")\n[Category:2012 disestablishments in Michigan](/wiki/Category:2012_disestablishments_in_Michigan \"2012 disestablishments in Michigan\")\n[Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 2012](/wiki/Category:Educational_institutions_disestablished_in_2012 \"Educational institutions disestablished in 2012\")\n[Category:Former high schools in Michigan](/wiki/Category:Former_high_schools_in_Michigan \"Former high schools in Michigan\")\n\n[Category:1916 establishments in Michigan](/wiki/Category:1916_establishments_in_Michigan \"1916 establishments in Michigan\")\n[Category:Detroit Public Schools Community District](/wiki/Category:Detroit_Public_Schools_Community_District \"Detroit Public Schools Community District\")\n[Category:School buildings completed in 1915](/wiki/Category:School_buildings_completed_in_1915 \"School buildings completed in 1915\")\n[Category:Educational institutions established in 1916](/wiki/Category:Educational_institutions_established_in_1916 \"Educational institutions established in 1916\")\n\n"
]
}
|
List of geometrid genera: U
|
{
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
}
|
9oywqrcz32oqe46zmyf8zujx5lg8g9k
|
2022-09-17T13:51:35Z
| 1,077,150,056 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe very large [moth](/wiki/Moth \"Moth\") family [Geometridae](/wiki/Geometridae \"Geometridae\") contains genera beginning with [A](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:A \"A\"), [B](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:B \"B\"), [C](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:C \"C\"), [D](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:D \"D\"), [E](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:E \"E\"), [F](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:F \"F\"), [G](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:G \"G\"), [H](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:H \"H\"), [I](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:I \"I\"), [J](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:J \"J\"), [K](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:K \"K\"), [L](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:L \"L\"), [M](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:M \"M\"), [N](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:N \"N\"), [O](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:O \"O\"), [P](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:P \"P\"), [Q](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:Q \"Q\"), [R](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:R \"R\"), [S](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:S \"S\"), [T](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:T \"T\"), **U**, [V](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:V \"V\"), [W](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:W \"W\"), [X](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:X \"X\"), [Y](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:Y \"Y\") and [Z](/wiki/List_of_geometrid_genera:Z \"Z\").\n\nThose beginning with U include:\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + \n",
"References\n----------\n\n[\\* U](/wiki/Category:Geometridae_genera \"Geometridae genera\")\n[Category:Lists of Lepidoptera genera](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_Lepidoptera_genera \"Lists of Lepidoptera genera\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Tulsa Reparations Coalition
|
{
"id": [
22066013
],
"name": [
"Bohemian Baltimore"
]
}
|
j78itqy964duv8p2053xex26op7kyzq
|
2023-08-18T01:28:44Z
| 1,164,046,858 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"The **Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921**, also called the **1921 Race Riot Commission**, was authorized in 1997 by the Oklahoma State Legislature. Its purpose was to research the events of the [Tulsa race massacre](/wiki/Tulsa_Race_Riot \"Tulsa Race Riot\") of 1921\\. Its report was submitted on February 28, 2001\\. The Tulsa Reparations Coalition, [Tulsa Reparations Coalition web site](https://tulsareparations.z19.web.core.windows.net/) sponsored by the Center for Racial Justice, Inc. was formed April 7, 2001, to obtain restitution for the damages suffered by Tulsa's Black community, as recommended by the Oklahoma Commission on February 21, 2001\\. \n\nAfter reporting back to the Oklahoma State Legislature, the final report recommended five separate reparations to the survivors, descendants and to the community of Greenwood where the massacre took place. \n\n* Direct payment of reparations to survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Massacre\n* Direct payment of reparations to descendants of the survivors of the Tulsa Massacre\n* A scholarship fund available to students affected by the Tulsa Massacre\n* Establishment of an economic development enterprise zone in the historic area of the Greenwood District\n* A memorial for the reburial of the remains of the victims of the Tulsa Race Riot [The Final Report of the Commission, p. 21](https://www.okhistory.org/research/forms/freport.pdf)\n\nThe Commission conducted three and a half years of research, speaking with survivors of the massacre and sifting through hospital and autopsy reports. The final report of the Commission discussed the events of May 31 and June 1, 1921; the destruction of property; the social and economic dislocation and devastation of the black community; and the number of casualties the Commission confirmed. In brief, \n\n> Through the night of May 31, and into the morning of June 1, whites virtually destroyed the Greenwood section. There were an undetermined number of deaths, both black and white, with estimates ranging from the official count of 36 to approximately 300\\. Over 1,000 residences were burned and another 400 looted. The business district of Greenwood was totally destroyed and probably accounts for much of the $4 million in claims filed against the city in 1921\\. [Dr. Robert Brooks and Dr. Alan H. Witten, \"The Investigation of Potential Mass Grave Locations for the Tulsa Race Riot\", *Tulsa Race Riot: A Report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921,* p. 123 (Feb. 28, 2001\\)](https://tulsareparations.z19.web.core.windows.net/MassGrave.htm)\n\nThere had been much speculation as to the actual number of deaths. There were statements that many hundreds of deaths occurred during the massacre, far more than were reported. Eyewitnesses said that these bodies were of black men and were located in mass unmarked graves. In contrast, based on contemporary autopsy reports and death certificates, the Commission confirmed 26 black males, 13 white males, and over 100 estimated dead. The final report also includes the available data about the bodies, including their cause of death, wounds, etc. They did not dismiss the possibility of mass graves, and found at least one potential location based on an eyewitness report and a geophysical search. However, obtaining conclusive evidence required archeological work, which the investigators were not authorized to perform. [Dr. Robert Brooks and Dr. Alan H. Witten, \"The Investigation of Potential Mass Grave Locations for the Tulsa Race Riot\", *Tulsa Race Riot: A Report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921,* pp. 123\\-132 (Feb. 28, 2001\\)](https://tulsareparations.z19.web.core.windows.net/MassGrave.htm)\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Tulsa race massacre](/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre \"Tulsa race massacre\")\n* [Greenwood, Tulsa, Oklahoma](/wiki/Greenwood%2C_Tulsa%2C_Oklahoma \"Greenwood, Tulsa, Oklahoma\")\n* [Rosewood Massacre](/wiki/Rosewood_Massacre \"Rosewood Massacre\")\n* [Reparation (legal)](/wiki/Reparation_%28legal%29 \"Reparation (legal)\")\n* [Justice](/wiki/Justice \"Justice\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Tulsa Reparations Coalition](https://web.archive.org/web/20140423170245/http://www.tulsareparations.org/)\n* [Scott Ellsworth, \"The Tulsa Riots\", in *Tulsa Race Riot: A Report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921,* pp. 37\\-101 (Feb. 28, 2001\\)](https://tulsareparations.z19.web.core.windows.net/TulsaRiot1Of3.htm)\n* [*Tulsa Race Riot: A Report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921* (February 21, 2001\\)](https://www.okhistory.org/research/forms/freport.pdf)\n\n[Category:1921 in the United States](/wiki/Category:1921_in_the_United_States \"1921 in the United States\")\n[Category:Racially motivated violence against African Americans](/wiki/Category:Racially_motivated_violence_against_African_Americans \"Racially motivated violence against African Americans\")\n[Category:African\\-American history in Tulsa, Oklahoma](/wiki/Category:African-American_history_in_Tulsa%2C_Oklahoma \"African-American history in Tulsa, Oklahoma\")\n[\\*](/wiki/Category:Lynching_deaths_in_Oklahoma \"Lynching deaths in Oklahoma\")\n[Category:Reparations](/wiki/Category:Reparations \"Reparations\")\n[Category:1997 establishments in Oklahoma](/wiki/Category:1997_establishments_in_Oklahoma \"1997 establishments in Oklahoma\")\n[Category:Anti\\-black racism in Oklahoma](/wiki/Category:Anti-black_racism_in_Oklahoma \"Anti-black racism in Oklahoma\")\n[Category:Tulsa\\_race\\_massacre](/wiki/Category:Tulsa_race_massacre \"Tulsa race massacre\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Upperwood Academy
|
{
"id": [
9155723
],
"name": [
"Tacyarg"
]
}
|
mwnhm5so02i976f9qig7advo47a2ex3
|
2024-02-08T19:13:15Z
| 1,137,451,075 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Award",
"Academic standards",
"Hansard",
"Financial controversy",
"Sport",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Upperwood Academy** (formerly Darfield Upperwood Primary School and Darfield Upperwood Academy) is a 4–11 primary school with [academy status](/wiki/Academy_%28English_school%29 \"Academy (English school)\") located in [Darfield](/wiki/Darfield%2C_South_Yorkshire \"Darfield, South Yorkshire\"), [Barnsley](/wiki/Barnsley \"Barnsley\"), England. First opened on\n5 November 1973,[\"Upperwood Primary School\"](http://www.barnsley.gov.uk/Documents/InformationPerformanceandFinance/School%20Prospectus's/Darfield%20Upperwood%20Primary.pdf) , Government of the United Kingdom, 2003 it is situated in an old mining community with changing patterns of employment. Most of the around 260 [pupils](/wiki/Student \"Student\") are [White British](/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Demographics of the United Kingdom\") with\na small number of settled [Gypsy/Roma](/wiki/Romani_people \"Romani people\") pupils on the roll.[Ofsted report](http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/reports/index.cfm?fuseaction=summary&id=106600), 15 November 2006 Its absence rate of 3\\.6% is notably better than the national average of 5\\.3%.[\"Darfield Upperwood Primary School\"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/06/school_tables/primary_schools/html/370_2101.stm), League Tables, BBC News Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council described it as \"a good school with a number of outstanding features\".[\"Darfield Upperwood Primary – a good school with outstanding features\"](http://www.barnsley.gov.uk/bguk/Council_Democracy/Press_Releases/2006-2007/2006-2007-December/Darfield%20Upperwood%20Primary.htm), Barnsley MBC\n\n",
"Award\n-----\n\nUpperwood is a [Beacon School](/wiki/Beacon_Status \"Beacon Status\").[\"16 Dec 2002 : Column 672\"](https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo021216/debtext/21216-43.htm), House of Commons Hansard Debates, 16 December 2007[\"Pressure forced authority to reveal bizarre spending\"](http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2178934&SectionID=55), James Reed, Yorkshire Post, 26 March 2007 Beacon schools are schools which have been identified as amongst the best performing in the UK and represent examples of successful practice which are to be brought to the attention of the rest of the education service.[\"Beacon Schools in the UK\"](http://www.dfes.gov.uk/beacon/), Department for Education and Skills\n\n",
"Academic standards\n------------------\n\nThis is a particularly well performing school with academic standards that are not only high but steadily improving.\n\nIn the [Ofsted report](/wiki/Office_for_Standards_in_Education \"Office for Standards in Education\"), published in November 2006, the school was rated *Good*, point 2 on a four\\-point scale, with the following aspects being assessed as *Outstanding*:\n* How well does the school work in partnership with others to promote learners' well\\-being?\n* The quality and standards in the Foundation Stage\n\nThe performance in English, Mathematics and Science are all above the national average but, notably, the trend has been above the national average for the last four\\-year and well above for the last three.\n\n",
"Hansard\n-------\n\nThe School was complimented in the [House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons \"British House of Commons\") on 16 December 2002 by The Minister for School Standards, [David Miliband](/wiki/David_Miliband \"David Miliband\"), who said \"I know from my research for the debate that there is already a beacon school in Barnsley, Darfield Upperwood primary, whose outstanding performance has delivered a better education not just for its own pupils, but for other pupils in the area.\".\n\n",
"Financial controversy\n---------------------\n\nIn March 2007 it was revealed by the [Yorkshire Post](/wiki/Yorkshire_Post \"Yorkshire Post\") that a special investigation by council [auditors](/wiki/Audit \"Audit\") into the accounts at the school raised questions about the way it was using public money. Trips to Australia and Austria, stays in expensive hotels and the purchase of clothes for staff were among the items investigated. Though the [Local Education Authority](/wiki/Local_Education_Authority \"Local Education Authority\") was happy that Mr Smith's motivation had been \"totally genuine\" and his intentions were \"totally honourable\", there was a request from the [National Union of Teachers](/wiki/National_Union_of_Teachers \"National Union of Teachers\") for a full independent inquiry.[\"Inquiry urged over four\\-star spending at primary school\"](http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/viewarticle.aspx?sectionid=55&articleid=2178622), James Reed, *Yorkshire Post*, 26 March 2007 A full investigation was undertaken by the GTP and the concluded that there had been no wrongdoing and that there was no case to answer. Following the Ofsed inspection of December 2006, the HMI leading the inspection wrote in his letter to the pupils praising the way in which the Head Teacher spent the school's budget.\n\n",
"Sport\n-----\n\nIn 2003 the School reached the finals of the Birmingham FA's annual Girls Football Festival.[\"Girl Power takes root\"](http://www.thefa.com/Womens/GettingInvolved/NewsAndFeatures/Postings/2003/07/56711.htm), The Football Association, 14 July 2003\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Educational institutions established in 1973](/wiki/Category:Educational_institutions_established_in_1973 \"Educational institutions established in 1973\")\n[Category:Primary schools in Barnsley](/wiki/Category:Primary_schools_in_Barnsley \"Primary schools in Barnsley\")\n[Category:1973 establishments in England](/wiki/Category:1973_establishments_in_England \"1973 establishments in England\")\n[Category:Academies in Barnsley](/wiki/Category:Academies_in_Barnsley \"Academies in Barnsley\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Vonda Phelps
|
{
"id": [
2842084
],
"name": [
"Jevansen"
]
}
|
i2k9rbun3wa8t6b1e2i8nu6gu3mle7m
|
2024-07-20T10:12:43Z
| 1,139,099,522 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Avonda Maude Phelps** (April 19, 1915 – September 2, 2004\\), credited as **Vonda Phelps**, was an American child stage actress, [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville \"Vaudeville\") performer and dancer in the 1920s. She appeared in four [silent film](/wiki/Silent_film \"Silent film\") productions in 1922 and 1923\\.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nPhelps was born on April 19, 1915, in [Shreveport, Louisiana](/wiki/Shreveport%2C_Louisiana \"Shreveport, Louisiana\"), to Rinaldo Abel Phelps (1872–1951\\) and Lillian Maude Tiffin (1891–1983\\).She appears as \"Avonda Phelps\", mistranscribed in the index as \"Amanda Phelps\", in the [1940 United States Census](/wiki/1940_United_States_Census \"1940 United States Census\") and is living with her parents, Rinaldo Phelps and Lillian Tiffin, and it lists her occupation as \"actress\". She appears in the [California Death Index](/wiki/California_Death_Index \"California Death Index\") as \"Avonda M. Phelps\" with the same parents. The [Social Security Death Index](/wiki/Social_Security_Death_Index \"Social Security Death Index\") has the following information: \"Name: Avonda M. Phelps; SSN: Last Residence: 91042 Tujunga, Los Angeles, California, USA; Born: 19 Apr 1915; Died: 2 Sep 2004\". She also applied for a new Social Security card in 1977 as \"Avonda Phelps\" with parents Rinaldo Phelps and Lillian Tiffin and listed her birth as April 19, 1915 in [Shreveport, Louisiana](/wiki/Shreveport%2C_Louisiana \"Shreveport, Louisiana\").\n\nIn May 1924 Phelps participated in *Good Fairy*, a fantasy play in two acts, at the [Philharmonic Auditorium](/wiki/Philharmonic_Auditorium \"Philharmonic Auditorium\") in [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\"). She performed along with almost twenty other children. Phelps appeared as a dancer at the [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas \"Christmas\") program of the [Cosmos Club](/wiki/Cosmos_Club \"Cosmos Club\") the following December. Her presentation was highlighted by a rendition of *Pierrotte Phantasy*. The dance was her original creation and demonstrated her unique personality. Phelps gave a similar interpretation of the dance at the Ambassador Theater in Los Angeles. Her performance was part of a concert given by *The Children's Opera* in June 1926\\.\n\nPhelps appeared in four motion pictures in the early 1920s: in *[The Man Who Waited](/wiki/The_Man_Who_Waited \"The Man Who Waited\")* (1922\\), as \"June\", a baby, and in *The Jungle Goddess* (1922\\) as \"Betty\", a little girl, *[Strange Idols](/wiki/Strange_Idols \"Strange Idols\")*, as a girl at seven and *Slippery McGee*.\n\nHer fame as a youth performer did not endure. She had a birthday luncheon in 1928 at the *Elite* on [Hollywood Boulevard](/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard \"Hollywood Boulevard\") in Los Angeles. Guests were entertained at a table replete with a centerpiece of [sweet peas](/wiki/Sweet_pea \"Sweet pea\") rendered in [pastel](/wiki/Pastel \"Pastel\") shades. Later the celebrants went to [Grauman's Chinese Theater](/wiki/TCL_Chinese_Theater \"TCL Chinese Theater\"). Fellow silent film star [Virginia Marshall](/wiki/Virginia_Marshall \"Virginia Marshall\") was among Phelps' birthday attendants. In 1935 she spent twelve weeks dancing in [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\") at the Paris Inn Cafe. On December 7, 1940 in [Alameda, California](/wiki/Alameda%2C_California \"Alameda, California\"), she married Gerald Russell Hunsaker (1919–1997\\).\n\nShe died in Los Angeles, California, on September 2, 2004, at the age of 89\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* *Los Angeles Times*, *Stars Tomorrow?* April 1, 1925, Page C4\\.\n* *Los Angeles Times*, *Talented Child At Benefit Dance*, June 4, 1925, Page 20\\.\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1915 births](/wiki/Category:1915_births \"1915 births\")\n[Category:2004 deaths](/wiki/Category:2004_deaths \"2004 deaths\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American actresses](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_actresses \"20th-century American actresses\")\n[Category:American child actresses](/wiki/Category:American_child_actresses \"American child actresses\")\n[Category:American female dancers](/wiki/Category:American_female_dancers \"American female dancers\")\n[Category:American silent film actresses](/wiki/Category:American_silent_film_actresses \"American silent film actresses\")\n[Category:American stage actresses](/wiki/Category:American_stage_actresses \"American stage actresses\")\n[Category:American vaudeville performers](/wiki/Category:American_vaudeville_performers \"American vaudeville performers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American dancers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_dancers \"20th-century American dancers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American women](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women \"21st-century American women\")\n\n"
]
}
|
George Bayes
|
{
"id": [
6941696
],
"name": [
"WikiEditor50"
]
}
|
42ixdv977zs9oe6m7wd83r5r428ykgl
|
2023-06-29T22:10:32Z
| 1,049,768,241 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**George William Bayes** (27 February 1884 – 6 December 1960\\) was an English [first\\-class cricketer](/wiki/First-class_cricket \"First-class cricket\"), who played eighteen first\\-class matches for [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Yorkshire County Cricket Club\") between 1910 and 1921\\.\n\nBorn in [Flamborough](/wiki/Flamborough \"Flamborough\"), [Yorkshire](/wiki/Yorkshire \"Yorkshire\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), Bayes was a right\\-handed batsman and right arm fast bowler, scoring a total of 165 runs at 12\\.69, with a highest score of 36, and taking 48 wickets at 31\\.95 with a best of 5 for 83\\.\n\nBayes was a Flamborough fish merchant and had several engagements around the county. He was with [Scarborough Cricket Club](/wiki/Scarborough_Cricket_Club_%28England%29 \"Scarborough Cricket Club (England)\") from 1911 to 1913, and also played for Castleford C.C. and Tong Park C.C. He also played in at least six matches for the Yorkshire Second XI against [Minor county](/wiki/Minor_counties_of_English_and_Welsh_cricket \"Minor counties of English and Welsh cricket\") opposition.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Cricinfo Profile](http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/9612.html)\n* [Cricket Archive](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/27/27761/27761.html)\n\n[Category:1884 births](/wiki/Category:1884_births \"1884 births\")\n[Category:1960 deaths](/wiki/Category:1960_deaths \"1960 deaths\")\n[Category:People from Flamborough](/wiki/Category:People_from_Flamborough \"People from Flamborough\")\n[Category:Yorkshire cricketers](/wiki/Category:Yorkshire_cricketers \"Yorkshire cricketers\")\n[Category:English cricketers](/wiki/Category:English_cricketers \"English cricketers\")\n[Category:Cricketers from Yorkshire](/wiki/Category:Cricketers_from_Yorkshire \"Cricketers from Yorkshire\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Botrychium pumicola
|
{
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
}
|
rchlrpsp6bilpwmelqn0trnrnew0y90
|
2024-04-11T13:22:38Z
| 1,192,892,138 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Distribution",
"Habitat",
"Description",
"Taxonomy",
"Ecology",
"Conservation status and threats",
"Field identification",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Botrychium pumicola***, with the common name **pumice moonwort**, is a [rare](/wiki/Rare_species \"Rare species\") [fern](/wiki/Fern \"Fern\").\n\n",
"Distribution\n------------\n\nThe fern is [endemic](/wiki/Endemic \"Endemic\") to the [Modoc Plateau](/wiki/Modoc_Plateau \"Modoc Plateau\") in northern [California](/wiki/California \"California\") and [Crater Lake](/wiki/Crater_Lake \"Crater Lake\") area in southern [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\").[List of plants on the Modoc National Forest](/wiki/List_of_plants_on_the_Modoc_National_Forest \"List of plants on the Modoc National Forest\")\n\nA specimen from a population found on [Mount Shasta](/wiki/Mount_Shasta \"Mount Shasta\") in California by Cooke in 1941 was thought to have been misidentified, but the specimen was recently reviewed by Farrar, and found to be correctly identified. *Botrychium pumicola* was rediscovered on Mt. Shasta in 2008 by M. Colberg. It is also found in the [Modoc National Forest](/wiki/List_of_plants_on_the_Modoc_National_Forest \"List of plants on the Modoc National Forest\").\n\n### Habitat\n\nPumice moonwort, as the common name suggests, live in dry, fine to course pumice gravel and scree without any admixture of humus, in places that retain moisture into late spring. Its native landscape is open, fully exposed, sparsely vegetated pumice fields and gently rolling slopes, from subalpine [lodgepole pine](/wiki/Lodgepole_pine \"Lodgepole pine\") forest to above timberline. It may also occur in *[Pinus contorta](/wiki/Pinus_contorta \"Pinus contorta\")*−*[Purshia tridentata](/wiki/Purshia_tridentata \"Purshia tridentata\")* basins with open frost pockets. During the winter, it is usually covered by several feet of snow.\n\n *Botrychium pumicola* has been found growing with *[B. lanceolatum](/wiki/Botrychium_lanceolatum \"Botrychium lanceolatum\")* and *[B. simplex](/wiki/Botrychium_simplex \"Botrychium simplex\")*. Elevation of occurrence is from 4,240 to 9,065 feet above sea level.\n\n",
"### Habitat\n\nPumice moonwort, as the common name suggests, live in dry, fine to course pumice gravel and scree without any admixture of humus, in places that retain moisture into late spring. Its native landscape is open, fully exposed, sparsely vegetated pumice fields and gently rolling slopes, from subalpine [lodgepole pine](/wiki/Lodgepole_pine \"Lodgepole pine\") forest to above timberline. It may also occur in *[Pinus contorta](/wiki/Pinus_contorta \"Pinus contorta\")*−*[Purshia tridentata](/wiki/Purshia_tridentata \"Purshia tridentata\")* basins with open frost pockets. During the winter, it is usually covered by several feet of snow.\n\n *Botrychium pumicola* has been found growing with *[B. lanceolatum](/wiki/Botrychium_lanceolatum \"Botrychium lanceolatum\")* and *[B. simplex](/wiki/Botrychium_simplex \"Botrychium simplex\")*. Elevation of occurrence is from 4,240 to 9,065 feet above sea level.\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\n*Botrychium pumicola* is a mycorrhizal fern, and grows [sporophytic](/wiki/Sporophyte \"Sporophyte\") [gemmae](/wiki/Gemma_%28botany%29 \"Gemma (botany)\") (*i.e.*, little structures for the asexual reproduction of the sporophytic, or diploid, phase of the plant's life cycle). Some botanists believe that the gemmae might be adaptations to a dry climate and fires.\n\nAnother name for plants of the genus *[Botrychium](/wiki/Botrychium \"Botrychium\")* is 'grapeferns,' since the sexual reproductive structures (synangia) look like tiny yellow\\-green grapes.\n\nThe plant is stout, with a very congested appearance, fleshy, 8–22 cm (3–9 in) high. Leaves appear in summer. Roots are abundant, 1 mm (0\\.004 in) or less in diameter. The rhizome is erect, stout, elongate (2–8 cm, 1\\-3 in, long and 3 mm, 0\\.1 in, in diameter).\n\nFronds are one or sometimes two, erect, 6–14 cm, 2\\-5½ in, long, the common stalk hypogean, 4–9 cm, 1½\\-3½ in, long and 2\\-3½ mm, 0\\.08\\-0\\.14 in, in diameter, thickly sheathed with the stems of old fronds. Trophophore is sessile or nearly so; stalk 0–10 mm, 0\\-0\\.4 in, a tenth to a half the length of trophophore rachis; blade is dull, strongly glaucous, whitish green, deltate (triangular), thickly leathery, twice pinnate, with apex bent down in vernation, 2–4 cm, 1\\-1½ in, long and 1½\\-4 cm, ½\\-1½ in, broad; ternate, the middle division the largest, broadly oblong to rounded\\-deltoid, the lateral ones similar or rhombic\\-oblong, all pinnately parted; pinnae closely imbricate (overlapping), up to 6 pairs, strongly ascending, sublunate to flabelliform, broadly crenate to incised, or the larger ones radially cleft into cuneiform lobes; distance between 1st and 2nd pinnae not or slightly more than between the 2nd and 3rd pairs, asymmetrically cuneate; basal pinna pair often divided into 2 unequal parts, lobed to tip, margins entire, sinuate to shallowly crenate, apex rounded to truncate, venation pinnate.\n\nThe trophophore is located high on the common stalk, but the common stalk is subterranean, giving the impression that the leaf originates near ground level. [Sporophore](/wiki/Sporophore \"Sporophore\") is once to thrice pinnate, with the tip recurved in vernation, sessile or short\\-stalked, equalling or surpassing (1 to 1½ times) the sterile blade, but with the stalk shorter than the trophophore; extremely compact sporangial cluster.\n\n",
"Taxonomy\n--------\n\nIt is in the [adder's\\-tongue family (Ophioglossaceae)](/wiki/Ophioglossaceae \"Ophioglossaceae\"), and may be closely related to the whisk ferns of the family [Psilotaceae](/wiki/Psilotaceae \"Psilotaceae\"). These two families together, according to recent research, share a common ancestor which appears to have diverged early on from the rest of the fern lineage; this probably explains the distinctive morphologies of the members of these two families.\n\nThere was speculation that *Botrychium pumicola* is a variety of *Botrychium simplex*. The two species are indeed closely related, with *[Botrychium montanum](/wiki/Botrychium_montanum \"Botrychium montanum\")* also somewhat closely related. It has been determined that *Botrychium pumicola* is a separate species.\n\n",
"Ecology\n-------\n\nThe [fire ecology](/wiki/Fire_ecology \"Fire ecology\") of this plant is not known, but open, sparsely vegetated pumice probably does not carry fire well. This plant is neither likely to encounter fire nor tolerate it well.\n\n### Conservation status and threats\n\n* [U.S. Forest Service](/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service \"United States Forest Service\") — Pacific Southwest Region, Sensitive Species.\n* [California Native Plant Society](/wiki/California_Native_Plant_Society \"California Native Plant Society\") Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants — 2B.2 (Fairly endangered in California).[California Native Plant Society, Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants (online edition, v8\\-02\\): *Botrychium pumicola*](http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/detail/2708.html) . accessed 4\\.29\\.2016\\.\n* [NatureServe](/wiki/NatureServe \"NatureServe\") [Vulnerable species](/wiki/Vulnerable_species \"Vulnerable species\") — Oregon State Rank S3; California State Rank S1; Global Rank G3\\.\n\nSome of the principal threats to this species are fern collecting and [habitat disruption](/wiki/Habitat_destruction \"Habitat destruction\") caused by recreational use, timber harvesting, and pumice mining.\n\n### Field identification\n\nThe best time of year to look for this plant is from July to September.\n The sessile trophophore and very short\\-stalked sporophore serve to distinguish this species from *[B. simplex](/wiki/Botrychium_simplex \"Botrychium simplex\")*. Pumice moonwort has a bluish\\-grey\\-green color, as opposed to *[B. lanceolatum](/wiki/Botrychium_lanceolatum \"Botrychium lanceolatum\")*, whose color is more yellow\\-green.\n\n",
"### Conservation status and threats\n\n* [U.S. Forest Service](/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service \"United States Forest Service\") — Pacific Southwest Region, Sensitive Species.\n* [California Native Plant Society](/wiki/California_Native_Plant_Society \"California Native Plant Society\") Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants — 2B.2 (Fairly endangered in California).[California Native Plant Society, Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants (online edition, v8\\-02\\): *Botrychium pumicola*](http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/detail/2708.html) . accessed 4\\.29\\.2016\\.\n* [NatureServe](/wiki/NatureServe \"NatureServe\") [Vulnerable species](/wiki/Vulnerable_species \"Vulnerable species\") — Oregon State Rank S3; California State Rank S1; Global Rank G3\\.\n\nSome of the principal threats to this species are fern collecting and [habitat disruption](/wiki/Habitat_destruction \"Habitat destruction\") caused by recreational use, timber harvesting, and pumice mining.\n\n",
"### Field identification\n\nThe best time of year to look for this plant is from July to September.\n The sessile trophophore and very short\\-stalked sporophore serve to distinguish this species from *[B. simplex](/wiki/Botrychium_simplex \"Botrychium simplex\")*. Pumice moonwort has a bluish\\-grey\\-green color, as opposed to *[B. lanceolatum](/wiki/Botrychium_lanceolatum \"Botrychium lanceolatum\")*, whose color is more yellow\\-green.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of plants on the Modoc National Forest](/wiki/List_of_plants_on_the_Modoc_National_Forest \"List of plants on the Modoc National Forest\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Calflora Database: *Botrychium pumicola* (Pumice moonwort)](http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Botrychium+pumicola)\n* [Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2\\) treatment of *Botrychium pumicola*](https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=15943)\n* [UC CalPhotos gallery of *Botrychium pumicola* (pumice moonwort)](http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/img_query?rel-taxon=begins+with&where-taxon=Botrychium+pumicola)\n\n[pumicola](/wiki/Category:Botrychium \"Botrychium\")\n[Category:Ferns of California](/wiki/Category:Ferns_of_California \"Ferns of California\")\n[Category:Flora of Oregon](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Oregon \"Flora of Oregon\")\n[Category:Endemic flora of the United States](/wiki/Category:Endemic_flora_of_the_United_States \"Endemic flora of the United States\")\n[Category:Ferns of the United States](/wiki/Category:Ferns_of_the_United_States \"Ferns of the United States\")\n[\\~](/wiki/Category:Modoc_Plateau \"Modoc Plateau\")\n[\\~](/wiki/Category:Modoc_National_Forest \"Modoc National Forest\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Lucien Marcus Underwood](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Lucien_Marcus_Underwood \"Taxa named by Lucien Marcus Underwood\")\n\n"
]
}
|
The Motorcycle Diaries (soundtrack)
|
{
"id": [
2665881
],
"name": [
"Wiz-Pro3"
]
}
|
49o2bp96ahi36ufycompk4pymrqmqes
|
2023-04-02T02:49:32Z
| 1,005,419,484 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Track listing",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**The Motorcycle Diaries** is the original soundtrack of the [2004 film of the same name](/wiki/The_Motorcycle_Diaries_%28film%29 \"The Motorcycle Diaries (film)\") starring [Gael García Bernal](/wiki/Gael_Garc%C3%ADa_Bernal \"Gael García Bernal\"). The [score](/wiki/Film_score \"Film score\") was composed by [Gustavo Santaolalla](/wiki/Gustavo_Santaolalla \"Gustavo Santaolalla\"). The album won the [BAFTA Award for Best Film Music](/wiki/BAFTA_Award \"BAFTA Award\"). On February 26, 2010, Norwegian electronica duo [Röyksopp](/wiki/R%C3%B6yksopp \"Röyksopp\") released a free\\-downloadable remix of \"De Usuahia a la Quiaca\" on their official website.\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n1. Apertura\n2. Lagos Frías\n3. Chichina\n4. Chipi Chipi (Written by Gabriel Rodríguez) \\- María Ester Zamora, \"Polito\" González, Jorge Lobos, Cuti Aste, Roberto Lindl\n5. Montaña\n6. Sendero\n7. Procesión\n8. Jardín\n9. La Partida\n10. La Muerte de la Poderosa\n11. Lima\n12. La Salida de Lima\n13. Zambita\n14. \"[Que Rico el Mambo](/wiki/%C2%A1Qu%C3%A9_rico_el_mambo%21 \"¡Qué rico el mambo!\")\" \\- Written and Performed by [Dámaso Pérez Prado](/wiki/Perez_Prado \"Perez Prado\")\n15. Círculo en el Río\n16. Amazonas\n17. Cabalgando\n18. Leyendo en el Hospital\n19. El Cruce\n20. Partida del Leprosario\n21. De Usuahia a la Quiaca\n22. Revolución Caliente\n23. \"[Al otro lado del río](/wiki/Al_otro_lado_del_r%C3%ADo \"Al otro lado del río\")\" \\- Written and Performed by [Jorge Drexler](/wiki/Jorge_Drexler \"Jorge Drexler\") \\- **won** the [Academy Award for Best Original Song](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song \"Academy Award for Best Original Song\").\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:2004 soundtrack albums](/wiki/Category:2004_soundtrack_albums \"2004 soundtrack albums\")\n[Category:Biographical film soundtracks](/wiki/Category:Biographical_film_soundtracks \"Biographical film soundtracks\")\n[Category:Albums produced by Gustavo Santaolalla](/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_Gustavo_Santaolalla \"Albums produced by Gustavo Santaolalla\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Collie Sub-basin
|
{
"id": [
44217690
],
"name": [
"Panamitsu"
]
}
|
lmsfaax69r5cc63xnbby1oj0jcpdvy3
|
2024-05-06T08:29:22Z
| 1,172,270,604 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Collie Sub\\-basin** is a pocket of [Permian](/wiki/Permian \"Permian\") [sedimentary rocks](/wiki/Sedimentary \"Sedimentary\") with an area of 225 km2, enclosed within much older [Archean](/wiki/Archean \"Archean\") rocks of the [Yilgarn Craton](/wiki/Yilgarn_Craton \"Yilgarn Craton\"), near the town of [Collie](/wiki/Collie%2C_Western_Australia \"Collie, Western Australia\") in southwestern [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\").,Wilde S.A., Walker I.W. 1982\\. Collie, Western Australia, sheet SI50\\-6, 1:250 000 Geological Map Series, Explanatory Notes. Geological Survey of Western Australia.Wilson A.C. 1992\\. Collie Basin. In: Geology and Mineral Resources of Western Australia: Western Australia Geological Survey, Memoir 3, 525\\-531\\. Once considered a unique basin, this area, along with the smaller Wilga and Boyup Sub\\-basins to the south, are now classified as outliers of the [Perth Basin](/wiki/Perth_Basin \"Perth Basin\"), separated from the main area by ancient earth movements and erosion. The Collie Sub\\-basin contains significant [coal reserves](/wiki/Coal \"Coal\"), currently being mined mainly for [electricity generation](/wiki/Muja_Power_Station%2C_Western_Australia \"Muja Power Station, Western Australia\").Le Blanc Smith G. 1993\\. Geology and Permian coal resources of the Collie Basin, Western Australia. Western Australia Geological Survey, Report 38\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Sedimentary basins of Australia](/wiki/Category:Sedimentary_basins_of_Australia \"Sedimentary basins of Australia\")\n[Category:Landforms of Western Australia](/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_Western_Australia \"Landforms of Western Australia\")\n[Category:Collie, Western Australia](/wiki/Category:Collie%2C_Western_Australia \"Collie, Western Australia\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Newport Gulls
|
{
"id": [
17847680
],
"name": [
"Waz8"
]
}
|
r3stfgeqguk276jp4vr4efsly4w2qi7
|
2024-08-30T03:27:48Z
| 1,241,435,618 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Attendance",
"Managers and record",
"Postseason appearances",
"Notable players",
"Notable games",
"Notes",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * + - * + - \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe **Newport Gulls** are a wooden\\-bat, [collegiate summer baseball](/wiki/Collegiate_summer_baseball \"Collegiate summer baseball\") team based in [Newport, Rhode Island](/wiki/Newport%2C_Rhode_Island \"Newport, Rhode Island\"). The Newport Gulls Baseball Club is a member of the Coastal Division of the [New England Collegiate Baseball League](/wiki/New_England_Collegiate_Baseball_League \"New England Collegiate Baseball League\"). Since [2001](/wiki/2001_in_baseball \"2001 in baseball\"), the Gulls have played at [Cardines Field](/wiki/Cardines_Field \"Cardines Field\").\n\n",
"",
"### Attendance\n\nThe following is a list of Gulls attendance figures at Cardines Field dating back to the 2001 season, when the team began using the facility.\n\n| \\+**Home attendance** |\n\n Season\n\n Game avg.\n\n Season total\n\n Lge. rk.\n\n 2001\n\n 676\n\n 11,491\n\n 4th\n\n 2002\n\n 792\n\n 16,640\n\n 5th\n\n 2003\n\n 1,200\n\n 21,604\n\n 4th\n\n 2004\n\n 1,798\n\n 35,963\n\n 2nd\n\n 2005\n\n 1,687\n\n 33,759\n\n 3rd\n\n 2006\n\n 2,020\n\n 42,424\n\n 1st\n\n 2007\n\n 2,010\n\n 42,225\n\n 1st\n\n 2008\n\n 2,101\n\n 44,123\n\n 1st\n\n 2009\n\n 2,277\n\n 45,547\n\n 1st\n\n 2010\n\n 2,284\n\n 45,683\n\n 1st\n\n 2011\n\n 2,146\n\n 42,913\n\n 2nd\n\n 2012\n\n 2,126\n\n 38,275\n\n 1st\n\n 2013\n\n 1,939\n\n 40,714\n\n 1st\n\n 2014\n\n 2,332\n\n 46,645\n\n 1st\n\n 2015\n\n 2,104\n\n 46,290\n\n \n\n 2016\n\n 2,086\n\n 45,904\n\n \n\n 2017\n\n 1,823\n\n 40,113\n\n \n\n 2018\n\n 2,093\n\n 46,052\n\n \n\n 2019\n\n 2,190\n\n 48,183\n\n \n\n 2020\n\n COVID\n\n suspended\n\n season\n\n 2021\n\n 2,123\n\n 48,698\n\n \n\n 2022\n\n 2,345\n\n 51,608\n\n \n\n 2023\n\n 2,968\n\n 65,297\n\n \n\n",
"",
"Postseason appearances\n----------------------\n\n| Year |Division Semi\\-Finals\n\nDivision Finals\n\nNECBL Championship Series\n\n| --- |\n| Rhode Island Gulls | | | | | | |\n| 2000 |\n\n [Mill City All\\-Americans](/wiki/Old_Orchard_Beach_Raging_Tide \"Old Orchard Beach Raging Tide\") |\n W (2–1\\) |\n [Keene Swamp Bats](/wiki/Keene_Swamp_Bats \"Keene Swamp Bats\") |\n L (1–2\\) |\n| Newport Gulls | | | | | | |\n| 2001 |\n\n [Eastern Tides](/wiki/Pittsfield_American_Defenders \"Pittsfield American Defenders\") |\n W (2–1\\) |\n [Keene Swamp Bats](/wiki/Keene_Swamp_Bats \"Keene Swamp Bats\") |\n W (2–1\\) |\n| 2002 | [North Adams Steeplecats](/wiki/North_Adams_Steeplecats \"North Adams Steeplecats\") | W (2–1\\) | [Danbury Westerners](/wiki/Danbury_Westerners \"Danbury Westerners\") | W (2–0\\) | [Keene Swamp Bats](/wiki/Keene_Swamp_Bats \"Keene Swamp Bats\") | W (2–0\\) |\n| 2003 | [Danbury Westerners](/wiki/Danbury_Westerners \"Danbury Westerners\") | W (2–1\\) | [Torrington Twisters](/wiki/New_Bedford_Bay_Sox \"New Bedford Bay Sox\") | L (0–2\\) | | |\n| 2004 | [Torrington Twisters](/wiki/New_Bedford_Bay_Sox \"New Bedford Bay Sox\") | W (2–1\\) | [Riverpoint Royals](/wiki/Riverpoint_Royals \"Riverpoint Royals\") | W (2–1\\) | [Sanford Mainers](/wiki/Sanford_Mainers \"Sanford Mainers\") | L (1–2\\) |\n| 2005 | [Danbury Westerners](/wiki/Danbury_Westerners \"Danbury Westerners\") | W (2–0\\) | [North Adams Steeplecats](/wiki/North_Adams_Steeplecats \"North Adams Steeplecats\") | W (2–0\\) | [Vermont Mountaineers](/wiki/Vermont_Mountaineers \"Vermont Mountaineers\") | W (2–0\\) |\n| 2006 | [Manchester Silkworms](/wiki/Manchester_Silkworms \"Manchester Silkworms\") | W (2–1\\) | [Torrington Twisters](/wiki/New_Bedford_Bay_Sox \"New Bedford Bay Sox\") | L (0–2\\) | | |\n| 2007 | [North Adams Steeplecats](/wiki/North_Adams_Steeplecats \"North Adams Steeplecats\") | W (2–1\\) | [Torrington Twisters](/wiki/New_Bedford_Bay_Sox \"New Bedford Bay Sox\") | W (2–0\\) | [Vermont Mountaineers](/wiki/Vermont_Mountaineers \"Vermont Mountaineers\") | L (0–2\\) |\n| 2008 | [Manchester Silkworms](/wiki/Manchester_Silkworms \"Manchester Silkworms\") | W (2–0\\) | [Pittsfield Dukes](/wiki/Pittsfield_American_Defenders \"Pittsfield American Defenders\") | W (2–0\\) | [Sanford Mainers](/wiki/Sanford_Mainers \"Sanford Mainers\") | L (0–2\\) |\n| 2009 | [New Bedford Bay Sox](/wiki/New_Bedford_Bay_Sox \"New Bedford Bay Sox\") | W (2–0\\) | [Sanford Mainers](/wiki/Sanford_Mainers \"Sanford Mainers\") | W (2–1\\) | [Vermont Mountaineers](/wiki/Vermont_Mountaineers \"Vermont Mountaineers\") | W (2–1\\) |\n| 2010 | [Laconia Muskrats](/wiki/Laconia_Muskrats \"Laconia Muskrats\") | W (2–0\\) | [North Shore Navigators](/wiki/North_Shore_Navigators \"North Shore Navigators\") | L (1–2\\) | | |\n| 2011 | [Laconia Muskrats](/wiki/Laconia_Muskrats \"Laconia Muskrats\") | L (0–2\\) | | | | |\n| 2012 | [Sanford Mainers](/wiki/Sanford_Mainers \"Sanford Mainers\") | W (2–1\\) | [New Bedford Bay Sox](/wiki/New_Bedford_Bay_Sox \"New Bedford Bay Sox\") | W (2–0\\) | [Danbury Westerners](/wiki/Danbury_Westerners \"Danbury Westerners\") | W (2–0\\) |\n| 2013 | [Sanford Mainers](/wiki/Sanford_Mainers \"Sanford Mainers\") | W (2–0\\) | [Mystic Schooners](/wiki/Mystic_Schooners \"Mystic Schooners\") | W (2–0\\) | [Keene Swamp Bats](/wiki/Keene_Swamp_Bats \"Keene Swamp Bats\") | L (1–2\\) |\n| 2014 | [Ocean State Waves](/wiki/Ocean_State_Waves \"Ocean State Waves\") | W (2–1\\) | [Plymouth Pilgrims](/wiki/Plymouth_Pilgrims_%28NECBL%29 \"Plymouth Pilgrims (NECBL)\") | W (2–1\\) | [Sanford Mainers](/wiki/Sanford_Mainers \"Sanford Mainers\") | W (2–0\\) |\n| 2015 | [Ocean State Waves](/wiki/Ocean_State_Waves \"Ocean State Waves\") | W (2–1\\) | [Mystic Schooners](/wiki/Mystic_Schooners \"Mystic Schooners\") | L (0–2\\) | | |\n| 2016 | [Danbury Westerners](/wiki/Danbury_Westerners \"Danbury Westerners\") | W (2\\-1\\) | [Mystic Schooners](/wiki/Mystic_Schooners \"Mystic Schooners\") | L (0\\-2\\) | | |\n| 2019 | [Mystic Schooners](/wiki/Mystic_Schooners \"Mystic Schooners\") | W (1\\-0\\) | [Martha's Vineyard Sharks](/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sharks \"Martha's Vineyard Sharks\") | L (2\\-1\\) | |\n| 2022 | [Sanford Mainers](/wiki/Sanford_Mainers \"Sanford Mainers\") | L (0–1\\) | | | | |\n| 2023 | [Ocean State Waves](/wiki/Ocean_State_Waves \"Ocean State Waves\") | W (2–1\\) | [Danbury Westerners](/wiki/Danbury_Westerners \"Danbury Westerners\") | W (2–0\\) | [Bristol Blues](/wiki/Bristol_Blues \"Bristol Blues\") | W (2–0\\) |\n\n",
"Notable players\n---------------\n\n| \\+**Notable Newport Gulls** |\n\n Year\n\n Player\n\n MLB Team\n\n University\n\n 1999\n\n Szuminski[Jason Szuminski](/wiki/Jason_Szuminski \"Jason Szuminski\")\n\n [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\")\n\n [MIT](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\")\n\n 2003\n\n Ianetta[Chris Ianetta](/wiki/Chris_Ianetta \"Chris Ianetta\")\n\n [Los Angeles Angels](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim \"Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim\")\n\n [University of North Carolina](/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina \"University of North Carolina\")\n\n 2004\n\n Boggs[Mitchell Boggs](/wiki/Mitchell_Boggs \"Mitchell Boggs\")\n\n [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\")\n\n [University of Georgia](/wiki/University_of_Georgia \"University of Georgia\")\n\n 2005\n\n Otero[Dan Otero](/wiki/Dan_Otero \"Dan Otero\")\n\n [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\")\n\n [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University \"Duke University\")\n\n 2006\n\n Beliveau[Jeff Beliveau](/wiki/Jeff_Beliveau \"Jeff Beliveau\")\n\n [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\")\n\n [College of Charleston](/wiki/College_of_Charleston \"College of Charleston\")\n\n 2006\n\n Dominguez[Chris Dominguez](/wiki/Chris_Dominguez \"Chris Dominguez\")\n\n [San Francisco Giants](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\")\n\n [University of Louisville](/wiki/University_of_Louisville \"University of Louisville\")\n\n 2007\n\n Wilk[Adam Wilk](/wiki/Adam_Wilk \"Adam Wilk\")\n\n [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\")\n\n [Long Beach State University](/wiki/Long_Beach_State_University \"Long Beach State University\")\n\n 2007\n\n Stud[Mike Seander](/wiki/Mike_Stud \"Mike Stud\")\n\n N/A\n\n [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University \"Duke University\")\n\n 2009\n\n Garcia[Greg Garcia](/wiki/Greg_Garcia_%28baseball%29 \"Greg Garcia (baseball)\")\n\n [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\")\n\n [University of Hawaii](/wiki/University_of_Hawaii \"University of Hawaii\")\n\n 2010\n\n Appel[Mark Appel](/wiki/Mark_Appel \"Mark Appel\")\n\n [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\")\n\n [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\")\n\n 2010\n\n Garcia[Chris Taylor](/wiki/Chris_Taylor_%28baseball%29 \"Chris Taylor (baseball)\")\n\n [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\")\n\n [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia \"University of Virginia\")\n\n 2010\n\n Garcia[Pat Light](/wiki/Pat_Light \"Pat Light\")\n\n [Boston Red Sox](/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox \"Boston Red Sox\")\n\n [Monmouth University](/wiki/Monmouth_University \"Monmouth University\")\n\n 2011–12\n\n Garcia[Daniel Wright](/wiki/Daniel_Wright_%28baseball%29 \"Daniel Wright (baseball)\")\n\n [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\")\n\n [Arkansas State University](/wiki/Arkansas_State_University \"Arkansas State University\")\n\n 2013\n\n Garcia[Brett Graves](/wiki/Brett_Graves \"Brett Graves\")\n\n [Miami Marlins](/wiki/Miami_Marlins \"Miami Marlins\")\n\n [University of Missouri](/wiki/University_of_Missouri \"University of Missouri\")\n\n 2013\n\n Garcia[Joel McKeithan](/wiki/Joel_McKeithan \"Joel McKeithan\")\n\n [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\")\n\n [Vanderbilt University](/wiki/Vanderbilt_University \"Vanderbilt University\")\n\n 2014\n\n Garcia[Tommy Edman](/wiki/Tommy_Edman \"Tommy Edman\")\n\n [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\")\n\n [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\")\n\n 2014\n\n Garcia[Will Smith](/wiki/Will_Smith_%28pitcher%29 \"Will Smith (pitcher)\")\n\n [Los Angeles Dodgers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers \"Los Angeles Dodgers\")\n\n [University of Louisville](/wiki/University_of_Louisville \"University of Louisville\")\n\n 2015\n\n Garcia[James Karinchak](/wiki/James_Karinchak \"James Karinchak\")\n\n [Cleveland Guardians](/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians \"Cleveland Guardians\")\n\n [Bryant University](/wiki/Bryant_University \"Bryant University\")\n\n 2016\n\n Garcia[Kris Bubic](/wiki/Kris_Bubic \"Kris Bubic\")\n\n [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals \"Kansas City Royals\")\n\n [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\")\n\n 2016\n\n Garcia[Jake Cousins](/wiki/Jake_Cousins \"Jake Cousins\")\n\n [Milwaukee Brewers](/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers \"Milwaukee Brewers\")\n\n [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\")\n\n 2017\n\n Garcia[JJ Bleday](/wiki/JJ_Bleday \"JJ Bleday\")\n\n [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics \"Oakland Athletics\")\n\n [Vanderbilt University](/wiki/Vanderbilt_University \"Vanderbilt University\")\n\n",
"Notable games\n-------------\n\n* July 29, 2002: Rafael Lara plays all nine positions in a nine\\-inning game against the [Mill City All\\-Americans](/wiki/Old_Orchard_Beach_Raging_Tide \"Old Orchard Beach Raging Tide\"). On the [pitcher's mound](/wiki/Baseball_field%23Pitcher%27s_mound \"Baseball field#Pitcher's mound\") for the seventh inning, Lara got credit for the Gulls 5–4 win.\n* July 1, 2005: Four Gulls [pitchers](/wiki/Pitcher \"Pitcher\") throw a [no\\-hitter](/wiki/No-hitter \"No-hitter\"). After a first\\-batter walk, the next 27 [Danbury Westerner](/wiki/Danbury_Westerners \"Danbury Westerners\") batters are retired in order.\n* August 8, 2005: Gulls' [second baseman](/wiki/Second_baseman \"Second baseman\") Jeff Miller turns an [unassisted triple play](/wiki/Unassisted_triple_play \"Unassisted triple play\") in a NECBL championship series game.\n* July 21, 2006: Three Gulls pitchers throw a no\\-hitter against the [North Adams SteepleCats](/wiki/North_Adams_SteepleCats \"North Adams SteepleCats\").\n* July 4, 2008: Gulls pitcher Chase Reid strikes out an NECBL\\-record 19 [Torrington Twisters](/wiki/Torrington_Twisters \"Torrington Twisters\").\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* Official site of the [Newport Gulls](http://www.newportgulls.com/)\n\n[Category:New England Collegiate Baseball League teams](/wiki/Category:New_England_Collegiate_Baseball_League_teams \"New England Collegiate Baseball League teams\")\n[Category:Newport, Rhode Island](/wiki/Category:Newport%2C_Rhode_Island \"Newport, Rhode Island\")\n[Category:Amateur baseball teams in Rhode Island](/wiki/Category:Amateur_baseball_teams_in_Rhode_Island \"Amateur baseball teams in Rhode Island\")\n[Category:College sports teams in Rhode Island](/wiki/Category:College_sports_teams_in_Rhode_Island \"College sports teams in Rhode Island\")\n[Category:1998 establishments in Rhode Island](/wiki/Category:1998_establishments_in_Rhode_Island \"1998 establishments in Rhode Island\")\n[Category:Baseball teams established in 1998](/wiki/Category:Baseball_teams_established_in_1998 \"Baseball teams established in 1998\")\n[Category:Cranston, Rhode Island](/wiki/Category:Cranston%2C_Rhode_Island \"Cranston, Rhode Island\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Our Lady of the Wind
|
{
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
}
|
qohianaq5q31akj3ps99ncbiuujjwwc
|
2024-08-07T21:42:08Z
| 977,928,389 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Our Lady of the Wind",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"**Our Lady of the Wind**, *Saydet El\\-Rih* in Arabic, was built in the Byzantine era in [Enfeh](/wiki/Enfeh \"Enfeh\"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"). Even though the roof of the chapel has long collapsed, it still retains traces of wall paintings representing [Saint George](/wiki/Saint_George \"Saint George\") and Saint Demetrios, the Omnipotent Christ, two evangelists, some saints and the Virgin calming the wind.[Enfeh churches Lebanon](http://www.lebanon-hotels.com/tourism/ENFCHURCH/) It is believed that sailors and fishermen from the village of [Enfeh](/wiki/Enfeh \"Enfeh\") built the chapel so that the Virgin Mary would protect them as they sailed the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Our Lady of the Wind](/wiki/Category:Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary \"Shrines to the Virgin Mary\")\n[Our Lady of the Wind](/wiki/Category:Titles_of_Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus \"Titles of Mary, mother of Jesus\")\n[Our Lady of the Wind](/wiki/Category:Greek_Orthodox_churches_in_Lebanon \"Greek Orthodox churches in Lebanon\")\n[Category:Koura District](/wiki/Category:Koura_District \"Koura District\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Proprietary college
|
{
"id": [
47158234
],
"name": [
"Rensby"
]
}
|
pvw39vojx3wikzze73r6sjejzwgtqjo
|
2024-09-17T12:46:34Z
| 1,158,545,919 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History in the United States",
"Classification",
"See also",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Proprietary colleges** are [for\\-profit](/wiki/Business \"Business\") [colleges](/wiki/College \"College\") and [universities](/wiki/University \"University\") generally operated by their owners, investors, or shareholders in a manner prioritizing [shareholder primacy](/wiki/Shareholder_primacy \"Shareholder primacy\") as opposed to education provided by [non\\-profit institution](/wiki/Nonprofit_organization \"Nonprofit organization\") (such as non\\-sectarian, religious, or governmental organization) that prioritize students as [project stakeholders](/wiki/Project_stakeholder \"Project stakeholder\"). \n\nBecause they are not funded by tax money, their long\\-term sustainability is dependent on the value they provide relative to the perceived value of a degree from a higher educational institution overall. The increased reliance on federal student aid funds by these \"for\\-profit\" schools is of growing concern. Since federal student loans are typically guaranteed by the government, for\\-profit colleges can reap a profit from taxpayers even if students drop out after enrolling, do not complete a degree, or the degree turns out to be nearly worthless for future employment. Students can be stuck with large and unmanageable [debt loads](/wiki/Student_debt \"Student debt\"), defaulting at a significantly higher rate than students at traditional non\\-profit institutions. Non\\-profit institutions generally depend in part on academic excellence and creating graduates that succeed in their fields, while for\\-profit schools are often based on attracting large numbers of students with few requirements in terms of academic qualifications for entry because federal loans are provided for good and bad students alike. Some institutions in this category are [regionally accredited](/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States%23Regional_and_national_accreditation \"Higher education accreditation in the United States#Regional and national accreditation\"), while many others are not accredited by a government\\-recognized accreditation organization and resemble [diploma mills](/wiki/Diploma_mill \"Diploma mill\"). Sometimes a proprietary college may also overlap with the sector of non\\-degree granting [business colleges](/wiki/Business_college \"Business college\").\n\nTraditionally, a common argument against for\\-profit universities has been that the science and theory behind the learning technique is more important than the profit or specific skills gained, thus profit or financial success should not be a motivational factor in education. The argument in favor of for\\-profit universities has been that a student learning from a professor who has never needed to produce their product or service for profit is ill\\-prepared for a free\\-enterprise system. However, as non\\-profit colleges and universities increasingly utilize professionals and former professionals in their teaching faculties, this distinction has become less significant.\n\n",
"History in the United States\n----------------------------\n\nWhile to some extent proprietary colleges have always existed, their numbers and ubiquitous nature exploded after 1992 when then\\-committee chairman [John Boehner](/wiki/John_Boehner \"John Boehner\") (R\\-Ohio) of the [House of Representatives' Committee on Education and the Workforce](/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Education_and_Labor \"United States House Committee on Education and Labor\") killed a federal regulation known as the \"90\\-10 rule\", and by simplifying the definition of \"institution of higher education\" to place for\\-profit schools on par with nonprofit colleges regarding federal\\-aid eligibility. The idea behind the 90\\-10 rule was that if a proprietary school's offerings were truly valuable—for example, if they filled some niche that traditional state and private non\\-profit educational institutions did not—then surely 10% of their students would be willing to pay completely out\\-of\\-pocket, i.e., those who fell above federal guidelines for receiving taxpayer subsidies to attend college. Traditional educational institutions routinely met this bar without even paying attention.\n\n",
"Classification\n--------------\n\nProprietary colleges are sometimes called *[career colleges](/wiki/Career_college \"Career college\")*, *[business colleges](/wiki/Business_college \"Business college\")*, *proprietary schools*, *institutes*, or *for\\-profit colleges*. The term preferred by the New York State\\-based Association for Proprietary Colleges is **Proprietary colleges**.[Association for Proprietary Colleges](http://www.apc-colleges.org/)\n\nKevin Kinser, assistant professor of [educational administration](/wiki/College_administrator \"College administrator\") and policy at the [University at Albany](/wiki/University_at_Albany \"University at Albany\"), has proposed a \"Multidimensional classification\" scheme of for\\-profit higher education. Kinser's classes of proprietary colleges are organized by these criteria:\n\n1\\. **Geographic scope**:\n* \"Neighborhood\" – close geographic proximity, in a single state\n* \"Regional\" – two or more campuses in neighboring states\n* \"National\" – including in states across the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") and virtual colleges\n2\\. **Ownership dimension**:\n* \"Publicly traded\" corporations\n* Family\\-owned \"enterprise institution(s)\"\n* \"Venture institutions\" held by private [investors](/wiki/Investor \"Investor\")\n3\\. **Highest degree granted**:\n* Schools that give non\\-degree certificates\n* Institutes that grant [associate's degree](/wiki/Associate%27s_degree \"Associate's degree\")—such as [L.P.N.](/wiki/L.P.N. \"L.P.N.\"), A.O.S., or A.A.S.\n* Colleges that grant a [bachelor's degree](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree \"Bachelor's degree\")—usually a [B.S.](/wiki/B.S. \"B.S.\") or [BBA](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration \"Bachelor of Business Administration\")\n* Universities that grant [graduate degrees](/wiki/Graduate_education \"Graduate education\") – a master's or [doctorate](/wiki/Doctorate \"Doctorate\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [For\\-profit education](/wiki/For-profit_education \"For-profit education\")\n* [List of for\\-profit universities and colleges](/wiki/List_of_for-profit_universities_and_colleges \"List of for-profit universities and colleges\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [\"College, Inc.\"](http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/collegeinc/), PBS [FRONTLINE](/wiki/Frontline_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"Frontline (U.S. TV series)\") documentary, May 4, 2010\n\n"
]
}
|
Ernie Hare
|
{
"id": [
27015025
],
"name": [
"InternetArchiveBot"
]
}
|
6cntosotzm67rje959ic5gug7n79hwf
|
2024-03-14T18:04:29Z
| 1,173,257,779 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"See also",
"References",
"Sources",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|Edison Records \"Diamond Disc\" label (early 1920s) with Jones and Hare singing \"That's a Lot of Bunk\"](/wiki/Image:EdisonDiscLabelBunk.jpg \"EdisonDiscLabelBunk.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Ernie Hare with [Billy Jones](/wiki/Billy_Jones_%28singer%2C_born_1889%29 \"Billy Jones (singer, born 1889)\")](/wiki/Image:Billy_Jones_and_Ernie_Hare_02.jpg \"Billy Jones and Ernie Hare 02.jpg\")\n\n**Thomas Ernest Hare** (March 16, 1883 – March 9, 1939\\) was an American singer who recorded prolifically during the 1920s and 1930s, finding fame as a radio star on *[the Happiness Boys](/wiki/The_Happiness_Boys \"The Happiness Boys\")* radio program.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nHare's recording career began in 1918\\. He was [Al Jolson](/wiki/Al_Jolson \"Al Jolson\")'s understudy in the Broadway musical *[Sinbad](/wiki/Sinbad_%281918_musical%29 \"Sinbad (1918 musical)\")* during 1919–20\\. He recorded with the Cleartone Four, the Crescent Trio, the Harmonizers Quartet, and the Premier Quartet. He made a series recordings with [Al Bernard](/wiki/Al_Bernard \"Al Bernard\") in the late 1910s and the start of the 1920s. As a soloist, he worked under a variety of names (Wallace Daniels, Arthur Grant, Henry Jones, Robert Judson, Walter Lang, Walter Leslie, Roy Roberts, Bob Thomas, Bob Thompson, \"Hobo\" Jack Turner, and Frank Mann).[Gracyk, Tim. *Popular Acoustic Era Recording Artists*, \"The Happiness Boys \\-\\- Comic Team of Billy Jones and Ernest Hare.\"](http://www.gracyk.com/happy.shtml) Gracyk.com\n\nAfter he met [Billy Jones](/wiki/Billy_Jones_%28singer%2C_born_1889%29 \"Billy Jones (singer, born 1889)\") in 1919, they teamed in 1920 when Brunswick executive [Gus Haenschen](/wiki/Gus_Haenschen \"Gus Haenschen\") had them sing an accompaniment on a [Brunswick recording](/wiki/Brunswick_Records \"Brunswick Records\"). They went on to do numerous recordings together for Brunswick, [Edison](/wiki/Edison_Records \"Edison Records\") and most other major U.S. record companies of the era. Similarities between the two singers were often noted: same height, same weight, and birthdays a few days apart.\n\nThey began on radio October 18, 1921 on [WJZ](/wiki/WABC_%28AM%29 \"WABC (AM)\") in [Newark, New Jersey](/wiki/Newark%2C_New_Jersey \"Newark, New Jersey\"). Sponsored by Happiness Candy, they were heard as the Happiness Boys beginning August 22, 1923 on New York's [WEAF](/wiki/WFAN_%28AM%29 \"WFAN (AM)\"), moving to NBC for a run from 1926 to 1929\\. As the Happiness Boys, they sang popular tunes, mostly light fare and comic songs, with jokes and patter between numbers.[Turtle Services: The Happiness Boys](http://turtleservices.com/happiness.htm) Turtleservices.com\n\nBy 1928, they were the highest\\-paid singers in radio, earning $1,250 a week. After Hare's death in 1939 of bronchopneumonia, Jones continued to perform, teaming in 1939–40 with Hare's 16\\-year\\-old daughter, Marilyn Hare (1923–1981\\). Jones died November 23, 1940\\. Marilyn Hare went on to a career as an actress in films, [Soundies](/wiki/Soundies \"Soundies\"), and television, and she also toured as a vocalist.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [The Happiness Boys](/wiki/The_Happiness_Boys \"The Happiness Boys\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n* Hoffmann, Carty, and Riggs, *Billy Murray, The Phonograph Industry's First Great Recording Artist*\n* Roger D. Kinkle, *The Complete Encyclopedia of Popular Music and Jazz, 1900\\-1950*\n* Tim Gracyk, *The Encyclopedia of Popular American Recording Pioneers: 1895\\-1925*\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Ernest Hare recordings](https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/109612) at the [Discography of American Historical Recordings](/wiki/Discography_of_American_Historical_Recordings \"Discography of American Historical Recordings\").\n\n[Category:1883 births](/wiki/Category:1883_births \"1883 births\")\n[Category:1939 deaths](/wiki/Category:1939_deaths \"1939 deaths\")\n[Category:American baritones](/wiki/Category:American_baritones \"American baritones\")\n[Category:American radio personalities](/wiki/Category:American_radio_personalities \"American radio personalities\")\n[Category:Vocalion Records artists](/wiki/Category:Vocalion_Records_artists \"Vocalion Records artists\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American singers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_singers \"20th-century American singers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American male singers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_singers \"20th-century American male singers\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Michael Pickering (footballer, born 1963)
|
{
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
}
|
0lsr7oazrtzvryuokg65lzsaylafu13
|
2024-10-20T14:40:52Z
| 1,247,863,501 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Notes",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Michael Pickering** (born 30 November 1963\\) is a former [Australian rules football](/wiki/Australian_rules_football \"Australian rules football\") player who played in the [VFL/AFL](/wiki/VFL/AFL \"VFL/AFL\") between 1984 and 1991 for the [Richmond Football Club](/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club \"Richmond Football Club\") and then from 1992 until 1993 for the [Melbourne Football Club](/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club \"Melbourne Football Club\").\n\nPickering was a talented footballer from [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont_Football_Club \"Vermont Football Club\") whose fine marking was the trademark of his game. Courageous and determined in his approach to the ball Pickering won the Tigers' [best and fairest](/wiki/Best_and_fairest \"Best and fairest\") award in 1988\\. That season he was made vice\\-captain and led the side well when [Weightman](/wiki/Dale_Weightman \"Dale Weightman\") was unavailable, he fell out of favour late in 1991 and was traded to Melbourne playing only two seasons with the Demons.\n\nHe was appointed as coach of the [Fitzroy Football Club](/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club \"Fitzroy Football Club\") in the [Victorian Amateur Football Association](/wiki/Victorian_Amateur_Football_Association \"Victorian Amateur Football Association\") (VAFA) for the [2012 season](/wiki/2012_VAFA_season \"2012 VAFA season\"), serving until the end of the [2016 season](/wiki/2016_VAFA_season \"2016 VAFA season\").\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* Hogan P: *The Tigers of Old*, Richmond FC, Melbourne 1996\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Demon Wiki profile](http://demonwiki.org/tiki-index.php?page=Michael+Pickering)\n[Category:Richmond Football Club players](/wiki/Category:Richmond_Football_Club_players \"Richmond Football Club players\")\n[Category:Melbourne Football Club players](/wiki/Category:Melbourne_Football_Club_players \"Melbourne Football Club players\")\n[Category:Jack Dyer Medal winners](/wiki/Category:Jack_Dyer_Medal_winners \"Jack Dyer Medal winners\")\n[Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)](/wiki/Category:Australian_rules_footballers_from_Victoria_%28state%29 \"Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)\")\n[Category:1963 births](/wiki/Category:1963_births \"1963 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:People educated at St Kevin's College, Melbourne](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_St_Kevin%27s_College%2C_Melbourne \"People educated at St Kevin's College, Melbourne\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Ganga Ki Saugandh
|
{
"id": [
43502289
],
"name": [
"ButlerBlogBot"
]
}
|
rt11dl69s8ntmi8e1aj9msi7mmleekd
|
2024-05-06T21:43:54Z
| 1,193,716,365 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Synopsis",
"Soundtrack",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Ganga Ki Saugandh** is a 1978 Hindi\\-language [action drama film](/wiki/Action_drama_film \"Action drama film\") produced and directed by [Sultan Ahmed](/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_%28director%29 \"Sultan Ahmed (director)\"). It was released on February 10, 1978\\. The film stars [Amitabh Bachchan](/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan \"Amitabh Bachchan\"), [Rekha](/wiki/Rekha \"Rekha\"), [Amjad Khan](/wiki/Amjad_Khan_%28actor%29 \"Amjad Khan (actor)\"), [Pran](/wiki/Pran_%28actor%29 \"Pran (actor)\"), [I. S. Johar](/wiki/I._S._Johar \"I. S. Johar\"), [Bindu](/wiki/Bindu_%28actress%29 \"Bindu (actress)\"), and [Anju Mahendru](/wiki/Anju_Mahendru \"Anju Mahendru\"). The title soundtrack was composed by [Kalyanji\\-Anandji](/wiki/Kalyanji_Anandji \"Kalyanji Anandji\") and the screenplay was written by Indian screenwriter and director [Wajahat Mirza](/wiki/Wajahat_Mirza \"Wajahat Mirza\"). It was a hit. [Irrfan Khan](/wiki/Irrfan_Khan \"Irrfan Khan\") watched the shooting of Ganga Ki Saugandh, which took place in his hometown when he was a lad.\n\n",
"Synopsis\n--------\n\nThe film begins as Thakur Jaswant Singh (Amjad Khan) rules over the area of the film's setting. He rapes Champa (Farida Jalal), who is the daughter of Keshavram (only mentioned as \"Munshi\"), a secretary (Nana Palshikar). Singh cares only about money, women, and alcohol. After his father's death, he assumes control over the region and increases taxes.\n\nOne day, while walking across a hallway, he slips on a wet floor and falls. He angrily gets up and assaults an older woman, Ramvati (Achala Sachdev), who was washing the floor. His abuse is interrupted by the arrival of Ramvati's son, Jeeva (Amitabh Bachchan). Singh is ready to shoot him, but his mother, Rani Maa (Sulochana Latkar), stops him. Jeeva is now in trouble with the Singhs, and soon many people conspire against him.\n\nSingh (Amjad Khan), his pandit Kashinath (Satyen Kappu), and Lala (Jeevan) conspire to frame Jeeva for poisoning a cow. The next day, Jeeva is summoned before the village council to explain his involvement in the cow's death. Because Jeeva has no satisfactory explanation, he is beaten brutally by Singh's men. Kalu Chamar (Pran), a shoemaker, tries to help him but fails. Jeeva and the villagers are then asked to leave the village with his mother. At the same time, Kalu, the leader of the villagers, attempts to start a new colony with the help of his friend (Anwar Hussain).\n\nAs Jeeva refuses to leave the village, he is severely beaten again and thrown out. Shortly after, his mother passes away, and Jeeva attempts to avenge her death. He becomes a dacoity (member of a band of armed robbers). Jeeva swears on the river [Ganges](/wiki/Ganges \"Ganges\") to wipe out Singh and his men, not knowing his decision will bring him into conflict with the police and honest people from the community from which he was exiled.\n\nLater, when Singh loots five lakhs from the villagers, and Jeeva is initially suspected, he clears his name and condemns Singh. In the end, Singh charters a small airplane and crashes it at Laxman Jhula, killing himself.\n\n",
"Soundtrack\n----------\n\nLyricist: [Anjaan](/wiki/Anjaan_%28lyricist%29 \"Anjaan (lyricist)\")\n\n| \\# | Title | Singer(s) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | \"Chal Musafir, Teri Manzil Door Hai To Kya Hua\" | [Mohammed Rafi](/wiki/Mohammed_Rafi \"Mohammed Rafi\") |\n| 2 | \"Maano To Main Ganga Maa Hoon\" | [Lata Mangeshkar](/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar \"Lata Mangeshkar\") |\n| 3 | \"Aankh Ladi Humse\" (female) | [Asha Bhosle](/wiki/Asha_Bhosle \"Asha Bhosle\") |\n| 4 | \"Roop Jab Aisa Mila\" | [Kishore Kumar](/wiki/Kishore_Kumar \"Kishore Kumar\") |\n| 5 | \"Aankh Ladi Humse\" (duet) | Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle |\n| 6 | \"Toone Har Raat\" | Lata Mangeshkar |\n| 7 | \"Dekho Sapne\" | Mohammed Rafi, [Amit Kumar](/wiki/Amit_Kumar_%28singer%29 \"Amit Kumar (singer)\"), [Aarti Mukherji](/wiki/Aarti_Mukherji \"Aarti Mukherji\") |\n|\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1978 films](/wiki/Category:1978_films \"1978 films\")\n[Category:1970s Hindi\\-language films](/wiki/Category:1970s_Hindi-language_films \"1970s Hindi-language films\")\n[Category:1970s Indian films](/wiki/Category:1970s_Indian_films \"1970s Indian films\")\n[Category:1970s action drama films](/wiki/Category:1970s_action_drama_films \"1970s action drama films\")\n[Category:Indian action drama films](/wiki/Category:Indian_action_drama_films \"Indian action drama films\")\n[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan](/wiki/Category:Films_shot_in_Rajasthan \"Films shot in Rajasthan\")\n[Category:Films about the caste system in India](/wiki/Category:Films_about_the_caste_system_in_India \"Films about the caste system in India\")\n[Category:Films about Indian slavery](/wiki/Category:Films_about_Indian_slavery \"Films about Indian slavery\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Keep Fighting
|
{
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
}
|
q0h5ut7tv6yzl3nn7tejya9hwt16pzg
|
2021-01-17T18:37:50Z
| 933,493,555 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Track listing",
"Bonus DVD",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Keep Fighting*** () is [Taiwanese](/wiki/Taiwanese_people \"Taiwanese people\") [Mandopop](/wiki/Mandopop \"Mandopop\") artist [Tank](/wiki/Tank_%28Taiwanese_singer%29 \"Tank (Taiwanese singer)\")'s second Mandarin studio album. It was released on 19 January 2007 by [HIM International Music](/wiki/HIM_International_Music \"HIM International Music\") with a bonus DVD containing highlight footage of *Tank \\- Give Me Your Love Concert* (Tank 給我你的愛萬人演唱會). HIM International Music [*Keep Fighting* album info](http://www.him.com.tw/album_a.asp?aid=99) 19 January 2007\\. Retrieved 2011\\-03\\-13 A second edition *Keep Fighting Collectable Edition* (延長比賽 慶功珍藏) was released on 13 February 2007 with a bonus DVD containing six music videos and behind\\-the\\-scene footage. HIM International Music [*Keep Fighting Collectable Edition* album info](http://www.him.com.tw/album_a.asp?aid=43) 13 February 2007\\. Retrieved 2011\\-03\\-13\n\nThe album features the ending theme song, \"專屬天使\" (Personal Angel) and insert song \"懂了\" (Understood) of [Taiwanese drama](/wiki/Taiwanese_drama \"Taiwanese drama\") *[Hanazakarino Kimitachihe](/wiki/Hanazakarino_Kimitachihe \"Hanazakarino Kimitachihe\")*, starring [Wu Chun](/wiki/Wu_Chun \"Wu Chun\") and [Jiro Wang](/wiki/Jiro_Wang \"Jiro Wang\") of [Fahrenheit](/wiki/Fahrenheit_%28Taiwanese_band%29 \"Fahrenheit (Taiwanese band)\") and [Ella Chen](/wiki/Ella_Chen \"Ella Chen\") of [S.H.E](/wiki/S.H.E \"S.H.E\"). As well as insert song \"從今以後\" (From Now On) of [Taiwanese drama](/wiki/Taiwanese_drama \"Taiwanese drama\") [KO One](/wiki/KO_One \"KO One\"), starring [Aaron Yan](/wiki/Aaron_Yan \"Aaron Yan\"), [Calvin Chen](/wiki/Calvin_Chen \"Calvin Chen\"), and [Jiro Wang](/wiki/Jiro_Wang \"Jiro Wang\") of Taiwanese [boy band](/wiki/Boy_band \"Boy band\"), [Fahrenheit](/wiki/Fahrenheit_%28Taiwanese_band%29 \"Fahrenheit (Taiwanese band)\") and [Danson Tang](/wiki/Danson_Tang \"Danson Tang\").\n\nThe track \"非你莫屬\" (It Had to be You), the ending theme of *[Tokyo Juliet](/wiki/Tokyo_Juliet_%28TV_series%29 \"Tokyo Juliet (TV series)\")* and sung by [Ariel Lin](/wiki/Ariel_Lin \"Ariel Lin\"), was composed by Tank.\n\nThe track \"街頭霸王\" (Street Bully) was nominated for *Top 10 Gold Songs* at the Hong Kong TVB8 Awards, presented by television station [TVB8](/wiki/TVB \"TVB\"), in 2007\\. Sina.com [Hong Kong TVB8 Awards 2007 *Top 10 Gold Songs* nomination list](http://ent.sina.com.cn/y/2007-12-14/15101834691.shtml) 14 December 2007\\. Retrieved 2011\\-06\\-29\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n1. \"反恐小組\" *Fan Kong Xiao Zu*\n2. \"街頭霸王\" (Street Bully)\n3. \"延長比賽\" (Keep Fighting)\n4. \"非你莫屬\" (It Had to be You) \\- ending theme of *[Tokyo Juliet](/wiki/Tokyo_Juliet_%28TV_series%29 \"Tokyo Juliet (TV series)\")*\n5. \"嵐\" (Wind)\n6. \"第二次初戀\" (Second First Love)\n7. \"晴天雨\" (Clear Sky Rain)\n8. \"專屬天使\" (Personal Angel) \\- ending theme of *[Hanazakarino Kimitachihe](/wiki/Hanazakarino_Kimitachihe \"Hanazakarino Kimitachihe\")*\n9. \"城里的月光\" (City's Moonlight)\n10. \"最後的微笑\" (Last Smile)\n11. \"Dear Tank\"\n12. \"懂了\" (Understood) \\- insert song of *[Hanazakarino Kimitachihe](/wiki/Hanazakarino_Kimitachihe \"Hanazakarino Kimitachihe\")*\n13. \"從今以後\" (From Now On) \\- insert song of [KO One](/wiki/KO_One \"KO One\")\n",
"Bonus DVD\n---------\n\n1. \"街頭霸王\" (Street Bully) MV behind\\-the\\-scene\n2. \"街頭霸王\" (Street Bully) movie version MV\n3. \"專屬天使\" (Personal Angel) MV behind\\-the\\-scene\n4. \"專屬天使\" (Personal Angel) MV\n5. \"非你莫屬\" (It Had to be You) movie version MV\n6. \"延長比賽\" (Keep Flighting) MV\n7. \"獨唱情歌\" Dú Chàng Qíng Gē (Solo Madrigal) MV \\- from *[Fighting](/wiki/Fighting_%28Tank_album%29 \"Fighting (Tank album)\")*\n8. \"蟑螂小強\" Zhāng Láng Xiǎo Qiáng (Little Qiang the Cockroach) MV \\- from *[Fighting](/wiki/Fighting_%28Tank_album%29 \"Fighting (Tank album)\")*\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Tank discography@HIM International Music](http://www.him.com.tw/album.asp?atid=3)\n\n[Category:2007 albums](/wiki/Category:2007_albums \"2007 albums\")\n[Category:Tank (Taiwanese singer) albums](/wiki/Category:Tank_%28Taiwanese_singer%29_albums \"Tank (Taiwanese singer) albums\")\n[Category:HIM International Music albums](/wiki/Category:HIM_International_Music_albums \"HIM International Music albums\")\n\n"
]
}
|
David Creighton
|
{
"id": [
32151240
],
"name": [
"TheGoodAndHolyLord"
]
}
|
gtav2fho83nn6p815ayat9znxt6jgok
|
2024-04-19T17:40:30Z
| 1,218,987,782 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Electoral history",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**David Creighton** (April 1, 1843 – November 7, 1917\\) was an [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\") businessman and political figure. He represented [Grey North](/wiki/Grey_North_%28provincial_electoral_district%29 \"Grey North (provincial electoral district)\") in the [Legislative Assembly of Ontario](/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario \"Legislative Assembly of Ontario\") from 1875 to 1890 as a [Conservative](/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario \"Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario\") member.\n\nHe was born in [Glasgow, Scotland](/wiki/Glasgow%2C_Scotland \"Glasgow, Scotland\") in 1843; his parents were of [Irish](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\") descent. Creighton came to [Canada West](/wiki/Canada_West \"Canada West\") with his family in 1855\\. He became editor and publisher of the *Owen Sound Times* in 1864, retiring in 1896\\. In 1873, he married Jane Elizabeth Kramer. He was first elected to the assembly in an 1875 by\\-election held after the election of [Thomas Scott](/wiki/Thomas_Scott_%28Ontario_politician%29 \"Thomas Scott (Ontario politician)\") was declared invalid. He helped establish the newspaper *[The Empire](/wiki/Toronto_Empire \"Toronto Empire\")* at [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), which operated from 1887 to 1895\\. In 1895, Creighton was appointed assistant Receiver\\-General at Toronto.\n\nThe community of [Creighton Mine](/wiki/Creighton_Mine%2C_Ontario \"Creighton Mine, Ontario\"), now a ghost town in [Greater Sudbury](/wiki/Greater_Sudbury \"Greater Sudbury\"), was named after him. He died in 1917\\.\n\n",
"Electoral history\n-----------------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [*The Canadian parliamentary companion and annual register, 1879*](http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/mtq?doc=32953), [CH Mackintosh](/wiki/Charles_H._Mackintosh \"Charles H. Mackintosh\")\n* [*The Canadian men and women of the time : a handbook of Canadian biography*, HJ Morgan (1898\\)](http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/mtq?doc=02221)\n\n[Category:1843 births](/wiki/Category:1843_births \"1843 births\")\n[Category:1917 deaths](/wiki/Category:1917_deaths \"1917 deaths\")\n[Category:Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs](/wiki/Category:Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario_MPPs \"Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs\")\n[Category:British emigrants to pre\\-Confederation Ontario](/wiki/Category:British_emigrants_to_pre-Confederation_Ontario \"British emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee
|
{
"id": [
31866208
],
"name": [
"CatSkald"
]
}
|
dt2rwg6mi61a3nwp8uan4t9p8t689x0
|
2024-10-20T23:37:43Z
| 1,252,351,919 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Features named by the committee",
"Publication",
"See also",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee** (**AANMC**) was established to advise the [Government](/wiki/Government_of_Australia \"Government of Australia\") on names for features in the [Australian Antarctic Territory](/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory \"Australian Antarctic Territory\") and the subantarctic territory of [Heard Island](/wiki/Heard_Island \"Heard Island\") and the [McDonald Islands](/wiki/McDonald_Islands \"McDonald Islands\"). The committee also issues nominations [Governor General](/wiki/Governor_General_of_Australia \"Governor General of Australia\") for the award of the [Australian Antarctic Medal](/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Medal \"Australian Antarctic Medal\").\n\nCommittee members were appointed by the Minister or Parliamentary Secretary responsible for Antarctic matters. The committee was founded in 1952 as the **Antarctic Names Committee of Australia**, and changed to the current name in 1982 to reflect the multiple functions that the committee is responsible for. The committee was replaced by the **Australian Antarctic Division Place names Committee** in 2015\\.\n\n",
"Features named by the committee\n-------------------------------\n\n* [Burch Peaks](/wiki/Burch_Peaks \"Burch Peaks\"), named after W.M. Burch, geophysicist\n* [Fyfe Hills](/wiki/Fyfe_Hills \"Fyfe Hills\"), named after [W.V. Fyfe](/wiki/W.V._Fyfe \"W.V. Fyfe\"), [Surveyor General of Western Australia](/wiki/Surveyor_General_of_Western_Australia \"Surveyor General of Western Australia\")\n* [Goldsworthy Ridge](/wiki/Goldsworthy_Ridge \"Goldsworthy Ridge\"), named after [R.W. Goldsworthy](/wiki/R.W._Goldsworthy \"R.W. Goldsworthy\"), survey field assistant\n* [Gowlett Peaks](/wiki/Gowlett_Peaks \"Gowlett Peaks\"), named after[Alan Gowlett](/wiki/Alan_Gowlett \"Alan Gowlett\"), engineer\n* [Haigh Nunatak](/wiki/Haigh_Nunatak \"Haigh Nunatak\"), named after John Haigh, geophysicist\n* [McNair Nunatak](/wiki/McNair_Nunatak \"McNair Nunatak\"), named after [Richard McNair](/wiki/Richard_McNair_%28cook%29 \"Richard McNair (cook)\"), cook\n* [Mount Cordwell](/wiki/Mount_Cordwell \"Mount Cordwell\"), named after T.S. Cordwell, radio officer\n* [Mount Smethurst](/wiki/Mount_Smethurst \"Mount Smethurst\"), named after N.R. Smethurst, officer\\-in\\-charge at [Wilkes Station](/wiki/Wilkes_Station \"Wilkes Station\")\n* [Mount Stadler](/wiki/Mount_Stadler \"Mount Stadler\"), named after S. Stadler, weather observer\n* [Mount Torckler](/wiki/Mount_Torckler \"Mount Torckler\"), named after R.M. Torckler, radio officer\n* [Onley Hill](/wiki/Onley_Hill \"Onley Hill\"), named after [L. Onley](/wiki/L._Onley \"L. Onley\"), weather observer\n* [Trost Rocks](/wiki/Trost_Rocks \"Trost Rocks\"), named after [P.A. Trost](/wiki/P.A._Trost \"P.A. Trost\"), electronics engineer\n* [Mitchell Nunatak](/wiki/Mitchell_Nunatak \"Mitchell Nunatak\"), named after [R. Mitchell](/wiki/R._Mitchell \"R. Mitchell\"), a senior diesel mechanic at [Mawson Station](/wiki/Mawson_Station \"Mawson Station\") in 1969\n* [Kenneth Ridge](/wiki/Kenneth_Ridge \"Kenneth Ridge\"), named after [Kenneth A. Smith](/wiki/Kenneth_A._Smith \"Kenneth A. Smith\"), a radio officer at [Mawson Station](/wiki/Mawson_Station \"Mawson Station\") in 1969, and a member of the ANARE [Prince Charles Mountains](/wiki/Prince_Charles_Mountains \"Prince Charles Mountains\") survey party in the same year\n* [New Year Nunatak](/wiki/New_Year_Nunatak \"New Year Nunatak\")\n",
"Publication\n-----------\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Australian Antarctic Division](/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division \"Australian Antarctic Division\")\n* [SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica](/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica \"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica\")\n* [UK\\_Antarctic\\_Place\\-Names\\_Committee](/wiki/UK_Antarctic_Place-Names_Committee \"UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee\")\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [AAD website](http://www.aad.gov.au)\n\n[Category:Names of places in Antarctica](/wiki/Category:Names_of_places_in_Antarctica \"Names of places in Antarctica\")\n[Category:Government of Australia](/wiki/Category:Government_of_Australia \"Government of Australia\")\n[Category:Scientific organisations based in Australia](/wiki/Category:Scientific_organisations_based_in_Australia \"Scientific organisations based in Australia\")\n[Category:Australian Antarctic Territory](/wiki/Category:Australian_Antarctic_Territory \"Australian Antarctic Territory\")\n[Category:1952 establishments in Australia](/wiki/Category:1952_establishments_in_Australia \"1952 establishments in Australia\")\n[Category:Antarctic agencies](/wiki/Category:Antarctic_agencies \"Antarctic agencies\")\n[Category:Geographical naming agencies](/wiki/Category:Geographical_naming_agencies \"Geographical naming agencies\")\n[Category:Australian toponymy](/wiki/Category:Australian_toponymy \"Australian toponymy\")\n[Category:Heard Island and McDonald Islands](/wiki/Category:Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands \"Heard Island and McDonald Islands\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Cacostomus squamosus
|
{
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
}
|
np5vr7d5qb09iq93vo92u3ruw5ar2la
|
2023-12-09T14:27:23Z
| 949,737,059 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Cacostomus squamosus*** is a [beetle](/wiki/Beetle \"Beetle\") of the family [Lucanidae](/wiki/Lucanidae \"Lucanidae\") found in [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"). \nIt is a [diurnal](/wiki/Diurnality \"Diurnality\") species reaching a length up to 25 mm in [males](/wiki/Males \"Males\"); it occurs on [flowers](/wiki/Flowers \"Flowers\") in the eastern coastal forests of Australia. Its [larvae](/wiki/Larvae \"Larvae\"), like those of most species of stag beetles, live in decaying wood.Hangay, George; *A Guide to the Beetles of Australia* pp76\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [*Cacostomus squamosus*](http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/abrs/fauna/details.pl?pstrVol=SCARABAEOIDEA;pstrTaxa=2331;pstrChecklistMode=2) Australian Faunal Directory\n\n[Category:Lucaninae](/wiki/Category:Lucaninae \"Lucaninae\")\n[Category:Beetles of Australia](/wiki/Category:Beetles_of_Australia \"Beetles of Australia\")\n[Category:Beetles described in 1840](/wiki/Category:Beetles_described_in_1840 \"Beetles described in 1840\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Myōjin-shō
|
{
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
}
|
mnc1jfoqj6agc4skwhkxchs8e7invev
|
2024-01-24T16:16:02Z
| 1,075,380,094 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Eruption of 1952-1953",
"Survey of 1998-1999",
"Structure",
"Gallery",
"1952 eruption",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2
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"\n\n is a [submarine volcano](/wiki/Submarine_volcano \"Submarine volcano\") located about 450 kilometers south of [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\") on the Izu\\-Ogasawara Ridge in the [Izu Islands](/wiki/Izu_Islands \"Izu Islands\"). Volcanic activity has been detected there since 1869\\. Since then it has undergone more [eruptions](/wiki/Volcanic_eruption \"Volcanic eruption\"), the most powerful of which resulted in the appearance and disappearance of a small [island](/wiki/Island \"Island\").\n\nThe name Myōjin\\-shō derives from a fishing boat, *No.11 Myōjin\\-Maru* of [Yaizu City](/wiki/Yaizu \"Yaizu\"), [Shizuoka Prefecture](/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture \"Shizuoka Prefecture\"), the crew of which first witnessed the major volcanic eruption of 1952\\.\n\n",
"Eruption of 1952\\-1953\n----------------------\n\n[thumb\\|A mysterious reef raised a volcanic plume and \"Chihuri\\-class patrol vessel\" sailors looked at it (1952\\)](/wiki/File:Myojin-Sho.JPG \"Myojin-Sho.JPG\")\n\nThe volcanic eruption from 1952 to 1953 was one of its biggest eruptions on record, with the repetitious appearance and disappearance of an island, which at one point reached over ten metres above sea level, before sinking after a major volcanic eruption in September 1953\\. On September 24, 1952, a survey vessel, [*Kaiyo Maru No. 5*](/wiki/Kaiy%C5%8D_No.1_class_oceanographic_research_ship \"Kaiyō No.1 class oceanographic research ship\") of the [Hydrographic](/wiki/Hydrography \"Hydrography\") Department of the Maritime Safety Agency, was destroyed by the volcano, with the loss of its crew of 31 (including the nine scientists studying the eruption). Consequently, the Department developed *Manbou* (Sunfish), an unmanned radio operating survey boat, and has used it for the research of dangerous sea areas such as submarine volcanoes.\n\nThis was the first time that volcanic activity had been detected using the [SOFAR channel](/wiki/SOFAR_channel \"SOFAR channel\"). \n\n```\n\"Transpacific detection of Myojin volcanic explosions by underwater sound\"\n```\n\n",
"Survey of 1998\\-1999\n--------------------\n\nIn 1998 and 1999, the Hydrography Department conducted comprehensive sea bottom surveys around Myōjin\\-shō, using the state\\-of\\-the\\-art survey vessel *Shoyo* and *Manbou II*, the second generation *Manbou*. As a result of these surveys, a detailed picture of the [seabed topography](/wiki/Seabed_topography \"Seabed topography\") around Myōjin\\-shō was made for the first time.\n\n*Manbou II* conducted the survey of the sea area within a radius of 3 [nautical miles](/wiki/Nautical_mile \"Nautical mile\") (about 5\\.4 kilometers) of Myōjin\\-shō. *Shoyo* conducted the survey of the sea area within a radius of about 10 nautical miles (about 18\\.5 kilometers) but farther than the area of the radius of . *Manbou II* works by the order of preprogrammed instructions and measures depth and water temperature. Bathymetric survey of *Manbou II* was carried out by using the \"PRD\\-601\" echo sounder at intervals of 0\\.2 nautical miles (about 370 meters). *Shoyo* conducted a comprehensive survey including the geological and geophysical surveys of sea bottom.\nBathymetric survey of *Shoyo* was carried out by using a \"Seabeam 2112\" echo sounder at intervals of 0\\.5 nautical miles (about 930 meters).\n\n",
"Structure\n---------\n\nPreviously, Myōjin\\-shō was considered to be the central cone of a double volcano with the [Bayonnaise Rocks](/wiki/Bayonnaise_Rocks \"Bayonnaise Rocks\") (rocks of 9\\.9 meters in height above the sea level) as a portion of the [somma](/wiki/Somma_volcano \"Somma volcano\") (Mita, 1949\\). As a result of the survey, however, the authors found that both Myōjin\\-shō and the Bayonnaise Rocks are cones on the somma of a double volcano. The foot of this double volcano lies 1,400 to 1,500 meters in depth and the size is about 30 by 25 kilometers east\\-west, north\\-south. The somma is almost a circle in the diameter of 7 by 9 kilometers and the height is 1,000 – 1,400meters.\n\nThe diameter of the caldera floor is 5\\.6 kilometers and about 1,100 meters in depth. The central cone is a high formerly known as [Takane\\-shō](/wiki/Takane-sh%C5%8D \"Takane-shō\"), 328 metres below sea level.\n\nMyōjin\\-shō is a post caldera cone formed in the northeastern part of the somma of the double volcano. It is a single conical cone and its height is 550 meters with the shallowest depth 50 meters. A record that suggests a gushing of bubbles near the summit was obtained and micro\\-earthquakes were observed near Myōjin\\-shō, showing that the volcano is still active, although at a low level\n\n",
"Gallery\n-------\n\n### 1952 eruption\n\nFile:Myojin\\-sho\\_19520917\\.jpg\\|Myōjin\\-shō, 1952\nFile:Myojinsho.JPG\\|Myōjin\\-shō, 1952\n\n",
"### 1952 eruption\n\nFile:Myojin\\-sho\\_19520917\\.jpg\\|Myōjin\\-shō, 1952\nFile:Myojinsho.JPG\\|Myōjin\\-shō, 1952\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Survey of Myojin\\-sho](http://www.fig.net/pub/proceedings/korea/abstracts/pdf/session2/yashima-nishizawa-otani-abs.pdf)\n\n[Category:Izu Islands](/wiki/Category:Izu_Islands \"Izu Islands\")\n[Category:Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean](/wiki/Category:Seamounts_of_the_Pacific_Ocean \"Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean\")\n[Category:Ephemeral islands](/wiki/Category:Ephemeral_islands \"Ephemeral islands\")\n[Category:Natural disasters in Japan](/wiki/Category:Natural_disasters_in_Japan \"Natural disasters in Japan\")\n[Category:1952 natural disasters](/wiki/Category:1952_natural_disasters \"1952 natural disasters\")\n[Category:Postwar Japan](/wiki/Category:Postwar_Japan \"Postwar Japan\")\n[Category:Former islands from the last glacial maximum](/wiki/Category:Former_islands_from_the_last_glacial_maximum \"Former islands from the last glacial maximum\")\n\n"
]
}
|
The Bitch Is Back (Veronica Mars)
|
{
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27015025
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"name": [
"InternetArchiveBot"
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|
bm3tj3l317tzaflxkh1s6kttiz6omdo
|
2024-08-24T21:46:38Z
| 1,219,978,471 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot",
"Production",
"Writing, filming, and promotion",
"FBI pitch",
"Cancellation",
"Analysis",
"Reception",
"Ratings",
"Reviews",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
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"\n* + - * + - * \n\n\"**The Bitch Is Back**\" is the [series finale](/wiki/Series_finale \"Series finale\") of the initial run of the American [mystery](/wiki/Mystery_fiction \"Mystery fiction\") television series *[Veronica Mars](/wiki/Veronica_Mars \"Veronica Mars\")*, the twentieth and final episode of the show's [third season](/wiki/Veronica_Mars_season_3 \"Veronica Mars season 3\"), and the 64th episode overall. Co\\-written by series creator [Rob Thomas](/wiki/Rob_Thomas_%28writer%29 \"Rob Thomas (writer)\") and executive producer [Diane Ruggiero](/wiki/Diane_Ruggiero \"Diane Ruggiero\") and directed by [Michael Fields](/wiki/Michael_Fields_%28director%29 \"Michael Fields (director)\"), the episode premiered on [The CW](/wiki/The_CW \"The CW\") on May 22, 2007, directly after the previous episode, \"[Weevils Wobble But They Don't Go Down](/wiki/Weevils_Wobble_But_They_Don%27t_Go_Down \"Weevils Wobble But They Don't Go Down\")\". The series depicts the adventures of [Veronica Mars](/wiki/Veronica_Mars_%28character%29 \"Veronica Mars (character)\") ([Kristen Bell](/wiki/Kristen_Bell \"Kristen Bell\")) as she navigates life as a college student while moonlighting as a [private detective](/wiki/Private_detective \"Private detective\").\n\nIn this episode, Veronica investigates the origins of a [sex tape](/wiki/Sex_tape \"Sex tape\") of her and Stosh \"Piz\" Piznarski ([Chris Lowell](/wiki/Chris_Lowell \"Chris Lowell\")). Renouncing Logan Echolls ([Jason Dohring](/wiki/Jason_Dohring \"Jason Dohring\")) because he assaulted Piz, Veronica eventually discovers that the perpetrators are a [secret society](/wiki/Secret_society \"Secret society\") at Hearst College known as the Castle, headed by Jake Kane ([Kyle Secor](/wiki/Kyle_Secor \"Kyle Secor\")). Meanwhile, [Parker Lee](/wiki/Parker_Lee \"Parker Lee\") ([Julie Gonzalo](/wiki/Julie_Gonzalo \"Julie Gonzalo\")) ends her relationship with Logan, and Keith Mars ([Enrico Colantoni](/wiki/Enrico_Colantoni \"Enrico Colantoni\")) navigates the issues surrounding his candidacy in the upcoming sheriff's election.\n\nSeveral days prior to airing \"The Bitch Is Back\", The CW announced that the series was [cancelled](/wiki/Cancellation_%28television%29 \"Cancellation (television)\"). In an effort to prevent *Veronica Mars* from being cancelled, Thomas had filmed a twelve\\-minute pitch for a concept involving Veronica in the [FBI Academy](/wiki/FBI_Academy \"FBI Academy\"), but it was rejected. When writing the episode, Thomas and Ruggiero removed seven minutes of material from the original cut; they wanted to create an ambiguous finale that did not resolve everything neatly. At the time of its original broadcast, the episode was viewed by 2\\.15 million people and received mostly positive reviews from television critics.\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nLogan regretfully informs Veronica that there is a sex video circulating of her and Piz, handing her a burned DVD; she berates him and denies the recording is authentic. After viewing the video, she goes to find Piz, who is badly bruised and bleeding, to confirm he was not involved in recording the footage, which he was not. Learning Logan attacked Piz due to mistakenly believing Piz made and released the video, Parker confronts Logan in his hotel room, tearfully breaking up with him because his actions show he still loves Veronica. Veronica arrives as Parker is leaving, and berates him for attacking Piz. She then confronts Dick about the origins of the sex tape, who reveals that he got it from Chip Diller. Veronica intimidates Chip and gets Domonick Desante's name, but Domonick steadfastly refuses to tell her anything. Veronica warns Domonick that he'll regret his refusal, and follows through by cancelling Domonick's credit cards and enlisting Weevil's help to remove Domonick's tires from his car. This leads him to name Gorya Sorokin, whom Veronica later wiretaps, looking for answers.\n\nThe wiretap leads her to a secret contact method, where she sets up surveillance and is shocked to catch Wallace ([Percy Daggs III](/wiki/Percy_Daggs_III \"Percy Daggs III\")) as one of the participants. Veronica talks to Wallace and he realizes it's connected to the secret society, The Castle, for which he is being recruited. Wallace tells Veronica that he's out, but she asks him to continue in order to aid her in figuring out what's going on. Wallace discovers the equipment used to tape him in his initial initiation was similar to that which was used to film Veronica and Piz. The members make Wallace go into a room with a chair and a camera, strip down to his underwear and put on a shock collar, and proceed to ask him very personal questions. He hears random yelling, and is told that other recruits will be shocked if he answers untruthfully. He is shocked once when he tells the truth, and upon complaint, he is informed that someone else lied and he received the punishment. When they find Veronica's spy pen in Wallace's discarded clothes, they forcibly remove him, but he is able to figure out the identity of one of the other recruits. Veronica sneaks into the house of the recruit Wallace names, which is revealed to be the Kane residence first by a large portrait of Lilly Kane ([Amanda Seyfried](/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried \"Amanda Seyfried\")), and then by another of Duncan Kane. Approaching voices forces Veronica into hiding behind a curtain, where she observes two men, one of whom is Jake Kane, discussing The Castle. After they leave, Veronica steals Jake's hard drive.\n\nKeith, as interim sheriff, investigates the robbery the following day, spotting Veronica on a surveillance camera belonging to Kane's neighbor; however, he does not initially report his daughter. Veronica brings the hard drive to Mac ([Tina Majorino](/wiki/Tina_Majorino \"Tina Majorino\")) for help, and Mac leads her to a campus supercomputer to crack Jake Kane's very secure password. The supercomputer finally cracks the password and they discover documents, audios, and videos, some dating back to the 1930s, incriminating The Castle members for various ill deeds and illegal activity, taken at the time of each individuals' initiation (similar to what they tried to do to Wallace). When Veronica arrives home, she finds her room tossed, and realizes it was Keith, who questions Veronica about whether or not she broke into the Kane house, despite already surmising her guilt from the evidence. Jake and a county prosecutor arrive at Keith's office the next day, indicating they will get a judge's order and return to prosecute Veronica. Keith hands over the surveillance evidence to the county prosecutor later, after he first visited the evidence room, removed a large magnet from a big speaker, and using it to erase it to hide Veronica's involvement. This leads to charges filed against Keith for tampering with evidence, likely meaning that he will lose the votes needed to win the sheriff's election, as it was printed in the newspaper.\n\nLogan tries to apologize to Veronica, but is rebuffed. Moments later, Gorya brags to Veronica that the organization videotaped her, and Logan assaults him, despite Veronica's warning that Gorya is 'connected\\-connected'. Veronica later returns the hard drive to Jake Kane on the condition that he does not tell Keith about it. She goes into a voting booth and votes for Keith as sheriff, then walks away in pouring rain, leaving many open\\-ended questions.\n\n",
"Production\n----------\n\n### Writing, filming, and promotion\n\n\"The Bitch Is Back\" was co\\-written by series creator [Rob Thomas](/wiki/Rob_Thomas_%28writer%29 \"Rob Thomas (writer)\") and executive producer [Diane Ruggiero](/wiki/Diane_Ruggiero \"Diane Ruggiero\") and directed by [Michael Fields](/wiki/Michael_Fields_%28director%29 \"Michael Fields (director)\"). The episode marked Thomas's ninth writing credit, Ruggiero's seventeenth installment of the series, and Fields's eighth episode. The scene in which Veronica rebukes Logan was included because the writers thought that it would be a good note on which to end a season, even though it would not be the two characters' final interaction in the series. Fields was heavily involved with the actors during filming of this scene.\n\nThomas highlighted the scene in which Logan attacks the Castle member for showcasing the romantic ambiguity between Logan, Veronica, and Piz. Thomas counseled Lowell about his facial expression before filming, and he was pleased with the result, stating that \"it breaks my heart\". While editing the final script, Thomas and Ruggiero had to remove roughly seven minutes from the original draft, including a scene featuring dialogue between Veronica and Leo. Later, Thomas thought that removing this scene made one voiceover by Veronica too sudden.\n\nThomas called the scene in which Keith makes Veronica dinner \"quintessential Keith\" and indicative of his lasting commitment to his daughter. Despite knowing that the episode could be the series finale, Thomas did not want it to completely resolve all plot lines; his intention was to keep viewers guessing and prevent the conclusion from being too bland or typical. He ultimately felt that the final shot of Veronica walking away from the voting booth in the rain was \"a pretty melancholy way to go out\". The song \"[It Never Rains in Southern California](/wiki/It_Never_Rains_in_Southern_California \"It Never Rains in Southern California\")\" by [Albert Hammond](/wiki/Albert_Hammond \"Albert Hammond\") plays during the final scene. In [promotional advertising](/wiki/Promo_%28media%29 \"Promo (media)\") for the episode, The CW billed it as a [season finale](/wiki/Season_finale \"Season finale\"), despite the fact that the series had already been cancelled.\n\n### FBI pitch\n\n[left\\|200 px\\|alt\\=\\|thumb\\|Series creator Rob Thomas created the FBI concept.](/wiki/File:Rob_Thomas_April_2015.jpg \"Rob Thomas April 2015.jpg\")\nBefore cancellation, Thomas proposed his idea for season four to take place in the [FBI Academy](/wiki/FBI_Academy \"FBI Academy\"). Prior to the airing of \"[Un\\-American Graffiti](/wiki/Un-American_Graffiti \"Un-American Graffiti\")\", Enrico Colantoni stated that The CW had seen the filmed first ten pages and reacted negatively. However, Thomas denied this assertion and commented that The CW had not yet seen the FBI pitch. He added that it would be presented on May 2, the day after the series came off a two\\-month [hiatus](/wiki/Hiatus_%28television%29 \"Hiatus (television)\"). Thomas's statement was confirmed by a representative for the network.\n\nThomas filmed a twelve\\-minute teaser for his new concept and presented it to The CW. The teaser was later released on the *Veronica Mars* third season DVD and the internet. The clip begins [in medias res](/wiki/In_medias_res \"In medias res\") with Veronica, pretending to be a high schooler, talking to a teacher. The teaser flashes back to her first FBI meeting, and the viewers discover that she is investigating the teacher for sexual abuse allegations. She successfully catches the teacher on camera, and at the FBI, she runs into a former acquaintance named Seth. She investigates a potential bomber with another novice agent, and they speak to a man who appears to be innocent. However, he points a gun at Veronica's partner as the clip ends.\n\nThomas had initially planned for Veronica to be in the FBI during a hypothetical seventh or eighth season of *Veronica Mars*. He accelerated his initial vision of the show in an attempt to prevent its cancellation. Although he believed that the new concept would appeal to CW executives, he commented, \"I'd be thrilled for \\[Veronica] to come back in any incarnation.\"\n\nThe teaser was presented to the network on May 2, 2007\\. Nellie Andreeva of *[The Hollywood Reporter](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter \"The Hollywood Reporter\")* wrote that [Dawn Ostroff](/wiki/Dawn_Ostroff \"Dawn Ostroff\"), president of The CW at the time, had responded positively to the new concept. The series's title might have been changed if the FBI idea had been accepted. The CW had recently cancelled *[Gilmore Girls](/wiki/Gilmore_Girls \"Gilmore Girls\")*, leading some news outlets to speculate that *Veronica Mars* might be renewed in order to fill a schedule hole. Several cast members, including Gonzalo and Lowell, had taken other acting opportunities in anticipation of the series's cancellation. Nevertheless, Thomas stated, \"I don't think we're dead; I kind of like our chances.\"\n\n### Cancellation\n\n[200 px\\|alt\\=\\|thumb\\|[Michael Ausiello](/wiki/Michael_Ausiello \"Michael Ausiello\") initially reported on the series's cancellation.](/wiki/File:Michael_Ausiello_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Michael Ausiello by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\n*Veronica Mars* was one of roughly five series being considered for cancellation by the network in 2007\\. At The CW's [upfront](/wiki/Upfront_%28advertising%29 \"Upfront (advertising)\") conference, critic [Michael Ausiello](/wiki/Michael_Ausiello \"Michael Ausiello\") asked Ostroff about the fate of the show. She responded that Thomas and Bell could work together on another show for the network, but she thought that this possibility was unlikely. She said that \"it could come back in some form, but I don't know what form that would be\". Thomas responded, \"I assume that anything Dawn would be talking about in the realm of a Rob–Kristen project would involve a new from\\-scratch pilot as they don't have me in a deal, and they'll lose Kristen in a couple of weeks.\"\n\nAt the conference, Ostroff officially cancelled the series, saying about the FBI idea that \"it's not going to happen\". Upon the cancellation of the series, a group of fans who called themselves the \"Cloud Watchers\" sent more than 10,000 [Mars bars](/wiki/Mars_bar \"Mars bar\") to The CW, hoping that the network would reverse its decision and renew the series. Several years after cancellation, Thomas expressed interest in creating a [feature film](/wiki/Feature_film \"Feature film\") based on the show.\n\n",
"### Writing, filming, and promotion\n\n\"The Bitch Is Back\" was co\\-written by series creator [Rob Thomas](/wiki/Rob_Thomas_%28writer%29 \"Rob Thomas (writer)\") and executive producer [Diane Ruggiero](/wiki/Diane_Ruggiero \"Diane Ruggiero\") and directed by [Michael Fields](/wiki/Michael_Fields_%28director%29 \"Michael Fields (director)\"). The episode marked Thomas's ninth writing credit, Ruggiero's seventeenth installment of the series, and Fields's eighth episode. The scene in which Veronica rebukes Logan was included because the writers thought that it would be a good note on which to end a season, even though it would not be the two characters' final interaction in the series. Fields was heavily involved with the actors during filming of this scene.\n\nThomas highlighted the scene in which Logan attacks the Castle member for showcasing the romantic ambiguity between Logan, Veronica, and Piz. Thomas counseled Lowell about his facial expression before filming, and he was pleased with the result, stating that \"it breaks my heart\". While editing the final script, Thomas and Ruggiero had to remove roughly seven minutes from the original draft, including a scene featuring dialogue between Veronica and Leo. Later, Thomas thought that removing this scene made one voiceover by Veronica too sudden.\n\nThomas called the scene in which Keith makes Veronica dinner \"quintessential Keith\" and indicative of his lasting commitment to his daughter. Despite knowing that the episode could be the series finale, Thomas did not want it to completely resolve all plot lines; his intention was to keep viewers guessing and prevent the conclusion from being too bland or typical. He ultimately felt that the final shot of Veronica walking away from the voting booth in the rain was \"a pretty melancholy way to go out\". The song \"[It Never Rains in Southern California](/wiki/It_Never_Rains_in_Southern_California \"It Never Rains in Southern California\")\" by [Albert Hammond](/wiki/Albert_Hammond \"Albert Hammond\") plays during the final scene. In [promotional advertising](/wiki/Promo_%28media%29 \"Promo (media)\") for the episode, The CW billed it as a [season finale](/wiki/Season_finale \"Season finale\"), despite the fact that the series had already been cancelled.\n\n",
"### FBI pitch\n\n[left\\|200 px\\|alt\\=\\|thumb\\|Series creator Rob Thomas created the FBI concept.](/wiki/File:Rob_Thomas_April_2015.jpg \"Rob Thomas April 2015.jpg\")\nBefore cancellation, Thomas proposed his idea for season four to take place in the [FBI Academy](/wiki/FBI_Academy \"FBI Academy\"). Prior to the airing of \"[Un\\-American Graffiti](/wiki/Un-American_Graffiti \"Un-American Graffiti\")\", Enrico Colantoni stated that The CW had seen the filmed first ten pages and reacted negatively. However, Thomas denied this assertion and commented that The CW had not yet seen the FBI pitch. He added that it would be presented on May 2, the day after the series came off a two\\-month [hiatus](/wiki/Hiatus_%28television%29 \"Hiatus (television)\"). Thomas's statement was confirmed by a representative for the network.\n\nThomas filmed a twelve\\-minute teaser for his new concept and presented it to The CW. The teaser was later released on the *Veronica Mars* third season DVD and the internet. The clip begins [in medias res](/wiki/In_medias_res \"In medias res\") with Veronica, pretending to be a high schooler, talking to a teacher. The teaser flashes back to her first FBI meeting, and the viewers discover that she is investigating the teacher for sexual abuse allegations. She successfully catches the teacher on camera, and at the FBI, she runs into a former acquaintance named Seth. She investigates a potential bomber with another novice agent, and they speak to a man who appears to be innocent. However, he points a gun at Veronica's partner as the clip ends.\n\nThomas had initially planned for Veronica to be in the FBI during a hypothetical seventh or eighth season of *Veronica Mars*. He accelerated his initial vision of the show in an attempt to prevent its cancellation. Although he believed that the new concept would appeal to CW executives, he commented, \"I'd be thrilled for \\[Veronica] to come back in any incarnation.\"\n\nThe teaser was presented to the network on May 2, 2007\\. Nellie Andreeva of *[The Hollywood Reporter](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter \"The Hollywood Reporter\")* wrote that [Dawn Ostroff](/wiki/Dawn_Ostroff \"Dawn Ostroff\"), president of The CW at the time, had responded positively to the new concept. The series's title might have been changed if the FBI idea had been accepted. The CW had recently cancelled *[Gilmore Girls](/wiki/Gilmore_Girls \"Gilmore Girls\")*, leading some news outlets to speculate that *Veronica Mars* might be renewed in order to fill a schedule hole. Several cast members, including Gonzalo and Lowell, had taken other acting opportunities in anticipation of the series's cancellation. Nevertheless, Thomas stated, \"I don't think we're dead; I kind of like our chances.\"\n\n",
"### Cancellation\n\n[200 px\\|alt\\=\\|thumb\\|[Michael Ausiello](/wiki/Michael_Ausiello \"Michael Ausiello\") initially reported on the series's cancellation.](/wiki/File:Michael_Ausiello_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Michael Ausiello by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\n*Veronica Mars* was one of roughly five series being considered for cancellation by the network in 2007\\. At The CW's [upfront](/wiki/Upfront_%28advertising%29 \"Upfront (advertising)\") conference, critic [Michael Ausiello](/wiki/Michael_Ausiello \"Michael Ausiello\") asked Ostroff about the fate of the show. She responded that Thomas and Bell could work together on another show for the network, but she thought that this possibility was unlikely. She said that \"it could come back in some form, but I don't know what form that would be\". Thomas responded, \"I assume that anything Dawn would be talking about in the realm of a Rob–Kristen project would involve a new from\\-scratch pilot as they don't have me in a deal, and they'll lose Kristen in a couple of weeks.\"\n\nAt the conference, Ostroff officially cancelled the series, saying about the FBI idea that \"it's not going to happen\". Upon the cancellation of the series, a group of fans who called themselves the \"Cloud Watchers\" sent more than 10,000 [Mars bars](/wiki/Mars_bar \"Mars bar\") to The CW, hoping that the network would reverse its decision and renew the series. Several years after cancellation, Thomas expressed interest in creating a [feature film](/wiki/Feature_film \"Feature film\") based on the show.\n\n",
"Analysis\n--------\n\nSeveral reviewers have commented on themes of the episode; topics of discussion included the relationship between parents and children, class relations, the scene in which Logan attacks the perpetrator in Veronica's sex tape case, and the final scene in relation to the overall moral of the series. According to Rowan Kaiser of *The A.V. Club*, the episode contained a [role reversal](/wiki/Role_reversal \"Role reversal\") between Veronica and Keith, with Keith violating the law. He noted the scene in which Keith erases the surveillance tapes of Veronica as illustrating the theme that \"the two aren't so different after all.\" Roger Holland of *PopMatters* thought that the episode demonstrated that Veronica and Keith's relationship was the central component of the show: \"it was all about Veronica and Keith. And beyond that, about parents, children, and the myriad ways they can fuck each other up.\" Stephanie Zacharek, writing for *Salon*, thought that the final scenes of \"The Bitch Is Back\" \"cement the dour reality, posited at the very beginning of the series, that the rich ... are always going to be the ones in charge.\"\n\nHolland referred to Veronica's line \"I don't want his apology\" in the scene in which Logan assaults Gorya Sorokin as indicative of one of the main themes of the series: \"She's not interested in apologies. She's driven by a nihilistic need for action and payback.\" Eric Goldman of *IGN* wrote that the scene \"had an air of ambiguity that could be interpreted in many ways.\" The reviewer elaborated that Veronica's smile could have indicated further romantic interest or that Logan might have been killed in retaliation for attacking Gorya. Zacharek stated that the episode's ending \"\\[felt] truncated, unfinished. It gave us no clear signposts telling us where, exactly, these characters are headed next, where they'll end up.\" Holland said that the theme of the final scene \"seemed emphatically clear and killingly accurate. Life's a bitch until you die.\" Goldman wrote that the ending was fitting for the series: \"*Veronica Mars* wasn't exactly a show that was driven by happy thoughts or events, even though we wouldn't have minded the characters ending up happy.\"\n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\n### Ratings\n\nOn its initial showing, \"The Bitch Is Back\" was viewed by 2\\.15 million viewers, ranking 74th of 85 in the weekly rankings. This figure was an increase from the previous episode, \"[Weevils Wobble But They Don't Go Down](/wiki/Weevils_Wobble_But_They_Don%27t_Go_Down \"Weevils Wobble But They Don't Go Down\")\", which aired immediately prior and garnered 1\\.78 million watchers. However, this number was a ratings decrease from both the third season premiere, \"[Welcome Wagon](/wiki/Welcome_Wagon_%28Veronica_Mars%29 \"Welcome Wagon (Veronica Mars)\")\", and the previous season finale, \"[Not Pictured](/wiki/Not_Pictured \"Not Pictured\")\", which received 3\\.36 and 2\\.42 million viewers, respectively.\n\n### Reviews\n\n[200 px\\|alt\\=\\|thumb\\|Enrico Colantoni's performance was frequently singled out for praise.](/wiki/File:Enrico_Colantoni_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Enrico Colantoni by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\nThe episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics. Eric Goldman of [IGN](/wiki/IGN \"IGN\") graded the episode an 8\\.3 out of 10, indicating that it was \"great\". He thought that the finale did not resolve every plot line by the end of the episode. However, he did not blame the writers, because they were not planning for the episode to be a series finale. He enjoyed the final scene between Logan, Veronica, and Piz because of the variety of different ways in which it could be interpreted. While he expressed some frustration over Keith's criminal charges and the ambiguity regarding the outcome of the sheriff's election, he opined that one could still take away important messages from the show because of Keith's actions in the episode. The reviewer also lauded the final scene, writing that \"the melancholy feeling of the final scene – with Veronica walking through the rain, having cast a vote for her dad that is probably meaningless – felt right for the series\".\n\nAmy Ratcliffe of IGN listed \"The Bitch Is Back\" as the eighth\\-best episode of *Veronica Mars*. She wrote that the episode \"brings the show full circle\", returning Veronica to the position of a social outcast, and concluded by describing the episode as \"a winner\". [Alan Sepinwall](/wiki/Alan_Sepinwall \"Alan Sepinwall\"), on his blog, *What's Alan Watching?*, praised the episode, stating that it was one of his favorite installments of the series. He thought that the series's early [film noir](/wiki/Film_noir \"Film noir\") influences returned in the finale, a choice he lauded. In addition, he commended Bell and Colantoni's performances, stating that the final scene \"is a bleak ending, but strangely appropriate\".\n\n[Television Without Pity](/wiki/Television_Without_Pity \"Television Without Pity\") graded the episode an \"A\". Rowan Kaiser, writing for [The A.V. Club](/wiki/The_A.V._Club \"The A.V. Club\"), praised the finale, writing that it functioned well within the context of the series and the season:\n\n> We get significant emotional resolution between Keith and Veronica, whose relationship is the core of the show. We get to see Veronica being a badass, which is when Veronica Mars is at its most entertaining. All the supporting characters get something defining to do. The show engages with its history. And most importantly, it's a fantastic episode.\n\nHe went on to laud the interaction between Veronica and Keith and the latter's eventual sacrifice for his daughter. In addition, he felt that the supporting characters, including Wallace, Parker, and Piz, also received appropriate sendoffs. He later ranked the episode as his fifth\\-favorite of the series. Kelly West of Cinema Blend gave a mixed review. She enjoyed the elements that resembled the first season, such as the return of Jake Kane and the portrait of Lilly. She thought that \"The Bitch Is Back\" was satisfying within the context of the season, but that it was too ambiguous for a series finale: \"How can the show not come back? How can they leave us with Veronica and Logan still apart?\"\n\n[Stephanie Zacharek](/wiki/Stephanie_Zacharek \"Stephanie Zacharek\") of [Salon](/wiki/Salon_%28website%29 \"Salon (website)\") felt positively about the episode itself but ambivalent about the lack of resolution, stating, \"I'm not sure if Tuesday night's finale is a deeply unsatisfying way to close out a series that's ending before its time or the only way to end such a series.\" However, she blamed the network for this ending. She also commented on the tone and themes of the episode, arguing that one of the series's main takeaways was that the rich would always be in charge. However, she did not view the finale as being spiteful and pessimistic: \"'Veronica Mars' has always been a clear\\-eyed show, never a bitter one.\" Tanner Stransky of *[Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly \"Entertainment Weekly\")* felt unsatisfied with the episode's conclusion, partially because Veronica and Logan did not resume dating. However, he praised the sex\\-tape mystery and the plot involving the Castle because of their similarities to earlier seasons. He also praised Keith's actions, stating, \"Okay, maybe I'm a sap, but this tugged at my heartstrings a bit and left me relieved there wasn't a dreaded Veronica–Keith battle at the end.\" Stransky concluded by saying that \"the end is fine\". Sydney Bucksbaum of [Zap2it](/wiki/Zap2it \"Zap2it\") felt disappointed because of the ambiguous endings of Keith's arc and Veronica's love triangle. Although she was positive towards \"The Bitch Is Back\" as a standalone episode, she found herself hoping that there were another episode to the season: \"Watching Veronica walk out into the pouring rain all alone after casting a probably insignificant vote for her dad was depressing, symbolic (rain in SoCal?), and just downright unsatisfying.\"\n\nRoger Holland of [PopMatters](/wiki/PopMatters \"PopMatters\") praised the episode. He wrote that the finale \"took us all the way back to the heart of Veronica Mars\". Although he also commented on the lack of closure in \"The Bitch Is Back\", he still believed that the finale highlighted some of the main themes of the series. \"The final scenes of Veronica Mars offered no sense of closure. Rather, we were left with the sense \\[that] we'd been denied a genuinely thrilling fourth season\". The TV Addict lauded the episode for returning to the tone and themes of the first season, calling it \"the perfect mix of mystery, excitement, romance and snappy one\\-liners\". The publication also praised Bell and Colantoni's performances. Jesse Hastenger of PopMatters graded the episode an 8 out of 10\\. Kath Skerry of Give Me My Remote expressed dissatisfaction with The CW for cancelling the series, but she praised the episode as a standalone installment: \"As for the final two episodes themselves, they would have been magnificent season finales. It was classic Veronica Mars. Drama, comedy, inside jokes \\[...] and callbacks to yesteryear.\" On his blog, *Cultural Learnings*, critic Myles McNutt said that Colantoni should have been nominated for a [Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series\") for his performance in the episode, saying that \"this final sacrifice is Colantoni's strongest character arc all season and is the proper episode selection for the actor.\" On a ranking of all 64 *Veronica Mars* episodes, [BuzzFeed](/wiki/BuzzFeed \"BuzzFeed\") ranked the episode 54th, declaring that it was \"extremely disappointing\" and \"pretty dull\".\n\n",
"### Ratings\n\nOn its initial showing, \"The Bitch Is Back\" was viewed by 2\\.15 million viewers, ranking 74th of 85 in the weekly rankings. This figure was an increase from the previous episode, \"[Weevils Wobble But They Don't Go Down](/wiki/Weevils_Wobble_But_They_Don%27t_Go_Down \"Weevils Wobble But They Don't Go Down\")\", which aired immediately prior and garnered 1\\.78 million watchers. However, this number was a ratings decrease from both the third season premiere, \"[Welcome Wagon](/wiki/Welcome_Wagon_%28Veronica_Mars%29 \"Welcome Wagon (Veronica Mars)\")\", and the previous season finale, \"[Not Pictured](/wiki/Not_Pictured \"Not Pictured\")\", which received 3\\.36 and 2\\.42 million viewers, respectively.\n\n",
"### Reviews\n\n[200 px\\|alt\\=\\|thumb\\|Enrico Colantoni's performance was frequently singled out for praise.](/wiki/File:Enrico_Colantoni_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Enrico Colantoni by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\nThe episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics. Eric Goldman of [IGN](/wiki/IGN \"IGN\") graded the episode an 8\\.3 out of 10, indicating that it was \"great\". He thought that the finale did not resolve every plot line by the end of the episode. However, he did not blame the writers, because they were not planning for the episode to be a series finale. He enjoyed the final scene between Logan, Veronica, and Piz because of the variety of different ways in which it could be interpreted. While he expressed some frustration over Keith's criminal charges and the ambiguity regarding the outcome of the sheriff's election, he opined that one could still take away important messages from the show because of Keith's actions in the episode. The reviewer also lauded the final scene, writing that \"the melancholy feeling of the final scene – with Veronica walking through the rain, having cast a vote for her dad that is probably meaningless – felt right for the series\".\n\nAmy Ratcliffe of IGN listed \"The Bitch Is Back\" as the eighth\\-best episode of *Veronica Mars*. She wrote that the episode \"brings the show full circle\", returning Veronica to the position of a social outcast, and concluded by describing the episode as \"a winner\". [Alan Sepinwall](/wiki/Alan_Sepinwall \"Alan Sepinwall\"), on his blog, *What's Alan Watching?*, praised the episode, stating that it was one of his favorite installments of the series. He thought that the series's early [film noir](/wiki/Film_noir \"Film noir\") influences returned in the finale, a choice he lauded. In addition, he commended Bell and Colantoni's performances, stating that the final scene \"is a bleak ending, but strangely appropriate\".\n\n[Television Without Pity](/wiki/Television_Without_Pity \"Television Without Pity\") graded the episode an \"A\". Rowan Kaiser, writing for [The A.V. Club](/wiki/The_A.V._Club \"The A.V. Club\"), praised the finale, writing that it functioned well within the context of the series and the season:\n\n> We get significant emotional resolution between Keith and Veronica, whose relationship is the core of the show. We get to see Veronica being a badass, which is when Veronica Mars is at its most entertaining. All the supporting characters get something defining to do. The show engages with its history. And most importantly, it's a fantastic episode.\n\nHe went on to laud the interaction between Veronica and Keith and the latter's eventual sacrifice for his daughter. In addition, he felt that the supporting characters, including Wallace, Parker, and Piz, also received appropriate sendoffs. He later ranked the episode as his fifth\\-favorite of the series. Kelly West of Cinema Blend gave a mixed review. She enjoyed the elements that resembled the first season, such as the return of Jake Kane and the portrait of Lilly. She thought that \"The Bitch Is Back\" was satisfying within the context of the season, but that it was too ambiguous for a series finale: \"How can the show not come back? How can they leave us with Veronica and Logan still apart?\"\n\n[Stephanie Zacharek](/wiki/Stephanie_Zacharek \"Stephanie Zacharek\") of [Salon](/wiki/Salon_%28website%29 \"Salon (website)\") felt positively about the episode itself but ambivalent about the lack of resolution, stating, \"I'm not sure if Tuesday night's finale is a deeply unsatisfying way to close out a series that's ending before its time or the only way to end such a series.\" However, she blamed the network for this ending. She also commented on the tone and themes of the episode, arguing that one of the series's main takeaways was that the rich would always be in charge. However, she did not view the finale as being spiteful and pessimistic: \"'Veronica Mars' has always been a clear\\-eyed show, never a bitter one.\" Tanner Stransky of *[Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly \"Entertainment Weekly\")* felt unsatisfied with the episode's conclusion, partially because Veronica and Logan did not resume dating. However, he praised the sex\\-tape mystery and the plot involving the Castle because of their similarities to earlier seasons. He also praised Keith's actions, stating, \"Okay, maybe I'm a sap, but this tugged at my heartstrings a bit and left me relieved there wasn't a dreaded Veronica–Keith battle at the end.\" Stransky concluded by saying that \"the end is fine\". Sydney Bucksbaum of [Zap2it](/wiki/Zap2it \"Zap2it\") felt disappointed because of the ambiguous endings of Keith's arc and Veronica's love triangle. Although she was positive towards \"The Bitch Is Back\" as a standalone episode, she found herself hoping that there were another episode to the season: \"Watching Veronica walk out into the pouring rain all alone after casting a probably insignificant vote for her dad was depressing, symbolic (rain in SoCal?), and just downright unsatisfying.\"\n\nRoger Holland of [PopMatters](/wiki/PopMatters \"PopMatters\") praised the episode. He wrote that the finale \"took us all the way back to the heart of Veronica Mars\". Although he also commented on the lack of closure in \"The Bitch Is Back\", he still believed that the finale highlighted some of the main themes of the series. \"The final scenes of Veronica Mars offered no sense of closure. Rather, we were left with the sense \\[that] we'd been denied a genuinely thrilling fourth season\". The TV Addict lauded the episode for returning to the tone and themes of the first season, calling it \"the perfect mix of mystery, excitement, romance and snappy one\\-liners\". The publication also praised Bell and Colantoni's performances. Jesse Hastenger of PopMatters graded the episode an 8 out of 10\\. Kath Skerry of Give Me My Remote expressed dissatisfaction with The CW for cancelling the series, but she praised the episode as a standalone installment: \"As for the final two episodes themselves, they would have been magnificent season finales. It was classic Veronica Mars. Drama, comedy, inside jokes \\[...] and callbacks to yesteryear.\" On his blog, *Cultural Learnings*, critic Myles McNutt said that Colantoni should have been nominated for a [Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series\") for his performance in the episode, saying that \"this final sacrifice is Colantoni's strongest character arc all season and is the proper episode selection for the actor.\" On a ranking of all 64 *Veronica Mars* episodes, [BuzzFeed](/wiki/BuzzFeed \"BuzzFeed\") ranked the episode 54th, declaring that it was \"extremely disappointing\" and \"pretty dull\".\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [\"The Bitch Is Back\"](http://marsinvestigations.net/episodes.php?id=320&title=the_bitch_is_back) at Mars Investigations\n\n[Category:2007 American television episodes](/wiki/Category:2007_American_television_episodes \"2007 American television episodes\")\n[Category:Veronica Mars season 3 episodes](/wiki/Category:Veronica_Mars_season_3_episodes \"Veronica Mars season 3 episodes\")\n[Category:2000s American television series finales](/wiki/Category:2000s_American_television_series_finales \"2000s American television series finales\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Bangladesh Computer Society
|
{
"id": [
46975424
],
"name": [
"BangladeshiEditorInSylhet"
]
}
|
mgv9bg0fq8g8fp5py6nahczngsb7ywe
|
2024-09-27T17:59:00Z
| 1,219,725,448 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Membership",
"Affiliations",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Bangladesh Computer Society** (**BCS**) is regarded as the leading professional and learned society in the field of computers and information systems in Bangladesh. It was established in 1979\\. The Bangladesh Government Register no \\-1638(53\\)/95\\. This is also a sister society of IEEE Computer Society.\n\n",
"Membership\n----------\n\nFive categories of membership to the Society.\n* Student member\n* Graduate Member\n* Associate Member\n* Member\n* Fellow\n\nBCS Professional Membership is an industry benchmark. Its membership grades begin with Student and Graduate, then move to professional grades with Associate, Member and onto Fellow for highly qualified and experienced practitioners.\n\nBCS and ISEB qualifications help to broaden the knowledge and skills sets of IT professionals.\n* Networking\n* Member Discounts\n* Publications\n* Knowledge Services\n* Training \\& Development\n\n",
"Affiliations\n------------\n\n* [American Association for the Advancement of Science](/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science \"American Association for the Advancement of Science\") (AAAS)\n* [American Automatic Control Council](/wiki/American_Automatic_Control_Council \"American Automatic Control Council\") (AACC)\n* Bangladesh Young Tourist Club (YTC)\n* [Bangladesh Computer Samity](/wiki/Bangladesh_Computer_Samity \"Bangladesh Computer Samity\") (BCS)\n* [Bangladesh Medical Association](/wiki/Bangladesh_Medical_Association \"Bangladesh Medical Association\") (BMA)\n* Computer Training Institute (CTI)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official web site of Bangladesh Computer Society](http://www.bcsbd.org.bd)\n\n[Category:Professional associations based in Bangladesh](/wiki/Category:Professional_associations_based_in_Bangladesh \"Professional associations based in Bangladesh\")\n[Category:Science and technology in Bangladesh](/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_Bangladesh \"Science and technology in Bangladesh\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Clyde Conner
|
{
"id": [
20957809
],
"name": [
"WikiOriginal-9"
]
}
|
ab9sl2oulo9rphiet5j5nlwjnzast2k
|
2024-10-04T23:54:07Z
| 1,249,448,714 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and college",
"Professional football",
"Personal life",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Clyde Raymond Conner** (May 18, 1933 – December 12, 2011\\) was an American professional [football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") player who played [split end](/wiki/Wide_receiver \"Wide receiver\") for eight seasons with the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers \"San Francisco 49ers\") during the 1950s\\-60s. Clyde played football at Pacific for three seasons. He played varsity basketball for the Tigers during the 1954 and 1955 seasons, as well, and was a leading scorer at the guard position. In 1986 he was inducted into the university's Athletic Hall of Fame.\n\n",
"Early life and college\n----------------------\n\nConner was born in Tuttle, Oklahoma; his family moved to [South San Francisco, California](/wiki/South_San_Francisco%2C_California \"South San Francisco, California\") in 1940\\. He graduated from [South San Francisco High School](/wiki/South_San_Francisco_High_School \"South San Francisco High School\"), then attended the [College of San Mateo](/wiki/College_of_San_Mateo \"College of San Mateo\") before transferring to [University of the Pacific](/wiki/University_of_the_Pacific_%28United_States%29 \"University of the Pacific (United States)\").\n\nClyde played football at Pacific for three seasons. He played varsity basketball for the Tigers during the 1954 and 1955 seasons, as well, and was a leading scorer at the guard position. In 1986 he was inducted into the university's Athletic Hall of Fame.\n\n",
"Professional football\n---------------------\n\nConner attended a 49ers' open tryout the year following his graduation and was signed by the team after making a notable catch during a scrimmage. He tied for fifth\\-place in voting for UPI Rookie of the year, and went on to play in 83 game over an eight\\-season career, making 203 catches for 2,643 yards. He missed all but five games of the 1961 season after suffering a concussion. He was put on waivers in September 1964\\.\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nConner married Mary MacRitchie in 1957; they lived in Los Altos with their son and daughter from 1967 until Clyde's death in 2011\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Pro football stats](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/ConnCl00.htm) at pro\\-football\\-reference.com\n* [College basketball stats](https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/clyde-conner-1.html) at [Sports Reference](/wiki/Sports_Reference \"Sports Reference\")\n\n[Category:1933 births](/wiki/Category:1933_births \"1933 births\")\n[Category:2011 deaths](/wiki/Category:2011_deaths \"2011 deaths\")\n[Category:People from Tuttle, Oklahoma](/wiki/Category:People_from_Tuttle%2C_Oklahoma \"People from Tuttle, Oklahoma\")\n[Category: People from South San Francisco, California](/wiki/Category:People_from_South_San_Francisco%2C_California \"People from South San Francisco, California\")\n[Category:American football wide receivers](/wiki/Category:American_football_wide_receivers \"American football wide receivers\")\n[Category:Pacific Tigers football players](/wiki/Category:Pacific_Tigers_football_players \"Pacific Tigers football players\")\n[Category:Pacific Tigers men's basketball players](/wiki/Category:Pacific_Tigers_men%27s_basketball_players \"Pacific Tigers men's basketball players\")\n[Category:San Francisco 49ers players](/wiki/Category:San_Francisco_49ers_players \"San Francisco 49ers players\")\n[Category:American men's basketball players](/wiki/Category:American_men%27s_basketball_players \"American men's basketball players\")\n[Category:Players of American football from Oklahoma](/wiki/Category:Players_of_American_football_from_Oklahoma \"Players of American football from Oklahoma\")\n[Category:Players of American football from California](/wiki/Category:Players_of_American_football_from_California \"Players of American football from California\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.
|
{
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
}
|
lua7pgkuj17g0ecco2uv9u40fpqffal
|
2023-09-13T01:43:10Z
| 1,152,638,028 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"''Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.'' I",
"''Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.'' II",
"''Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.'' III",
"Adequate Alternative Forum Analysis",
"Applying ''Sosa''",
"''Ajudu Ismaila Adamu v. Pfizer, Inc.''",
"Nigerian government lawsuit",
"2009 settlement",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Kano trovafloxacin trial litigation** arose out of a clinical trial conducted by the [pharmaceutical company](/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company \"Pharmaceutical company\") [Pfizer](/wiki/Pfizer \"Pfizer\") in 1996 in [Kano](/wiki/Kano_%28city%29 \"Kano (city)\"), [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\"), during an epidemic of [meningococcal meningitis](/wiki/Meningococcal_meningitis \"Meningococcal meningitis\"). To test its new antibiotic, [trovafloxacin](/wiki/Trovafloxacin \"Trovafloxacin\") (Trovan), Pfizer gave 100 children trovafloxacin, while another 100 received the gold\\-standard anti\\-meningitis treatment, [ceftriaxone](/wiki/Ceftriaxone \"Ceftriaxone\"), a [cephalosporin](/wiki/Cephalosporin \"Cephalosporin\") antibiotic. Pfizer gave the children a substantially reduced dose of the ceftriaxone (specifically, 33 mg/kg) relative to that described on the US [FDA](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\")\\-approved prescribing information. The allegation is that this was done to skew the test in favor of its own drug. Pfizer claimed that the dose used was sufficient even though a clinical trial performed by *[Médecins Sans Frontières](/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res \"Médecins Sans Frontières\")* recommends a dose of 50–100 mg/kg.\n\nFive children given trovafloxacin died, as did six of those given ceftriaxone. The lead investigator, [Abdulhamid Isa Dutse](/wiki/Abdulhamid_Isa_Dutse \"Abdulhamid Isa Dutse\"), later provided a letter of approval for [human trials](/wiki/Human_experimentation \"Human experimentation\") that was found to be falsified. The Nigerian government called the trial \"an illegal trial of an unregistered drug\". It has been alleged that participants and their families were not told that they were part of a trial, and that *Médecins Sans Frontières* was offering the standard treatment in another part of the same building.[Goldacre, Ben](/wiki/Ben_Goldacre \"Ben Goldacre\"). *[Bad Pharma](/wiki/Bad_Pharma \"Bad Pharma\")*. Fourth Estate, 2012, pp. 117–118\\. Pfizer acknowledged reducing the dose of the standard treatment, but said this was done to minimize injection\\-site pain and that the mortality rates in both the trovafloxin and ceftriaxone arms of its trial were lower than among those treated with [chloramphenicol](/wiki/Chloramphenicol \"Chloramphenicol\") by *Médecins Sans Frontières*.\n\nThe survivors of the trial tried to bring a number of legal actions against Pfizer in the United States. These resulted in four [judicial opinions](/wiki/Judicial_opinion \"Judicial opinion\"), the first three dismissing the claims on [procedural grounds](/wiki/Procedural_law \"Procedural law\"). According to [Ben Goldacre](/wiki/Ben_Goldacre \"Ben Goldacre\"), Pfizer argued that it was not required to obtain informed consent for experimental drug trials in Africa, and that any case should be heard in Nigeria. In May 2006, Representative [Tom Lantos](/wiki/Tom_Lantos \"Tom Lantos\") of California, the senior [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") on the [House International Relations Committee](/wiki/House_International_Relations_Committee \"House International Relations Committee\"), described the findings of a report compiled about the case by the Nigerian government as \"absolutely appalling\" and called for Pfizer to open its records. In January 2009, the [United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit \"United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit\") ruled that the Nigerian victims and their families were entitled to bring suit against Pfizer in the United States under the [Alien Tort Statute](/wiki/Alien_Tort_Statute \"Alien Tort Statute\"). Pfizer subsequently settled the case out of court with a $75 million settlement that was subject to a confidentiality clause.\n\nOverall, the 1996 meningitis [epidemic](/wiki/Epidemic \"Epidemic\") in [northern Nigeria](/wiki/Northern_Nigeria \"Northern Nigeria\") killed about 12,000 people, during the worst known [meningitis outbreak](/wiki/African_meningitis_belt \"African meningitis belt\") in [Sub\\-Saharan Africa](/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa \"Sub-Saharan Africa\").\n\n",
"*Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.* I\n-----------------------------\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|300px\\|[Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\")'s position on the [African](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\") continent](/wiki/File:LocationNigeria.svg \"LocationNigeria.svg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|[Chemical structure](/wiki/Chemical_structure \"Chemical structure\") of trovafloxacin](/wiki/File:Trovafloxacin.svg \"Trovafloxacin.svg\")\nIn 2002, a group of Nigerian minors and their guardians sued Pfizer in the [United States District Court for the Southern District of New York](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York \"United States District Court for the Southern District of New York\"). Plaintiffs alleged that \"they suffered grave injuries from an experimental antibiotic administered by defendant Pfizer Inc. (Pfizer) without their [informed consent](/wiki/Informed_consent \"Informed consent\")\".*Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc*, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17436 at \\*1 (S.D.N.Y. September 17, 2002\\) (*Abdullahi I*). On 29 August 2001, plaintiffs brought this action under the [Alien Tort Claims Act](/wiki/Alien_Tort_Claims_Act \"Alien Tort Claims Act\"), 28 U.S.C. § 1350,Although titled the [Alien Tort Claims Act](/wiki/Alien_Tort_Claims_Act \"Alien Tort Claims Act\"), the Abdullahi Court refers to the act consistently as the \"Alien Tort Statute\" \"because the statute is purely jurisdictional in nature, and does not provide a private [cause of action](/wiki/Cause_of_action \"Cause of action\")\". *Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc*, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16126, at \\*1 n. 1\\. to recover damages for Pfizer's alleged violations of the [Nuremberg Code](/wiki/Nuremberg_Code \"Nuremberg Code\"), the [Declaration of Helsinki](/wiki/Declaration_of_Helsinki \"Declaration of Helsinki\"), the [International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights](/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights \"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights\") and [customary international law](/wiki/Customary_international_law \"Customary international law\") (otherwise known as the \"law of nations\").\n\nThe District Court summarized the Nigerian plaintiffs’ allegations as follows:\n\n> In the mid\\-1990s, Pfizer developed Trovafloxacin Mesylate, an antibiotic that is also known by its brand name as \"Trovan\". Pfizer projected that its total annual sales could exceed $ 1 billion a year. (Compl. P 96\\.) Beginning in 1996, Pfizer conducted the largest drug testing program ever undertaken by enrolling thousands of participants in clinical tests. (Compl. P 97\\.) However, prior [animal testing](/wiki/Animal_testing \"Animal testing\") indicated that Trovan might cause significant side effects in children such as joint disease, abnormal cartilage growth ([osteochondrosis](/wiki/Osteochondrosis \"Osteochondrosis\"), a disease resulting in bone deformation) and liver damage. (Compl. PP 98\\-99\\.)\n\nIn 1996, epidemics of [bacterial meningitis](/wiki/Bacterial_meningitis \"Bacterial meningitis\"), [measles](/wiki/Measles \"Measles\") and [cholera](/wiki/Cholera \"Cholera\") besieged the impoverished Nigerian city of Kano. (Compl. PP 2, 5, 101\\.) In April 1996, six weeks after it first learned of the epidemics, Pfizer dispatched a medical team to establish a treatment center at Kano's Infectious Disease Hospital (IDH). (Compl. PP 2, 8, 101\\-02, 101\\-07, 109\\.)\nIn addition to Pfizer team, humanitarian organizations such as Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF), also known as [Doctors Without Borders](/wiki/Doctors_Without_Borders \"Doctors Without Borders\"), traveled to Kano's IDH to treat the sick. (Compl. P 5\\.) The medical teams operated under squalid conditions in a hospital consisting of several single story cinder block buildings, some of which lacked electricity and running water. (Compl. P 110\\.) The beds were filled to capacity and patients seeking care overflowed on to the hospital's grounds. (Compl. P 110\\.) Plaintiffs allege that while MSF and other organizations offered safe and effective treatments for bacterial meningitis, Pfizer embarked on a medical experiment involving the \"new, untested and unproven\" antibiotic \"Trovan\". (Compl. PP 2\\-3, 6, 8, 95\\.)\nTo travel to Kano, Pfizer needed the U.S. [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\")'s (FDA) authorization to export Trovan. On 15 March 1996, Pfizer informed the FDA of its intent to conduct the Kano study. (Compl. P 108\\.) Thereafter, Pfizer obtained a 20 March letter from the Nigerian government and a 28 March letter from IDH's ethics committee permitting Pfizer to export Trovan to Kano. (Compl. P 108\\.) Although both letters predate Pfizer's departure for Kano, plaintiffs allege that no IDH ethics committee existed as of 28 March 1996 and that the 28 March letter was back\\-dated in response to a 1997 FDA audit. (Compl. PP 132\\-33\\.) Pfizer,When confronted with evidence that the 28 March letter was in fact back\\-dated, Pfizer issued a public statement that the letter was \"incorrect\".\nPlaintiffs further contend that Pfizer's sole purpose for traveling to Kano was to expedite the FDA's approval of Trovan to treat pediatric victims. (Compl. P 7\\.) Prior to Kano, only one child had ever been treated with Trovan, and then only after all other antibiotics failed. No child had ever received it orally. (Compl. P 105\\-06\\.) According to plaintiffs, Nigerian officials allocated to Pfizer two of IDH's wards to conduct the testing. (Compl. P 113\\.) Pfizer selected, from lines of those awaiting treatment, children ranging in age from one to thirteen years who exhibited symptoms of [neck stiffness](/wiki/Meningism \"Meningism\"), joint stiffness, and high fevers with headaches. (Compl. P 3, 115\\.) Pfizer divided them into two groups and treated half with Trovan. (Compl. P 3\\.) The other half was \"purposefully 'low\\-dosed'\" with ceftriaxone, an FDA\\-approved drug shown to be effective in treating meningitis. (Compl. P 125\\.) In order to enhance the comparative results of Trovan, Pfizer administered only one\\-third of ceftriaxone's recommended dosage. (Compl. P 3, 124\\-25\\.)\nMeanwhile, MSF established their headquarters in tents beside the IDH due to space constraints. (Compl. P 111\\.) There, MSF admitted their sickest patients to hospital beds in the IDH and confined the less ill to floor mats in their tents. (Compl. P 112\\.) MSF treated pediatric meningitis patients with chloramphenicol, a drug recommended by the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") to treat bacterial meningitis in epidemic situations. (Compl. PP 11, 111\\.)\nPfizer's protocol also called for the children selected to have their blood tested on arrival and five days later. (Compl. P 126\\.) If a child was not responding well to Trovan, Pfizer switched his or her treatment to ceftriaxone. (Compl. P 126\\.) Plaintiffs allege, however, that Pfizer neglected to analyze the patients' blood samples and therefore could not determine if a patient had a negative reaction until the manifestation of a visible and permanent injury. (Compl. P 126\\.) Plaintiffs further allege that low\\-dosing ceftriaxone resulted in injuries and deaths among the control group. (Compl. P 3\\.)\nAlthough Pfizer's protocol called for its team to obtain consent from the parents of the children treated who were too young to sign, few parents could speak or read [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"). (Compl. P 127\\.) Plaintiffs claim that Pfizer failed to explain to the children's parents that the proposed treatment was experimental, that they could refuse it, or that other organizations offered more conventional treatments at the same site free of charge. (Compl. PP 3, 117\\-20, 128\\-30, 154\\-55, 157\\.) After two weeks, the Pfizer team left Kano and never returned for follow\\-up evaluations. (Compl. P 122\\.) Plaintiffs allege that five children who received Trovan and six children whom Pfizer \"low\\-dosed\" died. (Compl. P 120\\.) Others suffered [paralysis](/wiki/Paralysis \"Paralysis\"), [deafness](/wiki/Deafness \"Deafness\") and [blindness](/wiki/Blindness \"Blindness\"). (Compl. PP 16\\-50\\.)\nOn 30 December 1996, Pfizer applied for FDA approval to market Trovan in the United States for various uses including the treatment of pediatric infectious diseases. (Compl. P 216\\.) In June 1997, FDA inspectors discovered inconsistencies in the data resulting from Pfizer's Kano treatments. (Compl. P 217\\.) Thereafter, regulators informed Pfizer that they planned to deny its application to use the drug against epidemic meningitis and expressed several concerns including Pfizer's failure to conduct follow\\-up examinations. In response, Pfizer withdrew its application. (Compl. P 217\\.)\nOn 18 February 1998, Pfizer launched Trovan after it received FDA authorization for treatment of a number of adult illnesses. (Compl. P 218\\.) Shortly thereafter, Pfizer and the FDA received reports regarding Trovan patients suffering liver damage. (Compl. P 219\\.)\nIn January 1999, the FDA recommended that Trovan be prescribed only for patients in nursing homes or hospitals suffering from life\\-threatening conditions. (Compl. P 223\\.) That following June, the FDA issued a public health advisory on [liver toxicity](/wiki/Hepatotoxicity \"Hepatotoxicity\") associated with oral and intravenous Trovan following post\\-marketing reports of [acute liver failure](/wiki/Liver_failure \"Liver failure\") strongly associated with the drug. (Compl. P 224\\.) The FDA announced that it received reports of more than 100 cases where Trovan patients exhibited clinically symptomatic liver toxicity and advised physicians to use Trovan only for patients who met certain criteria. (Compl. P 224\\-25\\.) In addition, Pfizer agreed to limit distribution of Trovan to hospitals and long term nursing facilities. (Compl. P 224\\.) Further, the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\")'s Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products suspended all sales of Trovan in part due to results from the Kano tests. (Compl. PP 221\\-22\\.)*Abdullahi I*, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17436 at \\*4\\-7\\.\nIn response to plaintiffs' allegations, Pfizer filed a [motion to dismiss](/wiki/Motion_%28legal%29 \"Motion (legal)\"), pursuant to *Rule 12(b)(6\\) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure*,Despite the Court's consistent citation of *Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6\\)*, the District Court ultimately dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Lack of subject matter jurisdiction is governed by *Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1\\)*. alleging that the Plaintiffs' fail to plead a violation of the [law of nations](/wiki/International_law \"International law\"), because their actions did not fit the narrow exceptions when a private party will be held liable for the \"law of nations\". However, the court denied the motion to dismiss on the grounds, because the complaint sufficiently alleged that Pfizer had worked in concert with the Nigeria government, thereby Pfizer acted as a \"de facto [state actor](/wiki/State_actor \"State actor\")\".\n\nNext, Pfizer sought dismissal on grounds of *[forum non conveniens](/wiki/Forum_non_conveniens \"Forum non conveniens\")*. Despite the plaintiff's claims that the Nigerian court system is corrupt and could not provide an adequate alternative forum, the court ultimately found that Nigeria did provide an adequate alternative forum and the \"Gilbert factors\" weighted in favor of transferring the case to Nigeria. Accordingly, the court granted the defendant's motion to dismiss this action on grounds of forum non conveniens, provided Pfizer consented to suit and acceptance of process in Nigeria; Pfizer waived possible statute of limitation problems; Pfizer made available documents and employees, and; Pfizer agreed to return to the United States if Nigeria declined to accept jurisdiction.\n\n",
"*Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.* II\n------------------------------\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|300px\\|[United States Court of Appeals](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals \"United States Court of Appeals\").](/wiki/File:US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg \"US Court of Appeals and District Court map.svg\")\nThe Nigerian Plaintiffs appealed from the District Court's order of final judgment to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.*Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.*, 77 Fed. Appx. 48, 2003 U.S. App. LEXIS 20704 (2d Cir. N.Y., October 8, 2003\\) (*Abdullahi II*). Pfizer cross\\-appealed denial of its motion to dismiss pursuant to *Rule 12(b)(6\\) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure*. The Court of Appeals reviewed the *forum non conveniens* dismissal under the \"clear abuse of discretion\" standard. The Court of Appeals, however, revisited the Court's analysis of the adequate alternative forum. While under normal circumstances Nigeria appeared to be an adequate forum, in rare cases this may not be enough. \"If the plaintiff shows that conditions in the foreign forum plainly demonstrate that plaintiffs are highly unlikely to obtain basic justice, a defendant's *forum non conveniens* motion must be denied\".Id. at 52\\. The Court of Appeals noted that plaintiffs had submitted a number of [affidavits](/wiki/Affidavit \"Affidavit\") from [State Department](/wiki/U.S._State_Department \"U.S. State Department\") and [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") officials to buttress their claims about corruption in the Nigerian judiciary.\n\nNext, the Court of Appeals acknowledged that on [appeal](/wiki/Appeal \"Appeal\") both parties had requested [judicial notice](/wiki/Judicial_notice \"Judicial notice\") of facts contained within the record of a parallel proceeding, involving different plaintiffs, in a Nigerian Court. The Court of Appeals referred to the Nigerian litigation as *Zango v. Pfizer* (*Zango litigation*). The *Zango litigation* had recently been dismissed in Nigeria. The court declined to take judicial notice of the \"Zango litigation\", instead opting to vacate the district court's dismissal on grounds of *forum non conveniens* and remanding the case to the district court to consider the implications of the \"Zango litigation\" on its *forum non conveniens* analysis.\n\nFor these reasons, the Court of Appeals vacated and remanded to the District Court.\n\n",
"*Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.* III\n-------------------------------\n\nAfter the Court of Appeals vacated and remanded, the District Court readdressed the dual grounds for dismissal, both dismissal pursuant to *Rule 12(b)(6\\) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure* and dismissal pursuant to the doctrine of *forum non conveniens*. On remand, the District Court granted Pfizer's dismissal under *Rule 12(b)(6\\)* and found that the *Zango litigation* did not preclude dismissal for *forum non conveniens*.*Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.*, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16126 (S.D.N.Y., August 9, 2005\\) (*Abdullahi III*).\n\n### Adequate Alternative Forum Analysis\n\nAfter setting forth the factual and procedural background the District Court turned its attention to the *Zango litigation*. The court's somewhat searching review of the *Zango litigation* came in direct response to the Court of Appeals holding, which questioned whether Nigeria was in fact an adequate alternative forum, because the \"Zango litigation\" had ended in dismissal. The District Court discussed the \"Zango litigation\"'s procedural history, concluding that the Plaintiffs’ filed a Notice of Discontinuance, based upon the Federal High Court, \"having declined jurisdiction in this matter for personal reasons\".Id.\n\nNext, the court addressed the Plaintiff's allegations of corruption within the Nigerian judiciary. Although Plaintiff's provided allegations of corruption and anecdotal evidence, the court ultimately held that Plaintiffs were unable to establish corruption and bias in the \"Zango litigation\". Finding instead, that dismissal was a result of the Plaintiff's waiting \"endlessly for a new judge to replace Judge Hobon\", who had recused himself for personal reasons. For these reasons, the District Court, again found that Nigeria provided an adequate alternative forum.\n\n### Applying *Sosa*\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|[U.S. Supreme Court building](/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_building \"United States Supreme Court building\")](/wiki/File:USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG \"USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG\")\nIn finding that dismissal was also appropriate under for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, which the court mistakenly refers to as *Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6\\)*, the court relied heavily upon *Sosa*.542 U.S. 692, 124 S. Ct. 2739, 159 L. Ed. 2d 718\\. Under *Sosa*, the [Alien Tort Claims Act](/wiki/Alien_Tort_Claims_Act \"Alien Tort Claims Act\") creates no new causes of action but confers on federal courts the power to hear a narrow set of alien tort claims for violations of international law. However, the [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\") did leave the door open for courts, exercising a vigorous gatekeeping function, to recognized new actionable rules based on evolving principles of international law.Id. at 22\\-23\\. However, \"federal courts should require any claim based on the present\\-day law of nations to rest on a norm of international character accepted by the civilized world and defined with a specificity comparable to the features of the 18th\\-century paradigms\".*Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.*, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16126, at \\*23 (S.D.N.Y., August 9, 2003\\) (*Abdullahi III*) (citing *Sosa*, 124 S. Ct. at ). Having set forth the relevant standard, the court evaluated whether Pfizer did in fact violate customary international law. First, the District Court found that the [Nuremberg Code](/wiki/Nuremberg_Code \"Nuremberg Code\"), which governs scientific research on human subjects, does not contain a private cause of action. Second, the District Court found that the [Declaration of Helsinki](/wiki/Declaration_of_Helsinki \"Declaration of Helsinki\") and the [CIOMS](/wiki/CIOMS \"CIOMS\") guidelines does not contain a private cause of action. Instead, finding these guidelines are merely a \"general statement of policy that is unlikely to give rise to obligations in any strict sense\". \\[Id. at 34\\.] Third, the District Court found that the [ICCPR](/wiki/ICCPR \"ICCPR\") was not \"self executing\" and that a [private right of action](/wiki/Implied_cause_of_action \"Implied cause of action\") should not be implied. Finally, the District Court found that the [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights \"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\") does not impose obligations as a matter of international law. Instead, it is \"merely aspirational\". None of the sources of international law cited by the Plaintiffs were a proper predicate for jurisdiction under the [Alien Tort Claims Act](/wiki/Alien_Tort_Claims_Act \"Alien Tort Claims Act\").\n\nFor the reasons discussed, the court granted Pfizer's motion to dismiss, for [failure to state a claim](/wiki/Demurrer \"Demurrer\") under the [Alien Tort Claims Act](/wiki/Alien_Tort_Claims_Act \"Alien Tort Claims Act\") and, even if [subject matter jurisdiction](/wiki/Subject_matter_jurisdiction \"Subject matter jurisdiction\") were found, the action would be dismissed on *forum non conveniens* grounds (under the same conditions set forth in *Abdullahi I*).\n\n",
"### Adequate Alternative Forum Analysis\n\nAfter setting forth the factual and procedural background the District Court turned its attention to the *Zango litigation*. The court's somewhat searching review of the *Zango litigation* came in direct response to the Court of Appeals holding, which questioned whether Nigeria was in fact an adequate alternative forum, because the \"Zango litigation\" had ended in dismissal. The District Court discussed the \"Zango litigation\"'s procedural history, concluding that the Plaintiffs’ filed a Notice of Discontinuance, based upon the Federal High Court, \"having declined jurisdiction in this matter for personal reasons\".Id.\n\nNext, the court addressed the Plaintiff's allegations of corruption within the Nigerian judiciary. Although Plaintiff's provided allegations of corruption and anecdotal evidence, the court ultimately held that Plaintiffs were unable to establish corruption and bias in the \"Zango litigation\". Finding instead, that dismissal was a result of the Plaintiff's waiting \"endlessly for a new judge to replace Judge Hobon\", who had recused himself for personal reasons. For these reasons, the District Court, again found that Nigeria provided an adequate alternative forum.\n\n",
"### Applying *Sosa*\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|[U.S. Supreme Court building](/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_building \"United States Supreme Court building\")](/wiki/File:USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG \"USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG\")\nIn finding that dismissal was also appropriate under for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, which the court mistakenly refers to as *Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6\\)*, the court relied heavily upon *Sosa*.542 U.S. 692, 124 S. Ct. 2739, 159 L. Ed. 2d 718\\. Under *Sosa*, the [Alien Tort Claims Act](/wiki/Alien_Tort_Claims_Act \"Alien Tort Claims Act\") creates no new causes of action but confers on federal courts the power to hear a narrow set of alien tort claims for violations of international law. However, the [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\") did leave the door open for courts, exercising a vigorous gatekeeping function, to recognized new actionable rules based on evolving principles of international law.Id. at 22\\-23\\. However, \"federal courts should require any claim based on the present\\-day law of nations to rest on a norm of international character accepted by the civilized world and defined with a specificity comparable to the features of the 18th\\-century paradigms\".*Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.*, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16126, at \\*23 (S.D.N.Y., August 9, 2003\\) (*Abdullahi III*) (citing *Sosa*, 124 S. Ct. at ). Having set forth the relevant standard, the court evaluated whether Pfizer did in fact violate customary international law. First, the District Court found that the [Nuremberg Code](/wiki/Nuremberg_Code \"Nuremberg Code\"), which governs scientific research on human subjects, does not contain a private cause of action. Second, the District Court found that the [Declaration of Helsinki](/wiki/Declaration_of_Helsinki \"Declaration of Helsinki\") and the [CIOMS](/wiki/CIOMS \"CIOMS\") guidelines does not contain a private cause of action. Instead, finding these guidelines are merely a \"general statement of policy that is unlikely to give rise to obligations in any strict sense\". \\[Id. at 34\\.] Third, the District Court found that the [ICCPR](/wiki/ICCPR \"ICCPR\") was not \"self executing\" and that a [private right of action](/wiki/Implied_cause_of_action \"Implied cause of action\") should not be implied. Finally, the District Court found that the [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights \"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\") does not impose obligations as a matter of international law. Instead, it is \"merely aspirational\". None of the sources of international law cited by the Plaintiffs were a proper predicate for jurisdiction under the [Alien Tort Claims Act](/wiki/Alien_Tort_Claims_Act \"Alien Tort Claims Act\").\n\nFor the reasons discussed, the court granted Pfizer's motion to dismiss, for [failure to state a claim](/wiki/Demurrer \"Demurrer\") under the [Alien Tort Claims Act](/wiki/Alien_Tort_Claims_Act \"Alien Tort Claims Act\") and, even if [subject matter jurisdiction](/wiki/Subject_matter_jurisdiction \"Subject matter jurisdiction\") were found, the action would be dismissed on *forum non conveniens* grounds (under the same conditions set forth in *Abdullahi I*).\n\n",
"*Ajudu Ismaila Adamu v. Pfizer, Inc.*\n-------------------------------------\n\nThe District Court recites the facts set forth in *Abdullahi I*, and the analysis of the [Alien Tort Claims Act](/wiki/Alien_Tort_Claims_Act \"Alien Tort Claims Act\") set forth in *Abdullahi III*, before turning to the claims under the [Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act](/wiki/Connecticut_Unfair_Trade_Practices_Act \"Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act\") and the [Connecticut Products Liability Statute](/wiki/Connecticut_Products_Liability_Statute \"Connecticut Products Liability Statute\"). The court began by analyzing Connecticut's [choice of law](/wiki/Choice_of_law \"Choice of law\") principles. Under Connecticut's qualified *lex loci delicti* doctrine, the District Court concluded that Nigerian — not [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\") — [substantive law](/wiki/Substantive_law \"Substantive law\") governs, and accordingly, both Connecticut law claims were dismissed.*Ajudu Ismaila Adamu v. Pfizer, Inc.*, 399 F. Supp. 2d 495, 503 (N.Y.S.D. 2005\\). In addition to lack of subject matter jurisdiction, under both the [Alien Tort Claims Act](/wiki/Alien_Tort_Claims_Act \"Alien Tort Claims Act\") and the [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\") statutory causes of action, the court also granted the motion to dismiss on grounds of *forum non conveniens*, with the same additional conditions required by *Abdullahi I* and *Abdullahi III*.\n\n",
"Nigerian government lawsuit\n---------------------------\n\nOn 5 June 2007, the government of Nigeria filed against Pfizer in the Nigerian Federal High Court, seeking US$6\\.95 billion in damages. Nigeria claimed that Pfizer \"never obtained approval of the relevant regulatory agencies... nor did the defendant seek or receive approval to conduct any clinical trial at any time before their illegal conduct\". After preliminary arguments, the case was adjourned until 26 June of that year.[\"Nigeria files suit against Pfizer, seeks $6\\.95 bln\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232437/http://www.reuters.com/article/health-SP/idUSL), *[Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\")*, 4 June 2007\n\n### 2009 settlement\n\nIn February 2009, Pfizer decided to settle its legal case with the 200 plaintiffs. An [out\\-of\\-court settlement](/wiki/Settlement_%28law%29 \"Settlement (law)\") was reached, and scheduled to be put in writing at a meeting in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") in March 2009\\. The settlement followed months of negotiations between Pfizer and the [Kano state](/wiki/Kano_State \"Kano State\") government which represented the plaintiffs. According to Wikileaked US embassy cables, Pfizer's country manager admitted that \"Pfizer had hired investigators to uncover corruption links to federal attorney general Michael Aondoakaa to expose him and put pressure on him to drop the federal cases\".\n\nThe talks were brokered by the former Nigerian military leader [Yakubu Gowon](/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon \"Yakubu Gowon\") and the former [U.S.](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter \"Jimmy Carter\"). The lawyer representing the Nigerian government was Babatunde Irukera.\n\nIn October 2009, the medical records of the victims of the 1996 Pfizer Trovan clinical trial could not be found at the Kano State Ministry of Health nor at the Infectious Diseases Hospital (IDH) where the trials were conducted, according to the state's Attorney General and Commissioner for Justice Barrister Aliyu Umar, shortly after Umar confirmed that the state government had received $10 million from Pfizer as part of the $75 million settlement of the protracted dispute. The Nigerian government conducted their own investigation, whose report was kept secret for five years with the only three printed copies being lost.\n\n",
"### 2009 settlement\n\nIn February 2009, Pfizer decided to settle its legal case with the 200 plaintiffs. An [out\\-of\\-court settlement](/wiki/Settlement_%28law%29 \"Settlement (law)\") was reached, and scheduled to be put in writing at a meeting in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") in March 2009\\. The settlement followed months of negotiations between Pfizer and the [Kano state](/wiki/Kano_State \"Kano State\") government which represented the plaintiffs. According to Wikileaked US embassy cables, Pfizer's country manager admitted that \"Pfizer had hired investigators to uncover corruption links to federal attorney general Michael Aondoakaa to expose him and put pressure on him to drop the federal cases\".\n\nThe talks were brokered by the former Nigerian military leader [Yakubu Gowon](/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon \"Yakubu Gowon\") and the former [U.S.](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") [President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter \"Jimmy Carter\"). The lawyer representing the Nigerian government was Babatunde Irukera.\n\nIn October 2009, the medical records of the victims of the 1996 Pfizer Trovan clinical trial could not be found at the Kano State Ministry of Health nor at the Infectious Diseases Hospital (IDH) where the trials were conducted, according to the state's Attorney General and Commissioner for Justice Barrister Aliyu Umar, shortly after Umar confirmed that the state government had received $10 million from Pfizer as part of the $75 million settlement of the protracted dispute. The Nigerian government conducted their own investigation, whose report was kept secret for five years with the only three printed copies being lost.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Medical experimentation in Africa](/wiki/Medical_experimentation_in_Africa \"Medical experimentation in Africa\")\n* *[The Constant Gardener](/wiki/The_Constant_Gardener \"The Constant Gardener\")*, a book ([and film](/wiki/The_Constant_Gardener_%28film%29 \"The Constant Gardener (film)\")) inspired by the scandal\n* *[Teva Canada Ltd. v. Pfizer Canada Inc.](/wiki/Teva_Canada_Ltd._v._Pfizer_Canada_Inc. \"Teva Canada Ltd. v. Pfizer Canada Inc.\")*\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Statement of Defense](http://media.pfizer.com/files/news/trovan_statement_defense_summary.pdf) on Trovan, Kano State Civil Case\n\n[Category:Alien Tort Statute case law](/wiki/Category:Alien_Tort_Statute_case_law \"Alien Tort Statute case law\")\n[Category:Pfizer litigation](/wiki/Category:Pfizer_litigation \"Pfizer litigation\")\n[Category:Fluoroquinolone antibiotics](/wiki/Category:Fluoroquinolone_antibiotics \"Fluoroquinolone antibiotics\")\n[Category:1996 in United States case law](/wiki/Category:1996_in_United_States_case_law \"1996 in United States case law\")\n[Category:Medical controversies in Nigeria](/wiki/Category:Medical_controversies_in_Nigeria \"Medical controversies in Nigeria\")\n[Category:Clinical trials](/wiki/Category:Clinical_trials \"Clinical trials\")\n[Category:Nigeria–United States relations](/wiki/Category:Nigeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations \"Nigeria–United States relations\")\n[Category:1996 in Nigeria](/wiki/Category:1996_in_Nigeria \"1996 in Nigeria\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Carinodens
|
{
"id": [
27645623
],
"name": [
"Geekgecko"
]
}
|
dovcxag6089i0npoc2tn7uhfonmdi0r
|
2024-09-13T02:57:29Z
| 1,193,459,651 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"Dentition",
"Diet",
"Classification",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + - \n\n***Carinodens*** is an [extinct](/wiki/Extinct \"Extinct\") [genus](/wiki/Genus \"Genus\") of [Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous \"Cretaceous\") marine lizard belonging to the [mosasaur](/wiki/Mosasaur \"Mosasaur\") family. \"*Carinodens*\" means \"keel teeth\" and was named in 1969 as a replacement name for *Compressidens*, \"compressed teeth\", which was already in use for a [gadilidan](/wiki/Gadilida \"Gadilida\") [scaphopod](/wiki/Tusk_shell \"Tusk shell\") mollusk.J. T. Thurmond. 1969\\. New name for the mosasaur Compressidens Dollo, 1924\\. *Journal of Paleontology* **43(5\\)**:1298\n\n*Carinodens* is widely considered a [sister taxon](/wiki/Sister_taxon \"Sister taxon\") to *[Globidens](/wiki/Globidens \"Globidens\")* classified within the tribe [Globidensini](/wiki/Globidensini \"Globidensini\"). Like its close relative, *Carinodens* also possesses distinctive round, blunt teeth for crushing primitive clams and oysters. Most of the cranial elements known from the genus have been recovered from deposits in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") and [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\"), with the only known [postcranial](/wiki/Postcrania \"Postcrania\") material being known from deposits of latest [Maastrichtian](/wiki/Maastrichtian \"Maastrichtian\") age in [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\").Kaddumi H. F. 2009\\. The first and most complete *Carinodens* (Squamata: Mosasauridae) skeleton yet with a description of a new species from the Harrana Fauna. In: Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas. Publications of the Eternal River Museum of Natural History, Amman, pp 49\\-64 Other materials have been discovered in [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\"), [Morocco](/wiki/Morocco \"Morocco\"), [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\"), [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\") and [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\").\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\n[left\\|thumb\\|Tooth of *C. belgicus*.](/wiki/File:Carinodens_belgicus.jpg \"Carinodens belgicus.jpg\")\n[left\\|thumb\\|Tooth of *C. fraasi*.](/wiki/File:Carinodens_fraasi.jpg \"Carinodens fraasi.jpg\")\n*Carinodens* measured about in length and is one of the smallest known mosasaurs. It was closely related to *[Globidens](/wiki/Globidens \"Globidens\")*, though is scantly known in comparison. The holotype specimen consists of an incomplete right [dentary](/wiki/Mandible \"Mandible\") and most subsequently referred fossils are isolated teeth. The holotype dentary only preserves the posteriormost teeth, meaning that until recently when more comprehensive material was recovered, most of the dentition of the genus (its most distinctive feature) was unknown.\n\n*Carinodens* can easily be distinguished from the closely related *Globidens* by the compressed nature of its teeth and its relatively delicate dentary.\n\nRussell (1967\\) offered a brief diagnosis (due to the fragmentary nature of the fossils) of the genus, then known as *Compressidens*: \"Small projection of dentary anterior to first dentary tooth. Median dentary teeth bilaterally compressed, bicarinate, subrectangular in lateral view and with pointed apices. Anterior teeth circular in cross\\-section with strongly recurved pointed apices\".\n\n### Dentition\n\nBy mosasaur standards, the teeth of *Carinodens* are unusually [heterodont](/wiki/Heterodont \"Heterodont\"), both in morphology and size. The alveoli show a marked size decrease between teeth \\#8 and \\#7, and the teeth themselves change dramatically in both size and morphology between \\#8 and \\#7\\. This is similar to the maxillary teeth of *[Globidens dakotensis](/wiki/Globidens_dakotensis \"Globidens dakotensis\")* (between positions \\#5 and \\#6, though this is less pronounced than in *Carinodens*) and in *[Globidens alabamaensis](/wiki/Globidens_alabamaensis \"Globidens alabamaensis\")*.\n\n",
"### Dentition\n\nBy mosasaur standards, the teeth of *Carinodens* are unusually [heterodont](/wiki/Heterodont \"Heterodont\"), both in morphology and size. The alveoli show a marked size decrease between teeth \\#8 and \\#7, and the teeth themselves change dramatically in both size and morphology between \\#8 and \\#7\\. This is similar to the maxillary teeth of *[Globidens dakotensis](/wiki/Globidens_dakotensis \"Globidens dakotensis\")* (between positions \\#5 and \\#6, though this is less pronounced than in *Carinodens*) and in *[Globidens alabamaensis](/wiki/Globidens_alabamaensis \"Globidens alabamaensis\")*.\n\n",
"Diet\n----\n\n*Carinodens*, like the related *[Globidens](/wiki/Globidens \"Globidens\")*, is considered to have been a durophagous mosasaur. Because the anteriormost part of the dentary of *Carinodens* is relatively slender with small pointed tooth crowns, only the posteriormost five teeth actually functioned for crushing food. The anteriormost portion of the dentary was thus likely used for acquiring and handling food rather than crushing it, an idea already suggested by Dollo (1913\\) during the description of the type species. The maxilla of *Carinodens* is unknown, which hinders knowledge on the interaction between the lower and upper jaw.\n\nDollo (1913, 1924\\) suggested a diet dominated by [echinoderms](/wiki/Echinoderm \"Echinoderm\"), whereas Lingham\\-Soliar (1990, 1999\\) listed a wide array of potential prey items, including [belemnites](/wiki/Belemnitida \"Belemnitida\"), [nautilids](/wiki/Nautilus \"Nautilus\"), [bivalves](/wiki/Bivalvia \"Bivalvia\"), [gastropods](/wiki/Gastropoda \"Gastropoda\"), [scaphopods](/wiki/Tusk_shell \"Tusk shell\"), [brachiopods](/wiki/Brachiopod \"Brachiopod\"), echinoderms and [arthropods](/wiki/Arthropod \"Arthropod\"). These groups were abundant in the late Cretaceous seas around [Maastricht](/wiki/Maastricht \"Maastricht\"), meaning that their population numbers cannot explain the rarity of *Carinodens*. It is possible that *Carinodens* spent most of its life in deep waters, only rarely swimming in shallow seas.\n\n",
"Classification\n--------------\n\n*Carinodens fraasi* was first described and illustrated by Louis Dollo in 1913 as \"*[Globidens](/wiki/Globidens \"Globidens\") fraasi*\". Dollo later erected a separate genus, \"*Compressidens*\" for the species in 1924, recognising the more compressed nature of the teeth in comparison to those of *Globidens*. Dollo also assigned *[Bottosaurus](/wiki/Bottosaurus \"Bottosaurus\") belgicus*, previously misinterpreted as a species of crocodilian, to the genus as *Compressidens belgicus*. With the name *Compressidens* being preoccupied by a [scaphopod](/wiki/Tusk_shell \"Tusk shell\") mollusk, Thurmond (1969\\) proposed the substitute name *Carinodens*.\n\n*Carinodens* is most frequently recovered as a sister taxon to *Globidens* within the [Globidensini](/wiki/Globidensini \"Globidensini\") tribe in the [Mosasaurinae](/wiki/Mosasaurinae \"Mosasaurinae\"). The cladogram below, covering the Globidensini, is based upon a summary of evolutionary adaptations in the Globidensini featured in Schulp et al. (2004\\):\n\nIt is worth noting that placing *[Prognathodon](/wiki/Prognathodon \"Prognathodon\")* within the Globidensini is controversial, and it is most often seen as either a more basal mosasaurine or as part of its own tribe, the Prognathodontini.\n\nThe primary feature distinguishing the two recognised species, *C. fraasi* and *C. belgicus* is found in their dentition. The teeth of *C. fraasi* are unicuspid and the teeth of *C. belgicus* are tricuspid. *Carinodens* fossils from [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\"), consisting of an almost complete skull with at least 24 teeth still occupying their natural locations, a complete neck [vertebral](/wiki/Vertebra \"Vertebra\") series as well as several back vertebrae, and front paddles were reported by Kaddumi (2009\\). In addition to the [dentary](/wiki/Dentary \"Dentary\"), [maxillary](/wiki/Maxilla \"Maxilla\"), and [premaxillary](/wiki/Premaxilla \"Premaxilla\") teeth, several small [pterygoid](/wiki/Pterygoid_bone \"Pterygoid bone\") teeth were also recovered from the same specimen. Kaddumi (2009\\) fully described the remains and referred them to a new species of *Carinodens*, *C. palistinicus*. Based on the remarkable dental [heterodonty](/wiki/Heterodont \"Heterodont\") exhibited in *C. palistinicus*, several previously not considered prey items may be postulated for *Carinodens* (Kaddumi 2009\\).\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Mosasaurines](/wiki/Category:Mosasaurines \"Mosasaurines\")\n[Category:Mosasaurs of Europe](/wiki/Category:Mosasaurs_of_Europe \"Mosasaurs of Europe\")\n[Category:Mosasaurs of Asia](/wiki/Category:Mosasaurs_of_Asia \"Mosasaurs of Asia\")\n[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1969](/wiki/Category:Fossil_taxa_described_in_1969 \"Fossil taxa described in 1969\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Gageo Reef
|
{
"id": [
33099684
],
"name": [
"Renamed user 1oj3saabam"
]
}
|
4zi6vjlhg35op2u4vk5hh2wq97wl4r9
|
2024-03-05T09:05:11Z
| 1,088,189,562 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Dispute",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Gageo Reef** () or **Rixiang Reef** () is an uninhabited [submerged rock](/wiki/Reef \"Reef\") 7\\.8 metres below sea level (at low tide) located in the [Yellow Sea](/wiki/Yellow_Sea \"Yellow Sea\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe Japanese battleship [Hyūga](/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Hy%C5%ABga \"Japanese battleship Hyūga\") (日向) hit this undersea rock on March 29, 1927\\. Japanese navy then researched the surrounding area and found the rock and named it as Hyūga shou, meaning Hyuga reef, after the ship. [일본명 암초 80년 만에 국적 찾아](http://kjdaily.com/read.php3?aid=117068760074733r8) . (2007\\-02\\-06\\), *Kwangju Daily*. Retrieved on 2007\\-12\\-05\\. Chinese name Rìxiàng Jiāo, meaning Rixiang reef, is the Chinese pronunciation of its Japanese name.\nOn December 19, 2007, Korean side changed the name to Gageo Reef, named after the nearby island.\nAs of 2012, there is a Korean marine research station located at the reef.\n\n",
"Dispute\n-------\n\nAccording to the [United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea](/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea \"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\"), a submerged reef can not be claimed as territory by any country. However, China and South Korea dispute which is entitled to claim it as part of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Socotra Rock](/wiki/Socotra_Rock \"Socotra Rock\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Disputed waters](/wiki/Category:Disputed_waters \"Disputed waters\")\n[Category:Reefs of China](/wiki/Category:Reefs_of_China \"Reefs of China\")\n[Category:Landforms of South Korea](/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_South_Korea \"Landforms of South Korea\")\n[Category:Reefs of the Pacific Ocean](/wiki/Category:Reefs_of_the_Pacific_Ocean \"Reefs of the Pacific Ocean\")\n[Category:Landforms of South Jeolla Province](/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_South_Jeolla_Province \"Landforms of South Jeolla Province\")\n[Category:Sinan County, South Jeolla](/wiki/Category:Sinan_County%2C_South_Jeolla \"Sinan County, South Jeolla\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Live at the Enmore Theatre
|
{
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
}
|
4f2gq3yj32mg0ujg7sw48ilyo8x3efn
|
2024-10-06T07:48:29Z
| 1,249,286,163 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Track listing",
"Personnel"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Live at the Enmore Theatre*** (1999\\) is a live EP by [The Tea Party](/wiki/The_Tea_Party_%28band%29 \"The Tea Party (band)\") and is the band's first live release. The EP was released through Australian radio station [Triple J](/wiki/Triple_J \"Triple J\") in a limited quantity of 100\\. Recorded live at the [Enmore Theatre](/wiki/Enmore_Theatre \"Enmore Theatre\"), Sydney on 7 October 1999, during the band's tour for *[Triptych](/wiki/Triptych_%28The_Tea_Party_album%29 \"Triptych (The Tea Party album)\")*, the EP features performances of songs from the album. A string quintet performs with the band on \"[The Messenger](/wiki/The_Messenger_%28song%29 \"The Messenger (song)\")\".\n\nAt least one of these songs had to be especially played twice as there was a recording problem that TripleJ made. Jeff Martin informed the audience and asked if they minded if he played the song again.\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n1. \"[Heaven Coming Down](/wiki/Heaven_Coming_Down \"Heaven Coming Down\")\"\n2. \"Underground\"\n3. \"[Gone](/wiki/Gone_%28The_Tea_Party_song%29 \"Gone (The Tea Party song)\")\"\n4. \"[The Messenger](/wiki/The_Messenger_%28song%29 \"The Messenger (song)\")\" ([Daniel Lanois](/wiki/Daniel_Lanois \"Daniel Lanois\") cover)\n5. \"Halcyon Days\"\n",
"Personnel\n---------\n\n* The Tea Party:\n\t+ [Jeff Burrows](/wiki/Jeff_Burrows \"Jeff Burrows\") \\- [drums](/wiki/Drum_kit \"Drum kit\") and [percussion](/wiki/Percussion_instrument \"Percussion instrument\")\n\t+ [Stuart Chatwood](/wiki/Stuart_Chatwood \"Stuart Chatwood\") \\- [Bass guitar](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\"), [bass pedals](/wiki/Bass_pedals \"Bass pedals\"), [keyboards](/wiki/Keyboard_instrument \"Keyboard instrument\")\n\t+ [Jeff Martin](/wiki/Jeff_Martin_%28Canadian_musician%29 \"Jeff Martin (Canadian musician)\") \\- [vocals](/wiki/Singing \"Singing\"), [acoustic](/wiki/Acoustic_Guitar \"Acoustic Guitar\") and [electric](/wiki/Electric_guitar \"Electric guitar\") [guitars](/wiki/Guitar \"Guitar\"), [oud](/wiki/Oud \"Oud\")\n* String quintet:\n\t+ Rob John \\- [Violin](/wiki/Violin \"Violin\")\n\t+ Adrian Bendt \\- Violin\n\t+ Jane Brownlee \\- [Viola](/wiki/Viola \"Viola\")\n\t+ Heather Shaw \\- [Cello](/wiki/Cello \"Cello\")\n\t+ Rachel Wheally \\- Cello\n* The Sound on Stage Mobile Audio:\n\t+ David Cafe \\- Engineer\n\t+ Phil Gange \\- Assistant Engineer\n\t+ Penny Connolly\\-Coates \\- Assistant Engineer\n\t+ Steve Kennedy \\- Assistant Engineer\n* Metropolis Audio, South Melbourne:\n\t+ Jeff Martin \\- Mixer\n\t+ Timmy Johnson \\- Assistant Mixer\n\n[Category:1999 EPs](/wiki/Category:1999_EPs \"1999 EPs\")\n[Category:The Tea Party (band) albums](/wiki/Category:The_Tea_Party_%28band%29_albums \"The Tea Party (band) albums\")\n[Category:1999 live albums](/wiki/Category:1999_live_albums \"1999 live albums\")\n[Category:Live EPs](/wiki/Category:Live_EPs \"Live EPs\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Lush 99.5FM
|
{
"id": [
45078181
],
"name": [
"Wracking"
]
}
|
ic5hfa8ph6161xmcznml62cktz0ww4a
|
2024-05-22T03:05:06Z
| 1,225,058,543 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Lush 99\\.5FM** was an English\\-language radio station in Singapore. Owned by the state\\-owned broadcaster [Mediacorp](/wiki/Mediacorp \"Mediacorp\"), it broadcast an [eclectic](/wiki/Free-form_radio \"Free-form radio\") format with a particular focus on [local](/wiki/Music_of_Singapore \"Music of Singapore\") and [indie](/wiki/Independent_music \"Independent music\") music, [alternative rock](/wiki/Alternative_rock \"Alternative rock\"), [urban adult contemporary](/wiki/Urban_adult_contemporary \"Urban adult contemporary\"), and [electronic music](/wiki/Electronic_music \"Electronic music\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe station launched 31 December 2004; MediaCorp stated that Lush would focus on \"trendsetting\" and \"[new\\-age contemporary](/wiki/New-age_music \"New-age music\")\" music, including [chill\\-out](/wiki/Chill-out_music \"Chill-out music\") and [nu jazz](/wiki/Nu_jazz \"Nu jazz\"). The station would broadcast from 7:00 a.m. to 2:00 a.m. daily. On 20 January 2005, the station expanded to 24\\-hour broadcasting.\n\nOn 20 August 2009, the station relocated from [Caldecott Hill](/wiki/Caldecott_Hill \"Caldecott Hill\") to studios at [Orchard Central](/wiki/Orchard_Central \"Orchard Central\").[MediaCorp's Lush 99\\.5FM moving to Orchard Central in August – Channel NewsAsia](http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/445958/1/.html) On 7 July 2012; the station moved back to Caldecott Hill.\n\nEvery week, various guest DJs would be invited on The Lush Mix, which airs on Saturdays from 8pm and repeats on weekdays from 9pm.\n\nAfter having been Mediacorp's lowest\\-rated radio station for several years, Lush was shut down on 1 September 2017\\. Mediacorp stated that it wanted to concentrate its efforts on its other English\\-language stations, and that Lush's remit of showcasing local music would be supplanted by the company\\-wide \"Singapore Sounds\" initiative.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of radio stations in Singapore](/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Singapore \"List of radio stations in Singapore\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Lush 99\\.5FM Live](http://sg.listenradios.com/lush-99-5fm/)\n\n[Category:Urban adult contemporary radio stations](/wiki/Category:Urban_adult_contemporary_radio_stations \"Urban adult contemporary radio stations\")\n[Category:Easy listening radio stations](/wiki/Category:Easy_listening_radio_stations \"Easy listening radio stations\")\n[Category:Radio stations in Singapore](/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_in_Singapore \"Radio stations in Singapore\")\n[Category:Radio stations established in 2004](/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_established_in_2004 \"Radio stations established in 2004\")\n[Category:Radio stations disestablished in 2017](/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_disestablished_in_2017 \"Radio stations disestablished in 2017\")\n[Category:2004 establishments in Singapore](/wiki/Category:2004_establishments_in_Singapore \"2004 establishments in Singapore\")\n[Category:2017 disestablishments in Singapore](/wiki/Category:2017_disestablishments_in_Singapore \"2017 disestablishments in Singapore\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Foulard
|
{
"id": [
49920
],
"name": [
"Macrakis"
]
}
|
lzx44ci7namadbr2i618p8a63qcee6e
|
2024-08-03T15:18:46Z
| 1,225,311,446 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"External links",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n[right\\|thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.8\\|[Silk](/wiki/Silk \"Silk\") foulard](/wiki/File:Casol_square_silk_scarf_as_head_scarf.jpg \"Casol square silk scarf as head scarf.jpg\") [thumb\\|190px\\|[Marek Jakubiak](/wiki/Marek_Jakubiak \"Marek Jakubiak\") with foulardA](/wiki/File:Marek_Jakubiak_Sejm_2016.JPG \"Marek Jakubiak Sejm 2016.JPG\") **foulard** is a lightweight [fabric](/wiki/Fabric \"Fabric\"), either [twill](/wiki/Twill \"Twill\") or [plain](/wiki/Plain_weave \"Plain weave\")\\-woven, made of [silk](/wiki/Silk \"Silk\") or a mix of silk and [cotton](/wiki/Cotton \"Cotton\"). Foulards usually have a small printed design of various colors. By [metonymy](/wiki/Metonymy \"Metonymy\"), it can also be an article of clothing, such as [scarves](/wiki/Scarf \"Scarf\") and [neckties](/wiki/Necktie \"Necktie\"), made from this fabric. In men's neckties, foulard is a pattern rather than a material; it is a small\\-scale pattern with basic block repeat, also called a set pattern or a tailored pattern.\n\nFoulard is believed to have originated in [East Asia](/wiki/East_Asia \"East Asia\"). The word comes from the French word [*foulard*](/wiki/wikt:Foulard \"Foulard\"), with the same proper and metonymic meanings. In modern [French](/wiki/French_language \"French language\"), *[foulard](/wiki/wikt:Foulard \"Foulard\")* is the usual word for a [neckerchief](/wiki/Neckerchief \"Neckerchief\"). In Quebec *[foulard](/wiki/wikt:Foulard \"Foulard\")* is also used for [scarf](/wiki/Scarf \"Scarf\") (écharpe in France).\n\n[Ralph Lauren’s](/wiki/Ralph_Lauren \"Ralph Lauren\") fashion industry success began with his importation of foulards from London to the United States.\n\nIn 1989, a public debate over [headscarves](/wiki/Headscarf \"Headscarf\") erupted in France when three [Muslim](/wiki/Muslims \"Muslims\") girls in a state [secondary school](/wiki/Secondary_school \"Secondary school\") refused to remove their headscarves to comply with the school administration’s concept of [secularism](/wiki/Secularism \"Secularism\"). It became known as the “affaires de foulard.”\n\nFoulard fabric is also used in home décor wall coverings.\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Printing a Foulard on a printing press at Cheney Brothers Factory in Connecticut, 1915 photograph](https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_643404) from the Smithsonian [National Museum of American History](/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History \"National Museum of American History\").\n* [1913 example of a “showerproof” Foulard](https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_624500) from the Smithsonian [National Museum of American History](/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History \"National Museum of American History\").\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Woven fabrics](/wiki/Category:Woven_fabrics \"Woven fabrics\")\n[Category:Silk](/wiki/Category:Silk \"Silk\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
USS Token
|
{
"id": [
13791031
],
"name": [
"Frietjes"
]
}
|
pzg0624enlxh63m40czahn6kfoc7iyn
|
2024-10-14T18:32:31Z
| 1,243,308,956 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"World War II Pacific Theatre operations",
"Leyte Gulf minesweeping",
"Overhaul in the States",
"Final Pacific Theatre operations",
"First decommissioning",
"Atlantic Ocean operations",
"Final decommissioning",
"Awards",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - **USS *Token* (AM\\-126\\)** was an acquired by the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing.\n\n*Token* was laid down on 21 July 1941 at [Chickasaw, Alabama](/wiki/Chickasaw%2C_Alabama \"Chickasaw, Alabama\"), by the [Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation](/wiki/Gulf_Shipbuilding_Corporation \"Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation\"); launched on 28 March 1942; sponsored by Mrs. Charles Hunt Ross; and commissioned on 31 December 1942\\.\n\n",
"World War II Pacific Theatre operations\n---------------------------------------\n\nAfter [shakedown cruises](/wiki/Shakedown_cruise \"Shakedown cruise\") off the [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") coast and in the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\"), the new minesweeper steamed from [Miami](/wiki/Miami%2C_Florida \"Miami, Florida\"), Florida on 2 April 1943; transited the [Panama Canal](/wiki/Panama_Canal \"Panama Canal\"); and arrived at [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California \"San Francisco, California\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\") on 1 May. Following training and escort duty in western coastal waters, she departed San Francisco on 28 August for the [New Hebrides](/wiki/New_Hebrides \"New Hebrides\"). From October until the following June, *Token* escorted [convoys](/wiki/Convoy \"Convoy\") between [Espiritu Santo](/wiki/Espiritu_Santo \"Espiritu Santo\") and [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal \"Guadalcanal\"). Late in June, she proceeded via [Florida Island](/wiki/Florida_Island \"Florida Island\") to [Sydney, Australia](/wiki/Sydney%2C_Australia \"Sydney, Australia\"). A severe vibration developed en route, and *Token*s stay in Sydney was prolonged for the replacement of bent and damaged propeller blades. She departed Sydney on 30 July 1944 and proceeded to the [Solomons](/wiki/Solomon_Islands \"Solomon Islands\"), where she spent the month of August conducting exercises and undergoing additional repairs.\n\n",
"Leyte Gulf minesweeping\n-----------------------\n\nIn September, *Token* engaged in minesweeping in the [Palau](/wiki/Palau \"Palau\") and [Ulithi](/wiki/Ulithi \"Ulithi\") island groups before proceeding to [Manus](/wiki/Manus_Island \"Manus Island\") where the [U.S. 7th Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet \"United States Seventh Fleet\") was concentrating for the invasion of [Leyte](/wiki/Leyte \"Leyte\"). On 17 October, while conducting minesweeping operations en route to Leyte, *Token* was caught in a [typhoon](/wiki/Typhoon \"Typhoon\") which caused her some minor damage. Following two days of minesweeping in [Leyte Gulf](/wiki/Leyte_Gulf \"Leyte Gulf\"), *Token* anchored in the south transport area off Leyte on 24 October. The next day, *Token* scored several hits on an enemy aircraft and rescued a downed flier from the [escort carrier](/wiki/Escort_carrier \"Escort carrier\") . Heavy air activity continued until *Token* got underway for the [Admiralties](/wiki/Admiralties \"Admiralties\") arriving at Manus on 5 November.\n\n",
"Overhaul in the States\n----------------------\n\n*Token* steamed from Manus on 14 November and proceeded via [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\"), [Hawaii](/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii \"Territory of Hawaii\") and San Francisco to [Portland, Oregon](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"), where she underwent major overhaul. On 13 April, *Token* departed the [U.S. West Coast](/wiki/U.S._West_Coast \"U.S. West Coast\") for Pearl Harbor where she resumed escort duty.\n\n",
"Final Pacific Theatre operations\n--------------------------------\n\nArriving off [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island \"Okinawa Island\") on 20 May 1945, at a time of mass [kamikaze](/wiki/Kamikaze \"Kamikaze\") attacks, *Token* experienced her first of many days of enemy air activity. While performing screening activities on 28 May, *Token* rescued and captured two survivors from a splashed [Japanese](/wiki/Empire_of_Japan \"Empire of Japan\") aircraft. After repairs at [Kerama Retto](/wiki/Kerama_Retto \"Kerama Retto\") in June, she swept waters off Okinawa, in the [East China Sea](/wiki/East_China_Sea \"East China Sea\"), and in [Tokyo Bay](/wiki/Tokyo_Bay \"Tokyo Bay\").\n\n*Token* was the second surface vessel to enter Tokyo Bay, on 2 September 1945, following , to sweep the harbor prior to the [battleship](/wiki/Battleship \"Battleship\") entering and the signing of the surrender document by Japan.\n\n*Token* came alongside USS *Missouri* on the morning of 2 September 1945 and took on a load of fresh water before heading to Tokyo Harbor. *Token* and *Revenge* then raced to see which ship could enter the harbor first. But *Token* received a message from Admiral Halsey's staff to back off and let *Revenge* enter first.\n\nIn the following months, *Token* continued sweeps of formerly contested waters off the [Pescadores](/wiki/Pescadores \"Pescadores\") and [China](/wiki/China \"China\") before steaming – via [Sasebo](/wiki/Sasebo%2C_Nagasaki \"Sasebo, Nagasaki\"), [Kyūshū](/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB \"Kyūshū\"), and [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\") – to [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\").\n\n",
"First decommissioning\n---------------------\n\nShe then operated off the east coast of the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") until finally berthing in June 1947 at [Orange, Texas](/wiki/Orange%2C_Texas \"Orange, Texas\"), where she was assigned to the [Atlantic Reserve Fleet](/wiki/Atlantic_Reserve_Fleet \"Atlantic Reserve Fleet\"), Texas Group, and placed out of commission on 6 January 1948\\.\n\n",
"Atlantic Ocean operations\n-------------------------\n\nRecommissioned on 12 April 1951, *Token* participated in training exercises off [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\"), in company with [Mine Squadron](/wiki/Mine_Squadron \"Mine Squadron\") 8, Mine Force, [Atlantic Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Forces_Command \"United States Fleet Forces Command\"). Departing from Charleston in August, *Token* headed for the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\") and touched at [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\"), [Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul \"Istanbul\"), [Naples, Italy](/wiki/Naples \"Naples\"), and [Seville](/wiki/Seville \"Seville\") before returning to Charleston on 7 February 1953\\.\n\n",
"Final decommissioning\n---------------------\n\nShe operated off the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\") and [U.S. Gulf Coasts](/wiki/U.S._Gulf_Coast \"U.S. Gulf Coast\") before being inactivated and decommissioned again on 16 April 1954\\. *Token* was reclassified a steel\\-hulled fleet minesweeper on 7 February 1955 and re\\-esignated MSF\\-126\\. Her name was struck from the [Navy list](/wiki/Navy_list \"Navy list\") on 1 December 1966\\.\n\n",
"Awards\n------\n\n*Token* received four [battle stars](/wiki/Battle_stars \"Battle stars\") during her participation in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Allied Ships Present in Tokyo Bay During the Surrender Ceremony, 2 September 1945](http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/a/allied-ships-present-in-tokyo-bay.html)\n* [Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940\\-1945 AM\\-126 USS *Token*](http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/AM/AM-126_Token.html)\n* [uboat.net \\- Minesweeper USS *Token* of the *Auk* class](http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5929.html)\n\n[Category:Auk\\-class minesweepers of the United States Navy](/wiki/Category:Auk-class_minesweepers_of_the_United_States_Navy \"Auk-class minesweepers of the United States Navy\")\n[Category:Ships built in Chickasaw, Alabama](/wiki/Category:Ships_built_in_Chickasaw%2C_Alabama \"Ships built in Chickasaw, Alabama\")\n[Category:1942 ships](/wiki/Category:1942_ships \"1942 ships\")\n[Category:World War II minesweepers of the United States](/wiki/Category:World_War_II_minesweepers_of_the_United_States \"World War II minesweepers of the United States\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Ramularia necator
|
{
"id": [
14594899
],
"name": [
"Esculenta"
]
}
|
13zra80aobpycy3oigxl973d1z0ol3g
|
2024-04-19T04:06:00Z
| 1,201,726,624 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Ramularia necator*** is a [fungal](/wiki/Fungus \"Fungus\") plant pathogen infecting coconut palms.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases](/wiki/Category:Fungal_plant_pathogens_and_diseases \"Fungal plant pathogens and diseases\")\n[Category:Coconut palm diseases](/wiki/Category:Coconut_palm_diseases \"Coconut palm diseases\")\n[necator](/wiki/Category:Ramularia \"Ramularia\")\n[Category:Fungus species](/wiki/Category:Fungus_species \"Fungus species\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Adam Piatt
|
{
"id": [
28779459
],
"name": [
"Lepricavark"
]
}
|
ls3sx1t743a6pxwpk6bd5rltyocwilz
|
2024-06-29T04:09:13Z
| 1,177,434,163 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + \n\t**Adam David Piatt** (born February 8, 1976\\) is an American former [professional baseball](/wiki/Professional_baseball \"Professional baseball\") [outfielder](/wiki/Outfielder \"Outfielder\") who played for the [Oakland Athletics](/wiki/Oakland_Athletics \"Oakland Athletics\") and [Tampa Bay Devil Rays](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Devil_Rays \"Tampa Bay Devil Rays\") of [Major League Baseball](/wiki/Major_League_Baseball \"Major League Baseball\") (MLB) from 2000 to 2003\\.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nPiatt played baseball at [Bishop Verot High School](/wiki/Bishop_Verot_High_School \"Bishop Verot High School\"), followed by a successful college career at [Mississippi State University](/wiki/Mississippi_State_University \"Mississippi State University\") (MSU), helping lead the Bulldogs to multiple [NCAA Tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Championship \"NCAA Division I Baseball Championship\") appearances. Piatt led the MSU team in 1996 with a .370 batting average. Piatt played mostly at third base for MSU and was named to the second team All\\-Southeastern Conference unit in 1997, when the Bulldogs reached the [College World Series](/wiki/College_World_Series \"College World Series\"). He chose to leave school early after that, and signed a professional contract. Piatt finished his education at MSU, earning Cum Laude honors from MSU's Business School.\n\nPiatt's best year was 1999 when he won the triple crown and minor league player of the year award at third base. He became an outfielder because of the A's present third baseman, [Eric Chavez](/wiki/Eric_Chavez \"Eric Chavez\"), and that was the only opening on the A's. He hit .299 in 60 games in 2000 with 5 home runs and 5 triples. In 2001, he got [viral meningitis](/wiki/Viral_meningitis \"Viral meningitis\"), but survived. He was designated for assignment by the A's in August 2003 and was claimed off waivers by Tampa Bay. In 2004, he went to Cleveland, but retired before the season.\n\nPiatt was once featured in a commercial for [K\\-Swiss](/wiki/K-Swiss \"K-Swiss\") shoes.\n\nIn the [Mitchell Report](/wiki/Mitchell_Report_%28baseball%29 \"Mitchell Report (baseball)\"), Piatt admitted to having used [steroids](/wiki/Steroids \"Steroids\"). Piatt said that former A's teammate [F. P. Santangelo](/wiki/F._P._Santangelo \"F. P. Santangelo\") had told him about a man who could give Piatt human growth hormone (HGH). Piatt (who was trying to come back from viral meningitis) received HGH and testosterone from Kirk Radomski and used them in the 2002–2003 off\\-season. After using them, he said he \"did not love the game when he used them\" and that he had learned a life lesson. Piatt told all of this to Mitchell during their meeting. Former Senator George Mitchell commended Piatt for his honesty, and for being one of the few players to come forward to discuss the league's performance\\-enhancing drug use.\n\nPiatt now lives in Cape Coral, Florida.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report](/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_named_in_the_Mitchell_Report \"List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1976 births](/wiki/Category:1976_births \"1976 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:American expatriate baseball players in Canada](/wiki/Category:American_expatriate_baseball_players_in_Canada \"American expatriate baseball players in Canada\")\n[Category:Baseball players from Chicago](/wiki/Category:Baseball_players_from_Chicago \"Baseball players from Chicago\")\n[Category:Major League Baseball outfielders](/wiki/Category:Major_League_Baseball_outfielders \"Major League Baseball outfielders\")\n[Category:Midland RockHounds players](/wiki/Category:Midland_RockHounds_players \"Midland RockHounds players\")\n[Category:Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball players](/wiki/Category:Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_baseball_players \"Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball players\")\n[Category:Modesto A's players](/wiki/Category:Modesto_A%27s_players \"Modesto A's players\")\n[Category:Oakland Athletics players](/wiki/Category:Oakland_Athletics_players \"Oakland Athletics players\")\n[Category:Sacramento River Cats players](/wiki/Category:Sacramento_River_Cats_players \"Sacramento River Cats players\")\n[Category:Southern Oregon Timberjacks players](/wiki/Category:Southern_Oregon_Timberjacks_players \"Southern Oregon Timberjacks players\")\n[Category:Tampa Bay Devil Rays players](/wiki/Category:Tampa_Bay_Devil_Rays_players \"Tampa Bay Devil Rays players\")\n[Category:Vancouver Canadians players](/wiki/Category:Vancouver_Canadians_players \"Vancouver Canadians players\")\n[Category:Anchorage Bucs players](/wiki/Category:Anchorage_Bucs_players \"Anchorage Bucs players\")\n[Category:Bishop Verot High School alumni](/wiki/Category:Bishop_Verot_High_School_alumni \"Bishop Verot High School alumni\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Plains rat
|
{
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
}
|
p7pk4w5wxgvau03yp4rgc06de4dg610
|
2024-01-09T03:26:28Z
| 1,187,956,709 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Taxonomy",
"Distribution and habitat",
"Physical description",
"Behaviour and ecology",
"Threats",
"Conservation",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **plains rat** *(Pseudomys australis)*, also known as the **palyoora**, **plains mouse** and **eastern mouse**, is a conilurine rodent native to arid and semi\\-arid [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"). Referred to as the *pallyoora* or *yarlie* by Indigenous groups, the plains rat was once widely distributed across central Australia, including north\\-west New South Wales and south\\-west Queensland; however, habitat degradation due to grazing, introduced predators and drought have contributed to its decline. Consequently, the plains rat has been listed as 'presumed extinct' in [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\") and [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 \"Victoria (Australia)\"), 'endangered' in the [Northern Territory](/wiki/Northern_Territory \"Northern Territory\") and [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland \"Queensland\") and 'vulnerable' in [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\") and [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia \"South Australia\"). While recent research has indicated the presence of the plains rat in areas such as the [Fowlers Gap](/wiki/Fowlers_Gap_Arid_Zone_Research_Station \"Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station\") and [Strzelecki Desert](/wiki/Strzelecki_Desert \"Strzelecki Desert\") regions of New South Wales and within the [Diamantina National Park](/wiki/Diamantina_National_Park \"Diamantina National Park\") in Queensland,Moseby, K. (2012\\) \"[National Recovery Plan for the Plains Mouse Pseudomys australis](http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/1b308359-c8ec-49e7-aa41-be78ea7f68fe/files/pseudomys-australis.pdf)\". Adelaide: Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. there are only five sub\\-populations currently recognised nationally, none of which coincide with recent discoveries of the plains rat. As the current population trend of the plains rat has been listed as 'declining' by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the IUCN conservation status for the species is 'vulnerable'.\n\n",
"Taxonomy\n--------\n\nThe name *Pseudomys* comes from the combined form of the Greek word *pseudes* (meaning \"false\") and the Latin word *mys* (meaning \"mouse\"), presumably because of the plains rat's puzzling similarities and differences to \"true mice\" in the genus *mus*. The name *australis* comes from the Latin word *australis* (meaning \"south land\"). Thus, the name *Pseudomys australis*, first described by Grey in 1832, means 'false mouse from the southern land'.\n[left\\|thumb\\|436x436px\\|**Figure 1** The phylogeny of rodents of the Subfamily Murinae.](/wiki/File:Rodents_of_Subfamily_Murinae.png \"Rodents of Subfamily Murinae.png\")\nThe taxonomy of Australian rodents remains controversial; however, it is commonly accepted that there are two major groups including the Australo\\-Papuan Old Endemics and the Australo\\-Papuan New Endemics (**Figure 1**). The plains rat is considered an Australo\\-Papuan Old Endemic as DNA sequencing from fossilised evidence suggests that its ancestors first arrived in Australia between 4\\.2 and 5 million years ago, during the Pliocene era. Old endemics, particularly the Family Muridae, are believed to have originated in Southern Asia and then diversified through multiple rodent lineages. Relationships between Australian members of the Order Rodentia suggest that a New Guinean lineage gave rise to the Australo\\-Papuan Old Endemics and thus the early ancestors of the plains rat.\n\nThe plains rat is an Australian conilurine rodent of the Order Rodentia. Within the Order Rodentia are two suborders: the Hystricognathi and the Sciurognathi. The Suborder Sciurognathi comprises several groups; however, the largest group, the Family Muridae, is inclusive of the Subfamily Murinae and Genus *Pseudomys,* of which the plains rat is classified. Australian native rodents are composed of 13 genera, reflective of the habitats in which they occur. *Pseudomys* occupy the arid and semi\\-arid regions of Australia; however, fossil records suggest that the plains rat has occupied far more diverse habitats in the past, contributing to difficulties in determining the differences between populations of the same species and different species within the Genus *Pseudomys*. Thus, the species *P. australis* now includes all specimens previously classified as *P. rowlinnae*, *P. minnie* and *P. auritus*.\n\n",
"Distribution and habitat\n------------------------\n\n[left\\|thumb\\|339x339px\\|**Figure 2** The five primary extant populations of the plains rat as recognised by the 2012 National Recovery Plan.](/wiki/File:Primary_extant_distribution_of_the_plains_rat_.png \"Primary extant distribution of the plains rat .png\")\nThe primary extant population of the plains rat can be divided into five broad geographic zones: 1\\) the [Arcoona](/wiki/Arcoona \"Arcoona\") Tableland, SA; 2\\) the Southern [Lake Eyre](/wiki/Lake_Eyre \"Lake Eyre\") region, SA; 3\\) the Moon Plain region, SA; 4\\) the [Oodnadatta](/wiki/Oodnadatta \"Oodnadatta\") region (including [Witjira National Park](/wiki/Witjira_National_Park \"Witjira National Park\")), SA/NT; and, 5\\) the [Andado Station](/wiki/Andado \"Andado\") and [Mac Clark Conservation Reserve](/wiki/Mac_Clark_%28Acacia_peuce%29_Conservation_Reserve \"Mac Clark (Acacia peuce) Conservation Reserve\"), NT (**Figure 2**). These areas are characterised by access to boulders, small stones and gilgais (depressions and water soaks) and are consistent with the plain rat's primary habitat type of stone\\-covered plains.\n\nHistorically, the plains rat was widely distributed across a broad range of habitats including river flats, grasslands, sand ridges and lowland shrubs; however, the current assumed distribution of the plains rat is limited to the gibber (stone\\-covered) plains (**Figure 3**) in central\\-northern South\\-Australia. These areas are characterised by cracking clay, productive depressions and minor drainage lines which support low open scrublands and ephemeral grass or herb lands. While an individual's home range is roughly 1\\.6 hectares, colonies may extend beyond their preferred habitat type in search of drought refuges, essentially increasing their home range. These refuges are usually areas of higher shelter and food availability with more productive vegetation types. Similarly, during times of high rainfall, populations displaced due to flood inundation may migrate temporarily into surrounding habitat types.\n[thumb\\|255x255px\\|**Figure 3** Gibber country in Diamantina National Park, QLD, Australia. Photography by David Elliott (24/07/2015\\).](/wiki/File:Gibber_Country%2C_Diamantina_National_Park%2C_Queensland%2C_Australia.jpg \"Gibber Country, Diamantina National Park, Queensland, Australia.jpg\")\n\n",
"Physical description\n--------------------\n\n[left\\|thumb\\|**Figure 4** Plains rat at Mac Clark (Acacia peuce) Conservation Reserve, NT, Australia. Photography by Tim Bawden (18/09/2017\\).The](/wiki/File:Plains_mouse_%28Pseudomys_australis%29.jpg \"Plains mouse (Pseudomys australis).jpg\") plains rat has a stocky build of around 65 grams with long ears and a rounded muzzle and is grey to brown along its back with white or cream lining its underbelly (**Figure 4**). Its combined head and body length is usually between 90 and 145 millimetres and its tail is roughly as long as its body. During lactation, females can be observed dragging their young as they each latch to one of the four teats located on its underbelly.\n\n",
"Behaviour and ecology\n---------------------\n\nThe plains rat constructs a complex system of shallow connected tunnels beneath the cracking clay of gibber plains, emerging only at night to feed on seeds, stems and arthropods. The home range of an adult is roughly 1\\.6 hectares. During non\\-breeding periods both sexes live together in colonies of up to 20 individuals; however, during breeding periods one male occupies a burrow with up to three females. During breeding cycles males becoming increasingly agitated and both sexes are known to stand on their hind feet and squeal loudly when threatened. Whilst breeding is not regularly seasonal, young is generally produced after sexual maturity is reached at 8–10 weeks and after a gestation period of 30–31 days. Litter sizes usually consist of four young but up to seven young can be produced in one litter.\n\nThe lifespan of the plains rat is generally two years; however, their survival often depends on resource availability. Thus, during years of consecutively high rainfall, their lifespan can approach 4\\.5 years. Similarly, during severe drought most will only survive one year.\n[thumb\\|**Figure 5** European red fox (Vulpes vulpes), a common predator of the plains rat. Lake Cargelligo, NSW, Australia. Photography by Harley Kingston (03/01/2012\\). \\|left](/wiki/File:European_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29.jpg \"European red fox (Vulpes vulpes).jpg\")\n\n",
"Threats\n-------\n\nHabitat degradation, introduced predators and drought collectively threaten the survival of the plains rat. Habitat degradation mainly derives from introduced hoofed stock and land clearing. Hoofed stock lessen vegetation cover, crush the seed bank and trample burrows while land clearing removes food sources vital to the survival of the plains rat. Reduced vegetation cover and damaged burrows only makes it easier for introduced predators such as the European fox (*Vulpes vulpes*) (**Figure 5**) and feral cat (*Felis catus*) to excavate shallow burrows. This can contribute to local extinctions, particularly when populations are already low during periods of drought. Other potential threats to the plains rat include altered fire regimes, leading to increased intensity of bushfires; competition with the introduced house mouse (*Mus musculus*) and European rabbit (*Oryctolagus cuniculus*); and, [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\"). [thumb\\|**Figure 6** Plains rat near Mount Dare Station, SA, Australia. Photography by Tim Bawden (07/09/2017\\).](/wiki/File:Plains_rat.jpg \"Plains rat.jpg\")\n\n",
"Conservation\n------------\n\nThe *Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012* identifies three main conservation objectives for the plains rat. These objectives include: 1\\) managing threats in order to secure or increase the plain rat's overall population size; 2\\) maintaining viable sub\\-populations where the plains rat is known to occur; and, 3\\) identifying and protecting drought refugia. The *[2012 National Recovery Plan for the Plains Mouse](https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/1b308359-c8ec-49e7-aa41-be78ea7f68fe/files/pseudomys-australis.pdf)* encourages collaboration between communities, governments and industries to meet these conservation objectives in order to conserve the plains rat (**Figure 6**).\n\nA captive population from [Alice Springs Desert Park](/wiki/Alice_Springs_Desert_Park \"Alice Springs Desert Park\") in [Northern Territory, Australia](/wiki/Northern_Territory%2C_Australia \"Northern Territory, Australia\") has provided the opportunity for research used to promote easy health assessment tools for both captive and wildlife populations.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Rodent](/wiki/Rodent \"Rodent\") \\- For more detailed information on the order **Rodentia** including the classification and evolution; distribution and habitat; and, behavioural characteristics of the order Rodentia.\n* [Pseudomys](/wiki/Pseudomys \"Pseudomys\") \\- For a species list of Australian native mice which are classified in the genus of ***Pseudomys***.\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Australian Government species profile and threats database \\- *Pseudomys australis*](http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=108)\n* [National Recovery Plan for the Plains Mouse (2012\\) \\- *Pseudomys australis*](http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/1b308359-c8ec-49e7-aa41-be78ea7f68fe/files/pseudomys-australis.pdf)\n* [NSW Government threatened species profile \\- *Pseudomys australis*](http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=20205)\n* [Murinae old world rats and mice](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Murinae/)\n\n[Category:Pseudomys](/wiki/Category:Pseudomys \"Pseudomys\")\n[Category:Mammals of Western Australia](/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_Western_Australia \"Mammals of Western Australia\")\n[Category:Mammals of South Australia](/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_South_Australia \"Mammals of South Australia\")\n[Category:Mammals of the Northern Territory](/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_the_Northern_Territory \"Mammals of the Northern Territory\")\n[Category:Mammals of Queensland](/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_Queensland \"Mammals of Queensland\")\n[Category:Mammals of New South Wales](/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_New_South_Wales \"Mammals of New South Wales\")\n[Category:Mammals of Victoria (state)](/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_Victoria_%28state%29 \"Mammals of Victoria (state)\")\n[Category:Rodents of Australia](/wiki/Category:Rodents_of_Australia \"Rodents of Australia\")\n[Category:Vulnerable fauna of Australia](/wiki/Category:Vulnerable_fauna_of_Australia \"Vulnerable fauna of Australia\")\n[Category:Nature Conservation Act endangered biota](/wiki/Category:Nature_Conservation_Act_endangered_biota \"Nature Conservation Act endangered biota\")\n[Category:Mammals described in 1832](/wiki/Category:Mammals_described_in_1832 \"Mammals described in 1832\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Wynona Records
|
{
"id": [
31997144
],
"name": [
"GhostDestroyer100"
]
}
|
frbhv310y6qpa124irl7xpdth7wpkv8
|
2022-06-29T19:02:09Z
| 1,003,471,725 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Notable artists",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Wynona Records*** is an Italian record company which only produces [pop punk](/wiki/Pop_punk \"Pop punk\") albums.\n\n",
"Notable artists\n---------------\n\n* [Digger](/wiki/Digger_%28band%29 \"Digger (band)\")\n* [Duff](/wiki/Duff_%28Italian_band%29 \"Duff (Italian band)\")\n* [Manges](/wiki/Manges \"Manges\")\n* [Melody Fall](/wiki/Melody_Fall \"Melody Fall\")\n* [The Travoltas](/wiki/The_Travoltas \"The Travoltas\")\n* [Vanilla Sky](/wiki/Vanilla_Sky_%28band%29 \"Vanilla Sky (band)\")\n* [New Hope](/wiki/New_Hope_%28band%29 \"New Hope (band)\")\n* [If I Die Today](/wiki/If_I_Die_Today_%28band%29 \"If I Die Today (band)\")\n* [Hopes Die Last](/wiki/Hopes_Die_Last \"Hopes Die Last\")\n* [Cry Excess](/wiki/Cry_Excess \"Cry Excess\")\n* [Halfway Home](/wiki/Halfway_Home_%28band%29 \"Halfway Home (band)\")\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Wynona Records MySpace](http://www.myspace.com/wynonarecords)\n\n \n\n[Category:Italian record labels](/wiki/Category:Italian_record_labels \"Italian record labels\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Poliske
|
{
"id": [
46109601
],
"name": [
"Shwabb1"
]
}
|
83y1z76p05velugpoyn3jasb7owumfo
|
2024-08-27T14:24:54Z
| 1,222,841,479 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Overview",
"Abandonment",
"Geography",
"Notable people",
"In popular culture",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|220px\\|Poliske in 1885](/wiki/File:Chabne.jpg \"Chabne.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|220px\\|Abandoned buildings (1\\)](/wiki/File:Polis%27ke_01.jpg \"Polis'ke 01.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|220px\\|Abandoned buildings (2\\)](/wiki/File:Polis%27ke_02.jpg \"Polis'ke 02.jpg\")\n\n**Poliske** () or **Polesskoye** () is an [abandoned settlement](/wiki/Ghost_town \"Ghost town\") and former [urban\\-type settlement](/wiki/Urban-type_settlement \"Urban-type settlement\") in the [Chernobyl Exclusion Zone](/wiki/Chernobyl_Exclusion_Zone \"Chernobyl Exclusion Zone\"), part of [Kyiv Oblast](/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast \"Kyiv Oblast\"), [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\"). It is located on the [Uzh River](/wiki/Uzh_River_%28Northern_Ukraine%29 \"Uzh River (Northern Ukraine)\") and was an administrative center of [Poliske Raion](/wiki/Poliske_Raion \"Poliske Raion\") (district). However, later the town was taken out of a registry as it was completely depopulated being located in the [Zone of alienation](/wiki/Zone_of_alienation \"Zone of alienation\"). Currently around 20 people live there, so called *[samosely](/wiki/Samosely \"Samosely\")* (\"self\\-settlers\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n### Overview\n\nOriginally called **Khabnoye** or **Khabne** (, ), it was renamed **Kaganovichi Pervye** or **Kahanovychi Pershi** (, ) in 1934, and **Poliske** in 1957\\.\n\nFounded in the 15th century, it was the home of the Polish family Horwatt from 1850 to 1918\\. In the 19th century, this small city was known for its weavers and its textile industry. In 1890, 80% of the population was Jewish. In the later half of the 19th century, and in the beginning of the 20th century, there was known a [klezmer](/wiki/Klezmer \"Klezmer\") band of the [Makonowiecki](/wiki/Avraham-Yehoshua_Makonovetsky \"Avraham-Yehoshua Makonovetsky\") family. Khabne lost all its major architecture during the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") – the castle of [Radziwiłł](/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82 \"Radziwiłł\"), Orthodox churches, and the Catholic Church. In 1938, Khabne received official city status. After the [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster \"Chernobyl disaster\"), Khabne's population started to fall off. In 1999, the remaining population was evacuated. In 2005, there were about 1,000 people still living there, mostly senior citizens.\n\nFrom February to April 2022, Poliske was [occupied](/wiki/Capture_of_Chernobyl \"Capture of Chernobyl\") by Russia as a result of the [2022 invasion](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\").\n\n### Abandonment\n\nFollowing the [Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant\") accident, a [Zone of Alienation](/wiki/Zone_of_Alienation \"Zone of Alienation\") (Ukrainian: Зона відчуження Чорнобильської АЕС, zona vidchuzhennya Chornobyl's'koyi AES), also known as the [Chernobyl Exclusion Zone](/wiki/Chernobyl_Exclusion_Zone \"Chernobyl Exclusion Zone\"), the 30 Kilometre Zone, or simply The Zone (Ukrainian: Чорнобильська зона, Chornobyl's'ka zona) was designated by the USSR military after the 1986 disaster.\nInitially, 30 km radius area was evacuated and placed under military control, however, over time the borders of the Zone of Alienation have increased to cover a larger area of contamination. The zone is now approximately 2,600 km2 (1,000 sq miles), where radioactive fallout contamination is highest. Public access and inhabitation is restricted due to radiological hazards and allow for ecological monitoring by environmental scientists. Ten \"self settlers\" have remained in the nuclear ghost town.\n\n",
"### Overview\n\nOriginally called **Khabnoye** or **Khabne** (, ), it was renamed **Kaganovichi Pervye** or **Kahanovychi Pershi** (, ) in 1934, and **Poliske** in 1957\\.\n\nFounded in the 15th century, it was the home of the Polish family Horwatt from 1850 to 1918\\. In the 19th century, this small city was known for its weavers and its textile industry. In 1890, 80% of the population was Jewish. In the later half of the 19th century, and in the beginning of the 20th century, there was known a [klezmer](/wiki/Klezmer \"Klezmer\") band of the [Makonowiecki](/wiki/Avraham-Yehoshua_Makonovetsky \"Avraham-Yehoshua Makonovetsky\") family. Khabne lost all its major architecture during the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") – the castle of [Radziwiłł](/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82 \"Radziwiłł\"), Orthodox churches, and the Catholic Church. In 1938, Khabne received official city status. After the [Chernobyl disaster](/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster \"Chernobyl disaster\"), Khabne's population started to fall off. In 1999, the remaining population was evacuated. In 2005, there were about 1,000 people still living there, mostly senior citizens.\n\nFrom February to April 2022, Poliske was [occupied](/wiki/Capture_of_Chernobyl \"Capture of Chernobyl\") by Russia as a result of the [2022 invasion](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\").\n\n",
"### Abandonment\n\nFollowing the [Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant](/wiki/Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant \"Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant\") accident, a [Zone of Alienation](/wiki/Zone_of_Alienation \"Zone of Alienation\") (Ukrainian: Зона відчуження Чорнобильської АЕС, zona vidchuzhennya Chornobyl's'koyi AES), also known as the [Chernobyl Exclusion Zone](/wiki/Chernobyl_Exclusion_Zone \"Chernobyl Exclusion Zone\"), the 30 Kilometre Zone, or simply The Zone (Ukrainian: Чорнобильська зона, Chornobyl's'ka zona) was designated by the USSR military after the 1986 disaster.\nInitially, 30 km radius area was evacuated and placed under military control, however, over time the borders of the Zone of Alienation have increased to cover a larger area of contamination. The zone is now approximately 2,600 km2 (1,000 sq miles), where radioactive fallout contamination is highest. Public access and inhabitation is restricted due to radiological hazards and allow for ecological monitoring by environmental scientists. Ten \"self settlers\" have remained in the nuclear ghost town.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nLocated in the north\\-western corner of [Kyiv Oblast](/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast \"Kyiv Oblast\"), at the borders with [Zhytomyr Oblast](/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast \"Zhytomyr Oblast\"), Poliske is part of the natural region of [Polesia](/wiki/Polesia \"Polesia\"), and is 27 km from the [Belarusian](/wiki/Belarus \"Belarus\") border. Crossed by the regional highway [P02](/wiki/P02_road_%28Ukraine%29 \"P02 road (Ukraine)\") [Ovruch](/wiki/Ovruch \"Ovruch\")\\-[Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\") (135 km south), the town lies between [Vilcha](/wiki/Vilcha%2C_Kyiv_Oblast \"Vilcha, Kyiv Oblast\") (17 km north) and [Krasiatychi](/wiki/Krasiatychi \"Krasiatychi\") (27 km south). It is 41 km far from [Narodychi](/wiki/Narodychi \"Narodychi\"), 53 from Ovruch and [Ivankiv](/wiki/Ivankiv \"Ivankiv\"), 58 from [Pripyat](/wiki/Pripyat \"Pripyat\") and 65 from [Chernobyl](/wiki/Chernobyl \"Chernobyl\").\n\n",
"Notable people\n--------------\n\n* Iser Kuperman, a seven\\-time world champion of [draughts](/wiki/Draughts \"Draughts\"), was born in Khabne on 21 April 1922\\.\n* [Lazar Kaganovich](/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich \"Lazar Kaganovich\"), one of leaders of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"), was born in the suburb of Kabany (, ), (near Khabne) in 1893\\.\n* [Avraham\\-Yehoshua Makonovetsky](/wiki/Avraham-Yehoshua_Makonovetsky \"Avraham-Yehoshua Makonovetsky\"), klezmer violinist, was born here in 1872 and was the leader of the town klezmer band from the 1890s into the Soviet era.\n",
"In popular culture\n------------------\n\n* In the game *[S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl](/wiki/S.T.A.L.K.E.R.:Shadow_of_Chernobyl \"Shadow of Chernobyl\")*, there is a cut location called Dead City which appears to draw inspiration from Poliske.\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Krasiatychi](/wiki/Krasiatychi \"Krasiatychi\")\n* [Chernobyl Exclusion Zone](/wiki/Chernobyl_Exclusion_Zone \"Chernobyl Exclusion Zone\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Rural settlements in Vyshhorod Raion](/wiki/Category:Rural_settlements_in_Vyshhorod_Raion \"Rural settlements in Vyshhorod Raion\")\n[Category:Ghost towns in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone](/wiki/Category:Ghost_towns_in_the_Chernobyl_Exclusion_Zone \"Ghost towns in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone\")\n[Category:Populated places disestablished in 1986](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_disestablished_in_1986 \"Populated places disestablished in 1986\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Boogie Motel
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"2603:9001:82F0:4C90:F09B:D872:6082:795F"
]
}
|
3yjh77hwwfz6jljuo8993zhxp58vmf0
|
2024-07-01T12:21:55Z
| 1,191,645,958 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Track listing",
"Personnel",
"Charts",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Boogie Motel*** is the eighth studio album by rock band [Foghat](/wiki/Foghat \"Foghat\"), released in 1979\\. It was recorded at the Boogie Hotel Studios in Port Jefferson, NY, and was certified gold in the US. The [cover art](/wiki/Cover_art \"Cover art\") is by [Jim Baikie](/wiki/Jim_Baikie \"Jim Baikie\").\n\n\"Third Time Lucky (First Time I Was a Fool)\" was included on *The Best of Foghat* (1985\\). \"Somebody's Been Sleepin' in My Bed\" was included on *The Best of Foghat – Volume II* (1992\\).\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\nAll tracks by [Dave Peverett](/wiki/Dave_Peverett \"Dave Peverett\"), except where noted.\n\n1. \"Somebody's Been Sleepin' in My Bed\" (General Johnson, Greg Perry, Angelo Bond) – 3:50\n2. \"Third Time Lucky (First Time I Was a Fool)\" – 4:12\n3. \"Comin' Down with Love\" – 5:23\n4. \"Paradise Alley\" – 5:37\n5. \"Boogie Motel\" ([Rod Price](/wiki/Rod_Price \"Rod Price\"), Peverett) – 7:20\n6. \"Love in Motion\" – 4:30\n7. \"Nervous Release\" – 5:53\n",
"Personnel\n---------\n\n* Jimmy Ambrosio – [accordion](/wiki/Accordion \"Accordion\")\n* [Jim Baikie](/wiki/Jim_Baikie \"Jim Baikie\") – [cover art](/wiki/Cover_art \"Cover art\")\n* David Berman – [engineer](/wiki/Recording_engineer \"Recording engineer\")\n* Tony Berman – engineer\n* Bob Coffee – assistant engineer\n* Colin Earl – keyboards\n* [Roger Earl](/wiki/Roger_Earl \"Roger Earl\") – drums\n* [Bob Ludwig](/wiki/Bob_Ludwig \"Bob Ludwig\") – [mastering](/wiki/Audio_mastering \"Audio mastering\")\n* [Craig MacGregor](/wiki/Craig_MacGregor \"Craig MacGregor\") – bass guitar\n* [Tony Outeda](/wiki/Tony_Outeda \"Tony Outeda\") – producer, management\n* [Lonesome Dave Peverett](/wiki/Dave_Peverett \"Dave Peverett\") – electric and acoustic guitar, lead vocals\n* [Rod Price](/wiki/Rod_Price \"Rod Price\") – [dobro](/wiki/Dobro \"Dobro\"), guitar, vocals, [slide guitar](/wiki/Slide_guitar \"Slide guitar\")\n* [Alto Reed](/wiki/Alto_Reed \"Alto Reed\") – saxophone\n",
"Charts\n------\n\n|Chart (1979\\)\n\nPeak \nposition\n\n| |\n|\n\n|\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1979 albums](/wiki/Category:1979_albums \"1979 albums\")\n[Category:Foghat albums](/wiki/Category:Foghat_albums \"Foghat albums\")\n[Category:Bearsville Records albums](/wiki/Category:Bearsville_Records_albums \"Bearsville Records albums\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Household electricity approach
|
{
"id": [
28481209
],
"name": [
"OAbot"
]
}
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t9txx92l8vn7ibhphplqfyd2rl200jh
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2023-11-27T15:10:09Z
| 1,167,004,118 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"General concepts",
"Formula",
"Advantages",
"Disadvantages",
"Criticisms",
"Sources"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Household Electricity Approach** to measuring the size of the [underground economy](/wiki/Underground_economy \"Underground economy\") or [black market](/wiki/Black_market \"Black market\") of a country exploits the presumed relationship between household electrical consumption and a country's GDP. It assumes that undeclared economic activity still needs to use resources, such as electricity, to function. Since electricity consumption is generally well known it can be used as an indicator of economic activity that is not otherwise declared.\n\nThe household electricity approach was developed by Maria Lacko as a method to determine the size of the [hidden economy](/wiki/Hidden_economy \"Hidden economy\") in a country. Lacko's primary focus within this approach was directed at the relationship between the household electrical consumption and [Gross Domestic Product](/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product \"Gross Domestic Product\") (GDP) of a country using regression analysis. Her research in this area was particularly focused on developing methodologies that would help to more accurately determine the prevalence of the [hidden economy](/wiki/Hidden_economy \"Hidden economy\") in transitional countries such as the former [Soviet bloc](/wiki/Soviet_bloc \"Soviet bloc\") countries.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nLacko's work received its basis from two other works. The first of these works, developed in 1995, is the method of Dobozi and Pohl. These researchers had suggested that aggregate economic activity and electrical power consumption were closely related (Lacko 2000, p. 347\\). In fact, from their observations, electrical consumption and GDP elasticity were close to a one\\-to\\-one ratio (Lacko 1999, p. 143\\). This was true in the case of countries under a market economy; however, it did not appear to be the case for former Soviet bloc countries.\n\nThe works of Daniel Kaufman and Aleksandr Kaliberda followed a similar path as Istvan Dobozi and Gerhard Pohl's work. Kaufman and Kaliberda developed a method that considered the growth rate of the formal market's GDP and the growth of electrical consumption (Lacko 2000, p. 123\\). It was evident, as noted by Dobozi and Pohl, that change within the GDP resulted in lockstep changes with electrical consumption for market economies; however, Kaufman and Kaliberda also noted that the former Soviet bloc countries did not seem to maintain this consistency. The researchers suggested that the transitional nature of these countries' economic development created a break in the consistency between GDP and electrical consumption (Lacko 2000, p. 350\\). Kaufman and Kaliberda adapted their approach to allow for the calculation of this inconsistency between electrical activity and GDP.\n\nLacko disagreed with the previous methods use of aggregate electrical consumption as the primary source of calculations to determine the extent of the hidden economy (Lacko 1999, p. 164\\). Additionally, Lacko expressed concerns with the assumption of a constant electrical intensification (Lacko 1999, p. 164\\). The household electricity approach was developed as an alternative (Lacko 1999, pp. 142–143\\).\n\n",
"General concepts\n----------------\n\nThe household electricity approach follows the general idea that electrical consumption and GDP can help to estimate the size of a country's hidden market; however, the household electricity approach makes several diversions from the previous works for enhanced utility, particularly for transitional countries. The first of these was the decision to limit the concept of the informal market. Lacko limits the informal market to non\\-registered activities that consume household electricity. This excludes hidden activities such as bribes and many illegal activities (Lacko 1998, p. 132\\). By doing this, Lacko limited the magnitude of the data collecting process. Lacko also chose not to measure national electrical consumption; instead, the effort was centered on household electrical consumption (Lacko 2000, p. 361\\). This, in particular, would capture businesses within the informal market that were operating from a homestead. These businesses have been considered to be a traditional and rather large component of the informal economies of Eastern Europe. Additionally, Lacko presumed that household electrical consumption would not be as dramatically affected by structural changes caused by transitional experiences such as those of the former Soviet bloc countries.\n\nLacko's method begins with the basic premise that each household's electrical consumption should be associated with a portion of the informal market (Lacko 1999, p. 161\\). This is determined by using time\\-series cross sections of each country. Within this method there are three proxy variables to be studied: tax/GDP ratio, the inactive/active labor ratio and the ratio of public social welfare expenditures (Lacko 2000, p. 362\\). For Lacko's original study the parameters were focused on estimates of cross\\-sections from nineteen [OECD](/wiki/OECD \"OECD\") countries in 1990, nineteen OECD countries in 1989 and panel data for 1989\\-1990(Lacko 2000, p. 362\\). The final determinization was completed by subtracting residential electrical consumption from the actual amount of electrical consumption (Lacko 2000, p. 362\\).\n\n",
"Formula\n-------\n\n```\n 1nE + I = α\n```\n\n11nCi \\+ α2Gi \\+ α4Qi \\+ αHi \\+ α6 \n\n```\n H\n```\n\ni \\= β1Ti \\+ β2(Si – Ti) \\+ β3Di \n\n```\n β\n```\n\n1\\>0 β2 \\<0 β3 \\>0\n\nwhere:\n\n*i* : the number assigned to the country\nEi : *per capita* household electricity consumption in country i in Mtoe\nCi : *per capita* real consumption of households without the consumption of electricity in country i in US dollars (purchasing parity)\nPRi : the real price of consumption of 1kwh of residential electricity in US dollars (at purchasing parity)\nGi : the relative frequency of months with the need of heating in houses in country i\nQi : the ratio of energy sources other than electric energy to all energy sources in household energy consumption\nHi : the per capita output of the hidden economy\nTi : the ratio of the sum of paid personal income, corporate profit and taxes on goods and services to GDP\nSi : the ratio of public social welfare expenditures to GDP\nDi : the sum of number of dependents over 14 years and of inactive earners, both per 100 active earners\n(Lacko 1998, p. 133\\)\nAfter the total electricity consumption of households has been determined, the next step is to proceed to find the informal economy's contribution to the GDP of a country (Lacko 1998, p. 140\\). To create this index, Lacko had to determine a way to calculate how much GDP is produced by one unit of electricity (Lacko 1998, p. 140\\). This was done by taking known estimations of a market economy and making comparisons with this to another approach (Lacko 1998, p. 140\\).\n",
"Advantages\n----------\n\nThe household electricity approach does not require predetermined weights as had been established in previous approaches utilizing electrical consumption to determine the extent of the hidden economy (Lacko 1999, p. 149\\). Instead, the weights of the different causes can be determined during the estimation. By the use of residential electrical consumption, Lacko's approach allows for an accurate measure of market economies as well as transitional economies approaches utilizing electrical consumption to determine the extent of the hidden economy.\n\n",
"Disadvantages\n-------------\n\nA disadvantage of the household electricity approach is that it is limited in its scope of study. The range of the study can only include those parts of the hidden economy that utilize household electricity (Lacko 1999, p. 150\\).\n\n",
"Criticisms\n----------\n\nThe primary criticism for the household electricity approach, as well as other electrical consumption approaches, centers around the assumptions made regarding the stability of the consistency of electrical consumption with GDP. Critics suggest that levels of stability can be altered significantly by the omission of such basic factors as shifts in the weather (Hanousek and Palda 2004, p. 14\\). The authors of electrical consumption approaches have admittedly been aware of the weakness of their assumptions and have made attempts to control for factors that would make electrical consumption inconsistent with GDP; however, critics do not see these attempts as being adequate enough (Hanousek and Palda 2006, p. 709\\).\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n1. \n2. \n3. \n4. \n5. \n6. \n\n[Category:Informal economy](/wiki/Category:Informal_economy \"Informal economy\")\n[Category:Underground culture](/wiki/Category:Underground_culture \"Underground culture\")\n[Category:Economic geography](/wiki/Category:Economic_geography \"Economic geography\")\n[Category:Energy economics](/wiki/Category:Energy_economics \"Energy economics\")\n[Category:Gross domestic product](/wiki/Category:Gross_domestic_product \"Gross domestic product\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Watertown Yard
|
{
"id": [
46206894
],
"name": [
"Perspicax"
]
}
|
e66yf6vtz6cadxxc4s5w3zklgfy3bxy
|
2024-09-15T02:39:01Z
| 1,220,434,425 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Watertown Carhouse** is a bus maintenance facility and former streetcar carhouse located in the southern section of [Watertown, Massachusetts](/wiki/Watertown%2C_Massachusetts \"Watertown, Massachusetts\"), across the [Charles River](/wiki/Charles_River \"Charles River\") from Watertown Square. As **Watertown Yard**, the site also serves as a bus depot serving local and express routes , with additional connections available at [Watertown Square station](/wiki/Watertown_Square_station \"Watertown Square station\") on the opposite end of the [Watertown Bridge](/wiki/Watertown_Bridge \"Watertown Bridge\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|An outbound train arrives at Watertown in 1967](/wiki/File:MBTA_3125_at_Watertown_in_1967.jpg \"MBTA 3125 at Watertown in 1967.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Watertown Carhouse in 2021](/wiki/File:Watertown_Carhouse_December_2021.jpg \"Watertown Carhouse December 2021.jpg\")\nIn 1900, streetcar service was extended south from Watertown Square to , which served as a transfer point between the [Boston Elevated Railway](/wiki/Boston_Elevated_Railway \"Boston Elevated Railway\") (BERy) and suburban operators. In 1912, the [Watertown Line](/wiki/Green_Line_A_branch \"Green Line A branch\") was created by extending the Newton Corner line along these tracks to a new transfer facility, yard, and maintenance facility, Watertown Yard.\n\nWatertown Yard formerly served as the terminus of the [Green Line A branch](/wiki/Green_Line_A_branch \"Green Line A branch\"), with its heavy maintenance shops eventually handling most work for the remaining trolley routes by the 1950s. When the [D branch](/wiki/Green_Line_D_branch \"Green Line D branch\") opened in 1959, the Riverside shops were opened to supplement the Watertown and Reservoir carhouses. Due to a rolling stock shortage created largely by the opening of the D branch, as well as traffic problems at the poorly designed Newton Corner rotary, the A branch was closed in 1969 and replaced by the route 57 bus. However, Watertown Carhouse continued to see frequent use.\n\nThe Bennett Street Carhouse near Harvard Square was closed in the 1970s for construction of the [Harvard Kennedy School](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government \"John F. Kennedy School of Government\"). On February 22, 1974, the MBTA began conversion of Watertown Carhouse to a trolleybus and streetcar maintenance facility to replace Bennett. From June through December 1984, route 71 trolleybuses as well as [short turns](/wiki/Short_turn \"Short turn\") of route 70 were extended to Watertown Yard during reconstruction at Watertown Square.\n\nDuring the 1970s and 1980s, the line was kept open for maintenance moves to the carhouse at night. After the newly arrived [Boeing LRVs](/wiki/Boeing_LRV \"Boeing LRV\") began failing in the late 1970s, the MBTA was desperate for functional rolling stock. At Watertown, 15 out\\-of\\-service and wrecked [PCC streetcars](/wiki/PCC_streetcars \"PCC streetcars\") were rebuilt to as\\-new condition. (Ten of these cars still run on the [Ashmont–Mattapan High Speed Line](/wiki/Ashmont%E2%80%93Mattapan_High_Speed_Line \"Ashmont–Mattapan High Speed Line\")). Crews at the carhouse rebuilt [trolleybuses serving the Harvard lines](/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Greater_Boston \"Trolleybuses in Greater Boston\"), converted other PCC cars into work cars, and salvaged trucks from pre\\-1924 Blue Line stock to build new work cars. LRVs and even the still\\-in\\-use [Type 7 cars](/wiki/Kinki_Sharyo%23North_America \"Kinki Sharyo#North America\") were brought in for maintenance work, using LRVs equipped with trolley poles to tow the modern pantograph\\-equipped cars under the older trolley wire.\n\nBy the time the tracks to Watertown were removed in 1994, Watertown served primarily as the Green Line's scrapyard. Several wrecked cars, including sections of cars 3648 and 3639 wrecked at in 1989, remained in the carhouse until they were scrapped in 2012\\. As of 2021, tracks remain in the yard and in the carhouse itself.\n\nWatertown Carhouse is now primarily used as a midday layover for buses, as a crew base, and for light maintenance work. Until January 2006, it was used for servicing, storage, and testing of new [dual\\-mode buses](/wiki/Dual-mode_bus \"Dual-mode bus\") and [trolleybuses](/wiki/Trolleybus \"Trolleybus\") for the Silver Line Phase 2 BRT sets, which were tested under the wires used by route 71\\.\n\nUntil 2024, passengers boarded buses at the northwest corner of the yard, adjacent to Nonantum Street. On March 11, 2024, the stops were relocated as part of a street reconfiguration associated with a nearby development. The final stop for terminating buses was moved to Galen Street; the first stop for departing buses is temporarily on Water Street but will later move to Technology Way. The city of Watertown plans to extend route 71 to Watertown Yard, and to terminate route 59 there, as part of a reconfiguration of Watertown Square.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [MBTA – Watertown Yard](https://www.mbta.com/stops/900)\n\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Watertown, Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Watertown%2C_Massachusetts \"Buildings and structures in Watertown, Massachusetts\")\n[Category:Bus stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Bus_stations_in_Middlesex_County%2C_Massachusetts \"Bus stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts\")\n[Category:Green Line (MBTA) stations](/wiki/Category:Green_Line_%28MBTA%29_stations \"Green Line (MBTA) stations\")\n[Category:Railway stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Middlesex_County%2C_Massachusetts \"Railway stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts\")\n[Category:Former MBTA stations in Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Former_MBTA_stations_in_Massachusetts \"Former MBTA stations in Massachusetts\")\n[Category:Railway stations in the United States closed in 1969](/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_the_United_States_closed_in_1969 \"Railway stations in the United States closed in 1969\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Lucia Berlin
|
{
"id": [
40459846
],
"name": [
"Jaguarnik"
]
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|
0yeazlla4mua8h7qhacvh3x0xx9a953
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2024-07-09T16:53:32Z
| 1,233,542,960 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Early life",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Lucia Brown Berlin** (November 12, 1936 – November 12, 2004\\) was an American short story writer. She had a small, devoted following, but did not reach a mass audience during her lifetime. She rose to sudden literary fame in 2015, eleven years after her death, with the publication of a volume of her selected stories, *A Manual for Cleaning Women*. It hit *\\[\\[The New York Times Best Seller list\\|The New York Times* bestseller list]] *in its second week, and within a few weeks had outsold all her previous books combined.*\n\nEarly life\n----------\n\nBerlin was born in [Juneau](/wiki/Juneau%2C_Alaska \"Juneau, Alaska\"), [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska \"Alaska\"), and spent her childhood on the move, following her father's career as a mining engineer. The family lived in mining camps in [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho \"Idaho\"), [Montana](/wiki/Montana \"Montana\"), [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\"), El Paso, Texas and [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\"), where Lucia spent most of her youth. As an adult, she lived in [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"), [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), Northern and Southern [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), and [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\").\nCareer\n------\n\nBerlin began publishing relatively late in life, under the encouragement and sometimes tutelage of poet [Ed Dorn](/wiki/Ed_Dorn \"Ed Dorn\"). Her first small collection, Angels Laundromat, *was published in 1981, but her published stories were written as early as 1960\\. She published seventy\\-six stories in her lifetime. Several of her stories appeared in magazines such as* [The Atlantic](/wiki/The_Atlantic \"The Atlantic\") *and Saul Bellow's* The Noble Savage*. Berlin published six collections of short stories, but most of her work can be found in three later volumes from [Black Sparrow Books](/wiki/Black_Sparrow_Books \"Black Sparrow Books\"):* Homesick: New and Selected Stories *(1990\\),* So Long: Stories 1987\\-92 *(1993\\) and* Where I Live Now: Stories 1993\\-98 *(1999\\).*\n\nBerlin was never a bestseller, but was widely influential within the literary community. She has been compared to [Raymond Carver](/wiki/Raymond_Carver \"Raymond Carver\") and [Richard Yates](/wiki/Richard_Yates_%28novelist%29 \"Richard Yates (novelist)\"). Her one\\-page story \"My Jockey\", consisting of five paragraphs, won the Jack London Short Prize for 1985\\. Berlin also won an [American Book Award](/wiki/American_Book_Award \"American Book Award\") in 1991 for Homesick*, and was awarded a fellowship from the [National Endowment for the Arts](/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts \"National Endowment for the Arts\").*\n\nIn 2015, a compendium of her short story work was released under the title, A Manual for Cleaning Women: Short Stories.* It debuted at \\#18 on the New York Times bestseller list its first week, and rose to \\#15 on the regular list the following week. The collection was ineligible for most of the year\\-end awards (either because she was deceased, or it was recollected material), but was named to a large number of year\\-end lists, including the [New York Times Book Reviews](/wiki/New_York_Times_Book_Review \"New York Times Book Review\") \"10 Best Books of 2015\\.\". It debuted at \\#14 on the ABA's Indie bestseller list and \\#5 on the LA Times' list. It was also a finalist for the [Kirkus Prize](/wiki/Kirkus_Prize \"Kirkus Prize\"). In 2024, it was ranked \\#79 of the 100 Best Books of the 21st century by the New York Times.*\n\nInfluences and teaching\n-----------------------\n\nThroughout her life, Berlin earned a living through a series of working class jobs, reflected in story titles like \"A Manual for Cleaning Women,\" \"Emergency Room Notebook, 1977,\" and \"Private Branch Exchange\" (referring to [telephone switchboards](/wiki/Telephone_switchboard \"Telephone switchboard\") and their operators).\nUp through the early 1990s, Berlin taught creative writing in a number of venues, including the San Francisco County Jail and the [Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics](/wiki/Jack_Kerouac_School_of_Disembodied_Poetics \"Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics\") at [Naropa University](/wiki/Naropa_University \"Naropa University\"). She also took oral histories from elderly patients at Mt. Zion Hospital.\nIn the fall of 1994, Berlin began a two\\-year teaching position as Visiting Writer at [University of Colorado, Boulder](/wiki/University_of_Colorado%2C_Boulder \"University of Colorado, Boulder\"). Near the end of her term, she was one of four campus faculty awarded the Student Organization for Alumni Relations Award for Teaching Excellence. \"To win a teaching award after two years is unheard of,\" the English Chair Katherine Eggert said later in an obituary. Berlin was asked to stay on at the end of her two\\-year term. She was named associate professor, and continued teaching there until 2000\\.\nCritical praise\n---------------\n\nBerlin has been called one of America's best kept secrets.\n\"I would place her somewhere in the same arena as [Alice Munro](/wiki/Alice_Munro \"Alice Munro\"), [Grace Paley](/wiki/Grace_Paley \"Grace Paley\"), maybe [Tillie Olsen](/wiki/Tillie_Olsen \"Tillie Olsen\"). In common with them, she writes with a guiding intelligent compassion about family, love, work; in a style that is direct, plain, clear, and non\\-judgmental; with a sense of humor and a gift for the gestures and the words that reveal character, the images that reveal the nature of a place.\"\n—Lydia Davis, New Ohio Review, on the story A Manual for Cleaning Women\n\n\"\\[The stories] are told in a conversational voice and they move with a swift and often lyrical economy. They capture and communicate moments of grace and cast a lovely, lazy light that lasts. Berlin is one of our finest writers and here she is at the height of her powers.\"\n—Molly Giles, San Francisco Chronicle, on So Long\n\n\"Berlin's literary model is [Chekhov](/wiki/Chekhov \"Chekhov\"), but there are extra\\-literary models too, including the extended jazz solo, with its surges, convolutions, and asides. This is writing of a very high order.\"\n—August Kleinzahler, [London Review of Books](/wiki/London_Review_of_Books \"London Review of Books\"), on Where I Live Now\n\n\"In the field of short fiction, Lucia Berlin is one of America's best kept secrets. That's it. Flat out. No mitigating conditions. End of review. Well, not quite… \\[It is] characteristic of all Berlin's stories, a buoyancy: however grim and 'unworthy' her characters, she enters and explores their lives with unfailing high spirits.... A drug rehab center in New Mexico; a story called 'Electric Car, El Paso' ('It was very tall and short, like a car in a cartoon that had run into a wall. A car with its hair standing on end.')... The Christmas party at the dialysis center. 'The machine makes a humming sucking sound with an occasional slurp.' Hundreds of bubble lights on the Christmas tree that gurgle and flow. The man who had had a cadaver transplant. The man who looks like a sweaty manatee. The girl who looks like an albino dinosaur, or an anorexic whippet.... And it goes on, relentless. We're in the West Oakland detox, the residents in the TV pit, watching [Leave It to Beaver](/wiki/Leave_It_to_Beaver \"Leave It to Beaver\")*....* Dust to Dust*: 'There are things people just don't talk about. I don't mean the hard things, like love, but the awkward ones, like how funerals are fun sometimes....' In more ways than one, this book is Lucia Berlin.\"\n—Paul Metcalf, Conjunctions: 14, on* Safe \\& Sound\n\n\"This remarkable collection occasionally put me in mind of [Annie Proulx](/wiki/Annie_Proulx \"Annie Proulx\")'s Accordion Crimes, with its sweep of American origins and places. Berlin is our [Scheherazade](/wiki/Scheherazade \"Scheherazade\"), continually surprising her readers with a startling variety of voices, vividly drawn characters, and settings alive with sight and sound.\"\n—Barbara Barnard, American Book Review, on Where I Live Now\n\nPersonal life\n-------------\n\nBerlin was married three times and had four sons.\nBerlin was plagued by health problems, including double [scoliosis](/wiki/Scoliosis \"Scoliosis\"). Her [crooked spine](/wiki/Crooked_spine \"Crooked spine\") punctured one of her lungs, and she was never seen without an [oxygen tank](/wiki/Oxygen_tank \"Oxygen tank\") beside her from 1994 until her death. She retired when her condition grew too severe to work, and she later developed [lung cancer](/wiki/Lung_cancer \"Lung cancer\"). She struggled with [radiation therapy](/wiki/Radiation_therapy \"Radiation therapy\"), which she said felt like having one's bones ground to dust. As her health and finances deteriorated, Berlin moved into a trailer park on the edge of Boulder, and later, a converted garage behind her son's house outside Los Angeles. The move allowed her to be closer to her sons, and made breathing easier (Boulder's elevation had exacerbated her lung problems). Lucia died in her home in [Marina del Rey](/wiki/Marina_del_Rey \"Marina del Rey\"), on her 68th birthday, with one of her favorite books in her hands.\nWorks and publications\n----------------------\n\n### Bibliography\n\n* A Manual for Cleaning Ladies. *Illustrations by Michael Myers. Washington, D.C. \\[i.e. Healdsburg, California]: Zephyrus Image, 1977\\. *\n* Angels Laundromat: Short Stories. *Cover art and illustrations by Michael Shannon Moore. Berkeley, CA: Turtle Island for the Netzahaulcoyotl Historical Society, 1981\\. *\n* Legacy. *Berkeley, CA: Poltroon Press, 1983\\. Illustrated by Michael Bradley. *\n* Phantom Pain: Sixteen Stories. *Bolinas, CA: Tombouctou Books, 1984\\. *\n* Safe \\& Sound. *Berkeley, CA: Poltroon Press, 1988\\. Illustrated by Frances Butler. *\n* Homesick: New \\& Selected Stories. *Santa Rosa CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1990\\. *\n* So Long: Stories, 1987\\-1992\\. *Santa Rosa, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1993\\. *\n* Where I Live Now: Stories, 1993\\-1998\\. *Santa Rosa, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1999\\. *\n* A Manual for Cleaning Women: Selected Stories. *Edited by Stephen Emerson. Foreword by [Lydia Davis](/wiki/Lydia_Davis \"Lydia Davis\"). New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015\\. *\n* Evening in Paradise: More Stories. *Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2018\\. *\n* Welcome Home: A Memoir with Selected Photographs and Letters*. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2018\\. *\n\n### In periodicals (posthumous)\n\n Berlin, Lucia. 2005\\. \"[Letters to August Kleinzahler.](http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n15/lucia-berlin/love-lucia)\" * [The London Review of Books](/wiki/The_London_Review_of_Books \"The London Review of Books\"). *Vol. 27, No. 15: pp. 33–34\\. \n Berlin, Lucia. 2015\\. \"[B.F. and Me.](http://www.theparisreview.org/fiction/6384/bf-and-me-lucia-berlin)\"*\n* [The Paris Review](/wiki/The_Paris_Review \"The Paris Review\"). *No. 213: Summer 2015\\. pp. 269–269\\. *\n\n### Multimedia\n\n Berlin, Lucia, Yasunari Kawabata, and Amy Hempel. * Lucia Berlin: Summer 1991\\. *Naropa Institute, 1991\\. 3 audio cassettes. Audio of two classes held at Naropa Institute in Boulder, Colorado during Summer 1991\\. Naropa Audio Archive: 20051107, 20051111\\. \n Berlin, Lucia.*\n* Lucia Berlin Reading 12 Nov 93 at Lincoln Lecture Hall, Naropa. *Naropa Institute, 1993\\. 1 audio cassette. Lucia Berlin reading at Naropa Institute November 12, 1993\\. Naropa Audio Archive: 20051208\\. \n Berlin, Lucia, Bobbie Louise Hawkins, Molly Giles, and Lorna Dee Cervantes.*\n* W\\&P Reading Cervantes; Hawkins; Giles, Berlin. *Naropa Institute, 1997\\. 2 audio cassettes. Writing and poetics reading featuring Lorna Dee Cervantes, Bobbie Louise Hawkins, Molly Giles, and Lucia Berlin. Naropa Audio Archive: 20060118, 20060119\\. *\n\n### Other\n\n Berlin, Lucia. * Rigorous. *Oakland, CA: Mark Berlin, 1992\\. \n Berlin, Lucia.*\n* From Luna Nueva. *Boulder, CO: Kavyayantra Press at Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics, November 1993\\. \n Berlin, Lucia.*\n* The Moon: There's No Moon Like on a Clear New Mexico Night.'' Boulder, CO: Kavyayantra Press at Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics, 1997\\. \n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Lucia Berlin](http://www.blacksparrowbooks.com/author.asp?first=Lucia&last=Berlin) at [Black Sparrow Press](/wiki/Black_Sparrow_Press \"Black Sparrow Press\")\n* [Lucia Berlin's impact on a bestselling author](http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2015/09/lucia-berlin-is-finally-a-bestselling-author) Vanity Fair\n* [\"Sex on the Roof\" A discussion of Lucia Berlin's life and two new works.](https://www.lrb.co.uk/v40/n23/patricia-lockwood/sex-on-the-roof?) London Review of Books, December 2018\n\n[Category:1936 births](/wiki/Category:1936_births \"1936 births\")\n[Category:2004 deaths](/wiki/Category:2004_deaths \"2004 deaths\")\n[Category:American women short story writers](/wiki/Category:American_women_short_story_writers \"American women short story writers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American short story writers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_short_story_writers \"20th-century American short story writers\")\n[Category:Naropa University faculty](/wiki/Category:Naropa_University_faculty \"Naropa University faculty\")\n[Category:University of Colorado Boulder faculty](/wiki/Category:University_of_Colorado_Boulder_faculty \"University of Colorado Boulder faculty\")\n[Category:Writers from Alaska](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Alaska \"Writers from Alaska\")\n[Category:American Book Award winners](/wiki/Category:American_Book_Award_winners \"American Book Award winners\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American women writers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women_writers \"20th-century American women writers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American writers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_writers \"20th-century American writers\")\n[Category:American women academics](/wiki/Category:American_women_academics \"American women academics\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American women](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women \"21st-century American women\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Mel Eves
|
{
"id": [
525927
],
"name": [
"Chris the speller"
]
}
|
bpi9yw3mt5wacxvspimr8ij7xyecx82
|
2024-07-13T03:49:37Z
| 1,179,898,130 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"Playing Style",
"Player Coach & Agent",
"Charity Work",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Melvyn James Eves** (born 10 September 1956\\) is an English former professional [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who had a long career playing as a striker and left sided attacker, mostly known for his time with [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\").\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nEves, born in the Miners Arms pub, [Darlaston](/wiki/Darlaston \"Darlaston\") and brought up in the Red Lion in [Wednesfield](/wiki/Wednesfield \"Wednesfield\") was educated at [Wolverhampton Grammar School](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Grammar_School \"Wolverhampton Grammar School\") from 1968 to 1975 when he represented England as a Schoolboy International before joining Wolves who he had supported as a boy.\n\n**1977\\-78 Season**\n\nHe eventually made his debut at the age of 21 on 26 November 1977 against [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. \"Ipswich Town F.C.\") at [Molineux](/wiki/Molineux_Stadium \"Molineux Stadium\") in the [First Division](/wiki/Football_League_First_Division \"Football League First Division\").\n\nAfter making four appearances following the Ipswich debut, Eves did not feature again until late spring. His first goal was at [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\") in April 1978, followed by the winner against [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") in the following game and a goal in victory over [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") afterwards.\n\nEves was interviewed about his Old Gold memories by the club for a \"Wolves Scrapbook\" edition where he talked through his first club goal.\n\n\"It was against Chelsea at a [Stamford Bridge](/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_%28stadium%29 \"Stamford Bridge (stadium)\"). I’ve actually got a picture of the goal at home. [Ray Wilkins](/wiki/Ray_Wilkins \"Ray Wilkins\"), the Chelsea captain, just couldn’t get to me in time and the ball went into the top corner, past England goalkeeper, [Peter Bonetti](/wiki/Peter_Bonetti \"Peter Bonetti\"). We drew 1\\-1 and that was the equaliser, so it got us a point at Stamford Bridge.\" Stated Eves in 2020\\.\n\nSuch a run saw him earn a spot in the [England B's](/wiki/England_B_national_football_team \"England B national football team\") summer tour of 1978, managed by Sir [Bobby Robson](/wiki/Bobby_Robson \"Bobby Robson\"), where he made three appearances and scored one goal (in a record 8\\-0 success over Singapore's full team).\n\nIn Eves' words \"I’d finished the League season well with goals against Chelsea, Manchester United and Villa. We needed some points at that time to be sure of staying up, so I was on a bit of a high. I remember flying out to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") with [Tommy Langley](/wiki/Tommy_Langley \"Tommy Langley\"), who was also called up late. I didn’t previously know him.... I remember being [jet\\-lagged](/wiki/Jet_lag \"Jet lag\") when we started playing but my main feeling was that it was great to be there and to be getting some recognition from my country.” Eves also has a framed photo of his England B goal versus [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") in his office.\n\nEves reward for his late season form and his spell represented England B was a three\\-year contract with the club which would take him to the end 80\\-81 season.\n\n**1979\\-80 season**\n\nEves scored some keys goals during the [1979\\-80 season](/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_in_English_football \"1979–80 in English football\"), including a particularly nice goal at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford \"Old Trafford\") in a 1\\-0 victory allowing Wolves to secure the double over Manchester United having beaten them at the Molineux 3\\-1 that season.\n\nIn his own words, “We were the only team to do the double over United that season and the only away side to win at their place. We had a terrific away record at that time and stopped them winning the League title really as they finished second, two points behind [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\").”\n\nIn an interview for local newspaper, Eves recalls. \"I remember I played a one\\-two with [John Richards](/wiki/John_Richards_%28footballer%29 \"John Richards (footballer)\") just over 25 yards out, took a touch inside and hit it from just outside the box low to [Gary Bailey's](/wiki/Gary_Bailey \"Gary Bailey\") right, but he didn't really move and it fizzed into the net. The ground almost fell silent for a second as it was a case of 'what have Wolves done?' because it came a bit out of the blue.\"\n\nThe victory that silenced the Old Trafford crowd was ceetwinly out of the blue. Wolves would not repeat the 1980 away win until 2022 when a [Joao Moutinho](/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Moutinho \"João Moutinho\") goal secured their next away victory at [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\"). Eves, who was commentating on the match atvthe time stated his pride in the Wolves performance that day noting that \"Wolves had outplayed United, just as they had 42 years previously\".\n\nEves formed a partnership with several key players of the era including [John Richards](/wiki/John_Richards_%28footballer%29 \"John Richards (footballer)\") who was the clubs all time top scorer until [Steve Bull](/wiki/Steve_Bull \"Steve Bull\") surpassed his record. (Richards remains 2nd on this list whilst Eves sits 32nd).\n\nIn Richards' words “Mel was one of the home\\-grown lads coming through at that time. As a Wolves fan as a boy, he was so proud to be part of it and determined to do well.\"\n\n“He played a full part when we won the League Cup..... and, of course, scored an important goal in the second leg of the semi\\-final at home to [Swindon](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. \"Swindon Town F.C.\").\"\n\nThat important goal was discussed when Eves was interviewed for Wolves based podcast The Wolfwhistle and he describes it as a lucky overhead kick from the edge of the box that \"just sailed into the net\" and would come just 7 days after the Manchester United game.\n\nThe cup run would take Wolves to the final where Eves helped Wolves win silverware with Wolves' [1980 League Cup final](/wiki/1980_Football_League_Cup_final \"1980 Football League Cup final\") triumph over then\\-European Cup holders [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C. \"Nottingham Forest F.C.\") at [Wembley](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_%281923%29 \"Wembley Stadium (1923)\") where he played the full 90 minutes.\n\nThis result gave Wolves captain [Emlyn Hughes](/wiki/Emlyn_Hughes \"Emlyn Hughes\") the honour of completing the set of domestic accolades after he had captained his [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\") sides to the English Football League title and FA Cup prior.\n\nWolves finished the season in 6th place in the top tier.\n\n**1980\\-84 Seasons**\n\nWolves played in Europe in 1980 and Eves was the last Wolves player to score in a European competition for Wolves until [Ruben Vinagre](/wiki/R%C3%BAben_Vinagre \"Rúben Vinagre\") ended that long wait during the 2019/20 [Nuno Espirito](/wiki/Nuno_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo \"Nuno Espírito Santo\") led Europa League campaign, scoring the winner against PSV in the second leg 1\\-0 victory in the UEFA Cup tie at Molineux in 1980 (Wolves went out of the competition having lost the first leg 3\\-1 in Eindhoven)\n\nHe was top goalscorer in [1981/82](/wiki/1981-82_in_English_football \"1981-82 in English football\") (seven goals) as Wolves slumped out of the top flight, but his 18 league goal haul the following year, not only earned him the top goalscorer award again, but saw the team immediately return to Division One during the [1982/83](/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Football_League \"1982–83 Football League\") season.\n\nThe [1983/84](/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Football_League \"1983–84 Football League\") season would be Eves' last for Wolves and would also be Wolves last in the top flight for some time as they were to face three consecutive relegations down to Division 4 before a resurgence under new ownership.\n\nEves played his final Wolves match against [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. \"Watford F.C.\"), 5 May 1984 where he ruptured achilles tendon being replaced with [Danny Crainie](/wiki/Danny_Crainie \"Danny Crainie\") in the 19th minute. He undertook an operation in London where he states he received no visitors from the Wolves and when he returned to club on crutches, foot in plaster, he met with new manager [Tommy Docherty](/wiki/Tommy_Docherty \"Tommy Docherty\") who offered him a contract at reduced salary. According to Eves the atmosphere at the club had become awful, there was little leadership. He stated in a podcast interview with Wolves fan site the Wolfwhistle \"I didn't know what the owners looked like. Unless a club is run properly from the top it's never going to achieve\".\n\nEves left the club having played in a total of 214 games for Wolves scoring 53 goals in all competitions.\n\n**Post Wolves Playing Career**\n\nAfter a period of time training at [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\"), recovering from a ruptured [Achilles tendon](/wiki/Achilles_tendon \"Achilles tendon\") sustained in his last game for Wolves in May 1984, Eves was signed by [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C. \"Sheffield United F.C.\") in December 1984\\. Here, he played until May 1986 and was also voted 'Player of the Year' by fans.\n\nEves then moved to [Gillingham](/wiki/Gillingham_F.C. \"Gillingham F.C.\") and played two further seasons in the third tier. He retired through injury in May 1989 after a six\\-month spell at [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. \"Walsall F.C.\"), aged 32\\.\n\nMel Eves now works as a football pundit on the radio and in newspapers. He contributes his thoughts on the [BBC Radio WM](/wiki/BBC_Radio_WM \"BBC Radio WM\") radio commentaries for [Wolves](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\") games. Every third sentence begins *\"As I said before....\"*. He also writes [Express \\& Star, Nov 15, 2017, Mel Eves: Only complacency can stop Wolves](https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/football/wolverhampton-wanderers-fc/2017/11/15/mel-eves-only-complacency-can-stop-wolves/) retrieved 26 March 2018 for the [Express \\& Star](/wiki/Express_%26_Star \"Express & Star\")\n\n",
"Playing Style\n-------------\n\nEves had been an attacker during his time in the Wolves academy, but when he was promoted to the senior team, Wolves played a 4\\-4\\-2 formation with the attacking positions being taken by John Richards and [Andy Gray](/wiki/Andy_Gray_%28footballer%2C_born_1955%29 \"Andy Gray (footballer, born 1955)\") who Wolves had spent 1\\.49 million pounds to secure, a UK transfer record at the time.\n\nWhilst Eves would boast favourable goals per game record in the first team, he believes he could have secured more during his time but due to the quality Wolves already had up front, he was often use as a winger. He describes himself as being pacey and wiry (lively).\n\nDiscussing playing style of the 1979\\-89 season Eves recalls: “That season we won 3\\-2 at [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. \"Everton F.C.\"), 3\\-2 at [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\"), and we beat [Man United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") 1\\-0 away and I scored there. We won about 11 games away from home. We did very well away because we’d got players who could score from a lot of positions. I was probably third top scorer. If they had had the Pro Zone figures then, I’d loved to have known how far I ran in a game. I was expected to track back every time and if I didn’t I would know about it.”\n\n",
"Player Coach \\& Agent\n---------------------\n\nFollowing his retirement from playing football, Eves moved into becoming a player agent with his company \"Eleven Sports\" helping guide the careers of several players and became a fully qualified performance coach.\n\nEves helped facilitate deals to bring prominent Italians to the football league through his agency including [Fabrizio Ravanelli](/wiki/Fabrizio_Ravanelli \"Fabrizio Ravanelli\") and [Benito Carbone](/wiki/Benito_Carbone \"Benito Carbone\").\n\nIn a 2021 interview with Midlands based new site, the express and star, Eves discussed his motivations and reflected with pride he took from 20 years work as an agent.\n\nEves stated that his biggest satisfaction was “getting the potential out of the player, getting them where they could be, even when others didn’t believe. [Robert Earnshaw](/wiki/Robert_Earnshaw \"Robert Earnshaw\"), for example, was playing in League Two before going right through the divisions, scoring a hat\\-trick in every one. He scored a hat\\-trick as an international for [Wales](/wiki/Wales_national_football_team \"Wales national football team\") too, along with ones in the FA Cup and League Cup.\"\n\nEves is also a published author, with his book \"The 3 'E's: How to Achieve Optimum Performance\" listed as available on Amazon. Eves believes the philosophy and coaching of this style helped with the upturn in for of [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\") when he was working there.\n\n",
"Charity Work\n------------\n\nAfter retirement from professional football, Eves had worked as the player manager for a team consisting of retired professionals who had made appearances for the Wolves, named the \"Wolves Allstars\". Arranging for the former players to make appearances alongside each other in matches, often against other Midland based clubs retired players (examples; [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. \"Walsall F.C.\") and [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\")) and raising money for local Wolverhampton based charities. Eves boasts to have raised more than £250,000 for local charities and was active in this role before stepping down in 2011\\.\n\nEves' Wolves Allstars held a special fundraising match in 2010 for victims of the Haiti Earthquake.\n\nEves also carried out work for TKO \\& [Shaw Trust](/wiki/Shaw_Trust \"Shaw Trust\") where he provided workshops and coaching to help the rehabilitation of ex\\-offenders.\n\nEves explained: “We’ve had participants who arrive with their heads down, understandably withdrawn and defensive. They are usually anxious and concerned about how they are perceived and labelled by society in general. They are naturally a little nervous.”\n\nThe work he carries out has includes tours of the Wolves stadium and facilities among other things. In Eve's words the scheme aims to provide \"somewhere ex\\-offenders can come where they know they won’t be judged, they can get whatever support they want and decide which activities they want to take part in. But most of all, it gives many of our participants a reason to get out of bed in the morning.\"\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1956 births](/wiki/Category:1956_births \"1956 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:People from Darlaston](/wiki/Category:People_from_Darlaston \"People from Darlaston\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_the_Metropolitan_Borough_of_Walsall \"Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall\")\n[Category:English men's footballers](/wiki/Category:English_men%27s_footballers \"English men's footballers\")\n[Category:England men's B international footballers](/wiki/Category:England_men%27s_B_international_footballers \"England men's B international footballers\")\n[Category:Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C._players \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players\")\n[Category:Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C._players \"Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players\")\n[Category:Sheffield United F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Sheffield_United_F.C._players \"Sheffield United F.C. players\")\n[Category:Gillingham F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Gillingham_F.C._players \"Gillingham F.C. players\")\n[Category:Mansfield Town F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Mansfield_Town_F.C._players \"Mansfield Town F.C. players\")\n[Category:Walsall F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Walsall_F.C._players \"Walsall F.C. players\")\n[Category:King's Lynn F.C. players](/wiki/Category:King%27s_Lynn_F.C._players \"King's Lynn F.C. players\")\n[Category:Cheltenham Town F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Cheltenham_Town_F.C._players \"Cheltenham Town F.C. players\")\n[Category:Willenhall Town F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Willenhall_Town_F.C._players \"Willenhall Town F.C. players\")\n[Category:Telford United F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Telford_United_F.C._players \"Telford United F.C. players\")\n[Category:English Football League players](/wiki/Category:English_Football_League_players \"English Football League players\")\n[Category:Men's association football forwards](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_forwards \"Men's association football forwards\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Echtershausen
|
{
"id": [
15353686
],
"name": [
"Εὐθυμένης"
]
}
|
mqwlt7bixpa5w1gh6f8yu9v0n3x8dsh
|
2022-05-06T16:56:06Z
| 1,037,401,796 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Echtershausen** is a municipality in the [district of Bitburg\\-Prüm](/wiki/Bitburg-Pr%C3%BCm \"Bitburg-Prüm\"), in [Rhineland\\-Palatinate](/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate \"Rhineland-Palatinate\"), western [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Bitburg\\-Prüm](/wiki/Category:Bitburg-Pr%C3%BCm \"Bitburg-Prüm\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Émile Prisse d'Avennes
|
{
"id": [
10951369
],
"name": [
"Onel5969"
]
}
|
37l87rk89fz34id9fgx8nm887e5gg7p
|
2023-09-18T21:33:39Z
| 1,144,131,110 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Life in Egypt",
"Oriental Album",
"Selected bibliography",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n[thumb\\|Émile Prisse d'Avennes](/wiki/File:Prisse_D%27Avesnnes.jpg \"Prisse D'Avesnnes.jpg\")\n**Achille\\-Constant\\-Théodore\\-Émile Prisse d'Avennes** (27 January 1807, [Avesnes\\-sur\\-Helpe](/wiki/Avesnes-sur-Helpe \"Avesnes-sur-Helpe\") – 16 February 1879, [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\")) was a French archaeologist, Egyptologist, architect and writer.\\[catalogue of exhibition Visions d’Égypte Émile Prisse d’Avennes (1807–1879\\),Bibliothèque nationale de France] retrieved 14:44GMT 25\\.9\\.11[openlibrary](https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL4943729A/Achille_Constant_Th%C3%A9odore_%C3%89mile_Prisse_d'Avennes) retrieved 13:00GMT 24/09/2011[A\\-Z\\&person\\=15153 (content unused in this article)](http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?session=npFynKulrH8&_IXACTION_=file&_IXFILE_=templates/full/person.html&_IXTRAIL_=Names) retrieved GMT 12:46 24/09/11[page 783 of Dictionary of the orientalists of French language François.Pouillon](https://books.google.com/books?id=JexHxBDyT-YC&pg=PA783) retrieved GMT 14:21 24/09/11[(content of this link is currently unused within this article)](http://www.vialibri.net/item_pg/6682282-1807-prisse-avennes-achille-constant-art-arabe-apr-232-les-monuments.htm) retrieved GMT 14:28 24/9/11[french language site](http://www.egypt.edu/feuilleton/prisse.htm) retrieved 19:00GMT 24\\.9\\.11[Copyright © 2009 Commune de Braives](http://braives.be/page105713447.aspx) retrieved (approx') 18:50GMT 24\\.9\\.11\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nPrisse d'Avennes was born in Avesnes\\-sur\\-Helpe, France, on 27 January 1807, to a [noble family](/wiki/French_nobility \"French nobility\") of French origin. After the early death of his father in 1814, on the guidance of his grandfather he enrolled at college a year later to train for a career within the legal profession.[André Monclus (p.40\\) \\& Jean Vuillemin (p.40\\)\\- Arts et Métiers Magazine \\- November 2002\\-Biographie de Prisse d'avennes rédigée par C.N. Peltrisot membre de la société archéologique et historique de l'arrondissement d'Avennes (published 1934\\)](http://patrimoine.gadz.org/gadz/prisse2.htm) retrieved 15:03 25\\.9\\.11 Prisse d'Avennes decided to become an archaeologist in 1836 after a period teaching at the infantry school in [Damietta](/wiki/Damietta \"Damietta\").[egypt.com\\-french language](http://www.egypt.edu/feuilleton/prisse.htm) retrieved 19:00GMT 24\\.9\\.11\n\n",
"Life in Egypt\n-------------\n\nIn 1827 when he reached Egypt, he was hired by the viceroy of Egypt, [Muhammad Ali Pasha](/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt \"Muhammad Ali of Egypt\"), as a civil engineer. He spent many years living as an Egyptian, adopting the name Idriss\\-effendi, learning to speak Arabic and practicing Islam. He stated that adopting Egyptian culture resulted in a greater understanding of Egyptian society and people.Mercedes Volait. Surveying monuments in Egypt: the work of Emile Prisse d’Avennes (1807\\- 1879\\). Lecture given at the General Consulate of Egypt in Djeddah, 30 November 2013\\. 2013\\.\n\n",
"Oriental Album\n--------------\n\n[thumb\\|Image of a reclining Muslim woman from the *Oriental Album*.](/wiki/File:A_Muslim_lady_reclining_in_her_harem_by_a_smoking_hooka._Col_Wellcome_V0019293.jpg \"A Muslim lady reclining in her harem by a smoking hooka. Col Wellcome V0019293.jpg\")\nIn 1848, he contributed 30 lithograph images depicting the people living on the Nile Valley to a [costume book](/wiki/Costume_book \"Costume book\") titled *Oriental Album* written by [James Augustus St. John](/wiki/James_Augustus_St._John \"James Augustus St. John\") who was a British author and traveler.\n\n",
"Selected bibliography\n---------------------\n\n* Arabic Art: monuments after Cairo from the 7th century to the end of the 18th century (1869\\-1877\\)(with Schmidt,C) [NY public library archive](http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital_dev/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?parent_id=108798&word=) retrieved GMT12:56 25\\.9\\.11[online book catalogue](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/636213366) retrieved 13:17 24/09/11[forumrarebooks](http://www.forumrarebooks.com/Prisse-Achille-Constant-Theodore-Arabe-les-monuments-du-kaire-depuis.html)[dkm160230\\-(Professor N.Poppe(Dawson:Egyptology)](https://www.google.co.uk/#hl=en&sugexp=pfwc&cp=13&gs_id=3&xhr=t&q=dkm160230.pdf&pf=p&sclient=psy-ab&site=&source=hp&rlz=1W1GPCK_enGB446&pbx=1&oq=dkm160230.pdf&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=21dcc0be2aa5cc0&biw=1600&bih=773)(approx')13:27 24/09/2011[time of publication and times within scope of study](https://books.google.com/books?id=kv8-7vKP9PMC&pg=PA375) retrieved GMT14:35 24\\.9\\.11\n* Arabic Decoration (1885\\)[dkm160230\\-(Professor N.Poppe(Dawson:Egyptology)](https://www.google.co.uk/#hl=en&sugexp=pfwc&cp=13&gs_id=3&xhr=t&q=dkm160230.pdf&pf=p&sclient=psy-ab&site=&source=hp&rlz=1W1GPCK_enGB446&pbx=1&oq=dkm160230.pdf&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=21dcc0be2aa5cc0&biw=1600&bih=773)(approx')13:27 24/09/2011\n* Atlas of Egyptian Art, with an introduction by Maarten J. Raven, captions by Olaf E. Kaper (reedition AUC Press 2000\\) [text image and brief description](https://books.google.com/books/about/Atlas_of_Egyptian_Art.html?id=VvkQ8lZbAugC) retrieved GMT19:16 24\\.9\\.11\n* Egyptian monuments, bas\\-reliefs, paintings, sculptures (1842\\) [NY public library archive](http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital_dev/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?parent_id=855465&word=) retrieved GMT12:51\\.25\\.9\\.11\n* [Monuments of Egypt and of the Nubie: descriptive Notices and the letters of Egypt and the Nubie](https://books.google.com/books/about/Monuments_de_l_%C3%89gypte_et_de_la_Nubie.html?id=rHSvYgEACAAJ) retrieved 13:07GMT 24/09/2011\n* [Histoire de l'art égyptien d'après les monuments depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la domination romaine par Prisse d'Avennes; ouvrage publié sous les auspices du Ministère de l'instruction publique, des cultes et des beaux\\-arts. Texte par P. Marchandon de La Faye ... (d'après les notes de l'auteur) Published 1878](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL11678681W/Histoire_de_l'art_égyptien_d'après_les_monuments)\n* [Histoire de l'art egyptien : d'après les monuments](http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?parent_id=108800&word=) retrieved 12:25 24/09/11\n* [page.393 of text](http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/prisse1879text/0396?sid=4c5c1184818331adcd3350e68b73c44f) retrieved (approx') GMT13:45 24/09/11\n* [http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199006/prisse\\-a.portrait.htm](http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199006/prisse-a.portrait.htm)\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Arabic Art](/wiki/Arabic_Art \"Arabic Art\")\n* [Prisse Papyrus](/wiki/Prisse_Papyrus \"Prisse Papyrus\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [french language link list of publications](http://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Achille+Constant+Th%C3%A9odore+%C3%89mile+Prisse+d'Avennes%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=2) retrieved GMT 12:55 24/09/2011\n* [list of texts and documents](http://sbibbh.si.bm-lyon.fr/cgi-bin/bestn?id=&act=8&auto=1&nov=1&t0=%22Prisse+d'Avennes%2C+%C3%89mile%2C+1807-1879%3B%22&i0=1&s0=5&v0=0&v1=0&v2=0&v3=0&sy=0&ey=0&scr=1) retrieved GMT 14:30/1 24\\.9\\.11\n* [Copyright © 2004\\-2010 Aramco Services Company.](http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199006/prisse-a.portrait.htm) retrieved GMT 09:41 02/07/07\n* [archives](http://www.travellersinegypt.org/archives/2005/07/prisse_davennes.html)\n* [©2002\\-2011](http://www.immortelleegypte.com/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=1114)\n* [http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199006/prisse\\-a.portrait.htm](http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199006/prisse-a.portrait.htm)\n\n[Category:1807 births](/wiki/Category:1807_births \"1807 births\")\n[Category:1879 deaths](/wiki/Category:1879_deaths \"1879 deaths\")\n[Category:People from Nord (French department)](/wiki/Category:People_from_Nord_%28French_department%29 \"People from Nord (French department)\")\n[Category:French Egyptologists](/wiki/Category:French_Egyptologists \"French Egyptologists\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Blade of a Knife
|
{
"id": [
9676078
],
"name": [
"I dream of horses"
]
}
|
nas0lipuxatjopq6gp443k4a5myu1v6
|
2022-02-23T21:21:20Z
| 999,612,529 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Track listing",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Blade of a Knife*** is the first full\\-length album by [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock \"Punk rock\") band [Bomb Factory](/wiki/Bomb_Factory_%28band%29 \"Bomb Factory (band)\"). It was released in August 1996 on the independent label, Monster Company.\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Bomb Factory's official website](http://www.bombfactory.jp/)\n\n \n\n[Category:Bomb Factory (band) albums](/wiki/Category:Bomb_Factory_%28band%29_albums \"Bomb Factory (band) albums\")\n[Category:1996 debut albums](/wiki/Category:1996_debut_albums \"1996 debut albums\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Scleromystax
|
{
"id": [
40600116
],
"name": [
"ShortDescBot"
]
}
|
t3kc9hrw0m54sac5pkfx882kqvzijcg
|
2021-03-06T02:14:17Z
| 840,201,889 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Taxonomy",
"Species",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Scleromystax*** is a [genus](/wiki/Genus \"Genus\") of [fish](/wiki/Fish \"Fish\") in the [family](/wiki/Family_%28biology%29 \"Family (biology)\") [Callichthyidae](/wiki/Callichthyidae \"Callichthyidae\") [endemic](/wiki/Endemism \"Endemism\") to small [tributaries](/wiki/Tributary \"Tributary\") from several coastal [river](/wiki/River \"River\") basins draining the [southern](/wiki/South_Region%2C_Brazil \"South Region, Brazil\") and [southeastern](/wiki/Southeast_Region%2C_Brazil \"Southeast Region, Brazil\") regions in [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\"). Most of the [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") of *Scleromystax* are highly [sexually dimorphic](/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism \"Sexual dimorphism\"); males have developed [odontodes](/wiki/Odontode \"Odontode\") inserted in fleshy [papillae](/wiki/Papilla_%28fish_mouth_structure%29 \"Papilla (fish mouth structure)\") on the [preopercular\\-opercular region](/wiki/Operculum_%28fish%29 \"Operculum (fish)\") and the [dorsal](/wiki/Dorsal_fin \"Dorsal fin\") and [pectoral fins](/wiki/Pectoral_fin \"Pectoral fin\") are 2–3 times as long as those of females. *S. salmacis* is an exception, as its sexually dimorphic features are subtle and non\\-remarkable.\n\n",
"Taxonomy\n--------\n\nThe species of *Scleromystax* were previously classified within the genus *[Corydoras](/wiki/Corydoras \"Corydoras\")*. However, *Scleromystax* species are now thought to be more closely related to *[Aspidoras](/wiki/Aspidoras \"Aspidoras\")* in a tribe called [Aspidoradini](/wiki/Corydoradinae \"Corydoradinae\").Britto, M.R. (2003\\): [Phylogeny of the subfamily Corydoradinae Hoedeman, 1952 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with a definition of its genera.](http://acd.ufrj.br/ppgzoo/orientadores/dados/Artigos%20Brito/Phylogeny%20Corydoradinae%20(Britto).pdf) *Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 153 (1\\): 119–154\\.* Although the [monophyly](/wiki/Monophyly \"Monophyly\") of *Scleromystax* has been demonstrated, [phylogenetic](/wiki/Phylogenetics \"Phylogenetics\") relationships of its species remains obscure. In addition, the taxonomic status of its species are only partially resolved.Britto, M.R. \\& Reis, R.E. (2005\\): [A new *Scleromystax* species (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from coastal rivers of Southern Brazil.](http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ni/v3n4/v3n4a05.pdf) *Neotropical Ichthyology, 3 (4\\): 481–488\\.*\n\n",
"Species\n-------\n\nThere are currently 5 recognized species in this genus:\n* *[Scleromystax barbatus](/wiki/Scleromystax_barbatus \"Scleromystax barbatus\")* ([Quoy](/wiki/Jean_Ren%C3%A9_Constant_Quoy \"Jean René Constant Quoy\") \\& [Gaimard](/wiki/Joseph_Paul_Gaimard \"Joseph Paul Gaimard\"), 1824\\)\n* *[Scleromystax macropterus](/wiki/Scleromystax_macropterus \"Scleromystax macropterus\")* ([Regan](/wiki/Charles_Tate_Regan \"Charles Tate Regan\"), 1913\\)\n* *[Scleromystax prionotos](/wiki/Scleromystax_prionotos \"Scleromystax prionotos\")* ([Nijssen](/wiki/Han_Nijssen \"Han Nijssen\") \\& [Isbrücker](/wiki/Isa%C3%A4c_J._H._Isbr%C3%BCcker \"Isaäc J. H. Isbrücker\"), 1980\\)\n* *[Scleromystax reisi](/wiki/Scleromystax_reisi \"Scleromystax reisi\")* [M. R. Britto](/wiki/Marcelo_Ribeiro_de_Britto \"Marcelo Ribeiro de Britto\"), [Fukakusa](/wiki/Clayton_Kunio_Fukakusa \"Clayton Kunio Fukakusa\") \\& [L. R. Malabarba](/wiki/Luiz_Roberto_Malabarba \"Luiz Roberto Malabarba\"), 2016 Britto, M.R., Fukakusa, C.K. \\& Malabarba, L.R. (2016\\): [New species of *Scleromystax* Günther, 1864 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) \\- extending the meridional distribution of genera endemic to the Atlantic Forest.](http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252016000300208&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en) *Neotropical Ichthyology, 14 (3\\): e150158\\.*\n* *[Scleromystax salmacis](/wiki/Scleromystax_salmacis \"Scleromystax salmacis\")* [M. R. Britto](/wiki/Marcelo_Ribeiro_de_Britto \"Marcelo Ribeiro de Britto\") \\& [R. E. dos Reis](/wiki/Roberto_Esser_dos_Reis \"Roberto Esser dos Reis\"), 2005\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Callichthyidae](/wiki/Category:Callichthyidae \"Callichthyidae\")\n[Category:Fish of South America](/wiki/Category:Fish_of_South_America \"Fish of South America\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Albert_G%C3%BCnther \"Taxa named by Albert Günther\")\n[Category:Catfish genera](/wiki/Category:Catfish_genera \"Catfish genera\")\n[Category:Freshwater fish genera](/wiki/Category:Freshwater_fish_genera \"Freshwater fish genera\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Our House: The Original Songs
|
{
"id": [
45417033
],
"name": [
"Swinub"
]
}
|
cg2qplwqw55wlldi071qqaucn1kljlr
|
2024-05-28T14:15:17Z
| 1,226,089,371 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Track listing",
"Certifications and sales",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - \n\t\t\n\t\t***Our House: the Original Songs*** is a [greatest hits album](/wiki/Greatest_hits_album \"Greatest hits album\") by a British [Ska\\-pop](/wiki/Ska \"Ska\") group [Madness](/wiki/Madness_%28band%29 \"Madness (band)\"), released in [2002](/wiki/2002_in_music \"2002 in music\"). It was released as a result of the stage show \"[Our House](/wiki/Our_House_%28musical%29 \"Our House (musical)\")\", and comprises the tracks which were included in the musical. The album features two new songs, \"Simple Equation\" and \"Sarah's Song\".\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n1. \"[House of Fun](/wiki/House_of_Fun \"House of Fun\")\" 2:49\n2. \"[Our House](/wiki/Our_House_%28Madness_song%29 \"Our House (Madness song)\")\" 3:20\n3. \"Simple Equation\" 4:00\n4. \"[My Girl](/wiki/My_Girl_%28Madness_song%29 \"My Girl (Madness song)\")\" 2:41\n5. \"[Baggy Trousers](/wiki/Baggy_Trousers \"Baggy Trousers\")\" 2:46\n6. \"Prospects\" 4:13\n7. \"[Embarrassment](/wiki/Embarrassment_%28song%29 \"Embarrassment (song)\")\" 3:10\n8. \"[Driving in My Car](/wiki/Driving_in_My_Car \"Driving in My Car\")\" 3:18\n9. \"[Grey Day](/wiki/Grey_Day \"Grey Day\")\" 3:38\n10. \"[Shut Up](/wiki/Shut_Up_%28Madness_song%29 \"Shut Up (Madness song)\")\" 3:26\n11. \"[The Return of the Los Palmas 7](/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Los_Palmas_7 \"The Return of the Los Palmas 7\")\" 2:01\n12. \"[The Sun and the Rain](/wiki/The_Sun_and_the_Rain \"The Sun and the Rain\")\" 3:30\n13. \"[Tomorrow's (Just Another Day)](/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_%28Just_Another_Day%29 \"Tomorrow's (Just Another Day)\")\" 3:12\n14. \"[Night Boat to Cairo](/wiki/Night_Boat_to_Cairo \"Night Boat to Cairo\")\" 3:30\n15. \"[Wings of a Dove](/wiki/Wings_of_a_Dove_%28Madness_song%29 \"Wings of a Dove (Madness song)\")\" 3:01\n16. \"[One Better Day](/wiki/One_Better_Day \"One Better Day\")\" 4:06\n17. \"The Rise \\& Fall\" 3:15\n18. \"Sarah's Song\" 3:45\n19. \"White Heat\" 3:48\n20. \"[Michael Caine](/wiki/Michael_Caine_%28song%29 \"Michael Caine (song)\")\" 3:39\n21. \"[It Must Be Love](/wiki/It_Must_Be_Love_%28Madness_song%29 \"It Must Be Love (Madness song)\")\" (2002 Mix) 3:25\n",
"Certifications and sales\n------------------------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:2002 greatest hits albums](/wiki/Category:2002_greatest_hits_albums \"2002 greatest hits albums\")\n[Category:Madness (band) compilation albums](/wiki/Category:Madness_%28band%29_compilation_albums \"Madness (band) compilation albums\")\n[Category:V2 Records compilation albums](/wiki/Category:V2_Records_compilation_albums \"V2 Records compilation albums\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Szechuan vole
|
{
"id": [
33145
],
"name": [
"UtherSRG"
]
}
|
du6qu1gmi8hbvpzn4j6habve8ltenqm
|
2023-05-05T11:38:34Z
| 1,153,293,749 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Range",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Szechuan vole** (***Volemys millicens***) is a [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") of [rodent](/wiki/Rodent \"Rodent\") in the family [Cricetidae](/wiki/Cricetidae \"Cricetidae\").\nIt is found only in northwestern [Sichuan](/wiki/Sichuan \"Sichuan\"), [China](/wiki/China \"China\"). It is one of two species in the [genus](/wiki/Genus \"Genus\") *[Volemys](/wiki/Volemys \"Volemys\")* along with [Marie's vole](/wiki/Marie%27s_vole \"Marie's vole\") (*Volemys musseri*).\n\n",
"Range\n-----\n\nIn northwestern [Sichuan](/wiki/Sichuan \"Sichuan\"), China, *Volemys millicens* is found in the [Wolong National Nature Reserve](/wiki/Wolong_National_Nature_Reserve \"Wolong National Nature Reserve\"), and likely also occurs in Wenchuan Caopo, Heishuihe, Fengtongzhai, Anzihe, and Longhixihongkou Nature Reserves.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005\\. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 *in* Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.\n\n[Category:Volemys](/wiki/Category:Volemys \"Volemys\")\n[Category:Mammals described in 1911](/wiki/Category:Mammals_described_in_1911 \"Mammals described in 1911\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Oldfield_Thomas \"Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas\")\n[Category:Rodents of China](/wiki/Category:Rodents_of_China \"Rodents of China\")\n[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot](/wiki/Category:Taxonomy_articles_created_by_Polbot \"Taxonomy articles created by Polbot\")\n[Category:Endemic fauna of Sichuan](/wiki/Category:Endemic_fauna_of_Sichuan \"Endemic fauna of Sichuan\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Martine
|
{
"id": [
38004052
],
"name": [
"Moondragon21"
]
}
|
3ctcdyqzcn2eib85l6hkrigghimo7jc
|
2023-12-13T08:14:52Z
| 1,178,622,588 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Given name",
"Surname",
"Fictional characters",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Martine** is a feminine given name and a surname.\n\n",
"Given name\n----------\n\n* [Martine Aubry](/wiki/Martine_Aubry \"Martine Aubry\") (born 1950\\), French politician\n* [Martine Audet](/wiki/Martine_Audet \"Martine Audet\") (born 1961\\), Canadian poet\n* [Martine Aurillac](/wiki/Martine_Aurillac \"Martine Aurillac\") (born 1939\\), French politician\n* [Martine Baay\\-Timmerman](/wiki/Martine_Baay-Timmerman \"Martine Baay-Timmerman\") (born 1958\\), Dutch politician\n* [Martine Bartlett](/wiki/Martine_Bartlett \"Martine Bartlett\") (1925–2006\\), American actress\n* [Martine Batchelor](/wiki/Martine_Batchelor \"Martine Batchelor\") (born 1953\\), author and former Buddhist nun\n* [Martine Beaugrand](/wiki/Martine_Beaugrand \"Martine Beaugrand\"), Canadian politician\n* [Martine Bellen](/wiki/Martine_Bellen \"Martine Bellen\"), American poet, editor and librettist\n* [Martine Bercher](/wiki/Martine_Bercher \"Martine Bercher\") (1944–2005\\), American football player\n* [Martine Bertereau](/wiki/Martine_Bertereau \"Martine Bertereau\") (c. 1600–after 1642\\), pioneering French woman mining engineer and mineralogist, also known as Baroness de Beausoleil\n* [Martine Berthet](/wiki/Martine_Berthet \"Martine Berthet\") (born 1961\\), French politician\n* [Martine Beswick](/wiki/Martine_Beswick \"Martine Beswick\") (born 1941\\), English actress and model\n* [Martine Beugnet](/wiki/Martine_Beugnet \"Martine Beugnet\"), French film theorist\n* [Martine Billard](/wiki/Martine_Billard \"Martine Billard\") (born 1952\\), French politician\n* [Martine Brunschwig Graf](/wiki/Martine_Brunschwig_Graf \"Martine Brunschwig Graf\") (born 1950\\), Swiss politician\n* [Martine Buron](/wiki/Martine_Buron \"Martine Buron\") (born 1944\\), French architect and politician\n* [Martine Carol](/wiki/Martine_Carol \"Martine Carol\") (1920–1967\\), French actress\n* [Martine Carrillon\\-Couvreur](/wiki/Martine_Carrillon-Couvreur \"Martine Carrillon-Couvreur\") (born 1948\\). French politician\n* [Martine Coulombe](/wiki/Martine_Coulombe \"Martine Coulombe\"), Canadian politician first elected in 2010\n* [Martine Croxall](/wiki/Martine_Croxall \"Martine Croxall\") (born 1969\\), British journalist and television news presenter\n* [Martine Dennis](/wiki/Martine_Dennis \"Martine Dennis\") (born 1961\\), a BBC news anchor\n* [Martine Djibo](/wiki/Martine_Djibo \"Martine Djibo\") (died 2022\\), Ivorian educator and politician\n* [Martine Etienne](/wiki/Martine_Etienne \"Martine Etienne\") (born 1956\\), French politician\n* [Martine Faure](/wiki/Martine_Faure \"Martine Faure\") (born 1948\\), French politician\n* [Martine Franck](/wiki/Martine_Franck \"Martine Franck\") (1938–2012\\), Belgian photographer\n* [Martine Gaillard](/wiki/Martine_Gaillard \"Martine Gaillard\") (born 1971\\), Canadian television sportscaster\n* [Martine L. Jacquot](/wiki/Martine_L._Jacquot \"Martine L. Jacquot\") (born 1955\\), French\\-born Canadian academic, novelist, poet, short story writer, journalist\n* [Martine Janssen](/wiki/Martine_Janssen \"Martine Janssen\") (born 1977\\), Dutch former swimmer\n* [Martine Kempf](/wiki/Martine_Kempf \"Martine Kempf\"), French scientist\n* [Martine Le Moignan](/wiki/Martine_Le_Moignan \"Martine Le Moignan\") (born 1962\\), English former professional squash player\n* [Martine Leavitt](/wiki/Martine_Leavitt \"Martine Leavitt\"), American\\-Canadian author of young adult novels\n* [Martine Leguille\\-Balloy](/wiki/Martine_Leguille-Balloy \"Martine Leguille-Balloy\") (born 1957\\), French politician\n* [Martine Lignières\\-Cassou](/wiki/Martine_Ligni%C3%A8res-Cassou \"Martine Lignières-Cassou\") (born 1952\\), French politician\n* [Martine Locke](/wiki/Martine_Locke \"Martine Locke\"), Australian singer, songwriter and guitarist\n* [Martine Martinel](/wiki/Martine_Martinel \"Martine Martinel\") (born 1953\\), French politician\n* [Martine McCutcheon](/wiki/Martine_McCutcheon \"Martine McCutcheon\") (born 1976\\), English singer, television personality and actress\n* [Martine Murray](/wiki/Martine_Murray \"Martine Murray\") (born 1965\\), Australian author and illustrator\n* [Martine Nida\\-Rümelin](/wiki/Martine_Nida-R%C3%BCmelin \"Martine Nida-Rümelin\") (born 1957\\), German philosopher\n* [Martine Ohr](/wiki/Martine_Ohr \"Martine Ohr\") (born 1964\\), Dutch former field hockey striker\n* [Martine Ouellet](/wiki/Martine_Ouellet \"Martine Ouellet\"), Canadian politician first elected in 2010\n* [Martine Patenaude](/wiki/Martine_Patenaude \"Martine Patenaude\") (born 1974\\), Canadian former ice dancer\n* [Martine Piccart](/wiki/Martine_Piccart \"Martine Piccart\") (born 1953\\), Belgian medical doctor, professor and President of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer\n* [Martine Pinville](/wiki/Martine_Pinville \"Martine Pinville\") (born 1958\\), French politician\n* [Martine Reicherts](/wiki/Martine_Reicherts \"Martine Reicherts\") (born 1957\\), Luxembourgian politician\n* [Martine Rothblatt](/wiki/Martine_Rothblatt \"Martine Rothblatt\") (born 1954 as Martin Rothblatt), American transgender lawyer, author and entrepreneur\n* [Martine Roure](/wiki/Martine_Roure \"Martine Roure\") (born 1948\\), French politician\n* [Martine St. Clair](/wiki/Martine_St._Clair \"Martine St. Clair\") (born 1962\\), Canadian singer\n* [Martine Syms](/wiki/Martine_Syms \"Martine Syms\") (born 1988\\), American artist\n* [Martine Tabeaud](/wiki/Martine_Tabeaud \"Martine Tabeaud\") (born 1951\\), French climatologist\n* [Martine Taelman](/wiki/Martine_Taelman \"Martine Taelman\") (born 1965\\), Belgian politician\n* [Martine van der Velde](/wiki/Martine_van_der_Velde \"Martine van der Velde\") (born 1989\\), Dutch politician\n* [Martine van Hamel](/wiki/Martine_van_Hamel \"Martine van Hamel\") (born 1945\\), Dutch prima ballerina\n* [Martine Vassal](/wiki/Martine_Vassal \"Martine Vassal\") (born 1962\\), French politician\n* [Martine Vik Magnussen](/wiki/Murder_of_Martine_Vik_Magnussen \"Murder of Martine Vik Magnussen\"), (1985\\-2008\\), Norwegian student murdered in London, England\n* [Martine Wolff](/wiki/Martine_Wolff \"Martine Wolff\") (born 1996\\), Norwegian handball player\n* [Martine Wonner](/wiki/Martine_Wonner \"Martine Wonner\") (born 1964\\), French politician\n* [Martine Zuiderwijk](/wiki/Martine_Zuiderwijk \"Martine Zuiderwijk\") (born 1984\\), Dutch former figure skater\n",
"Surname\n-------\n\n* [George Martine (historian)](/wiki/George_Martine_%28historian%29 \"George Martine (historian)\") (1635–1712\\), Scottish historian\n* [George Martine (physician)](/wiki/George_Martine_%28physician%29 \"George Martine (physician)\") (1700–1741\\), Scottish physician\n* [James Edgar Martine](/wiki/James_Edgar_Martine \"James Edgar Martine\") (1850\\-1925\\), American politician and US Senator from New Jersey\n* [Layng Martine Jr.](/wiki/Layng_Martine_Jr. \"Layng Martine Jr.\"), American country music singer and songwriter\n* [Randolph B. Martine](/wiki/Randolph_B._Martine \"Randolph B. Martine\") (1844–1895\\), American lawyer and politician\n* [Stéphane Martine](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Martine \"Stéphane Martine\") (born 1978\\), French footballer\n* [Tucker Martine](/wiki/Tucker_Martine \"Tucker Martine\") (born 1972\\), American record producer, musician and composer\n",
"Fictional characters\n--------------------\n\n* [Martine (character)](/wiki/Martine_%28character%29 \"Martine (character)\"), main character of a series of French books for children\n* [Martine Gabrielle de Polignac (Lady Oscar)](/wiki/Martine_Gabrielle_de_Polignac_%28Lady_Oscar%29 \"Martine Gabrielle de Polignac (Lady Oscar)\"), in the shōjo manga/anime *The Rose of Versailles*\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Alphonse de Lamartine](/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine \"Alphonse de Lamartine\")\n* [Martin (disambiguation)](/wiki/Martin_%28disambiguation%29 \"Martin (disambiguation)\")\n* [Martyn (disambiguation)](/wiki/Martyn_%28disambiguation%29 \"Martyn (disambiguation)\")\n\n[Category:Feminine given names](/wiki/Category:Feminine_given_names \"Feminine given names\")\n\n"
]
}
|
External rhythm
|
{
"id": [
194203
],
"name": [
"Graham87"
]
}
|
4wb9v3051z19cxb0uu11exsfi5ofbrg
|
2023-04-01T09:21:18Z
| 1,135,079,931 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"\nIn filmmaking, **external rhythm**, also called **cutting rhythm**, is established by the duration of the [shots](/wiki/Shot_%28filmmaking%29 \"Shot (filmmaking)\") that make up a [scene](/wiki/Scene_%28film%29 \"Scene (film)\"). Lengthening or shortening the duration of the shots establishes a [rhythmic pattern](/wiki/Rhythmic_pattern \"Rhythmic pattern\") that can complement or contrast with the [internal rhythm](/wiki/Internal_rhythm \"Internal rhythm\") and content of a scene or sequence. \n\nThe kinds of [transitions](/wiki/Film_transition \"Film transition\") (e.g., [cut](/wiki/Cut_%28transition%29 \"Cut (transition)\"), [fade](/wiki/Fade_%28filmmaking%29 \"Fade (filmmaking)\"), [dissolve](/wiki/Dissolve_%28filmmaking%29 \"Dissolve (filmmaking)\"), [wipe](/wiki/Wipe_%28transition%29 \"Wipe (transition)\")) used from shot to shot or from scene to scene also affect the nature of the cutting rhythm.\n\n[Category:Film production](/wiki/Category:Film_production \"Film production\")\n[Category:Film editing](/wiki/Category:Film_editing \"Film editing\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Muckie
|
{
"id": [
47050948
],
"name": [
"Untitled740"
]
}
|
9rle0s0qbbnc122o5t68epo1ooq2d7m
|
2024-01-03T23:14:14Z
| 1,193,460,990 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\nIn [Irish folklore](/wiki/Irish_folklore \"Irish folklore\"), **Muckie** is the name given to the reported mysterious creature said to inhabit the [Lakes of Killarney](/wiki/Lakes_of_Killarney \"Lakes of Killarney\") in [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\").\n\nIn 2003, scientists conducted a series of sonar scans to determine local fish populations. However, a large solid object in the water was recorded, which has led to the theory that the lake is inhabited by some form of lake monster, similar to the famed \"Nessie\" of Loch Ness.\n\nIt has been suggested that witnesses might have seen seals, which when travelling in pairs will dive and rise opposite to each other, giving the impression of being a single larger animal.\n\nThe name Muckie comes from a portmanteau of [Muckross](/wiki/Muckross_Lake \"Muckross Lake\") (one of the three [Killarney lakes](/wiki/Lakes_of_Killarney \"Lakes of Killarney\")) and the *ie* suffix to mimic the [Loch Ness](/wiki/Loch_Ness \"Loch Ness\") Nessie.\n\n[Tourism](/wiki/Tourism \"Tourism\") interests have tried to encourage the legend without any success.\n\nIn October 2004, a Japanese TV crew spent a week in the region, looking for Muckie.[Japanese TV crew visit](http://archives.tcm.ie/thekingdom/2004/10/21/story15048.asp) \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Aquatic cryptids](/wiki/Category:Aquatic_cryptids \"Aquatic cryptids\")\n[Category:Irish legendary creatures](/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures \"Irish legendary creatures\")\n[Category:Killarney](/wiki/Category:Killarney \"Killarney\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Francesco Brambilla
|
{
"id": [
10289486
],
"name": [
"Trappist the monk"
]
}
|
kiqu9w2qw6q7gz98cn3u35l016hjjqx
|
2022-04-28T00:45:51Z
| 1,078,488,009 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Francesco Brambilla** (16th century) was an Italian sculptor of the [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\") period, active in [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\"), in the decoration of its massive gothic [Cathedral](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Milan \"Cathedral of Milan\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Artists from Milan](/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Milan \"Artists from Milan\")\n[Category:Renaissance sculptors](/wiki/Category:Renaissance_sculptors \"Renaissance sculptors\")\n[Category:16th\\-century Italian sculptors](/wiki/Category:16th-century_Italian_sculptors \"16th-century Italian sculptors\")\n[Category:Italian male sculptors](/wiki/Category:Italian_male_sculptors \"Italian male sculptors\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
List of crossings of the Colorado River (Texas)
|
{
"id": [
355698
],
"name": [
"Pegship"
]
}
|
75i80xiok5ekmzuzcpa0m8rl63jt7mr
|
2024-09-09T23:46:24Z
| 1,153,525,021 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Crossings",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThis is a list of [bridges](/wiki/Bridge \"Bridge\") and other crossings of the [Colorado River](/wiki/Colorado_River_%28Texas%29 \"Colorado River (Texas)\") from the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\") upstream to West Texas.\n\n",
"Crossings\n---------\n\n| Crossing | Carries | Location | Coordinates |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Bridge | | near [Wadsworth](/wiki/Wadsworth%2C_Texas \"Wadsworth, Texas\") | |\n| Rail bridge | [UP](/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad \"Union Pacific Railroad\") Angleton Subdivision | | |\n| Bridge | | [Bay City](/wiki/Bay_City%2C_Texas \"Bay City, Texas\") | |\n| Pipeline bridge | | | |\n| Pipeline bridge | | | |\n| Bridge | Richmond Road North | [Wharton](/wiki/Wharton%2C_Texas \"Wharton, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | Richmond Road South | [Wharton](/wiki/Wharton%2C_Texas \"Wharton, Texas\") | |\n| Rail bridge | [CPKC](/wiki/CPKC \"CPKC\") Rosenberg (Macaroni) Line | [Wharton](/wiki/Wharton%2C_Texas \"Wharton, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Wharton](/wiki/Wharton%2C_Texas \"Wharton, Texas\") | |\n| Pipeline bridge | | | |\n| Bridge | | [Glen Flora](/wiki/Glen_Flora%2C_Texas \"Glen Flora, Texas\") | |\n| Pipeline bridge | | | |\n| Pipeline bridge | | | |\n| Bridge | | [Garwood](/wiki/Garwood%2C_Texas \"Garwood, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Altair](/wiki/Altair%2C_Texas \"Altair, Texas\") | |\n| Rail bridge | [UP](/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad \"Union Pacific Railroad\") Garwood Spur | [Altair](/wiki/Altair%2C_Texas \"Altair, Texas\") | |\n| Pipeline bridge | | | |\n| Bridge | | [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Texas \"Columbus, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Texas \"Columbus, Texas\") | |\n| Rail bridge | [UP](/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad \"Union Pacific Railroad\") Glidden Subdivision | [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Texas \"Columbus, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | [20px](/wiki/Image:Texas_71.svg \"Texas 71.svg\") [Business 71](/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_71 \"Texas State Highway 71\") | [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Texas \"Columbus, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Texas \"Columbus, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [La Grange](/wiki/La_Grange%2C_Texas \"La Grange, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | [20px](/wiki/Image:Texas_71.svg \"Texas 71.svg\") [Business 71](/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_71 \"Texas State Highway 71\") | [La Grange](/wiki/La_Grange%2C_Texas \"La Grange, Texas\") | |\n| Rail bridge | [UP](/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad \"Union Pacific Railroad\") Katy Line | [La Grange](/wiki/La_Grange%2C_Texas \"La Grange, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [La Grange](/wiki/La_Grange%2C_Texas \"La Grange, Texas\") | |\n| Rail bridge | [UP](/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad \"Union Pacific Railroad\") Giddings Subdivision | [West Point](/wiki/West_Point%2C_Fayette_County%2C_Texas \"West Point, Fayette County, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Smithville](/wiki/Smithville%2C_Texas \"Smithville, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Smithville](/wiki/Smithville%2C_Texas \"Smithville, Texas\") | |\n| Rail bridge | [UP](/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad \"Union Pacific Railroad\") Waco Subdivision | [Bastrop](/wiki/Bastrop%2C_Texas \"Bastrop, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Bastrop](/wiki/Bastrop%2C_Texas \"Bastrop, Texas\") | |\n| [Colorado River Bridge at Bastrop](/wiki/Colorado_River_Bridge_at_Bastrop \"Colorado River Bridge at Bastrop\") | Pedestrian Walkway | [Bastrop](/wiki/Bastrop%2C_Texas \"Bastrop, Texas\") | |\n| Chief Petty Officer (SOC) Stephen \"Matt\" Mills Bridge | | [Bastrop](/wiki/Bastrop%2C_Texas \"Bastrop, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Bastrop](/wiki/Bastrop%2C_Texas \"Bastrop, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Del Valle](/wiki/Del_Valle%2C_Texas \"Del Valle, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Del Valle](/wiki/Del_Valle%2C_Texas \"Del Valle, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| [Montopolis Bridge](/wiki/Montopolis_Bridge \"Montopolis Bridge\") | Formerly , now bicycle and pedestrian\\-only | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| [Longhorn Dam](/wiki/Longhorn_Dam \"Longhorn Dam\") Bridge | Pleasant Valley Road | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge (triple span) | | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| [Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge](/wiki/Ann_W._Richards_Congress_Avenue_Bridge \"Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge\") | Congress Avenue | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| Drake Bridge | South 1st Street | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| Rail bridge | [UPRR](/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad \"Union Pacific Railroad\") Austin Subdivision | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| [James D. Pfluger Pedestrian and Bicycle Bridge](/wiki/James_D._Pfluger_Pedestrian_and_Bicycle_Bridge \"James D. Pfluger Pedestrian and Bicycle Bridge\") | Lady Bird Lake Hike and Bike Trail | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| [Lamar Boulevard Bridge](/wiki/Lamar_Boulevard_Bridge \"Lamar Boulevard Bridge\") | | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | (MoPac) | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| Roberta Crenshaw Pedestrian Walkway | Lady Bird Lake Hike and Bike Trail | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | Redbud Trail | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| [Pennybacker Bridge](/wiki/Pennybacker_Bridge \"Pennybacker Bridge\") | | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | Low Water Crossing Road | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| [Mansfield Dam](/wiki/Mansfield_Dam \"Mansfield Dam\") | Mansfield Dam Road | [Austin](/wiki/Austin%2C_Texas \"Austin, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Marble Falls](/wiki/Marble_Falls%2C_Texas \"Marble Falls, Texas\") | |\n| Rail bridge | [AWRR](/wiki/Austin_Western_Railroad \"Austin Western Railroad\") West Subdivision | [Kingsland](/wiki/Kingsland%2C_Texas \"Kingsland, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Kingsland](/wiki/Kingsland%2C_Texas \"Kingsland, Texas\") | |\n| Pedestrian bridge | | [Buchanan Dam](/wiki/Buchanan_Dam%2C_Texas \"Buchanan Dam, Texas\") | |\n| [State Highway 29 Bridge at the Colorado River](/wiki/State_Highway_29_Bridge_at_the_Colorado_River \"State Highway 29 Bridge at the Colorado River\") | | [Buchanan Dam](/wiki/Buchanan_Dam%2C_Texas \"Buchanan Dam, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Bend](/wiki/Bend%2C_Texas \"Bend, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | | |\n| Rail bridge | [CTXR](/wiki/Central_Texas_%26_Colorado_River_Railway \"Central Texas & Colorado River Railway\") | | |\n| Ford (locally called \"Double Ford\") | CR 124 | | |\n| Bridge | | | |\n| [Regency Bridge](/wiki/Regency_Bridge \"Regency Bridge\") | CR 433 (Mills), CR 137 (San Saba) | | |\n| Bridge | | | |\n| Ford (locally called \"Elm Grove Ford\") | CR 266 | | |\n| Bridge | | [Winchell](/wiki/Winchell%2C_Texas \"Winchell, Texas\") | |\n| Pedestrian bridge | | [Winchell](/wiki/Winchell%2C_Texas \"Winchell, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | | |\n| Bridge | Waldred Road | | |\n| Bridge | | | |\n| Bridge | | | |\n| Bridge | CR 129 | | |\n| Bridge | | [Ballinger](/wiki/Ballinger%2C_Texas \"Ballinger, Texas\") | |\n| Bridge | | [Ballinger](/wiki/Ballinger%2C_Texas \"Ballinger, Texas\") | |\n| Rail bridge | [BNSF\\_Railway](/wiki/BNSF_Railway \"BNSF Railway\") | [Ballinger](/wiki/Ballinger%2C_Texas \"Ballinger, Texas\") | |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Crossings of the Colorado River (Texas)](/wiki/Category:Crossings_of_the_Colorado_River_%28Texas%29 \"Crossings of the Colorado River (Texas)\")\n[Colorado River (Texas)](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_river_crossings_in_the_United_States \"Lists of river crossings in the United States\")\n\n[Colorado](/wiki/Category:Texas_geography-related_lists \"Texas geography-related lists\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Eilsen (Samtgemeinde)
|
{
"id": [
37991216
],
"name": [
"1ctinus"
]
}
|
5aj84qq97whxd80deem30zxtoc4yg9o
|
2024-08-22T14:42:12Z
| 667,885,232 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Eilsen** is a *[Samtgemeinde](/wiki/Samtgemeinde \"Samtgemeinde\")* (\"collective municipality\") in the district of [Schaumburg](/wiki/Schaumburg \"Schaumburg\"), in [Lower Saxony](/wiki/Lower_Saxony \"Lower Saxony\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"). Its seat is in the village Bad Eilsen.\n\nThe *Samtgemeinde* Eilsen consists of the following municipalities:\n1. [Ahnsen](/wiki/Ahnsen \"Ahnsen\")\n2. [Bad Eilsen](/wiki/Bad_Eilsen \"Bad Eilsen\")\n3. [Buchholz](/wiki/Buchholz%2C_Schaumburg \"Buchholz, Schaumburg\")\n4. [Heeßen](/wiki/Hee%C3%9Fen \"Heeßen\")\n5. [Luhden](/wiki/Luhden \"Luhden\")\n\n[Category:Samtgemeinden in Lower Saxony](/wiki/Category:Samtgemeinden_in_Lower_Saxony \"Samtgemeinden in Lower Saxony\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Dahl's aquatic frog
|
{
"id": [
38675202
],
"name": [
"Rogermccart"
]
}
|
5zr8mpi9qt66qw1dyzyhgc7415rck4u
|
2023-01-18T07:59:05Z
| 1,121,663,370 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Dahl's aquatic frog** (***Ranoidea dahlii***) is a species of [frog](/wiki/Frog \"Frog\") in the subfamily [Pelodryadinae](/wiki/Pelodryadinae \"Pelodryadinae\"), [endemic](/wiki/Endemic \"Endemic\") to Australia. \nIts natural [habitats](/wiki/Habitat \"Habitat\") are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes.\n\nDahl's aquatic frog was once thought to be able to consume the [eggs](/wiki/Egg_%28biology%29 \"Egg (biology)\"), [tadpoles](/wiki/Tadpole \"Tadpole\"), and young of the [invasive](/wiki/Invasive_species \"Invasive species\") and [venomous](/wiki/Venomous \"Venomous\") [cane toad](/wiki/Cane_toad \"Cane toad\") with no apparent ill effect, but this observation was based on a handful of captive survivals. Adults regurgitate the young toads, and avoid eating them in the future, or rarely swallow them; in this case, about half the adults die. These frogs do not appear to have an elevated resistance to bufotoxins compared to other Australian hylid frogs, and avoid these toads if they survive their first toad meal.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Gastric\\-brooding frog](/wiki/Gastric-brooding_frog \"Gastric-brooding frog\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Ranoidea (genus)](/wiki/Category:Ranoidea_%28genus%29 \"Ranoidea (genus)\")\n[Category:Amphibians of Western Australia](/wiki/Category:Amphibians_of_Western_Australia \"Amphibians of Western Australia\")\n[Category:Amphibians of the Northern Territory](/wiki/Category:Amphibians_of_the_Northern_Territory \"Amphibians of the Northern Territory\")\n[Category:Amphibians of Queensland](/wiki/Category:Amphibians_of_Queensland \"Amphibians of Queensland\")\n[Category:Amphibians described in 1896](/wiki/Category:Amphibians_described_in_1896 \"Amphibians described in 1896\")\n[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot](/wiki/Category:Taxonomy_articles_created_by_Polbot \"Taxonomy articles created by Polbot\")\n[Category:Frogs of Australia](/wiki/Category:Frogs_of_Australia \"Frogs of Australia\")\n[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN](/wiki/Category:Taxobox_binomials_not_recognized_by_IUCN \"Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Denstroude
|
{
"id": [
27199084
],
"name": [
"Entranced98"
]
}
|
pkpkpo65lyyakkcbmlec4z2xdiyoqx3
|
2024-10-20T11:18:19Z
| 946,825,570 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Denstroude** is a dispersed [hamlet](/wiki/Human_settlement \"Human settlement\") located to the west of the [A290 road](/wiki/A290_road \"A290 road\") north of [Canterbury](/wiki/Canterbury \"Canterbury\") in [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\"), England. It is a collection of houses and farms, one of which takes its name from the hamlet; the other being *Parsonage Farm*, although there is no church nearby.\n\nIt stretches between the parishes of [Blean](/wiki/Blean \"Blean\") and [Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk%2C_Kent \"Dunkirk, Kent\") (where the 2011 Census population is included.), in the districts of Canterbury and Swale respectively.\n\n[Edward Hasted](/wiki/Edward_Hasted \"Edward Hasted\") in 1799, only mentions 'Denstroud common'.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n \n\n[Category:Villages in Kent](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Kent \"Villages in Kent\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Marshborough
|
{
"id": [
38816379
],
"name": [
"Mndata2"
]
}
|
8vhvm6q8byvxc8clykzgwbpfhonicv8
|
2022-01-01T01:05:41Z
| 1,046,325,719 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Listed buildings",
"Parsonage Farm<ref name=national-heritage-list-parsonage-farm>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1203872|desc=Parsonage Farm|grade=II|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref>",
"Parsonage Farm Outhouse<ref name=national-heritage-list-parsonage-farm-outhouse>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1070074|desc=Parsonage Farm Outhouse|grade=II|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref>",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Marshborough** is a small hamlet immediately adjacent to [Woodnesborough](/wiki/Woodnesborough \"Woodnesborough\") in East [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\"), England.\n\n",
"Listed buildings\n----------------\n\n### Parsonage Farm\n\nThe farmhouse was built in the 17th century or earlier, with an 18th\\-century frontage.\n### Parsonage Farm Outhouse\n\nAn 18th\\-century stables or outhouse in red brick.\n\n",
"### Parsonage Farm\n\nThe farmhouse was built in the 17th century or earlier, with an 18th\\-century frontage.\n\n",
"### Parsonage Farm Outhouse\n\nAn 18th\\-century stables or outhouse in red brick.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n \n\n[Category:Villages in Kent](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Kent \"Villages in Kent\")\n[Category:Dover District](/wiki/Category:Dover_District \"Dover District\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Pennsylvania Route 247
|
{
"id": [
4066845
],
"name": [
"Dough4872"
]
}
|
5sz3stt7k459amlyuxivo9pjx5e8fsw
|
2023-12-10T14:04:57Z
| 1,180,639,793 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Route description",
"History",
"Major intersections",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t**Pennsylvania Route 247** (**PA 247**) is a [state highway](/wiki/State_highway \"State highway\") located in [Lackawanna](/wiki/Lackawanna_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania\"), [Susquehanna](/wiki/Susquehanna_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania\"), and [Wayne](/wiki/Wayne_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Wayne County, Pennsylvania\") counties in [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"). The southern terminus is at [Interstate 84](/wiki/Interstate_84_in_Pennsylvania \"Interstate 84 in Pennsylvania\") (I\\-84\\) in [Mount Cobb](/wiki/Mount_Cobb%2C_Pennsylvania \"Mount Cobb, Pennsylvania\"). The northern terminus is at [PA 370](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_370 \"Pennsylvania Route 370\") in [Preston Park](/wiki/Preston_Park%2C_Pennsylvania \"Preston Park, Pennsylvania\"). The route heads north from I\\-84 in Lackawanna County and crosses the [Moosic Mountains](/wiki/Moosic_Mountains \"Moosic Mountains\") before it heads into suburban areas northeast of [Scranton](/wiki/Scranton%2C_Pennsylvania \"Scranton, Pennsylvania\"), serving [Jessup](/wiki/Jessup%2C_Pennsylvania \"Jessup, Pennsylvania\"), [Blakely](/wiki/Blakely%2C_Pennsylvania \"Blakely, Pennsylvania\"), and [Archbald](/wiki/Archbald%2C_Pennsylvania \"Archbald, Pennsylvania\"). In this area, PA 247 has an interchange with the [U.S. Route 6](/wiki/U.S._Route_6_in_Pennsylvania \"U.S. Route 6 in Pennsylvania\") (US 6\\) freeway in Jessup and intersects [US 6 Business](/wiki/U.S._Route_6_Business_%28Carbondale%2C_Pennsylvania%29 \"U.S. Route 6 Business (Carbondale, Pennsylvania)\") (US 6 Bus.) in Archbald. Past here, the route continues north into rural areas in northern Lackawanna County. PA 247 heads into the southeastern part of Susquehanna County and passes through [Forest City](/wiki/Forest_City%2C_Pennsylvania \"Forest City, Pennsylvania\"), where it forms a short [concurrency](/wiki/Concurrency_%28road%29 \"Concurrency (road)\") with [PA 171](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_171 \"Pennsylvania Route 171\"). The route continues into Wayne County and heads east before curving to the north and continuing to its terminus at PA 370\\.\n\nPA 247 was designated in 1928 between US 6 at Main Street in Blakely and an unnumbered road north of Rock Lake. The route followed its current alignment except between Montdale and Dundaff, where it ran further to the west along current [PA 438](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_438 \"Pennsylvania Route 438\"), Jordan Hollow Road, [PA 107](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_107 \"Pennsylvania Route 107\"), Worth Church Road, Creamery Road, and Airport Road. **PA 147** was designated in 1928 between PA 247/[PA 347](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_347 \"Pennsylvania Route 347\") in Montdale and PA 247 in Dundaff. **PA 248** was designated in the 1930s to run between [PA 348](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_348 \"Pennsylvania Route 348\") in Mount Cobb and US 6 at Main Street in Winton. PA 247 was extended north to PA 570 (now PA 370\\) in Preston Park in the 1930s. In the 1940s, PA 247 was realigned between Montdale and Dundaff to replace PA 147 and was extended south to PA 348 in Mount Cobb, replacing PA 248\\. The route was extended south to I\\-84 in 1976\\.\n\n",
"Route description\n-----------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|PA 247 southbound at PA 670 in Mount Pleasant Township](/wiki/File:2021-09-09_12_38_09_View_south_along_Pennsylvania_State_Route_247_%28Creamton_Drive%29_just_south_of_Pennsylvania_State_Route_670_%28Bethany_Turnpike%29_in_Mount_Pleasant_Township%2C_Wayne_County%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg \"2021-09-09 12 38 09 View south along Pennsylvania State Route 247 (Creamton Drive) just south of Pennsylvania State Route 670 (Bethany Turnpike) in Mount Pleasant Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania.jpg\")\nPA 247 begins at a [diamond interchange](/wiki/Diamond_interchange \"Diamond interchange\") with [I\\-84](/wiki/Interstate_84_in_Pennsylvania \"Interstate 84 in Pennsylvania\") in [Jefferson Township](/wiki/Jefferson_Township%2C_Lackawanna_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Jefferson Township, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania\"), [Lackawanna County](/wiki/Lackawanna_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania\"), heading north on a two\\-lane undivided road. The route heads west of a [park and ride](/wiki/Park_and_ride \"Park and ride\") lot and passes businesses, coming to an intersection with [PA 348](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_348 \"Pennsylvania Route 348\"). Following this, the roadway continues into forested areas with some homes. The road turns northwest and passes through Jefferson Heights before heading across the forested [Moosic Mountains](/wiki/Moosic_Mountains \"Moosic Mountains\"). Along this stretch, PA 247 crosses into the borough of [Jessup](/wiki/Jessup%2C_Pennsylvania \"Jessup, Pennsylvania\"), briefly heading through a portion of the borough of [Olyphant](/wiki/Olyphant%2C_Pennsylvania \"Olyphant, Pennsylvania\") before crossing back into Jessup. The road heads north and comes to a [partial cloverleaf interchange](/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange \"Partial cloverleaf interchange\") with the [US 6](/wiki/U.S._Route_6_in_Pennsylvania \"U.S. Route 6 in Pennsylvania\") freeway, becoming Moosic Lake Road and passing west of a park and ride lot. The name changes to Hill Street and PA 247 heads northwest past businesses. The route turns southwest onto Grassy Island Avenue and continues into residential areas, turning northwest onto Church Street. PA 247 briefly heads southwest on Front Street before resuming northwest on Church Street, passing more homes. The route heads through the commercial downtown of Jessup and crosses a [Delaware\\-Lackawanna Railroad](/wiki/Delaware-Lackawanna_Railroad \"Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad\") line at\\-grade, turning southwest onto Constitution Avenue for a short distance before continuing northwest onto Bridge Street. The road passes more homes prior to crossing the [Lackawanna River](/wiki/Lackawanna_River \"Lackawanna River\") into the borough of [Blakely](/wiki/Blakely%2C_Pennsylvania \"Blakely, Pennsylvania\") and becoming Depot Street. PA 247 turns west onto River Street and runs through more residential areas, turning north onto Keystone Avenue. The route curves to the northwest before turning northeast onto Gino Meril Drive. PA 247 heads north onto Wildcat Road and passes near homes with some businesses, crossing into the borough of [Archbald](/wiki/Archbald%2C_Pennsylvania \"Archbald, Pennsylvania\"). The road comes to an intersection with [US 6 Business](/wiki/U.S._Route_6_Business_%28Carbondale%2C_Pennsylvania%29 \"U.S. Route 6 Business (Carbondale, Pennsylvania)\") and heads into dense forests, turning northwest and entering [Scott Township](/wiki/Scott_Township%2C_Lackawanna_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Scott Township, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania\").\n\nThe route heads west through forested areas with some homes as an unnamed road, intersecting the eastern terminus of [PA 632](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_632 \"Pennsylvania Route 632\") and turning to the northwest. PA 247 heads through more rural areas with some residences, turning north onto Lakeland Drive and intersecting the eastern terminus of [PA 438](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_438 \"Pennsylvania Route 438\") in Montdale. The road heads through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes, curving to the north\\-northeast and becoming an unnamed road. The route intersects [PA 107](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_107 \"Pennsylvania Route 107\") before crossing into [Greenfield Township](/wiki/Greenfield_Township%2C_Lackawanna_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Greenfield Township, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania\") and passing through more rural areas. PA 247 heads through more agricultural areas with some woods and residences, passing through Spencers Corners before crossing [PA 106](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_106 \"Pennsylvania Route 106\") in Finch Hill. North of here, the road turns to the north and heads through more wooded areas with some homes to the west of Newton Lake. The route heads into [Clifford Township](/wiki/Clifford_Township%2C_Pennsylvania \"Clifford Township, Pennsylvania\") in [Susquehanna County](/wiki/Susquehanna_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania\") and continues through more woodland with some fields and residences, turning to the southeast in Dundaff. PA 247 heads through more rural areas, passing to the northeast of Crystal Lake. At this point, the route crosses into [Fell Township](/wiki/Fell_Township%2C_Pennsylvania \"Fell Township, Pennsylvania\") in Lackawanna County and heads through wooded areas of homes, turning to the northeast. PA 247 heads back into Clifford Township, Susquehanna County, and runs through farmland with some homes, turning to the southeast into a mix of farms and woods with some residences. The road curves to the east\\-northeast and heads through forested areas with a few homes, becoming Dundaff Street. The road enters the borough of [Forest City](/wiki/Forest_City%2C_Pennsylvania \"Forest City, Pennsylvania\") and passes through residential areas, coming to an intersection with [PA 171](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_171 \"Pennsylvania Route 171\"). Here, PA 247 turns south to form a [concurrency](/wiki/Concurrency_%28road%29 \"Concurrency (road)\") with PA 171 on Main Street, passing through the commercial downtown. PA 247 splits from PA 171 by turning northeast onto Marion Street, heading into wooded areas.\n\nPA 247 enters [Clinton Township](/wiki/Clinton_Township%2C_Wayne_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Clinton Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania\") in [Wayne County](/wiki/Wayne_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Wayne County, Pennsylvania\") and becomes White Rock Drive, heading into the residential community of Browndale and turning to the north\\-northeast. The road continues through forested areas with occasional homes. The route heads east before turning southeast onto Belmont Turnpike, entering agricultural areas with some woods and residences. PA 247 intersects the northern terminus of [PA 296](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_296 \"Pennsylvania Route 296\"), which continues south on Belmont Turnpike, and turns east onto Creamton Road. The road passes through more rural areas, turning northeast and intersecting [PA 170](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_170 \"Pennsylvania Route 170\") in Creamton. The route heads through more farmland and woodland with some homes, crossing into [Mount Pleasant Township](/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_Township%2C_Wayne_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Mount Pleasant Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania\") and intersecting [PA 670](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_670 \"Pennsylvania Route 670\"). PA 247 heads through more rural areas and curves more to the north, coming to an intersection with [PA 371](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_371 \"Pennsylvania Route 371\"). At this point, the route forms a short concurrency with PA 371 before that route splits to the east in Niagara. The road continues north through more wooded areas with some farmland and residences, passing through Rudes Corner and Rock Lake. PA 247 heads into [Preston Township](/wiki/Preston_Township%2C_Pennsylvania \"Preston Township, Pennsylvania\") and winds to the northeast, becoming White Rock Drive. The road enters [Buckingham Township](/wiki/Buckingham_Township%2C_Wayne_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Buckingham Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania\") and turns to the northwest, crossing back into Preston Township. The route passes through another corner of Buckingham Township prior to heading into Preston Township again and passing through the community of [Lake Como](/wiki/Lake_Como%2C_Pennsylvania \"Lake Como, Pennsylvania\"). PA 247 winds through forested areas near Lower Twin Lake and Upper Twin Lake, ending at an intersection with [PA 370](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_370 \"Pennsylvania Route 370\") near [Preston Park](/wiki/Preston_Park%2C_Pennsylvania \"Preston Park, Pennsylvania\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe portion of PA 247 along the Belmont Turnpike near the northern terminus of PA 296 follows part of the alignment of the Belmont and Easton Turnpike, a [turnpike](/wiki/Toll_road \"Toll road\") that was chartered on March 15, 1812 to run along the North and South road between the [Easton and Wilkes\\-Barre Turnpike](/wiki/Easton_and_Wilkes-Barre_Turnpike \"Easton and Wilkes-Barre Turnpike\") in [Northampton County](/wiki/Northampton_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Northampton County, Pennsylvania\") and the community of Belmont in Mount Pleasant Township, Wayne County. The turnpike was completed in 1819\\-1820\\. The Belmont and Easton Turnpike was used to transport cattle and sheep from [Western New York](/wiki/Western_New_York \"Western New York\") to [Easton](/wiki/Easton%2C_Pennsylvania \"Easton, Pennsylvania\") and [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"). The turnpike saw heavy traffic in its early days but traffic would decline with the rise of the railroads and other roads. When Pennsylvania legislated routes in 1911, what would become PA 247 between [Clifford](/wiki/Clifford%2C_Pennsylvania \"Clifford, Pennsylvania\") and Forest City was designated as Legislative Route 296\\.\n\nPA 247 was designated in 1928 to run from US 6 (Main Street) in Blakely north to an unnumbered road (present\\-day T682\\) north of Rock Lake. The route followed its current alignment to Montdale before it continued northwest along present\\-day PA 438 and Jordan Hollow Road to PA 107\\. Here, PA 247 turned east briefly on PA 107 prior to heading north on Worth Church Road and east on Creamery Road, bending back north again. The route curved east and became Airport Road, picking up its current alignment again and continuing to north of Rock Lake. At this time, the section of PA 247 between Blakely and Montdale was paved while the remainder was unpaved. PA 147 was designated in 1928 to run from PA 247/PA 347 in Montdale north to PA 247 in Dundaff along an unpaved road. By 1930, PA 247 was paved between Montdale and northwest of Scott and to the east of Whites Valley while a section along Jordan Hollow Road was under construction. Also by 1930, PA 147 was paved between [US 106](/wiki/U.S._Route_106 \"U.S. Route 106\") (now PA 106\\) and the border of Lackawanna and Susquehanna counties and was under construction between PA 247 in Montdale and US 106\\. By this time, the road between Mount Cobb and Jessup was an unnumbered, unpaved road.\n\nIn the 1930s, PA 247 was extended north to PA 570 (now PA 370\\) near Preston Park while PA 248 was designated to run from PA 348 in Mount Cobb north to US 6 (Main Street) in Winton. The entire length of both PA 147 and PA 247 were paved during the 1930s. PA 247 was realigned to its current route between Montdale and Dundaff in the 1940s, replacing the entire length of PA 147; the former alignment of PA 247 that ran further to the west became unnumbered. In addition, the route was extended south from Blakely to PA 348 in Mount Cobb, replacing the entire length of PA 248\\. In 1976, the south end of PA 247 was extended to an interchange with I\\-84\\.\n\n",
"Major intersections\n-------------------\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Pennsylvania Highways: PA 247](https://www.pahighways.com/state/PA201-250.html#PA247)\n\n \n\n[247](/wiki/Category:State_highways_in_Pennsylvania \"State highways in Pennsylvania\")\n[Category:Transportation in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Category:Transportation_in_Lackawanna_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Transportation in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania\")\n[Category:Transportation in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Category:Transportation_in_Susquehanna_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Transportation in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania\")\n[Category:Transportation in Wayne County, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Category:Transportation_in_Wayne_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Transportation in Wayne County, Pennsylvania\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Ian Cole
|
{
"id": [
7025048
],
"name": [
"Mikemor92"
]
}
|
8b54ixn2seedndyv7pe3pd1hbcoyv45
|
2024-10-13T23:17:41Z
| 1,250,967,261 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Playing career",
"College",
"Professional",
"St. Louis Blues",
"Pittsburgh Penguins",
"Columbus Blue Jackets",
"Colorado Avalanche",
"Minnesota Wild",
"Carolina Hurricanes",
"Tampa Bay Lightning",
"Vancouver Canucks",
"Utah Hockey Club",
"International play",
"Personal life",
"Career statistics",
"Regular season and playoffs",
"International",
"Awards and honors",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Ian Douglas Cole** (born February 21, 1989\\) is an American professional [ice hockey](/wiki/Ice_hockey \"Ice hockey\") [defenseman](/wiki/Defenceman \"Defenceman\") for the [Utah Hockey Club](/wiki/Utah_Hockey_Club \"Utah Hockey Club\") of the [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") (NHL). Cole won the [Stanley Cup](/wiki/Stanley_Cup \"Stanley Cup\") with the [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins \"Pittsburgh Penguins\") in [2016](/wiki/2016_Stanley_Cup_Finals \"2016 Stanley Cup Finals\") and [2017](/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_Finals \"2017 Stanley Cup Finals\").\n\n",
"Playing career\n--------------\n\n### College\n\nCole joined the [University of Notre Dame](/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame \"University of Notre Dame\") [Fighting Irish](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey\") in 2007 after playing for the [U.S. National Team Development Program](/wiki/USA_Hockey \"USA Hockey\") from 2005 to 2007\\. Cole played at Notre Dame from the 2007–08 season through the 2009–10 season, Cole finished his collegiate career with 69 points in 111 games at Notre Dame. During Cole's stint at Notre Dame the program qualified for the NCAA Tournament in [2007](/wiki/2007_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament \"2007 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\"), [2008](/wiki/2008_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament \"2008 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\"), and [2009](/wiki/2009_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament \"2009 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\"), including the school's first [Frozen Four](/wiki/Frozen_Four \"Frozen Four\") appearance in 2008\\.\n\n### Professional\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Cole during his tenure with the [Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\").](/wiki/File:Ian_Cole_2014-03-23.JPG \"Ian Cole 2014-03-23.JPG\")\n\n#### St. Louis Blues\n\nCole was drafted 18th overall by the [St. Louis Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\") in the [2007 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2007_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2007 NHL Entry Draft\"). At the conclusion of the 2009–10 season, Cole turned pro and signed with the [St. Louis Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\") and was assigned to the [Peoria Rivermen](/wiki/Peoria_Rivermen_%28AHL%29 \"Peoria Rivermen (AHL)\") of the [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\"), the Blues' top minor league affiliate. Cole made his NHL debut on November 6, 2010 after being recalled from Peoria on November 4\\. He scored his first NHL goal on March 9, 2011 against [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\") goaltender, [Mathieu Garon](/wiki/Mathieu_Garon \"Mathieu Garon\").\n\n#### Pittsburgh Penguins\n\nOn March 2, 2015, the [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins \"Pittsburgh Penguins\") acquired Ian Cole from the Blues in exchange for [Robert Bortuzzo](/wiki/Robert_Bortuzzo \"Robert Bortuzzo\") and a [2016](/wiki/2016_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2016 NHL Entry Draft\") 7th\\-round draft pick.\n\nOn June 29, 2015, Cole signed a three\\-year contract worth $6\\.3 million to remain in Pittsburgh. In the [2015–16 season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NHL_season \"2015–16 NHL season\"), Cole registered 12 assists in 70 games. In the post\\-season on June 6, 2016, Cole scored his first career playoff goal against [Martin Jones](/wiki/Martin_Jones_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Martin Jones (ice hockey)\") of the [San Jose Sharks](/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks \"San Jose Sharks\") in Game 4 of the [Stanley Cup Finals](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_Finals \"Stanley Cup Finals\").\n\nIn the [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season \"2016–17 NHL season\"), Cole reached a career high of 26 points with the Penguins, including five goals and 21 assists in 81 regular season games. He appeared in a post\\-season high 25 games, registering 9 assists in helping Pittsburgh defend the Stanley Cup.\n\nEntering the final season of his contract with the Penguins in [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NHL_season \"2017–18 NHL season\"), on October 7, 2017, Cole blocked a shot from [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators \"Nashville Predators\") defenseman [Roman Josi](/wiki/Roman_Josi \"Roman Josi\") and missed the next three games to recover. Cole appeared in 47 games with the Penguins, posting 13 points, before on February 23, 2018, Cole was traded to the [Ottawa Senators](/wiki/Ottawa_Senators \"Ottawa Senators\") along with a [2018](/wiki/2018_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2018 NHL Entry Draft\") first\\-round pick, a [2019](/wiki/2019_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2019 NHL Entry Draft\") third\\-round draft pick, and [Filip Gustavsson](/wiki/Filip_Gustavsson \"Filip Gustavsson\") in exchange for a 2018 third\\-round draft pick, prospect Vincent Dunn, and [Derick Brassard](/wiki/Derick_Brassard \"Derick Brassard\").\n\n#### Columbus Blue Jackets\n\nOn February 26, 2018, before appearing with the Senators, Cole was traded to the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\") in exchange for [Nick Moutrey](/wiki/Nick_Moutrey \"Nick Moutrey\") and a 2020 third\\-round pick. Cole's addition to Columbus' blueline, led to a charge up the standings and secured a playoff berth. In 20 regular season games, he contributed with 2 goals and 7 points before registering 3 assists in 6 post\\-season games in a first\\-round defeat to eventual champions, the [Washington Capitals](/wiki/Washington_Capitals \"Washington Capitals\").\n\n#### Colorado Avalanche\n\nAs a free agent in the off\\-season, Cole signed a three\\-year, $12\\.75 million contract with the [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche \"Colorado Avalanche\") on July 1, 2018\\.\n\nOn February 8, during a 2018–19 regular season game against the Washington Capitals, Cole laid a late hit on [Evgeny Kuznetsov](/wiki/Evgeny_Kuznetsov \"Evgeny Kuznetsov\") resulting in a fight with [Tom Wilson](/wiki/Tom_Wilson_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Tom Wilson (ice hockey)\"). It was determined that Tom Wilson had fractured Cole's [orbital bone](/wiki/Orbital_bone \"Orbital bone\") and he was subsequently placed on Colorado's [injured reserve](/wiki/Injured_reserve_list \"Injured reserve list\").\n\nEntering his final year under contract with the Avalanche in the [pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") delayed [2020–21 season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season \"2020–21 NHL season\"), Cole played in a third pairing role in the opening two games.\n\n#### Minnesota Wild\n\nOn January 19, 2021, Cole was traded by the Avalanche to divisional rival club, the [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild \"Minnesota Wild\"), in exchange for [Greg Pateryn](/wiki/Greg_Pateryn \"Greg Pateryn\"). Cole made an instant impact, solidifying the Wild's third pairing and helping the team push up the standings in recording 1 goal and 8 points through 52 regular season games. In a first\\-round series defeat to the [Vegas Golden Knights](/wiki/Vegas_Golden_Knights \"Vegas Golden Knights\"), Cole featured in all seven games.\n\n#### Carolina Hurricanes\n\nAs a free agent, despite showing interest to return to the Wild, Cole was unable to come to terms and was signed to a one\\-year, $2\\.9 million contract with the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") on July 28, 2021\\. He scored the overtime game\\-winning goal against the [New York Rangers](/wiki/New_York_Rangers \"New York Rangers\") in Game 1 of their 2nd round series in the [2022 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2022_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2022 Stanley Cup playoffs\").\n\n#### Tampa Bay Lightning\n\nHaving concluded his contract with the Hurricanes, Cole was again on the move in agreeing to a one\\-year, $3 million contract with the [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning \"Tampa Bay Lightning\") on July 13, 2022\\.\n\nThe Lightning announced the team had suspended Cole, with pay, on October 10, 2022, pending an investigation into allegations of sexual abuse. \"I take the allegations made against me today in an anonymous tweet very seriously,\" Cole said in a statement made through his agent. \"I look forward to clearing my name and demonstrating to the NHL and the Tampa Bay Lightning that these allegations are unfounded.\" Ultimately, both the team and league investigations into Cole found no evidence that the allegations were truthful.\n\n#### Vancouver Canucks\n\nAfter a lone season with the Lightning, Cole left as a free agent and was signed to a one\\-year, $3 million contract with the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\") for the [2023–24 season](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_NHL_season \"2023–24 NHL season\") on July 1, 2023\\.\n\n#### Utah Hockey Club\n\nAfter spending just one year with the Canucks, Cole once again became an unrestricted free agent, signing a one\\-year, $3\\.1 million contract with the [Utah Hockey Club](/wiki/Utah_Hockey_Club \"Utah Hockey Club\") on July 1, 2024\\. \n\nOn October 8, 2024, Cole took the first minor penalty in Utah Hockey Club history.\n\n",
"### College\n\nCole joined the [University of Notre Dame](/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame \"University of Notre Dame\") [Fighting Irish](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey\") in 2007 after playing for the [U.S. National Team Development Program](/wiki/USA_Hockey \"USA Hockey\") from 2005 to 2007\\. Cole played at Notre Dame from the 2007–08 season through the 2009–10 season, Cole finished his collegiate career with 69 points in 111 games at Notre Dame. During Cole's stint at Notre Dame the program qualified for the NCAA Tournament in [2007](/wiki/2007_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament \"2007 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\"), [2008](/wiki/2008_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament \"2008 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\"), and [2009](/wiki/2009_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament \"2009 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\"), including the school's first [Frozen Four](/wiki/Frozen_Four \"Frozen Four\") appearance in 2008\\.\n\n",
"### Professional\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Cole during his tenure with the [Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\").](/wiki/File:Ian_Cole_2014-03-23.JPG \"Ian Cole 2014-03-23.JPG\")\n\n#### St. Louis Blues\n\nCole was drafted 18th overall by the [St. Louis Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\") in the [2007 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2007_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2007 NHL Entry Draft\"). At the conclusion of the 2009–10 season, Cole turned pro and signed with the [St. Louis Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\") and was assigned to the [Peoria Rivermen](/wiki/Peoria_Rivermen_%28AHL%29 \"Peoria Rivermen (AHL)\") of the [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\"), the Blues' top minor league affiliate. Cole made his NHL debut on November 6, 2010 after being recalled from Peoria on November 4\\. He scored his first NHL goal on March 9, 2011 against [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\") goaltender, [Mathieu Garon](/wiki/Mathieu_Garon \"Mathieu Garon\").\n\n#### Pittsburgh Penguins\n\nOn March 2, 2015, the [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins \"Pittsburgh Penguins\") acquired Ian Cole from the Blues in exchange for [Robert Bortuzzo](/wiki/Robert_Bortuzzo \"Robert Bortuzzo\") and a [2016](/wiki/2016_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2016 NHL Entry Draft\") 7th\\-round draft pick.\n\nOn June 29, 2015, Cole signed a three\\-year contract worth $6\\.3 million to remain in Pittsburgh. In the [2015–16 season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NHL_season \"2015–16 NHL season\"), Cole registered 12 assists in 70 games. In the post\\-season on June 6, 2016, Cole scored his first career playoff goal against [Martin Jones](/wiki/Martin_Jones_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Martin Jones (ice hockey)\") of the [San Jose Sharks](/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks \"San Jose Sharks\") in Game 4 of the [Stanley Cup Finals](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_Finals \"Stanley Cup Finals\").\n\nIn the [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season \"2016–17 NHL season\"), Cole reached a career high of 26 points with the Penguins, including five goals and 21 assists in 81 regular season games. He appeared in a post\\-season high 25 games, registering 9 assists in helping Pittsburgh defend the Stanley Cup.\n\nEntering the final season of his contract with the Penguins in [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NHL_season \"2017–18 NHL season\"), on October 7, 2017, Cole blocked a shot from [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators \"Nashville Predators\") defenseman [Roman Josi](/wiki/Roman_Josi \"Roman Josi\") and missed the next three games to recover. Cole appeared in 47 games with the Penguins, posting 13 points, before on February 23, 2018, Cole was traded to the [Ottawa Senators](/wiki/Ottawa_Senators \"Ottawa Senators\") along with a [2018](/wiki/2018_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2018 NHL Entry Draft\") first\\-round pick, a [2019](/wiki/2019_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2019 NHL Entry Draft\") third\\-round draft pick, and [Filip Gustavsson](/wiki/Filip_Gustavsson \"Filip Gustavsson\") in exchange for a 2018 third\\-round draft pick, prospect Vincent Dunn, and [Derick Brassard](/wiki/Derick_Brassard \"Derick Brassard\").\n\n#### Columbus Blue Jackets\n\nOn February 26, 2018, before appearing with the Senators, Cole was traded to the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\") in exchange for [Nick Moutrey](/wiki/Nick_Moutrey \"Nick Moutrey\") and a 2020 third\\-round pick. Cole's addition to Columbus' blueline, led to a charge up the standings and secured a playoff berth. In 20 regular season games, he contributed with 2 goals and 7 points before registering 3 assists in 6 post\\-season games in a first\\-round defeat to eventual champions, the [Washington Capitals](/wiki/Washington_Capitals \"Washington Capitals\").\n\n#### Colorado Avalanche\n\nAs a free agent in the off\\-season, Cole signed a three\\-year, $12\\.75 million contract with the [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche \"Colorado Avalanche\") on July 1, 2018\\.\n\nOn February 8, during a 2018–19 regular season game against the Washington Capitals, Cole laid a late hit on [Evgeny Kuznetsov](/wiki/Evgeny_Kuznetsov \"Evgeny Kuznetsov\") resulting in a fight with [Tom Wilson](/wiki/Tom_Wilson_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Tom Wilson (ice hockey)\"). It was determined that Tom Wilson had fractured Cole's [orbital bone](/wiki/Orbital_bone \"Orbital bone\") and he was subsequently placed on Colorado's [injured reserve](/wiki/Injured_reserve_list \"Injured reserve list\").\n\nEntering his final year under contract with the Avalanche in the [pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") delayed [2020–21 season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season \"2020–21 NHL season\"), Cole played in a third pairing role in the opening two games.\n\n#### Minnesota Wild\n\nOn January 19, 2021, Cole was traded by the Avalanche to divisional rival club, the [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild \"Minnesota Wild\"), in exchange for [Greg Pateryn](/wiki/Greg_Pateryn \"Greg Pateryn\"). Cole made an instant impact, solidifying the Wild's third pairing and helping the team push up the standings in recording 1 goal and 8 points through 52 regular season games. In a first\\-round series defeat to the [Vegas Golden Knights](/wiki/Vegas_Golden_Knights \"Vegas Golden Knights\"), Cole featured in all seven games.\n\n#### Carolina Hurricanes\n\nAs a free agent, despite showing interest to return to the Wild, Cole was unable to come to terms and was signed to a one\\-year, $2\\.9 million contract with the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") on July 28, 2021\\. He scored the overtime game\\-winning goal against the [New York Rangers](/wiki/New_York_Rangers \"New York Rangers\") in Game 1 of their 2nd round series in the [2022 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2022_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2022 Stanley Cup playoffs\").\n\n#### Tampa Bay Lightning\n\nHaving concluded his contract with the Hurricanes, Cole was again on the move in agreeing to a one\\-year, $3 million contract with the [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning \"Tampa Bay Lightning\") on July 13, 2022\\.\n\nThe Lightning announced the team had suspended Cole, with pay, on October 10, 2022, pending an investigation into allegations of sexual abuse. \"I take the allegations made against me today in an anonymous tweet very seriously,\" Cole said in a statement made through his agent. \"I look forward to clearing my name and demonstrating to the NHL and the Tampa Bay Lightning that these allegations are unfounded.\" Ultimately, both the team and league investigations into Cole found no evidence that the allegations were truthful.\n\n#### Vancouver Canucks\n\nAfter a lone season with the Lightning, Cole left as a free agent and was signed to a one\\-year, $3 million contract with the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\") for the [2023–24 season](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_NHL_season \"2023–24 NHL season\") on July 1, 2023\\.\n\n#### Utah Hockey Club\n\nAfter spending just one year with the Canucks, Cole once again became an unrestricted free agent, signing a one\\-year, $3\\.1 million contract with the [Utah Hockey Club](/wiki/Utah_Hockey_Club \"Utah Hockey Club\") on July 1, 2024\\. \n\nOn October 8, 2024, Cole took the first minor penalty in Utah Hockey Club history.\n\n",
"#### St. Louis Blues\n\nCole was drafted 18th overall by the [St. Louis Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\") in the [2007 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2007_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2007 NHL Entry Draft\"). At the conclusion of the 2009–10 season, Cole turned pro and signed with the [St. Louis Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\") and was assigned to the [Peoria Rivermen](/wiki/Peoria_Rivermen_%28AHL%29 \"Peoria Rivermen (AHL)\") of the [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\"), the Blues' top minor league affiliate. Cole made his NHL debut on November 6, 2010 after being recalled from Peoria on November 4\\. He scored his first NHL goal on March 9, 2011 against [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\") goaltender, [Mathieu Garon](/wiki/Mathieu_Garon \"Mathieu Garon\").\n\n",
"#### Pittsburgh Penguins\n\nOn March 2, 2015, the [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins \"Pittsburgh Penguins\") acquired Ian Cole from the Blues in exchange for [Robert Bortuzzo](/wiki/Robert_Bortuzzo \"Robert Bortuzzo\") and a [2016](/wiki/2016_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2016 NHL Entry Draft\") 7th\\-round draft pick.\n\nOn June 29, 2015, Cole signed a three\\-year contract worth $6\\.3 million to remain in Pittsburgh. In the [2015–16 season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NHL_season \"2015–16 NHL season\"), Cole registered 12 assists in 70 games. In the post\\-season on June 6, 2016, Cole scored his first career playoff goal against [Martin Jones](/wiki/Martin_Jones_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Martin Jones (ice hockey)\") of the [San Jose Sharks](/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks \"San Jose Sharks\") in Game 4 of the [Stanley Cup Finals](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_Finals \"Stanley Cup Finals\").\n\nIn the [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season \"2016–17 NHL season\"), Cole reached a career high of 26 points with the Penguins, including five goals and 21 assists in 81 regular season games. He appeared in a post\\-season high 25 games, registering 9 assists in helping Pittsburgh defend the Stanley Cup.\n\nEntering the final season of his contract with the Penguins in [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NHL_season \"2017–18 NHL season\"), on October 7, 2017, Cole blocked a shot from [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators \"Nashville Predators\") defenseman [Roman Josi](/wiki/Roman_Josi \"Roman Josi\") and missed the next three games to recover. Cole appeared in 47 games with the Penguins, posting 13 points, before on February 23, 2018, Cole was traded to the [Ottawa Senators](/wiki/Ottawa_Senators \"Ottawa Senators\") along with a [2018](/wiki/2018_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2018 NHL Entry Draft\") first\\-round pick, a [2019](/wiki/2019_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2019 NHL Entry Draft\") third\\-round draft pick, and [Filip Gustavsson](/wiki/Filip_Gustavsson \"Filip Gustavsson\") in exchange for a 2018 third\\-round draft pick, prospect Vincent Dunn, and [Derick Brassard](/wiki/Derick_Brassard \"Derick Brassard\").\n\n",
"#### Columbus Blue Jackets\n\nOn February 26, 2018, before appearing with the Senators, Cole was traded to the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\") in exchange for [Nick Moutrey](/wiki/Nick_Moutrey \"Nick Moutrey\") and a 2020 third\\-round pick. Cole's addition to Columbus' blueline, led to a charge up the standings and secured a playoff berth. In 20 regular season games, he contributed with 2 goals and 7 points before registering 3 assists in 6 post\\-season games in a first\\-round defeat to eventual champions, the [Washington Capitals](/wiki/Washington_Capitals \"Washington Capitals\").\n\n",
"#### Colorado Avalanche\n\nAs a free agent in the off\\-season, Cole signed a three\\-year, $12\\.75 million contract with the [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche \"Colorado Avalanche\") on July 1, 2018\\.\n\nOn February 8, during a 2018–19 regular season game against the Washington Capitals, Cole laid a late hit on [Evgeny Kuznetsov](/wiki/Evgeny_Kuznetsov \"Evgeny Kuznetsov\") resulting in a fight with [Tom Wilson](/wiki/Tom_Wilson_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Tom Wilson (ice hockey)\"). It was determined that Tom Wilson had fractured Cole's [orbital bone](/wiki/Orbital_bone \"Orbital bone\") and he was subsequently placed on Colorado's [injured reserve](/wiki/Injured_reserve_list \"Injured reserve list\").\n\nEntering his final year under contract with the Avalanche in the [pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") delayed [2020–21 season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season \"2020–21 NHL season\"), Cole played in a third pairing role in the opening two games.\n\n",
"#### Minnesota Wild\n\nOn January 19, 2021, Cole was traded by the Avalanche to divisional rival club, the [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild \"Minnesota Wild\"), in exchange for [Greg Pateryn](/wiki/Greg_Pateryn \"Greg Pateryn\"). Cole made an instant impact, solidifying the Wild's third pairing and helping the team push up the standings in recording 1 goal and 8 points through 52 regular season games. In a first\\-round series defeat to the [Vegas Golden Knights](/wiki/Vegas_Golden_Knights \"Vegas Golden Knights\"), Cole featured in all seven games.\n\n",
"#### Carolina Hurricanes\n\nAs a free agent, despite showing interest to return to the Wild, Cole was unable to come to terms and was signed to a one\\-year, $2\\.9 million contract with the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") on July 28, 2021\\. He scored the overtime game\\-winning goal against the [New York Rangers](/wiki/New_York_Rangers \"New York Rangers\") in Game 1 of their 2nd round series in the [2022 Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/2022_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2022 Stanley Cup playoffs\").\n\n",
"#### Tampa Bay Lightning\n\nHaving concluded his contract with the Hurricanes, Cole was again on the move in agreeing to a one\\-year, $3 million contract with the [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning \"Tampa Bay Lightning\") on July 13, 2022\\.\n\nThe Lightning announced the team had suspended Cole, with pay, on October 10, 2022, pending an investigation into allegations of sexual abuse. \"I take the allegations made against me today in an anonymous tweet very seriously,\" Cole said in a statement made through his agent. \"I look forward to clearing my name and demonstrating to the NHL and the Tampa Bay Lightning that these allegations are unfounded.\" Ultimately, both the team and league investigations into Cole found no evidence that the allegations were truthful.\n\n",
"#### Vancouver Canucks\n\nAfter a lone season with the Lightning, Cole left as a free agent and was signed to a one\\-year, $3 million contract with the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\") for the [2023–24 season](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_NHL_season \"2023–24 NHL season\") on July 1, 2023\\.\n\n",
"#### Utah Hockey Club\n\nAfter spending just one year with the Canucks, Cole once again became an unrestricted free agent, signing a one\\-year, $3\\.1 million contract with the [Utah Hockey Club](/wiki/Utah_Hockey_Club \"Utah Hockey Club\") on July 1, 2024\\. \n\nOn October 8, 2024, Cole took the first minor penalty in Utah Hockey Club history.\n\n",
"International play\n------------------\n\nCole's first international experience came at the [2007 World Junior Championships](/wiki/2007_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships \"2007 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships\"). Cole added four goals and an assist in seven games of the tournament, helping [United States national junior team](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_junior_ice_hockey_team \"United States men's national junior ice hockey team\") to a bronze medal finish. The 2007 tournament marked the most points Cole would score at the event, in [2008](/wiki/2008_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships \"2008 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships\") he was held pointless and in his final appearance in the tournament in [2009](/wiki/2009_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships \"2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships\") he finished with two goals and two assists.\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nCole was born and raised in [Ann Arbor, Michigan](/wiki/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan \"Ann Arbor, Michigan\") with his younger sister, mother Connie, and father Doug. He learned to skate at [Yost Ice Arena](/wiki/Yost_Ice_Arena \"Yost Ice Arena\"). He also skated outdoors at [Buhr Park](/wiki/Buhr_Park \"Buhr Park\") and did power skating at Veterans Memorial Ice Arena. Growing up, he played for the Ann Arbor Amateur Hockey Association at the Ice Cube.\n\n",
"Career statistics\n-----------------\n\n### Regular season and playoffs\n\n| | | | | [Regular season](/wiki/Regular_season \"Regular season\") | | | | | | [Playoffs](/wiki/Playoffs \"Playoffs\") | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 \"Season (sports)\") | Team | League | GP | [G](/wiki/Goal_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Goal (ice hockey)\") | [A](/wiki/Assist_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Assist (ice hockey)\") | [Pts](/wiki/Point_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Point (ice hockey)\") | [PIM](/wiki/Penalty_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Penalty (ice hockey)\") | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |\n| 2005–06 | [U.S. NTDP U17](/wiki/USA_Hockey_National_Team_Development_Program \"USA Hockey National Team Development Program\") | USDP | 18 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 14 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2005–06 | U.S. NTDP U18 | USDP | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2005–06 | U.S. NTDP U18 | [NAHL](/wiki/North_American_Hockey_League \"North American Hockey League\") | 40 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 75 | 12 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 14 |\n| 2006–07 | U.S. NTDP U18 | USDP | 42 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 37 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2006–07 | U.S. NTDP U18 | NAHL | 16 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 28 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2007–08 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | [University of Notre Dame](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey\") | [CCHA](/wiki/Central_Collegiate_Hockey_Association \"Central Collegiate Hockey Association\") | 43 | 8 | 12 | 20 | 40 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2008–09 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | University of Notre Dame | CCHA | 38 | 6 | 20 | 26 | 58 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2009–10 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | University of Notre Dame | CCHA | 30 | 3 | 19 | 22 | 55 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_AHL_season \"2009–10 AHL season\") | [Peoria Rivermen](/wiki/Peoria_Rivermen_%28AHL%29 \"Peoria Rivermen (AHL)\") | [AHL](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\") | 9 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2010–11](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_AHL_season \"2010–11 AHL season\") | Peoria Rivermen | AHL | 44 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 63 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2010–11](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_NHL_season \"2010–11 NHL season\") | [St. Louis Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\") | [NHL](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") | 26 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 35 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2011–12](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_AHL_season \"2011–12 AHL season\") | Peoria Rivermen | AHL | 22 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2011–12](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_NHL_season \"2011–12 NHL season\") | St. Louis Blues | NHL | 26 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 22 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| [2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_AHL_season \"2012–13 AHL season\") | Peoria Rivermen | AHL | 34 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 43 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_NHL_season \"2012–13 NHL season\") | St. Louis Blues | NHL | 15 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2013–14](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NHL_season \"2013–14 NHL season\") | St. Louis Blues | NHL | 46 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 31 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2014–15](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_NHL_season \"2014–15 NHL season\") | St. Louis Blues | NHL | 54 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 44 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2014–15 | [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins \"Pittsburgh Penguins\") | NHL | 20 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 |\n| [2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NHL_season \"2015–16 NHL season\") | Pittsburgh Penguins | NHL | 70 | 0 | 12 | 12 | 59 | 24 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 14 |\n| [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season \"2016–17 NHL season\") | Pittsburgh Penguins | NHL | 81 | 5 | 21 | 26 | 72 | 25 | 0 | 9 | 9 | 22 |\n| [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NHL_season \"2017–18 NHL season\") | Pittsburgh Penguins | NHL | 47 | 3 | 10 | 13 | 52 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2017–18 | [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\") | NHL | 20 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 24 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 |\n| [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_NHL_season \"2018–19 NHL season\") | [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche \"Colorado Avalanche\") | NHL | 71 | 2 | 13 | 15 | 115 | 12 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 16 |\n| [2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_NHL_season \"2019–20 NHL season\") | Colorado Avalanche | NHL | 65 | 4 | 22 | 26 | 36 | 15 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 10 |\n| [2020–21](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season \"2020–21 NHL season\") | Colorado Avalanche | NHL | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2020–21 | [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild \"Minnesota Wild\") | NHL | 52 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 32 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |\n| [2021–22](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_NHL_season \"2021–22 NHL season\") | [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") | NHL | 75 | 2 | 17 | 19 | 83 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 10 |\n| [2022–23](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_NHL_season \"2022–23 NHL season\") | [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning \"Tampa Bay Lightning\") | NHL | 78 | 3 | 14 | 17 | 61 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |\n| [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_NHL_season \"2023–24 NHL season\") | [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\") | NHL | 78 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 61 | 13 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 |\n| NHL totals | | | 826 | 34 | 159 | 193 | 744 | 129 | 3 | 28 | 31 | 98 |\n\n### International\n\n| Year | Team | Event | Result | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [2006](/wiki/2006_World_U-17_Hockey_Challenge \"2006 World U-17 Hockey Challenge\") | [United States](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_under-18_ice_hockey_team \"United States men's national under-18 ice hockey team\") | [U17](/wiki/World_U-17_Hockey_Challenge \"World U-17 Hockey Challenge\") | | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |\n| [2007](/wiki/2007_IIHF_World_U18_Championships \"2007 IIHF World U18 Championships\") | United States | [U18](/wiki/IIHF_World_U18_Championships \"IIHF World U18 Championships\") | | 7 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 6 |\n| [2008](/wiki/2008_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships \"2008 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships\") | [United States](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_junior_ice_hockey_team \"United States men's national junior ice hockey team\") | [WJC](/wiki/World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships \"World Junior Ice Hockey Championships\") | 4th | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |\n| [2009](/wiki/2009_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships \"2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships\") | United States | WJC | 5th | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 |\n| Junior totals | | | | 25 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 20 |\n\n",
"### Regular season and playoffs\n\n| | | | | [Regular season](/wiki/Regular_season \"Regular season\") | | | | | | [Playoffs](/wiki/Playoffs \"Playoffs\") | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 \"Season (sports)\") | Team | League | GP | [G](/wiki/Goal_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Goal (ice hockey)\") | [A](/wiki/Assist_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Assist (ice hockey)\") | [Pts](/wiki/Point_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Point (ice hockey)\") | [PIM](/wiki/Penalty_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Penalty (ice hockey)\") | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |\n| 2005–06 | [U.S. NTDP U17](/wiki/USA_Hockey_National_Team_Development_Program \"USA Hockey National Team Development Program\") | USDP | 18 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 14 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2005–06 | U.S. NTDP U18 | USDP | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2005–06 | U.S. NTDP U18 | [NAHL](/wiki/North_American_Hockey_League \"North American Hockey League\") | 40 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 75 | 12 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 14 |\n| 2006–07 | U.S. NTDP U18 | USDP | 42 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 37 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2006–07 | U.S. NTDP U18 | NAHL | 16 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 28 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2007–08 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | [University of Notre Dame](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey\") | [CCHA](/wiki/Central_Collegiate_Hockey_Association \"Central Collegiate Hockey Association\") | 43 | 8 | 12 | 20 | 40 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2008–09 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | University of Notre Dame | CCHA | 38 | 6 | 20 | 26 | 58 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2009–10 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | University of Notre Dame | CCHA | 30 | 3 | 19 | 22 | 55 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_AHL_season \"2009–10 AHL season\") | [Peoria Rivermen](/wiki/Peoria_Rivermen_%28AHL%29 \"Peoria Rivermen (AHL)\") | [AHL](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\") | 9 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2010–11](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_AHL_season \"2010–11 AHL season\") | Peoria Rivermen | AHL | 44 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 63 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2010–11](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_NHL_season \"2010–11 NHL season\") | [St. Louis Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\") | [NHL](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") | 26 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 35 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2011–12](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_AHL_season \"2011–12 AHL season\") | Peoria Rivermen | AHL | 22 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2011–12](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_NHL_season \"2011–12 NHL season\") | St. Louis Blues | NHL | 26 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 22 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| [2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_AHL_season \"2012–13 AHL season\") | Peoria Rivermen | AHL | 34 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 43 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_NHL_season \"2012–13 NHL season\") | St. Louis Blues | NHL | 15 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2013–14](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NHL_season \"2013–14 NHL season\") | St. Louis Blues | NHL | 46 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 31 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2014–15](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_NHL_season \"2014–15 NHL season\") | St. Louis Blues | NHL | 54 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 44 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2014–15 | [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins \"Pittsburgh Penguins\") | NHL | 20 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 |\n| [2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NHL_season \"2015–16 NHL season\") | Pittsburgh Penguins | NHL | 70 | 0 | 12 | 12 | 59 | 24 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 14 |\n| [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season \"2016–17 NHL season\") | Pittsburgh Penguins | NHL | 81 | 5 | 21 | 26 | 72 | 25 | 0 | 9 | 9 | 22 |\n| [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NHL_season \"2017–18 NHL season\") | Pittsburgh Penguins | NHL | 47 | 3 | 10 | 13 | 52 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2017–18 | [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\") | NHL | 20 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 24 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 |\n| [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_NHL_season \"2018–19 NHL season\") | [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche \"Colorado Avalanche\") | NHL | 71 | 2 | 13 | 15 | 115 | 12 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 16 |\n| [2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_NHL_season \"2019–20 NHL season\") | Colorado Avalanche | NHL | 65 | 4 | 22 | 26 | 36 | 15 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 10 |\n| [2020–21](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season \"2020–21 NHL season\") | Colorado Avalanche | NHL | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2020–21 | [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild \"Minnesota Wild\") | NHL | 52 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 32 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |\n| [2021–22](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_NHL_season \"2021–22 NHL season\") | [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\") | NHL | 75 | 2 | 17 | 19 | 83 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 10 |\n| [2022–23](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_NHL_season \"2022–23 NHL season\") | [Tampa Bay Lightning](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning \"Tampa Bay Lightning\") | NHL | 78 | 3 | 14 | 17 | 61 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |\n| [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_NHL_season \"2023–24 NHL season\") | [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\") | NHL | 78 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 61 | 13 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 |\n| NHL totals | | | 826 | 34 | 159 | 193 | 744 | 129 | 3 | 28 | 31 | 98 |\n\n",
"### International\n\n| Year | Team | Event | Result | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [2006](/wiki/2006_World_U-17_Hockey_Challenge \"2006 World U-17 Hockey Challenge\") | [United States](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_under-18_ice_hockey_team \"United States men's national under-18 ice hockey team\") | [U17](/wiki/World_U-17_Hockey_Challenge \"World U-17 Hockey Challenge\") | | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |\n| [2007](/wiki/2007_IIHF_World_U18_Championships \"2007 IIHF World U18 Championships\") | United States | [U18](/wiki/IIHF_World_U18_Championships \"IIHF World U18 Championships\") | | 7 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 6 |\n| [2008](/wiki/2008_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships \"2008 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships\") | [United States](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_junior_ice_hockey_team \"United States men's national junior ice hockey team\") | [WJC](/wiki/World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships \"World Junior Ice Hockey Championships\") | 4th | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |\n| [2009](/wiki/2009_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships \"2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships\") | United States | WJC | 5th | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 |\n| Junior totals | | | | 25 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 20 |\n\n",
"Awards and honors\n-----------------\n\n| Award | Year | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [College](/wiki/College_hockey \"College hockey\") | | |\n| All\\-[CCHA](/wiki/Central_Collegiate_Hockey_Association \"Central Collegiate Hockey Association\") [First Team](/wiki/List_of_All-CCHA_Teams%23First_Team \"List of All-CCHA Teams#First Team\") | [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2008–09 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | |\n| [AHCA](/wiki/American_Hockey_Coaches_Association \"American Hockey Coaches Association\") [West First\\-Team All\\-American](/wiki/List_of_Division_I_AHCA_All-American_Teams \"List of Division I AHCA All-American Teams\") | [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2008–09 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | |\n| CCHA [All\\-Tournament Team](/wiki/List_of_CCHA_All-Tournament_Teams \"List of CCHA All-Tournament Teams\") | [2009](/wiki/2009_CCHA_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament \"2009 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\") | |\n| [NHL](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") | | |\n| [Stanley Cup](/wiki/List_of_Stanley_Cup_champions \"List of Stanley Cup champions\") champion | [2016](/wiki/2016_Stanley_Cup_Finals \"2016 Stanley Cup Finals\"), [2017](/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_Finals \"2017 Stanley Cup Finals\") | |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1989 births](/wiki/Category:1989_births \"1989 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All\\-Americans](/wiki/Category:AHCA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_All-Americans \"AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans\")\n[Category:American men's ice hockey defensemen](/wiki/Category:American_men%27s_ice_hockey_defensemen \"American men's ice hockey defensemen\")\n[Category:Carolina Hurricanes players](/wiki/Category:Carolina_Hurricanes_players \"Carolina Hurricanes players\")\n[Category:Colorado Avalanche players](/wiki/Category:Colorado_Avalanche_players \"Colorado Avalanche players\")\n[Category:Columbus Blue Jackets players](/wiki/Category:Columbus_Blue_Jackets_players \"Columbus Blue Jackets players\")\n[Category:Minnesota Wild players](/wiki/Category:Minnesota_Wild_players \"Minnesota Wild players\")\n[Category:NHL first\\-round draft picks](/wiki/Category:NHL_first-round_draft_picks \"NHL first-round draft picks\")\n[Category:Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey players](/wiki/Category:Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_men%27s_ice_hockey_players \"Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey players\")\n[Category:Peoria Rivermen (AHL) players](/wiki/Category:Peoria_Rivermen_%28AHL%29_players \"Peoria Rivermen (AHL) players\")\n[Category:Pittsburgh Penguins players](/wiki/Category:Pittsburgh_Penguins_players \"Pittsburgh Penguins players\")\n[Category:St. Louis Blues draft picks](/wiki/Category:St._Louis_Blues_draft_picks \"St. Louis Blues draft picks\")\n[Category:St. Louis Blues players](/wiki/Category:St._Louis_Blues_players \"St. Louis Blues players\")\n[Category:Stanley Cup champions](/wiki/Category:Stanley_Cup_champions \"Stanley Cup champions\")\n[Category:Tampa Bay Lightning players](/wiki/Category:Tampa_Bay_Lightning_players \"Tampa Bay Lightning players\")\n[Category:Utah Hockey Club players](/wiki/Category:Utah_Hockey_Club_players \"Utah Hockey Club players\")\n[Category:Vancouver Canucks players](/wiki/Category:Vancouver_Canucks_players \"Vancouver Canucks players\")\n[Category:USA Hockey National Team Development Program players](/wiki/Category:USA_Hockey_National_Team_Development_Program_players \"USA Hockey National Team Development Program players\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Heliconius nattereri
|
{
"id": [
4057701
],
"name": [
"Rlendog"
]
}
|
b0ws4p3vjp4pdwcqo97kv3qg42uwoxs
|
2024-08-07T21:14:05Z
| 1,220,425,838 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Heliconius nattereri*** (**Natterer's longwing**) is a species of [butterfly](/wiki/Butterfly \"Butterfly\") in the family [Nymphalidae](/wiki/Nymphalidae \"Nymphalidae\"). It is [endemic](/wiki/Endemism \"Endemism\") to the [Atlantic forest](/wiki/Atlantic_forest \"Atlantic forest\") of [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\").\n\nThe butterfly has been found in the [Feliciano Miguel Abdala Private Natural Heritage Reserve](/wiki/Feliciano_Miguel_Abdala_Private_Natural_Heritage_Reserve \"Feliciano Miguel Abdala Private Natural Heritage Reserve\") in the state of [Minas Gerais](/wiki/Minas_Gerais \"Minas Gerais\").\n\nThe wings of the female *H. nattereri* are black, orange, and yellow in color, while the male wings are a black and yellow pattern. Males tend to fly faster and congregate in the canopy, while females fly slower and stay in the middle story. \n\nThe *H. nattereri* species is currently listed as endangered. This is due to their unique habitat which is currently being invaded by humans and activities such as deforestation.Cardoso, M. Z., Brito, M. R., \\& Lion, M. B. Confirmation of the northernmost population of the endangered butterfly heliconius nattereri C. felder \\& R. felder, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biota Neotropica. (2017\\) [https://www.scielo.br/j/bn/a/N8WQb6wsxgZhqShJryJ4Rxv/?lang\\=en](https://www.scielo.br/j/bn/a/N8WQb6wsxgZhqShJryJ4Rxv/?lang=en)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[nattereri](/wiki/Category:Heliconius \"Heliconius\")\n[Category:Endemic insects of Brazil](/wiki/Category:Endemic_insects_of_Brazil \"Endemic insects of Brazil\")\n[Category:Nymphalidae of South America](/wiki/Category:Nymphalidae_of_South_America \"Nymphalidae of South America\")\n[Category:Butterflies described in 1865](/wiki/Category:Butterflies_described_in_1865 \"Butterflies described in 1865\")\n[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot](/wiki/Category:Taxonomy_articles_created_by_Polbot \"Taxonomy articles created by Polbot\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Cajetan von Felder](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Cajetan_von_Felder \"Taxa named by Cajetan von Felder\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Rudolf Felder](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Rudolf_Felder \"Taxa named by Rudolf Felder\")\n[Category:Lepidoptera of Brazil](/wiki/Category:Lepidoptera_of_Brazil \"Lepidoptera of Brazil\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Alton Junction
|
{
"id": [
47880584
],
"name": [
"Schützenpanzer"
]
}
|
fjseshzu4dfu14v30e4bjod3ugvi1nk
|
2024-09-09T01:10:43Z
| 1,153,446,218 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Alton Junction**, more commonly known as the **21st Street Crossing**, is a historically significant rail location in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago%2C_Illinois \"Chicago, Illinois\"), [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\"). The junction can be found just east of Canal Street and north of [Cermak Road](/wiki/Cermak_Road \"Cermak Road\") near [Chicago's Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown%2C_Chicago \"Chinatown, Chicago\"). It is located just south of a massive [vertical lift bridge](/wiki/Vertical_lift_bridge \"Vertical lift bridge\") that spans the [South Branch of the Chicago River](/wiki/Chicago_River \"Chicago River\") and \"guards\" the entrance to [Chicago's Union Station](/wiki/Union_Station_%28Chicago%29 \"Union Station (Chicago)\"). While a significant amount of rail traffic still traverses this interlock every day, it has been greatly reduced from using 26 [diamonds](/wiki/Level_junction \"Level junction\") to control over 150 trains using the crossing.\n\nThe north–south line is the former Pennsylvania Railroad ([Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne \\& Chicago](/wiki/Pittsburgh%2C_Fort_Wayne_and_Chicago_Railway \"Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway\")) mainline, which is now owned and operated by [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\") as the southern gateway to the Union Station complex. The [Norfolk Southern](/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway \"Norfolk Southern Railway\")'s [Chicago Line](/wiki/Chicago_Line_%28Norfolk_Southern%29 \"Chicago Line (Norfolk Southern)\") and the former BNSF [Southern Transcon](/wiki/Southern_Transcon \"Southern Transcon\") terminate at the southern entrance to the interlocking, but both NS and [Burlington Northern Santa Fe](/wiki/BNSF_Railway \"BNSF Railway\") trains have trackage rights over the bridge to access the BNSF east–west main line. All of Amtrak's East Coast bound and [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan_Services \"Michigan Services\") trains use this track. The east–west line now belongs to the [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\"). It at one time was owned by [Illinois Central](/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad \"Illinois Central Railroad\") and was the carrier's route out of its [Central Station](/wiki/Central_Station_%28Chicago_terminal%29 \"Central Station (Chicago terminal)\") to Iowa.\n\nAlton Junction was controlled by a manned interlocking tower until 2005 when Amtrak transferred control to its new Chicago Terminal control center. Known as 21st Street tower, its operators handled movements through the busy plant using a [US\\&S](/wiki/US%26S \"US&S\") Model 14 electro\\-pneumatic interlocking machine. In its final years 21st St took remote control of the closed NYC Clark St tower on the joint NYC/CRI\\&P tracks at 16th St\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Photographs](https://southernillinoisrailroads.com/roundhouses/east-alton-illinois-big-4-engine-house.html) on southernillinoisrailroads.com\n\n[Category:Transportation in Chicago](/wiki/Category:Transportation_in_Chicago \"Transportation in Chicago\")\n[Category:Rail junctions in the United States](/wiki/Category:Rail_junctions_in_the_United_States \"Rail junctions in the United States\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Yngve Nordwall
|
{
"id": [
45293124
],
"name": [
"Ernsanchez00"
]
}
|
qdk715oe09iqmt7v3ecnnzqymnxhrj9
|
2024-08-29T21:45:11Z
| 1,238,916,947 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Filmography",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Yngve Nordwall** (13 April 1908 – 23 January 1994\\) was a Swedish film actor and [director](/wiki/Film_director \"Film director\").\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1940 | *[Västkustens hjältar](/wiki/V%C3%A4stkustens_hj%C3%A4ltar \"Västkustens hjältar\")* | Erik Gunnarsson | Uncredited |\n| 1941 | *[Scanian Guerilla](/wiki/Scanian_Guerilla \"Scanian Guerilla\")* | Sören | |\n| 1944 | *[Count Only the Happy Moments](/wiki/Count_Only_the_Happy_Moments \"Count Only the Happy Moments\")* | Ragnar Normark | |\n| 1947 | *[Crime in the Sun](/wiki/Crime_in_the_Sun \"Crime in the Sun\")* | Doktor Bergquist | |\n| 1948 | *[Loffe the Tramp](/wiki/Loffe_the_Tramp \"Loffe the Tramp\")* | Heiman | |\n| 1948 | *[Port of Call](/wiki/Port_of_Call_%281948_film%29 \"Port of Call (1948 film)\")* | The Supervisor | |\n| 1950 | *[This Can't Happen Here](/wiki/This_Can%27t_Happen_Here \"This Can't Happen Here\")* | Lindell | |\n| 1953 | *[Bread of Love](/wiki/Bread_of_Love \"Bread of Love\")* | Vicar | |\n| 1955 | *[Smiles of a Summer Night](/wiki/Smiles_of_a_Summer_Night \"Smiles of a Summer Night\")* | Ferdinand | Uncredited |\n| 1956 | *[A Little Nest](/wiki/A_Little_Nest \"A Little Nest\")* | Man in auto repair shop | |\n| 1956 | *Sista natten* | Svensson | |\n| 1957 | *[Mr. Sleeman Is Coming](/wiki/Mr._Sleeman_Is_Coming \"Mr. Sleeman Is Coming\")* | Teacher | |\n| 1957 | *[The Minister of Uddarbo](/wiki/The_Minister_of_Uddarbo \"The Minister of Uddarbo\")* | Teacher | |\n| 1957 | *[Wild Strawberries](/wiki/Wild_Strawberries_%28film%29 \"Wild Strawberries (film)\")* | Uncle Aron | |\n| 1960 | *[On a Bench in a Park](/wiki/On_a_Bench_in_a_Park \"On a Bench in a Park\")* | Senior Lecturer | |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1908 births](/wiki/Category:1908_births \"1908 births\")\n[Category:1994 deaths](/wiki/Category:1994_deaths \"1994 deaths\")\n[Category:Male actors from Uppsala](/wiki/Category:Male_actors_from_Uppsala \"Male actors from Uppsala\")\n[Category:Swedish male film actors](/wiki/Category:Swedish_male_film_actors \"Swedish male film actors\")\n[Category:Swedish film directors](/wiki/Category:Swedish_film_directors \"Swedish film directors\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Swedish male actors](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Swedish_male_actors \"20th-century Swedish male actors\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Campsicnemus
|
{
"id": [
33329518
],
"name": [
"Monster Iestyn"
]
}
|
nokv9mqy9y8qby0koc83rxfvqiaggkj
|
2024-01-11T18:41:22Z
| 1,049,674,247 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Gallery",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * \n\n***Campsicnemus*** is a genus of [flies](/wiki/Fly \"Fly\") in family [Dolichopodidae](/wiki/Dolichopodidae \"Dolichopodidae\"). There are more than 290 described species, made up of 34 [Palearctic](/wiki/Palearctic_realm \"Palearctic realm\"), 22 [Nearctic](/wiki/Nearctic_realm \"Nearctic realm\"), seven [Afrotropic](/wiki/Afrotropical_realm \"Afrotropical realm\"), 170 [Australasian](/wiki/Australasian_realm \"Australasian realm\") and [Oceanian](/wiki/Oceanian_realm \"Oceanian realm\"), and seven [Indomalayan](/wiki/Indomalayan_realm \"Indomalayan realm\") species. Some species endemic to the [Hawaiian islands](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\") are characterized by their lack of wings. After the introduction of invasive ants and other alien species such as [wild boar](/wiki/Wild_boar \"Wild boar\") *(Sus scrofa)* to the islands, some of these flightless species are believed extinct.\n\nThe generic name is derived from the [Ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek \"Ancient Greek\") (\"curve\") and (\"tibia\"). This refers to the modified mid [tibia](/wiki/Arthropod_leg%23Tibia \"Arthropod leg#Tibia\") of the males, a male secondary sexual character that is very distinct in *Campsicnemus*.\n\n",
"Gallery\n-------\n\nFile:Campsicnemus curvipes \\- 2012\\-09\\-02\\.ogv\\|''C. curvipes'' on leaf\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of Campsicnemus species](/wiki/List_of_Campsicnemus_species \"List of Campsicnemus species\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Dolichopodidae genera](/wiki/Category:Dolichopodidae_genera \"Dolichopodidae genera\")\n[Category:Sympycninae](/wiki/Category:Sympycninae \"Sympycninae\")\n[Category:Articles containing video clips](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips \"Articles containing video clips\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Alexander Henry Haliday](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Alexander_Henry_Haliday \"Taxa named by Alexander Henry Haliday\")\n[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot](/wiki/Category:Taxonomy_articles_created_by_Polbot \"Taxonomy articles created by Polbot\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Get Out of Your Lazy Bed
|
{
"id": [
9772894
],
"name": [
"1000MHz"
]
}
|
5zi2hn9ozr21vgfcmkhn8o5iv7ts141
|
2024-09-07T21:32:51Z
| 1,243,432,944 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Music video",
"Track listings",
"Charts",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n\"**Get Out of Your Lazy Bed**\" is the debut [single](/wiki/Single_%28music%29 \"Single (music)\") by British band [Matt Bianco](/wiki/Matt_Bianco \"Matt Bianco\"), released in 1984\\. It was written by band members Mark Reilly and [Danny White](/wiki/Danny_White_%28musician%29 \"Danny White (musician)\").\n\nThe song became the band's first top 20 hit, peaking at no. 15 on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\"). It also entered the top 20 in Sweden and Switzerland, top 10 in Ireland, and climbed as high as no. 2 in Norway. The track was included on Matt Bianco's debut album *[Whose Side Are You On?](/wiki/Whose_Side_Are_You_On%3F \"Whose Side Are You On?\")*.\n\n\"Get Out of Your Lazy Bed\" was used as the theme tune by long running [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\") children's breakfast show *[What Now](/wiki/What_Now_%28TV_programme%29 \"What Now (TV programme)\")*.\n\n",
"Music video\n-----------\n\nThe song's [music video](/wiki/Music_video \"Music video\") pictures the band performing on a black and white [chequered](/wiki/Check_%28pattern%29 \"Check (pattern)\") floor. It was directed by [Pete Cornish](/wiki/Pete_Cornish \"Pete Cornish\").\n\n",
"Track listings\n--------------\n\n* **7\" single**\n\nA. \"Get Out of Your Lazy Bed\" – 3:22\nB. \"Big Rosie\" – 3:26\n* **12\" single**\n\nA. \"Get Out of Your Lazy Bed\" (Extended Version) – 4:25\nB. \"Big Rosie\" (Extended Version) – 6:20\n",
"Charts\n------\n\n| \\+ Weekly chart performance for \"Get Out of Your Lazy Bed\" |\n| --- |\n| Chart (1984\\) | Peakposition |\n|Belgium ([Ultratop](/wiki/Ultratop \"Ultratop\") Flanders)\n\n14\n\n|Germany ([Media Control Charts](/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts \"GfK Entertainment charts\"))\n\n31\n\n|[Irish Singles Chart](/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart \"Irish Singles Chart\") ([IRMA](/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association \"Irish Recorded Music Association\"))\n\n8\n\n|Netherlands ([Single Top 100](/wiki/Single_Top_100 \"Single Top 100\"))\n\n25\n\n|Norway ([VG\\-lista](/wiki/VG-lista \"VG-lista\"))\n\n2\n\n|Sweden ([Sverigetopplistan](/wiki/Sverigetopplistan \"Sverigetopplistan\"))\n\n12\n\n|Switzerland ([Swiss Hitparade](/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade \"Swiss Hitparade\"))\n\n14\n\n|[UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\") ([OCC](/wiki/Official_Charts_Company \"Official Charts Company\"))\n\n15\n\n|\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [The official Matt Bianco website](https://www.mattbianco.com/)\n* [Official audio](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfiClNuieAg) on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\")\n* [List of releases](https://www.discogs.com/master/132809-Matt-Bianco-Get-Out-Of-Your-Lazy-Bed) on [Discogs](/wiki/Discogs \"Discogs\")\n\n[Category:1984 debut singles](/wiki/Category:1984_debut_singles \"1984 debut singles\")\n[Category:1984 songs](/wiki/Category:1984_songs \"1984 songs\")\n[Category:Matt Bianco songs](/wiki/Category:Matt_Bianco_songs \"Matt Bianco songs\")\n[Category:Song recordings produced by Peter Collins (record producer)](/wiki/Category:Song_recordings_produced_by_Peter_Collins_%28record_producer%29 \"Song recordings produced by Peter Collins (record producer)\")\n[Category:Songs written by Danny White (musician)](/wiki/Category:Songs_written_by_Danny_White_%28musician%29 \"Songs written by Danny White (musician)\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Bogniebrae
|
{
"id": [
18872885
],
"name": [
"WikiCleanerBot"
]
}
|
7omf5jgz562emvzl5lxy7x0v64kvgow
|
2024-10-09T06:38:30Z
| 1,235,666,370 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Bogniebrae** () is a small rural settlement in [Aberdeenshire](/wiki/Aberdeenshire \"Aberdeenshire\"), Scotland. It is located at the junction of the [A97](/wiki/A97_road \"A97 road\") and [B9001](/wiki/B9001_road \"B9001 road\") roads, from [Huntly](/wiki/Huntly \"Huntly\").\n\nThe Bognie Arms (a public house and hotel) is found at the junction, and is thought to have been built following the acquisition of the surrounding lands by the Morisons of Bognie in 1635\\. Thus, the building bears the [heraldic insignia](/wiki/Court_of_the_Lord_Lyon \"Court of the Lord Lyon\") of the [Baron of Bognie and Mountblairy](/wiki/Baronage_of_Scotland \"Baronage of Scotland\"). \n\nThe settlement also comprises [Bognie Castle](/wiki/Bognie_Castle \"Bognie Castle\"), thought to have been built by the Morisons of Bognie in the 1660s, a scheduled [Neolithic stone circle](/wiki/Stone_circle \"Stone circle\") (see [Yonder Bognie](/wiki/Yonder_Bognie \"Yonder Bognie\")), as well as several farms and houses (most of which lie within Bognie Estate).\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Bognie Arms public house and hotel](/wiki/Image:Bognie_Arms_-_geograph.org.uk_-_288085.jpg \"Bognie Arms - geograph.org.uk - 288085.jpg\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n[Category:Villages in Aberdeenshire](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Aberdeenshire \"Villages in Aberdeenshire\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Ruagea membranacea
|
{
"id": [
20483999
],
"name": [
"Monkbot"
]
}
|
l1qdu6b526dozpqke6fyba11vmagt5b
|
2021-11-17T05:09:10Z
| 1,020,458,826 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Ruagea membranacea*** is a species of [plant](/wiki/Plant \"Plant\") in the family [Meliaceae](/wiki/Meliaceae \"Meliaceae\"). It is [endemic](/wiki/Endemism \"Endemism\") to [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador \"Ecuador\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Flora of Ecuador](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Ecuador \"Flora of Ecuador\")\n[membranacea](/wiki/Category:Ruagea \"Ruagea\")\n[Category:Vulnerable plants](/wiki/Category:Vulnerable_plants \"Vulnerable plants\")\n[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot](/wiki/Category:Taxonomy_articles_created_by_Polbot \"Taxonomy articles created by Polbot\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Sideroxylon rubiginosum
|
{
"id": [
20483999
],
"name": [
"Monkbot"
]
}
|
5xdb5ixvxaknfs6finapq5vv9ouj362
|
2021-11-17T02:51:19Z
| 1,020,514,222 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Sideroxylon rubiginosum*** is a species of [plant](/wiki/Plant \"Plant\") in the family [Sapotaceae](/wiki/Sapotaceae \"Sapotaceae\"). It is [endemic](/wiki/Endemism \"Endemism\") to the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Endemic flora of the Dominican Republic](/wiki/Category:Endemic_flora_of_the_Dominican_Republic \"Endemic flora of the Dominican Republic\")\n[rubiginosum](/wiki/Category:Sideroxylon \"Sideroxylon\")\n[Category:Critically endangered plants](/wiki/Category:Critically_endangered_plants \"Critically endangered plants\")\n[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot](/wiki/Category:Taxonomy_articles_created_by_Polbot \"Taxonomy articles created by Polbot\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Departmental Gendarmerie
|
{
"id": [
10389678
],
"name": [
"JMRAMOS0109"
]
}
|
oo5v8id4fgtmo91tfap82ldy3ma1tcl
|
2024-07-02T03:05:02Z
| 1,218,903,559 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Higher organization",
"Organization",
"Special units",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[200px\\|thumb\\|[Renault Trafic](/wiki/Renault_Trafic \"Renault Trafic\") Gendarmerie van](/wiki/Image:Fourgon_Gendarmerie_Renault_Trafic.jpg \"Fourgon Gendarmerie Renault Trafic.jpg\")\n[200px\\|thumb\\| Gendarmes without [kepis](/wiki/Kepi \"Kepi\") in an older uniform](/wiki/Image:Gendarmes_501585_fh000019.jpg \"Gendarmes 501585 fh000019.jpg\")\n[200px\\|thumb\\| Gendarmes in a relaxed uniform, with soft hats](/wiki/Image:Gengarmerie_img_1069.jpg \"Gengarmerie img 1069.jpg\")\nThe **Departmental Gendarmerie** () is the territorial police branch of the French [National Gendarmerie](/wiki/National_Gendarmerie \"National Gendarmerie\"). The Departmental Gendarmerie has regular contact with the population and conducts local policing functions throughout the French territory.\n\nThe Departmental Gendarmerie is sometimes called \"*La Blanche*\" after the colour of the silver/white unit and rank insignia they wear in contrast to the golden insignia of the [Mobile Gendarmerie](/wiki/Mobile_Gendarmerie \"Mobile Gendarmerie\"). In France white or silver insignia traditionally indicates a mounted arm and the white insignia evolved from the gendarmerie's origins as a predominantly mounted force. Its territorial divisions are based on the [administrative divisions of France](/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France \"Administrative divisions of France\"), particularly the [departments](/wiki/Departments_of_France \"Departments of France\") from which the Departmental Gendarmerie derives its name.[thumb\\| Gendarmerie guard the Palace of Justice in Paris\\|alt\\=\\|left\\|350x350px](/wiki/Image:Gendarmes_DSC00690.jpg \"Gendarmes DSC00690.jpg\")\n\n",
"Higher organization\n-------------------\n\nIt is divided into regions (headed by a [general](/wiki/General \"General\"), one for each defense zone). These are divided into *areas* (formerly *legions* and headed by a [colonel](/wiki/Colonel \"Colonel\")), one for each of the 12 metropolitan administrative [Regions of France](/wiki/Regions_of_France \"Regions of France\"). The *legions* are divided into *groupements* (one for each of the 100 [*département*s](/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_in_France \"Département in France\"), thus the name). The *groupements* are divided into *compagnies* (one for each of the 342 *[arrondissements](/wiki/Arrondissement_in_France \"Arrondissement in France\")*).\n\n",
"Organization\n------------\n\nThe basic organization is the gendarmerie squad or platoon sized \"brigade\", which includes from 6 to 40 gendarmes, and are generally located at the level of the canton. The brigades can be organized in groups of brigades with HQ in the shire town and brigades of proximity or in autonomous brigades.\n\nEach brigade is in charge of the monitoring one or several communes day and night as well as reception with the public. The gendarmes there receive the complaints, carry out the investigations administrative and legal and in a general way answer emergency calls.\n\nBrigades of a district form a company. The companies of a department form a grouping and the groupings of an administrative area form an area since the territorial reorganization of July 1, 2005\\. Previously the areas took the name of “legions”. One counts 22 areas of departmental gendarmerie today.\n\nThus, each hierarchical level of the departmental gendarmerie corresponds to a level of the administration of the territory. Each hierarchical level is ordered by an officer, person in charge for the units of the departmental gendarmerie placed under its spring. It is the corresponding one in load of the public safety of the administrative authority.\n\nThere are approximately 3,600 cantonal brigades.\n\n",
"Special units\n-------------\n\nIn addition to the brigades, the departmental gendarmerie contain units specialized in certain missions:\n\n* The groups of monitoring and intervention of gendarmerie (PSIG), gathered within the companies of departmental gendarmerie provide patrols which intervene and reinforce the brigades. These units either increase the number of patrols in the streets, or to face event private individuals (interpellations, search for criminals…). One finds a PSIG by district in general.\n* Motorized units, gendarmes motorcyclists in charge of the monitoring of the road network, called the Departmental Squadron of Road safety (EDSR); qualified in the whole department. The Motorized Motorway Brigades, Groups and the Rapid Intervention Brigades are also in the EDSR.\n* The Research Brigades and Sections (Br on the level of the districts, BDRIJ on the level of the departments and SR on the level of the [Court of Appeal](/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_%28France%29 \"Court of Appeal (France)\")), are made up only of legal senior police officers. They are exclusively in charge of the missions of the Criminal Investigation Department. They assist the brigades, ensure the technical police operations and take into account the direction of the important investigations; they are in charge of the investigations touching with the average and the great delinquency.\n* The reservists of the departmental gendarmerie takes part in the daily newspaper with the reinforcement of the units of departmental Gendarmerie. They are organized in PRGD (group of reserve of departmental gendarmerie). Initially one found a PRGD by departmental squad of gendarmes (one per department).\n\nThis organization is in the course of modification with the recasting of the PRGD in PRSIG (group of reserve of monitoring and intervention of the gendarmerie) in order to better adapt to the needs of and the reinforcement of the commune units. The PRSIG are more and more frequently associated a company and either limited to one by grouping.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:French Gendarmerie](/wiki/Category:French_Gendarmerie \"French Gendarmerie\")\n\n"
]
}
|
IEEE Lotfi A. Zadeh Award for Emerging Technologies
|
{
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
}
|
ruksig0z6mjg8xy8nk9y08j9ua0u2pz
|
2024-09-04T17:18:57Z
| 1,237,711,258 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Recipients",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **IEEE Lotfi A. Zadeh Award for Emerging Technologies** (until 2020 *IEEE Daniel E. Noble Award*) is a [Technical Field Award](/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers%23Technical_field_awards \"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers#Technical field awards\") of the [IEEE](/wiki/IEEE \"IEEE\") for contributions to emerging technologies. The award is named after the US\\-Azerbaijani mathematician [Lotfi A. Zadeh](/wiki/Lotfi_A._Zadeh \"Lotfi A. Zadeh\"). The award was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 2000, replacing the prior [IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award](/wiki/IEEE_Morris_N._Liebmann_Memorial_Award \"IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award\").\n\nThe award may be presented to an individual or a team of up to three people.\n\nRecipients receive a bronze medal, certificate and honorarium.\n\n",
"Recipients\n----------\n\n* 2020: Miroslav Micovic\n* 2019: Thomas Kenny\n* 2018: [Rajiv Joshi](/wiki/Rajiv_Joshi \"Rajiv Joshi\")\n* 2017: [Miguel A. L. Nicolelis](/wiki/Miguel_A._L._Nicolelis \"Miguel A. L. Nicolelis\")\n* 2016: [Mark G. Allen](/wiki/Mark_G._Allen \"Mark G. Allen\") (USA)\n* 2015: Khalil Najafi\n* 2014: [Gabriel M. Rebeiz](/wiki/Gabriel_M._Rebeiz \"Gabriel M. Rebeiz\")\n* 2013: Jan P. Allebach\n* 2012: Subramanian S. Iyer\n* 2011: Mark L. Burgener\n* 2011: [Ronald E. Reedy](/wiki/Ronald_E._Reedy \"Ronald E. Reedy\") (USA)\n* 2010: Shinichi Abe\n* 2010: Shoichi Sasaki\n* 2010: [Takehisa Yaegashi](/wiki/Takehisa_Yaegashi \"Takehisa Yaegashi\") (Japan)\n* 2009: [Larry F. Weber](/wiki/Larry_F._Weber \"Larry F. Weber\") (USA)\n* 2008: James M. Daughton\n* 2008: [Stuart Parkin](/wiki/Stuart_Parkin \"Stuart Parkin\") (UK)\n* 2008: Saied Tehrani\n* 2007: [Stephen R. Forrest](/wiki/Stephen_Forrest \"Stephen Forrest\")\n* 2007: Richard H. Friend\n* 2007: [Ching W. Tang](/wiki/Ching_W._Tang \"Ching W. Tang\") (USA) \n* 2006: [Carlos A. Paz de Araujo](/wiki/Carlos_Paz_de_Ara%C3%BAjo \"Carlos Paz de Araújo\") (Brazil)\n* 2005: David L. Harame\n* 2004: Larry J. Hornbeck\n* 2003: \n* 2002: [Masataka Nakazawa](/wiki/Masataka_Nakazawa \"Masataka Nakazawa\")\n* 2001: Katsutoshi Izumi\n* 2000 and earlier: See [IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award](/wiki/IEEE_Morris_N._Liebmann_Memorial_Award \"IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [IEEE Daniel E. Noble Award for Emerging Technologies](https://web.archive.org/web/20181221084038/https://www.ieee.org/about/awards/technical-field-awards/noble.html)\n* [List of recipients of the IEEE Daniel E. Noble Award for Emerging Technologies](https://web.archive.org/web/20191209201950/https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/awards/recipients/noble_rl.pdf)\n\n[Daniel E. Noble Award](/wiki/Category:IEEE_technical_field_awards \"IEEE technical field awards\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Eldorado College
|
{
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
}
|
9s6ciiebzukphp4jpsbv4di6ukh6w1l
|
2024-08-15T02:03:20Z
| 1,221,456,110 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Challenges",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Eldorado College** was a school founded in [Escondido](/wiki/Escondido%2C_California \"Escondido, California\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), United States It later opened additional campuses in [Oceanside](/wiki/Oceanside%2C_California \"Oceanside, California\"), [West Covina](/wiki/West_Covina%2C_California \"West Covina, California\") and [San Diego, California](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California \"San Diego, California\"). The fourth, known as [Orange County Business College](/wiki/Orange_County_Business_College \"Orange County Business College\"), was established in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California \"Anaheim, California\").*LA Times*, 11/29/97, article in Metro section Eldorado College was privately operated from 1961 to 1997\\.\n\nEldorado College and Orange County Business College offered nine two\\-year programs, a number of four\\-year degree programs and later master's degree programs, as well as various certificate programs. There were well over 10,000 graduates from the colleges. According to the BPPVE database, Orange County Business College, located at 2035 East Ball Road, Anaheim, California, closed on November 24, 1997\\. There is no custodian of records or contact information listed on the [BPPVE](/wiki/California_Bureau_for_Private_Postsecondary_and_Vocational_Education \"California Bureau for Private Postsecondary and Vocational Education\") database for Orange County Business College or Eldorado College.\nBoth Eldorado College and Orange County Business College were accredited by the [Western Association of Schools and Colleges](/wiki/Western_Association_of_Schools_and_Colleges \"Western Association of Schools and Colleges\") from 1979\\-1988 and [Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools](/wiki/Accrediting_Council_for_Independent_Colleges_and_Schools \"Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools\") through 1997\\. Eldorado College in Oceanside had been accredited since 1970 and its campus in West Covina had been accredited since 1985\\. Orange County Business College in Anaheim had been accredited since 1973\\.\n\n",
"Challenges\n----------\n\nAccording to a decision on the Department of Education's Office of Student Financial Assistance Programs (SFAP), the school was cited for failing to provide for a fair and equitable refund policy in compliance with 34 C.F.R. § 668\\.22\\. The concerns were discovered in March 1991 during an on\\-site program visit by the SFAP (Student Financial Assistance Program). SFAP also asserts that from April 1, 1994\\. the college failed to make any refunds to students, lenders, the State of California, and ED also in violation of 34 C.F.R. § 668\\.22\\. Finally, SFAP claimed that the college violated one of the standards of financial responsibility under 34 C.F.R. § 668\\.15(b)(3\\)(i) by failing to properly pay refunds.\n\nThe college defended itself by arguing that at all times it acted reasonably and in good faith in its refund obligations. It points out that the California refund rules were \"in a state of change and confusion\" during the period. At one time, CSAC issued a notice that the refund rules in issue here only applied to students who withdrew on or after September 1, 1990\\. Later, this policy was changed so the refund rules applied retroactively to January 1, 1990, but only to the students who were enrolled after that date. The school was in a constant state of negotiations with CPPVE regarding what rules were to be applied—eventually some of the college's positions were accepted. while other issues were conceded by the college. Finally, the college and CPPVE agreed to a final sum of refunds owed: the college proposed a payment schedule, put money in escrow, and sought approval from ED as to the amounts to be repaid and the terms of repayment. In essence, the college argues that although it agrees that it owes over $300,000 in refunds, it is totally unfair to terminate the school given it \"calculated and paid refunds in accord with its reasonable. good faith interpretation of the refund policy.\"\n\nStudent loan default rates led to the closure of the school. According to the Department of Education website, Eldorado College had student loan default rates of 27\\.5%, 36\\.2%, and 38\\.9% for student cohorts in 1993, 1994, and 1995, respectively. This resulted in the loss of federal aid eligibility for its students. \n\nThe college closed on September 11, 1997\\. The college president said that the school's closure was the result of \"overzealous bureaucrats.\"\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [http://www.ed\\-oha.org/secretarycases/1995\\-139\\-ST.pdf](http://www.ed-oha.org/secretarycases/1995-139-ST.pdf)\n* [http://www.ed\\-oha.org/secretarycases/1995\\-139\\-ST2\\.pdf](http://www.ed-oha.org/secretarycases/1995-139-ST2.pdf)\n\n[Category:Universities and colleges in Los Angeles County, California](/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California \"Universities and colleges in Los Angeles County, California\")\n[Category:Universities and colleges in Orange County, California](/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Orange_County%2C_California \"Universities and colleges in Orange County, California\")\n[Category:Universities and colleges in San Diego County, California](/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_San_Diego_County%2C_California \"Universities and colleges in San Diego County, California\")\n[Category:Defunct private universities and colleges in California](/wiki/Category:Defunct_private_universities_and_colleges_in_California \"Defunct private universities and colleges in California\")\n[Category:Educational institutions established in 1961](/wiki/Category:Educational_institutions_established_in_1961 \"Educational institutions established in 1961\")\n[Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1997](/wiki/Category:Educational_institutions_disestablished_in_1997 \"Educational institutions disestablished in 1997\")\n[Category:1961 establishments in California](/wiki/Category:1961_establishments_in_California \"1961 establishments in California\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Kruckow
|
{
"id": [
27015025
],
"name": [
"InternetArchiveBot"
]
}
|
tmvwtwvragwjrk22mipvavvp6l90ysq
|
2023-05-24T14:50:53Z
| 1,092,521,223 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Kruckow** is a [municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany \"Municipalities of Germany\") in the [Vorpommern\\-Greifswald](/wiki/Vorpommern-Greifswald \"Vorpommern-Greifswald\") district, in [Mecklenburg\\-Vorpommern](/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern \"Mecklenburg-Vorpommern\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"). It consists of the former municipalities of Borgwall, Heydenhof, Kartlow, Kruckow, Marienfelde, Schmarsow, Tutow\\-Dorf and Unnode. The municipality offers some important landmarks, such as the [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\")/[baroque](/wiki/Baroque_architecture \"Baroque architecture\") Schmarsow Castle, the [Neo Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_revival \"Gothic revival\") [Kartlow Castle](/wiki/Kartlow_Castle \"Kartlow Castle\"), the ruin of Osten Castle or the [Peter Joseph Lenné](/wiki/Peter_Joseph_Lenn%C3%A9 \"Peter Joseph Lenné\") garden in Kruckow.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website of Kruckow (German)](https://www.jarmen.de/gemeinden/kruckow.html) \n\n[Category:Vorpommern\\-Greifswald](/wiki/Category:Vorpommern-Greifswald \"Vorpommern-Greifswald\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Athletics at the 2003 Summer Universiade
|
{
"id": [
11308236
],
"name": [
"John of Reading"
]
}
|
bi2drfii114wsms9mz1rsfbfccnmyg6
|
2024-09-11T16:37:15Z
| 1,240,887,881 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Medal summary",
"Men's events",
"Women's events",
"Medal table",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **[athletics competition](/wiki/Athletics_%28sport%29 \"Athletics (sport)\")** at the **[2003 Summer Universiade](/wiki/2003_Summer_Universiade \"2003 Summer Universiade\")** was held on the [Daegu World Cup Stadium](/wiki/Daegu_World_Cup_Stadium \"Daegu World Cup Stadium\") in [Daegu](/wiki/Daegu \"Daegu\"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\"), between 25 August and 30 August 2003\\. The top nations qualified for the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics \"Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics\") in [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\").\n\n",
"Medal summary\n-------------\n\n### Men's events\n\n| | [Chris Lambert](/wiki/Chris_Lambert_%28athlete%29 \"Chris Lambert (athlete)\") | 10\\.44 | [Leigh Julius](/wiki/Leigh_Julius \"Leigh Julius\") | 10\\.50 | [Dejan Vojnovic](/wiki/Dejan_Vojnovic \"Dejan Vojnovic\") | 10\\.58 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | [Leigh Julius](/wiki/Leigh_Julius \"Leigh Julius\") | 20\\.49 | [Paul Hession](/wiki/Paul_Hession \"Paul Hession\") | 20\\.89 | [Jiri Vojtik](/wiki/Jiri_Vojtik \"Jiri Vojtik\") | 21\\.03 |\n| | [Andriy Tverdostup](/wiki/Andriy_Tverdostup \"Andriy Tverdostup\") | 46\\.08 | [Denis Rypakov](/wiki/Denis_Rypakov \"Denis Rypakov\") | 46\\.51 | [Rafał Wieruszewski](/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Wieruszewski \"Rafał Wieruszewski\") | 46\\.53 |\n| | [Roman Oravec](/wiki/Roman_Oravec \"Roman Oravec\") | 1:48\\.01 | [Ramil Aritkulov](/wiki/Ramil_Aritkulov \"Ramil Aritkulov\") | 1:48\\.19 | [Fabiano Peçanha](/wiki/Fabiano_Pe%C3%A7anha \"Fabiano Peçanha\") | 1:48\\.20 |\n| | [Johan Pretorius](/wiki/Johan_Pretorius_%28athlete%29 \"Johan Pretorius (athlete)\") | 3:42\\.81 | [Pedro Antonio Esteso](/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_Esteso \"Pedro Antonio Esteso\") | 3:42\\.82 | [Fabiano Peçanha](/wiki/Fabiano_Pe%C3%A7anha \"Fabiano Peçanha\") | 3:43\\.91 |\n| | [Serhiy Lebid](/wiki/Serhiy_Lebid \"Serhiy Lebid\") | 13:50\\.94 | [Jan Fitschen](/wiki/Jan_Fitschen \"Jan Fitschen\") | 13:53\\.06 | [Hicham Bellani](/wiki/Hicham_Bellani \"Hicham Bellani\") | 13:53\\.79 |\n| | [Jan Fitschen](/wiki/Jan_Fitschen \"Jan Fitschen\") | 29:39\\.47 | [Abdellah Bay](/wiki/Abdellah_Bay \"Abdellah Bay\") | 29:41\\.54 | [Ryuichi Hashinokuchi](/wiki/Ryuichi_Hashinokuchi \"Ryuichi Hashinokuchi\") | 29:42\\.07 |\n| | [Abdellah Bay](/wiki/Abdellah_Bay \"Abdellah Bay\") | 1:04:21 | [Francis Yiga](/wiki/Francis_Yiga \"Francis Yiga\") | 1:05:24 | [Ivan Sanchez Diez](/wiki/Ivan_Sanchez_Diez \"Ivan Sanchez Diez\") | 1:05:29 |\n| | [César Pérez](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_P%C3%A9rez_%28athlete%29 \"César Pérez (athlete)\") | 8:38\\.52 | [Vincent Zouaoui\\-Dandrieux](/wiki/Vincent_Zouaoui-Dandrieux \"Vincent Zouaoui-Dandrieux\") | 8:39\\.24 | [Andrey Olshanskiy](/wiki/Andrey_Olshanskiy \"Andrey Olshanskiy\") | 8:39\\.62 |\n| | [Anselmo da Silva](/wiki/Anselmo_da_Silva \"Anselmo da Silva\") | 13\\.68 | [Igor Peremota](/wiki/Igor_Peremota \"Igor Peremota\") | 13\\.75 | [Park Tae\\-Kyong](/wiki/Park_Tae-Kyong \"Park Tae-Kyong\") | 13\\.78 |\n| | [Thomas Koortbeek](/wiki/Thomas_Koortbeek \"Thomas Koortbeek\") | 48\\.95 | [Matthew Douglas](/wiki/Matthew_Douglas \"Matthew Douglas\") | 49\\.26 | [Hendrick Botha](/wiki/Hendrick_Botha \"Hendrick Botha\") | 49\\.51 |\n| | [Kazuki Ishikura](/wiki/Kazuki_Ishikura \"Kazuki Ishikura\"),[Shinji Takahira](/wiki/Shinji_Takahira \"Shinji Takahira\"),[Tatsuro Yoshino](/wiki/Tatsuro_Yoshino \"Tatsuro Yoshino\"),[Tomoyuki Arai](/wiki/Tomoyuki_Arai \"Tomoyuki Arai\") | 39\\.45 | [Yevgeniy Vorobyev](/wiki/Yevgeniy_Vorobyev \"Yevgeniy Vorobyev\"),[Aleksandr Ryabov](/wiki/Aleksandr_Ryabov_%28athlete%29 \"Aleksandr Ryabov (athlete)\"),[Roman Smirnov](/wiki/Roman_Smirnov_%28athlete%29 \"Roman Smirnov (athlete)\"),[Andrey Yepishin](/wiki/Andrey_Yepishin \"Andrey Yepishin\") | 39\\.67 | [Allar Aasma](/wiki/Allar_Aasma \"Allar Aasma\"),[Henri Sool](/wiki/Henri_Sool \"Henri Sool\"),[Martin Vihmann](/wiki/Martin_Vihmann \"Martin Vihmann\"),[Mikk Joorits](/wiki/Mikk_Joorits \"Mikk Joorits\") | 39\\.99 |\n| | [Volodymyr Demchenko](/wiki/Volodymyr_Demchenko \"Volodymyr Demchenko\"),[Yevgeniy Zyukov](/wiki/Yevgeniy_Zyukov \"Yevgeniy Zyukov\"),[Gennadiy Gorbenko](/wiki/Gennadiy_Gorbenko \"Gennadiy Gorbenko\"),[Andriy Tverdostup](/wiki/Andriy_Tverdostup \"Andriy Tverdostup\") | 3:03\\.15 | [Dimitry Petrov](/wiki/Dimitry_Petrov \"Dimitry Petrov\"),[Andrey Semenov](/wiki/Andrey_Semyonov_%28sprinter%29 \"Andrey Semyonov (sprinter)\"),[Sergey Babayev](/wiki/Sergey_Babayev \"Sergey Babayev\"),[Igor Vasilyev](/wiki/Igor_Vasilyev_%28athlete%29 \"Igor Vasilyev (athlete)\") | 3:04\\.78 | [Matthew Douglas](/wiki/Matthew_Douglas \"Matthew Douglas\"),[James Chatt](/wiki/James_Chatt \"James Chatt\"),[Bradley Yiend](/wiki/Bradley_Yiend \"Bradley Yiend\"),[Adam Potter](/wiki/Adam_Potter \"Adam Potter\") | 3:05\\.54 |\n| | [Stepan Yudin](/wiki/Stepan_Yudin \"Stepan Yudin\") | 1:23:34 | [Vladimir Potemin](/wiki/Vladimir_Potemin \"Vladimir Potemin\") | 1:23:50 | [Vasily Ivanov](/wiki/Vasily_Ivanov_%28athlete%29 \"Vasily Ivanov (athlete)\") | 1:23:55 |\n| | [Emilian Kaszczyk](/wiki/Emilian_Kaszczyk \"Emilian Kaszczyk\") | 2\\.26 | [Joan Charmant](/wiki/Joan_Charmant \"Joan Charmant\") | 2\\.23 | [Ioannis Constantinou](/wiki/Ioannis_Constantinou \"Ioannis Constantinou\") [Cui Kai](/wiki/Cui_Kai \"Cui Kai\") [Aleksandr Veryutin](/wiki/Aleksandr_Veryutin \"Aleksandr Veryutin\") | 2\\.20 |\n| | [Oleksandr Korchmyd](/wiki/Oleksandr_Korchmyd \"Oleksandr Korchmyd\") | 5\\.75 | [Igor Pavlov](/wiki/Igor_Pavlov_%28athlete%29 \"Igor Pavlov (athlete)\") | 5\\.65 | [Björn Otto](/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Otto \"Björn Otto\") [Tiberiu Agoston](/wiki/Tiberiu_Agoston \"Tiberiu Agoston\") | 5\\.50 |\n| | [Valeriy Vasylyev](/wiki/Valeriy_Vasylyev \"Valeriy Vasylyev\") | 8\\.07 | [Danut Simion](/wiki/Danut_Simion \"Danut Simion\") | 8\\.04 | [Andrey Bragine](/wiki/Andrey_Bragine \"Andrey Bragine\") | 8\\.04 |\n| | [Gu Junjie](/wiki/Gu_Junjie_%28athlete%29 \"Gu Junjie (athlete)\") | 16\\.90 | [Vyktor Yastrebov](/wiki/Vyktor_Yastrebov \"Vyktor Yastrebov\") | 16\\.88 | [Evgeny Plotnir](/wiki/Evgeny_Plotnir \"Evgeny Plotnir\") | 16\\.82 |\n| | [Andrey Mikhnevich](/wiki/Andrey_Mikhnevich \"Andrey Mikhnevich\") | 20\\.76 | [Pavel Lyzhin](/wiki/Pavel_Lyzhin \"Pavel Lyzhin\") | 20\\.72 | [Nedžad Mulabegović](/wiki/Ned%C5%BEad_Mulabegovi%C4%87 \"Nedžad Mulabegović\") | 19\\.99 |\n| | [Wu Tao](/wiki/Wu_Tao \"Wu Tao\") | 62\\.32 | [Andrzej Krawczyk](/wiki/Andrzej_Krawczyk \"Andrzej Krawczyk\") | 60\\.70 | [Emeka Udechuku](/wiki/Emeka_Udechuku \"Emeka Udechuku\") | 60\\.44 |\n| | [Ivan Tsikhan](/wiki/Ivan_Tsikhan \"Ivan Tsikhan\") | 82\\.77 CR | [Péter Botfa](/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Botfa \"Péter Botfa\") | 74\\.41 | [David Söderberg](/wiki/David_S%C3%B6derberg \"David Söderberg\") | 72\\.84 |\n| | [Igor Janik](/wiki/Igor_Janik \"Igor Janik\") | 76\\.83 | [Esko Mikkola](/wiki/Esko_Mikkola \"Esko Mikkola\") | 75\\.82 | [William Hamlyn\\-Harris](/wiki/William_Hamlyn-Harris \"William Hamlyn-Harris\") | 75\\.50 |\n| | [Romain Barras](/wiki/Romain_Barras \"Romain Barras\") | 8196 | [Indrek Turi](/wiki/Indrek_Turi \"Indrek Turi\") | 8122 | [Nikolay Tishchenko](/wiki/Nikolai_Tishchenko_%28athlete%29 \"Nikolai Tishchenko (athlete)\") | 7911 |\n\n### Women's events\n\n| | [Qin Wangping](/wiki/Qin_Wangping \"Qin Wangping\") | 11\\.53 | [Enikő Szabó](/wiki/Enik%C5%91_Szab%C3%B3 \"Enikő Szabó\") | 11\\.61 | [Yelena Bolsun](/wiki/Yelena_Bolsun \"Yelena Bolsun\") | 11\\.65 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | [Yelena Bolsun](/wiki/Yelena_Bolsun \"Yelena Bolsun\") | 23\\.39 | [Yekaterina Kondratyeva](/wiki/Yekaterina_Kondratyeva \"Yekaterina Kondratyeva\") | 23\\.43 | [Jenice Daley](/wiki/Jenice_Daley \"Jenice Daley\") | 23\\.55 |\n| | [Tatyana Firova](/wiki/Tatyana_Firova \"Tatyana Firova\") | 51\\.81 | [Mariya Lisnichenko](/wiki/Mariya_Lisnichenko \"Mariya Lisnichenko\") | 52\\.54 | [Estie Wittstock](/wiki/Estie_Wittstock \"Estie Wittstock\") | 52\\.86 |\n| | [Liliana Barbulescu](/wiki/Liliana_Barbulescu \"Liliana Barbulescu\") | 2:00\\.06 | [Anna Zagórska](/wiki/Anna_Zag%C3%B3rska \"Anna Zagórska\") | 2:00\\.11 | [Irina Vashentseva](/wiki/Irina_Vashentseva \"Irina Vashentseva\") | 2:00\\.77 |\n| | [Natalya Sidorenko](/wiki/Natalya_Sidorenko \"Natalya Sidorenko\") | 4:11\\.69 | [Johanna Risku](/wiki/Johanna_Risku \"Johanna Risku\") | 4:11\\.88 | [Malindi Elmore](/wiki/Malindi_Elmore \"Malindi Elmore\") | 4:12\\.00 |\n| | [Eloise Poppett](/wiki/Eloise_Poppett \"Eloise Poppett\") | 15:47\\.19 | [Zhang Yuhong](/wiki/Zhang_Yuhong \"Zhang Yuhong\") | 15:47\\.62 | [Cristina Casandra](/wiki/Cristina_Casandra \"Cristina Casandra\") | 15:50\\.44 |\n| | [Natalia Cercheș](/wiki/Natalia_Cerche%C8%99 \"Natalia Cercheș\") | 33:37\\.05 | [Alena Samokhvalova](/wiki/Alena_Samokhvalova \"Alena Samokhvalova\") | 33:40\\.57 | [Anna Incerti](/wiki/Anna_Incerti \"Anna Incerti\") | 33:49\\.71 |\n| | [Machi Tanaka](/wiki/Machi_Tanaka \"Machi Tanaka\") | 1:13:06 | [Jo Bun\\-Hui](/wiki/Jo_Bun-Hui \"Jo Bun-Hui\") | 1:13:47 | [Jang Son\\-Ok](/wiki/Jang_Son-Ok \"Jang Son-Ok\") | 1:13:55 |\n| | [Xu Jia](/wiki/Xu_Jia \"Xu Jia\") | 13\\.29 | [Yevgeniya Likhuta](/wiki/Yevgeniya_Likhuta \"Yevgeniya Likhuta\") | 13\\.33 | [Natalya Kresova](/wiki/Natalya_Kresova \"Natalya Kresova\") | 13\\.35 |\n| | [Maren Schott](/wiki/Maren_Schott \"Maren Schott\") | 55\\.28 | [Huang Xiaoxiao](/wiki/Huang_Xiaoxiao \"Huang Xiaoxiao\") | 56\\.10 | [Anastasiya Rabchenyuk](/wiki/Anastasiya_Rabchenyuk \"Anastasiya Rabchenyuk\") | 56\\.30 |\n| | [Chen Lisha](/wiki/Chen_Lisha \"Chen Lisha\")[Zhu Juanhong](/wiki/Zhu_Juanhong \"Zhu Juanhong\")[Ni Xiaoli](/wiki/Ni_Xiaoli \"Ni Xiaoli\")[Qin Wangping](/wiki/Qin_Wangping \"Qin Wangping\") | 44\\.09 | [Céline Thelamon](/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Thelamon \"Céline Thelamon\")[Aurore Kassambara](/wiki/Aurore_Kassambara \"Aurore Kassambara\")[Amélie Huyghes](/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Huyghes \"Amélie Huyghes\")[Cécile Sellier](/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Sellier \"Cécile Sellier\") | 44\\.68 | [Gilvaneide de Oliveira](/wiki/Gilvaneide_de_Oliveira \"Gilvaneide de Oliveira\")[Rosemar Coelho Neto](/wiki/Rosemar_Coelho_Neto \"Rosemar Coelho Neto\")[Sônia Ficagna](/wiki/S%C3%B4nia_Ficagna \"Sônia Ficagna\")[Thatiana Regina Ignácio](/wiki/Thatiana_Regina_Ign%C3%A1cio \"Thatiana Regina Ignácio\") | 45\\.79 |\n| | [Yekaterina Kondratyeva](/wiki/Yekaterina_Kondratyeva \"Yekaterina Kondratyeva\"),[Tatyana Firova](/wiki/Tatyana_Firova \"Tatyana Firova\"),[Natalya Lavshuk](/wiki/Natalya_Lavshuk \"Natalya Lavshuk\"),[Mariya Lisnichenko](/wiki/Mariya_Lisnichenko \"Mariya Lisnichenko\") | 3:31\\.63 | [Marta Chrust](/wiki/Marta_Chrust \"Marta Chrust\"),[Ewelina Sętowska](/wiki/Ewelina_S%C4%99towska \"Ewelina Sętowska\"),[Joanna Buza](/wiki/Joanna_Buza \"Joanna Buza\"),[Anna Zagórska](/wiki/Anna_Zag%C3%B3rska \"Anna Zagórska\") | 3:38\\.17 | [Anja Neupert](/wiki/Anja_Neupert \"Anja Neupert\"),[Katja Keller](/wiki/Katja_Keller \"Katja Keller\"),[Annika Meyer](/wiki/Annika_Meyer \"Annika Meyer\"),[Maren Schott](/wiki/Maren_Schott \"Maren Schott\") | 3:38\\.87 |\n| | [Tatyana Sibileva](/wiki/Tatyana_Sibileva \"Tatyana Sibileva\") | 1:34\\.55 | [Jiang Xingli](/wiki/Jiang_Xingli \"Jiang Xingli\") | 1:35:52 | [Tatyana Korotkova](/wiki/Tatyana_Korotkova \"Tatyana Korotkova\") | 1:36\\.52 |\n| | [Dóra Győrffy](/wiki/D%C3%B3ra_Gy%C5%91rffy \"Dóra Győrffy\") | 1\\.94 | [Anna Ksok](/wiki/Anna_Ksok \"Anna Ksok\") | 1\\.94 | [Yelena Slesarenko](/wiki/Yelena_Slesarenko \"Yelena Slesarenko\") | 1\\.94 |\n| | [Tatyana Polnova](/wiki/Tatyana_Polnova \"Tatyana Polnova\") | 4\\.70 CR | [Anastasiya Ivanova](/wiki/Anastasiya_Ivanova \"Anastasiya Ivanova\") | 4\\.40 | [Nadine Rohr](/wiki/Nadine_Rohr \"Nadine Rohr\") | 4\\.25 |\n| | [Irina Simagina](/wiki/Irina_Simagina \"Irina Simagina\") | 6\\.49 | [Alina Militaru](/wiki/Alina_Militaru \"Alina Militaru\") | 6\\.45 | [Zita Ajkler](/wiki/Zita_Ajkler \"Zita Ajkler\") | 6\\.38 |\n| | [Oksana Rogova](/wiki/Oksana_Rogova \"Oksana Rogova\") | 14\\.16 | [Viktoriya Gurova](/wiki/Viktoriya_Gurova \"Viktoriya Gurova\") | 14\\.14 | [Mariana Solomon](/wiki/Mariana_Solomon \"Mariana Solomon\") | 14\\.09 |\n| | [Li Fengfeng](/wiki/Li_Fengfeng \"Li Fengfeng\") | 18\\.55 | [Lee Myung\\-Sun](/wiki/Lee_Myung-Sun \"Lee Myung-Sun\") | 17\\.58 | [Yelena Ivanenko](/wiki/Yelena_Ivanenko \"Yelena Ivanenko\") | 17\\.29 |\n| | [Natalya Fokina](/wiki/Natalya_Fokina \"Natalya Fokina\") | 63\\.11 | [Li Yanfeng](/wiki/Li_Yanfeng \"Li Yanfeng\") | 61\\.12 | [Xu Shaoyang](/wiki/Xu_Shaoyang \"Xu Shaoyang\") | 58\\.64 |\n| | [Liu Yinghui](/wiki/Liu_Yinghui \"Liu Yinghui\") | 69\\.05 | [Gulfiya Khanafeyeva](/wiki/Gulfiya_Khanafeyeva \"Gulfiya Khanafeyeva\") | 65\\.12 | [Agnieszka Pogroszewska](/wiki/Agnieszka_Pogroszewska \"Agnieszka Pogroszewska\") | 64\\.27 |\n| | [Barbara Madejczyk](/wiki/Barbara_Madejczyk \"Barbara Madejczyk\") | 56\\.23 | [Christina Scherwin](/wiki/Christina_Scherwin \"Christina Scherwin\") | 56\\.08 | [Mercedes Chilla](/wiki/Mercedes_Chilla \"Mercedes Chilla\") | 55\\.94 |\n| | [Kylie Wheeler](/wiki/Kylie_Wheeler \"Kylie Wheeler\") | 6031 | [Jane Jamieson](/wiki/Jane_Jamieson \"Jane Jamieson\") | 5908 | [Michaela Hejnová](/wiki/Michaela_Hejnov%C3%A1 \"Michaela Hejnová\") | 5795 |\n\n",
"### Men's events\n\n| | [Chris Lambert](/wiki/Chris_Lambert_%28athlete%29 \"Chris Lambert (athlete)\") | 10\\.44 | [Leigh Julius](/wiki/Leigh_Julius \"Leigh Julius\") | 10\\.50 | [Dejan Vojnovic](/wiki/Dejan_Vojnovic \"Dejan Vojnovic\") | 10\\.58 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | [Leigh Julius](/wiki/Leigh_Julius \"Leigh Julius\") | 20\\.49 | [Paul Hession](/wiki/Paul_Hession \"Paul Hession\") | 20\\.89 | [Jiri Vojtik](/wiki/Jiri_Vojtik \"Jiri Vojtik\") | 21\\.03 |\n| | [Andriy Tverdostup](/wiki/Andriy_Tverdostup \"Andriy Tverdostup\") | 46\\.08 | [Denis Rypakov](/wiki/Denis_Rypakov \"Denis Rypakov\") | 46\\.51 | [Rafał Wieruszewski](/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Wieruszewski \"Rafał Wieruszewski\") | 46\\.53 |\n| | [Roman Oravec](/wiki/Roman_Oravec \"Roman Oravec\") | 1:48\\.01 | [Ramil Aritkulov](/wiki/Ramil_Aritkulov \"Ramil Aritkulov\") | 1:48\\.19 | [Fabiano Peçanha](/wiki/Fabiano_Pe%C3%A7anha \"Fabiano Peçanha\") | 1:48\\.20 |\n| | [Johan Pretorius](/wiki/Johan_Pretorius_%28athlete%29 \"Johan Pretorius (athlete)\") | 3:42\\.81 | [Pedro Antonio Esteso](/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_Esteso \"Pedro Antonio Esteso\") | 3:42\\.82 | [Fabiano Peçanha](/wiki/Fabiano_Pe%C3%A7anha \"Fabiano Peçanha\") | 3:43\\.91 |\n| | [Serhiy Lebid](/wiki/Serhiy_Lebid \"Serhiy Lebid\") | 13:50\\.94 | [Jan Fitschen](/wiki/Jan_Fitschen \"Jan Fitschen\") | 13:53\\.06 | [Hicham Bellani](/wiki/Hicham_Bellani \"Hicham Bellani\") | 13:53\\.79 |\n| | [Jan Fitschen](/wiki/Jan_Fitschen \"Jan Fitschen\") | 29:39\\.47 | [Abdellah Bay](/wiki/Abdellah_Bay \"Abdellah Bay\") | 29:41\\.54 | [Ryuichi Hashinokuchi](/wiki/Ryuichi_Hashinokuchi \"Ryuichi Hashinokuchi\") | 29:42\\.07 |\n| | [Abdellah Bay](/wiki/Abdellah_Bay \"Abdellah Bay\") | 1:04:21 | [Francis Yiga](/wiki/Francis_Yiga \"Francis Yiga\") | 1:05:24 | [Ivan Sanchez Diez](/wiki/Ivan_Sanchez_Diez \"Ivan Sanchez Diez\") | 1:05:29 |\n| | [César Pérez](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_P%C3%A9rez_%28athlete%29 \"César Pérez (athlete)\") | 8:38\\.52 | [Vincent Zouaoui\\-Dandrieux](/wiki/Vincent_Zouaoui-Dandrieux \"Vincent Zouaoui-Dandrieux\") | 8:39\\.24 | [Andrey Olshanskiy](/wiki/Andrey_Olshanskiy \"Andrey Olshanskiy\") | 8:39\\.62 |\n| | [Anselmo da Silva](/wiki/Anselmo_da_Silva \"Anselmo da Silva\") | 13\\.68 | [Igor Peremota](/wiki/Igor_Peremota \"Igor Peremota\") | 13\\.75 | [Park Tae\\-Kyong](/wiki/Park_Tae-Kyong \"Park Tae-Kyong\") | 13\\.78 |\n| | [Thomas Koortbeek](/wiki/Thomas_Koortbeek \"Thomas Koortbeek\") | 48\\.95 | [Matthew Douglas](/wiki/Matthew_Douglas \"Matthew Douglas\") | 49\\.26 | [Hendrick Botha](/wiki/Hendrick_Botha \"Hendrick Botha\") | 49\\.51 |\n| | [Kazuki Ishikura](/wiki/Kazuki_Ishikura \"Kazuki Ishikura\"),[Shinji Takahira](/wiki/Shinji_Takahira \"Shinji Takahira\"),[Tatsuro Yoshino](/wiki/Tatsuro_Yoshino \"Tatsuro Yoshino\"),[Tomoyuki Arai](/wiki/Tomoyuki_Arai \"Tomoyuki Arai\") | 39\\.45 | [Yevgeniy Vorobyev](/wiki/Yevgeniy_Vorobyev \"Yevgeniy Vorobyev\"),[Aleksandr Ryabov](/wiki/Aleksandr_Ryabov_%28athlete%29 \"Aleksandr Ryabov (athlete)\"),[Roman Smirnov](/wiki/Roman_Smirnov_%28athlete%29 \"Roman Smirnov (athlete)\"),[Andrey Yepishin](/wiki/Andrey_Yepishin \"Andrey Yepishin\") | 39\\.67 | [Allar Aasma](/wiki/Allar_Aasma \"Allar Aasma\"),[Henri Sool](/wiki/Henri_Sool \"Henri Sool\"),[Martin Vihmann](/wiki/Martin_Vihmann \"Martin Vihmann\"),[Mikk Joorits](/wiki/Mikk_Joorits \"Mikk Joorits\") | 39\\.99 |\n| | [Volodymyr Demchenko](/wiki/Volodymyr_Demchenko \"Volodymyr Demchenko\"),[Yevgeniy Zyukov](/wiki/Yevgeniy_Zyukov \"Yevgeniy Zyukov\"),[Gennadiy Gorbenko](/wiki/Gennadiy_Gorbenko \"Gennadiy Gorbenko\"),[Andriy Tverdostup](/wiki/Andriy_Tverdostup \"Andriy Tverdostup\") | 3:03\\.15 | [Dimitry Petrov](/wiki/Dimitry_Petrov \"Dimitry Petrov\"),[Andrey Semenov](/wiki/Andrey_Semyonov_%28sprinter%29 \"Andrey Semyonov (sprinter)\"),[Sergey Babayev](/wiki/Sergey_Babayev \"Sergey Babayev\"),[Igor Vasilyev](/wiki/Igor_Vasilyev_%28athlete%29 \"Igor Vasilyev (athlete)\") | 3:04\\.78 | [Matthew Douglas](/wiki/Matthew_Douglas \"Matthew Douglas\"),[James Chatt](/wiki/James_Chatt \"James Chatt\"),[Bradley Yiend](/wiki/Bradley_Yiend \"Bradley Yiend\"),[Adam Potter](/wiki/Adam_Potter \"Adam Potter\") | 3:05\\.54 |\n| | [Stepan Yudin](/wiki/Stepan_Yudin \"Stepan Yudin\") | 1:23:34 | [Vladimir Potemin](/wiki/Vladimir_Potemin \"Vladimir Potemin\") | 1:23:50 | [Vasily Ivanov](/wiki/Vasily_Ivanov_%28athlete%29 \"Vasily Ivanov (athlete)\") | 1:23:55 |\n| | [Emilian Kaszczyk](/wiki/Emilian_Kaszczyk \"Emilian Kaszczyk\") | 2\\.26 | [Joan Charmant](/wiki/Joan_Charmant \"Joan Charmant\") | 2\\.23 | [Ioannis Constantinou](/wiki/Ioannis_Constantinou \"Ioannis Constantinou\") [Cui Kai](/wiki/Cui_Kai \"Cui Kai\") [Aleksandr Veryutin](/wiki/Aleksandr_Veryutin \"Aleksandr Veryutin\") | 2\\.20 |\n| | [Oleksandr Korchmyd](/wiki/Oleksandr_Korchmyd \"Oleksandr Korchmyd\") | 5\\.75 | [Igor Pavlov](/wiki/Igor_Pavlov_%28athlete%29 \"Igor Pavlov (athlete)\") | 5\\.65 | [Björn Otto](/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Otto \"Björn Otto\") [Tiberiu Agoston](/wiki/Tiberiu_Agoston \"Tiberiu Agoston\") | 5\\.50 |\n| | [Valeriy Vasylyev](/wiki/Valeriy_Vasylyev \"Valeriy Vasylyev\") | 8\\.07 | [Danut Simion](/wiki/Danut_Simion \"Danut Simion\") | 8\\.04 | [Andrey Bragine](/wiki/Andrey_Bragine \"Andrey Bragine\") | 8\\.04 |\n| | [Gu Junjie](/wiki/Gu_Junjie_%28athlete%29 \"Gu Junjie (athlete)\") | 16\\.90 | [Vyktor Yastrebov](/wiki/Vyktor_Yastrebov \"Vyktor Yastrebov\") | 16\\.88 | [Evgeny Plotnir](/wiki/Evgeny_Plotnir \"Evgeny Plotnir\") | 16\\.82 |\n| | [Andrey Mikhnevich](/wiki/Andrey_Mikhnevich \"Andrey Mikhnevich\") | 20\\.76 | [Pavel Lyzhin](/wiki/Pavel_Lyzhin \"Pavel Lyzhin\") | 20\\.72 | [Nedžad Mulabegović](/wiki/Ned%C5%BEad_Mulabegovi%C4%87 \"Nedžad Mulabegović\") | 19\\.99 |\n| | [Wu Tao](/wiki/Wu_Tao \"Wu Tao\") | 62\\.32 | [Andrzej Krawczyk](/wiki/Andrzej_Krawczyk \"Andrzej Krawczyk\") | 60\\.70 | [Emeka Udechuku](/wiki/Emeka_Udechuku \"Emeka Udechuku\") | 60\\.44 |\n| | [Ivan Tsikhan](/wiki/Ivan_Tsikhan \"Ivan Tsikhan\") | 82\\.77 CR | [Péter Botfa](/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Botfa \"Péter Botfa\") | 74\\.41 | [David Söderberg](/wiki/David_S%C3%B6derberg \"David Söderberg\") | 72\\.84 |\n| | [Igor Janik](/wiki/Igor_Janik \"Igor Janik\") | 76\\.83 | [Esko Mikkola](/wiki/Esko_Mikkola \"Esko Mikkola\") | 75\\.82 | [William Hamlyn\\-Harris](/wiki/William_Hamlyn-Harris \"William Hamlyn-Harris\") | 75\\.50 |\n| | [Romain Barras](/wiki/Romain_Barras \"Romain Barras\") | 8196 | [Indrek Turi](/wiki/Indrek_Turi \"Indrek Turi\") | 8122 | [Nikolay Tishchenko](/wiki/Nikolai_Tishchenko_%28athlete%29 \"Nikolai Tishchenko (athlete)\") | 7911 |\n\n",
"### Women's events\n\n| | [Qin Wangping](/wiki/Qin_Wangping \"Qin Wangping\") | 11\\.53 | [Enikő Szabó](/wiki/Enik%C5%91_Szab%C3%B3 \"Enikő Szabó\") | 11\\.61 | [Yelena Bolsun](/wiki/Yelena_Bolsun \"Yelena Bolsun\") | 11\\.65 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | [Yelena Bolsun](/wiki/Yelena_Bolsun \"Yelena Bolsun\") | 23\\.39 | [Yekaterina Kondratyeva](/wiki/Yekaterina_Kondratyeva \"Yekaterina Kondratyeva\") | 23\\.43 | [Jenice Daley](/wiki/Jenice_Daley \"Jenice Daley\") | 23\\.55 |\n| | [Tatyana Firova](/wiki/Tatyana_Firova \"Tatyana Firova\") | 51\\.81 | [Mariya Lisnichenko](/wiki/Mariya_Lisnichenko \"Mariya Lisnichenko\") | 52\\.54 | [Estie Wittstock](/wiki/Estie_Wittstock \"Estie Wittstock\") | 52\\.86 |\n| | [Liliana Barbulescu](/wiki/Liliana_Barbulescu \"Liliana Barbulescu\") | 2:00\\.06 | [Anna Zagórska](/wiki/Anna_Zag%C3%B3rska \"Anna Zagórska\") | 2:00\\.11 | [Irina Vashentseva](/wiki/Irina_Vashentseva \"Irina Vashentseva\") | 2:00\\.77 |\n| | [Natalya Sidorenko](/wiki/Natalya_Sidorenko \"Natalya Sidorenko\") | 4:11\\.69 | [Johanna Risku](/wiki/Johanna_Risku \"Johanna Risku\") | 4:11\\.88 | [Malindi Elmore](/wiki/Malindi_Elmore \"Malindi Elmore\") | 4:12\\.00 |\n| | [Eloise Poppett](/wiki/Eloise_Poppett \"Eloise Poppett\") | 15:47\\.19 | [Zhang Yuhong](/wiki/Zhang_Yuhong \"Zhang Yuhong\") | 15:47\\.62 | [Cristina Casandra](/wiki/Cristina_Casandra \"Cristina Casandra\") | 15:50\\.44 |\n| | [Natalia Cercheș](/wiki/Natalia_Cerche%C8%99 \"Natalia Cercheș\") | 33:37\\.05 | [Alena Samokhvalova](/wiki/Alena_Samokhvalova \"Alena Samokhvalova\") | 33:40\\.57 | [Anna Incerti](/wiki/Anna_Incerti \"Anna Incerti\") | 33:49\\.71 |\n| | [Machi Tanaka](/wiki/Machi_Tanaka \"Machi Tanaka\") | 1:13:06 | [Jo Bun\\-Hui](/wiki/Jo_Bun-Hui \"Jo Bun-Hui\") | 1:13:47 | [Jang Son\\-Ok](/wiki/Jang_Son-Ok \"Jang Son-Ok\") | 1:13:55 |\n| | [Xu Jia](/wiki/Xu_Jia \"Xu Jia\") | 13\\.29 | [Yevgeniya Likhuta](/wiki/Yevgeniya_Likhuta \"Yevgeniya Likhuta\") | 13\\.33 | [Natalya Kresova](/wiki/Natalya_Kresova \"Natalya Kresova\") | 13\\.35 |\n| | [Maren Schott](/wiki/Maren_Schott \"Maren Schott\") | 55\\.28 | [Huang Xiaoxiao](/wiki/Huang_Xiaoxiao \"Huang Xiaoxiao\") | 56\\.10 | [Anastasiya Rabchenyuk](/wiki/Anastasiya_Rabchenyuk \"Anastasiya Rabchenyuk\") | 56\\.30 |\n| | [Chen Lisha](/wiki/Chen_Lisha \"Chen Lisha\")[Zhu Juanhong](/wiki/Zhu_Juanhong \"Zhu Juanhong\")[Ni Xiaoli](/wiki/Ni_Xiaoli \"Ni Xiaoli\")[Qin Wangping](/wiki/Qin_Wangping \"Qin Wangping\") | 44\\.09 | [Céline Thelamon](/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Thelamon \"Céline Thelamon\")[Aurore Kassambara](/wiki/Aurore_Kassambara \"Aurore Kassambara\")[Amélie Huyghes](/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Huyghes \"Amélie Huyghes\")[Cécile Sellier](/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Sellier \"Cécile Sellier\") | 44\\.68 | [Gilvaneide de Oliveira](/wiki/Gilvaneide_de_Oliveira \"Gilvaneide de Oliveira\")[Rosemar Coelho Neto](/wiki/Rosemar_Coelho_Neto \"Rosemar Coelho Neto\")[Sônia Ficagna](/wiki/S%C3%B4nia_Ficagna \"Sônia Ficagna\")[Thatiana Regina Ignácio](/wiki/Thatiana_Regina_Ign%C3%A1cio \"Thatiana Regina Ignácio\") | 45\\.79 |\n| | [Yekaterina Kondratyeva](/wiki/Yekaterina_Kondratyeva \"Yekaterina Kondratyeva\"),[Tatyana Firova](/wiki/Tatyana_Firova \"Tatyana Firova\"),[Natalya Lavshuk](/wiki/Natalya_Lavshuk \"Natalya Lavshuk\"),[Mariya Lisnichenko](/wiki/Mariya_Lisnichenko \"Mariya Lisnichenko\") | 3:31\\.63 | [Marta Chrust](/wiki/Marta_Chrust \"Marta Chrust\"),[Ewelina Sętowska](/wiki/Ewelina_S%C4%99towska \"Ewelina Sętowska\"),[Joanna Buza](/wiki/Joanna_Buza \"Joanna Buza\"),[Anna Zagórska](/wiki/Anna_Zag%C3%B3rska \"Anna Zagórska\") | 3:38\\.17 | [Anja Neupert](/wiki/Anja_Neupert \"Anja Neupert\"),[Katja Keller](/wiki/Katja_Keller \"Katja Keller\"),[Annika Meyer](/wiki/Annika_Meyer \"Annika Meyer\"),[Maren Schott](/wiki/Maren_Schott \"Maren Schott\") | 3:38\\.87 |\n| | [Tatyana Sibileva](/wiki/Tatyana_Sibileva \"Tatyana Sibileva\") | 1:34\\.55 | [Jiang Xingli](/wiki/Jiang_Xingli \"Jiang Xingli\") | 1:35:52 | [Tatyana Korotkova](/wiki/Tatyana_Korotkova \"Tatyana Korotkova\") | 1:36\\.52 |\n| | [Dóra Győrffy](/wiki/D%C3%B3ra_Gy%C5%91rffy \"Dóra Győrffy\") | 1\\.94 | [Anna Ksok](/wiki/Anna_Ksok \"Anna Ksok\") | 1\\.94 | [Yelena Slesarenko](/wiki/Yelena_Slesarenko \"Yelena Slesarenko\") | 1\\.94 |\n| | [Tatyana Polnova](/wiki/Tatyana_Polnova \"Tatyana Polnova\") | 4\\.70 CR | [Anastasiya Ivanova](/wiki/Anastasiya_Ivanova \"Anastasiya Ivanova\") | 4\\.40 | [Nadine Rohr](/wiki/Nadine_Rohr \"Nadine Rohr\") | 4\\.25 |\n| | [Irina Simagina](/wiki/Irina_Simagina \"Irina Simagina\") | 6\\.49 | [Alina Militaru](/wiki/Alina_Militaru \"Alina Militaru\") | 6\\.45 | [Zita Ajkler](/wiki/Zita_Ajkler \"Zita Ajkler\") | 6\\.38 |\n| | [Oksana Rogova](/wiki/Oksana_Rogova \"Oksana Rogova\") | 14\\.16 | [Viktoriya Gurova](/wiki/Viktoriya_Gurova \"Viktoriya Gurova\") | 14\\.14 | [Mariana Solomon](/wiki/Mariana_Solomon \"Mariana Solomon\") | 14\\.09 |\n| | [Li Fengfeng](/wiki/Li_Fengfeng \"Li Fengfeng\") | 18\\.55 | [Lee Myung\\-Sun](/wiki/Lee_Myung-Sun \"Lee Myung-Sun\") | 17\\.58 | [Yelena Ivanenko](/wiki/Yelena_Ivanenko \"Yelena Ivanenko\") | 17\\.29 |\n| | [Natalya Fokina](/wiki/Natalya_Fokina \"Natalya Fokina\") | 63\\.11 | [Li Yanfeng](/wiki/Li_Yanfeng \"Li Yanfeng\") | 61\\.12 | [Xu Shaoyang](/wiki/Xu_Shaoyang \"Xu Shaoyang\") | 58\\.64 |\n| | [Liu Yinghui](/wiki/Liu_Yinghui \"Liu Yinghui\") | 69\\.05 | [Gulfiya Khanafeyeva](/wiki/Gulfiya_Khanafeyeva \"Gulfiya Khanafeyeva\") | 65\\.12 | [Agnieszka Pogroszewska](/wiki/Agnieszka_Pogroszewska \"Agnieszka Pogroszewska\") | 64\\.27 |\n| | [Barbara Madejczyk](/wiki/Barbara_Madejczyk \"Barbara Madejczyk\") | 56\\.23 | [Christina Scherwin](/wiki/Christina_Scherwin \"Christina Scherwin\") | 56\\.08 | [Mercedes Chilla](/wiki/Mercedes_Chilla \"Mercedes Chilla\") | 55\\.94 |\n| | [Kylie Wheeler](/wiki/Kylie_Wheeler \"Kylie Wheeler\") | 6031 | [Jane Jamieson](/wiki/Jane_Jamieson \"Jane Jamieson\") | 5908 | [Michaela Hejnová](/wiki/Michaela_Hejnov%C3%A1 \"Michaela Hejnová\") | 5795 |\n\n",
"Medal table\n-----------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [World Student Games (Universiade \\- Men)](http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/wsgm.htm) \\- GBR Athletics\n* [World Student Games (Universiade \\- Women)](http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/wsgw.htm) \\- GBR Athletics\n* [Results](http://www.fisu.net/medias/fichiers/725.pdf) \\- FIBU\n\n[Category:2003 Summer Universiade](/wiki/Category:2003_Summer_Universiade \"2003 Summer Universiade\")\n[Universiade](/wiki/Category:2003_in_athletics_%28track_and_field%29 \"2003 in athletics (track and field)\")\n[Category:Athletics at the Summer World University Games](/wiki/Category:Athletics_at_the_Summer_World_University_Games \"Athletics at the Summer World University Games\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Hugh DeHaven
|
{
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7903804
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"name": [
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|
pw69xrybi8zfl80p03l5tf37agexp0x
|
2024-08-27T01:19:51Z
| 1,232,410,474 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Early work",
"Crash Injury Research (CIR)",
"Quotes",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Hugh DeHaven** (3 March 1895 – 13 February 1980\\) was an American pilot, engineer and [passive safety](/wiki/Passive_safety \"Passive safety\") pioneer. DeHaven survived a plane crash while training as a [Royal Canadian Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Flying_Corps \"Royal Canadian Flying Corps\") pilot during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), and became interested in improving human survivability in vehicle crashes. He has been called \"Father of Crash Survivability\".[Comparative Study into Occupant Support Concept with Respect to Crash Response \\- Page 22](http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01112005-124913/unrestricted/00dissertation.pdf)\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nDeHaven was born in 1895 in [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\"), [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\"). His father was a steel worker and inventor. He attended [Fessenden School](/wiki/Fessenden_School \"Fessenden School\") in [West Newton](/wiki/West_Newton%2C_Massachusetts \"West Newton, Massachusetts\"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\") from 1906 to 1909 before attending [The Hill School](/wiki/The_Hill_School \"The Hill School\") in Pottstown, Pennsylvania from 1909 to 1914\\. Following graduation DeHaven attended [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University \"Cornell University\") from 1914 to 1915, and [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\") from 1915 to 1916\\. He tried to join the [US Army Air Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps \"United States Army Air Corps\") in 1916, but was rejected. He joined the [Royal Flying Corps Canada](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps_Canada \"Royal Flying Corps Canada\") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\"), Canada.[The Hugh DeHaven, PhD (1895\\-1980\\) Papers](http://www.med.cornell.edu/archives/pdf/personal_aids/DeHaven.pdf)\n\nWhile training as a pilot during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), DeHaven survived a plane crash.[Hugh DeHaven](http://www.exodyne.com/dsi_hugh_dehaven.php5) \\- Dynamic Sciences Inc While recuperating from a ruptured pancreas, he tried to understand why he, and only he, survived that crash, noting that his cockpit was the only one that remained intact.\n\n",
"Early work\n----------\n\nHugh Robertson DeHaven was an inventor of long standing. Between 1924 and 1933 DeHaven filed seven patent applications related to his design of a self\\-sharpening single edge safety razor. Between approximately 1930 and 1936 his De Haven Razor Corporation marketed a number of different models based upon these designs. DeHaven himself retired in 1933\\.\n\nIn 1933, DeHaven survived a [traffic accident](/wiki/Traffic_accident \"Traffic accident\") which added to his interest in safety from his earlier airplane crash, and he began experimenting with [crash testing](/wiki/Crash_testing \"Crash testing\") using eggs.\n\nIn 1939, DeHaven recommended the use of [helmets](/wiki/Helmet \"Helmet\") and [seat belts](/wiki/Seat_belt \"Seat belt\") at a 45° angle in airplanes. He created the inertial reel and the concept of the \"delethalized\" instrument panel.\n\n",
"Crash Injury Research (CIR)\n---------------------------\n\nDeHaven rejoined Cornell in 1942 as a research associate and started the Cornell Crash Injury Research (CIR) program. Based on his work, DeHaven published the classic *Mechanical analysis of survival in falls from heights of fifty to one hundred and fifty feet*, concluding that:\n\n*The human body can tolerate and expend a force of two hundred times the force of gravity for brief intervals during which the force acts in transverse relation to the long axis of the body. It is reasonable to assume that structural provisions to reduce impact and distribute pressure can enhance survival and modify injury within wide limits in aircraft and automobile accidents.*[Head Knocker/Hugh DeHaven and Collision Safety](http://www.nader.org/index.php?/archives/1142-Head-KnockerHugh-DeHaven-and-Collision-Safety.html)\nIn 1950, DeHaven published a report pointing to the second collision and the risk involved in vehicle ejection. He created the concept of \"packaging\" car occupants. He concluded:[Hugh DeHaven \\- Still Relevant for Rollovers](http://www.sae.org/events/gim/presentations/2009/carlnash.pdf)\nIn 1953, the project split into two sub\\-projects, namely the Automobile Crash Injury Research (ACIR) and the Aviation Crash Injury Research (AvCIR) projects. [Flight Safety Foundation](/wiki/Flight_Safety_Foundation \"Flight Safety Foundation\") takes over AvCIR (later Aviation Safety Engineering and Research (AvSER)), and continues the crash survival research started by DeHaven. AvSER is now part of Dynamic Science, Inc.[History of Exodyne, Inc](http://www.exodyne.com/exodyne_history.php5) \n\nDeHaven was issued [US Patent 2710649](https://patents.google.com/patent/US2710649) in 1955 for the first three\\-point seat belt.\n\n",
"Quotes\n------\n\n*We will get into anybody’s automobile, go any desired distance at dangerous speeds, without safety belts, without shoulder harness, and with a very minimum of padding or other protection to prevent our heads and bodies from smashing against the inside of a car in an accident. The level of safety which we accept for ourselves, our wives and our children is, therefore, on a par with shipping fragile valuable objects loose inside a container.*\n*\"...people knew more about protecting eggs in transit than they did about protecting human heads\"*\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Air safety](/wiki/Air_safety \"Air safety\")\n* [Crashworthiness](/wiki/Crashworthiness \"Crashworthiness\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [History of Dynamic Sciences Inc](https://web.archive.org/web/20110604220558/http://www.exodyne.com/dsi_history.php5)\n* [Hugh DeHaven Timeline](http://www.google.com/search?q=hugh+dehaven&hl=en&tbs=tl:1&tbo=u&ei=O8HES4zBOMH-8Abmh4i9Dw&sa=X&oi=timeline_result&ct=title&resnum=11&ved=0CC8Q5wIwCg)\n* [List of archived works of Dr DeHaven](http://www.med.cornell.edu/archives/pdf/personal_aids/DeHaven.pdf)\n\n[Category:20th\\-century American engineers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_engineers \"20th-century American engineers\")\n[Category:Automotive safety pioneers](/wiki/Category:Automotive_safety_pioneers \"Automotive safety pioneers\")\n[Category:Aviation inventors](/wiki/Category:Aviation_inventors \"Aviation inventors\")\n[Category:Aviation safety pioneers](/wiki/Category:Aviation_safety_pioneers \"Aviation safety pioneers\")\n[Category:1895 births](/wiki/Category:1895_births \"1895 births\")\n[Category:1980 deaths](/wiki/Category:1980_deaths \"1980 deaths\")\n[Category:Seat belts](/wiki/Category:Seat_belts \"Seat belts\")\n[Category:The Hill School alumni](/wiki/Category:The_Hill_School_alumni \"The Hill School alumni\")\n[Category:Fessenden School alumni](/wiki/Category:Fessenden_School_alumni \"Fessenden School alumni\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Mustafa Miftah Bel'id al-Dersi
|
{
"id": [
39374154
],
"name": [
"Michaelwallace22"
]
}
|
eurbz1rqfq8eyqq8idaawbfkgsxvwj1
|
2024-08-20T07:16:48Z
| 1,171,008,411 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Mustafa Miftah Bel'id al\\-Dersi** is a [Libyan](/wiki/Libya \"Libya\") [politician](/wiki/Politician \"Politician\") who currently served as Secretary of the [General People's Committee of Libya](/wiki/General_People%27s_Committee_of_Libya \"General People's Committee of Libya\") for Youth and Sports.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [General People's Committee of Libya](/wiki/General_People%27s_Committee_of_Libya \"General People's Committee of Libya\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [GPCO Website](https://web.archive.org/web/20070914003540/http://gpco.gov.ly/home.php)\n* [http://www.fita.org/countries/cadre\\_92\\.html](http://www.fita.org/countries/cadre_92.html)\n* [General People's Committee For Youth and Sports \\- Libya Homepage](http://www.gpcs.gov.ly/en/)\n\n[Category:Members of the General People's Committee of Libya](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_General_People%27s_Committee_of_Libya \"Members of the General People's Committee of Libya\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Year of birth missing (living people)\")\n[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Place_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Place of birth missing (living people)\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Montejo de la Vega de la Serrezuela
|
{
"id": [
173996
],
"name": [
"Kelisi"
]
}
|
8f7yr1a8r9g6dmlpcs3lzxqs4fysvi1
|
2024-09-13T16:21:55Z
| 985,197,649 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Montejo de la Vega de la Serrezuela** is a municipality located in the [province of Segovia](/wiki/Segovia_%28province%29 \"Segovia (province)\"), [Castile and León](/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n \"Castile and León\"), Spain. According to the 2004 [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") ([INE](/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_%28Spain%29 \"Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)\")), the municipality has a population of 18008 inhabitants.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Municipalities in the Province of Segovia](/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_the_Province_of_Segovia \"Municipalities in the Province of Segovia\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Motion system
|
{
"id": [
38365121
],
"name": [
"Pustam.EGR"
]
}
|
mn8bfq4k79w3cdtxt6fi2t8j7k0pw4a
|
2024-01-13T15:25:09Z
| 1,098,997,482 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Motion system** in engineering and systems, is a component of a [test](/wiki/Experiment \"Experiment\") and [measurement](/wiki/Measurement \"Measurement\") [system](/wiki/System \"System\") that provides motion to a [load](/wiki/Structural_load \"Structural load\") or loads in a one or many directions. Generally a motion system is made up of a set (or stack) of [linear](/wiki/Linear \"Linear\") and [rotational](/wiki/Rotational \"Rotational\") stages. A [linear stage](/wiki/Linear_stage \"Linear stage\") moves in a [straight line](/wiki/Straight_line \"Straight line\"), while a rotation stage moves in a partial or full circle. A stage can either be manually controlled with a knob control, or automated with a motion controller.\n\nA motion system generally is computer controlled and can perform fast, reliable, repeatable, and accurate positioning of loads. Most systems will support motion in X and Y directions, which is referred to as an XY stack. Often either a Z axis (up/down motion) or R axis (rotational motion) is placed on top of the XY stack.\n\nFor automated stages, a scale can be attached to the internals of the stage and an encoder used to measure the position on the scale and report this to the controller, thereby determining the precise position of the stage. This allows for a motion controller to reliably and repeatably move to set positions with the linear stage.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Linear stage](/wiki/Linear_stage \"Linear stage\")\n* [System of measurement](/wiki/System_of_measurement \"System of measurement\")\n* [Motion controller](/wiki/Motion_controller \"Motion controller\")\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\nMotion Basics and Standards [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408155315/http://www.newport.com/Motion\\-Basics\\-and\\-Standards/140230/1033/catalog.aspx](https://web.archive.org/web/20080408155315/http://www.newport.com/Motion-Basics-and-Standards/140230/1033/catalog.aspx)\n\n[Category:Systems engineering](/wiki/Category:Systems_engineering \"Systems engineering\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Groß Rosenburg
|
{
"id": [
96340
],
"name": [
"Markussep"
]
}
|
dvucl1cm6r5gkpq3il2p7ys47cjgfzf
|
2022-11-03T09:49:17Z
| 1,116,185,578 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Groß Rosenburg** is a village and a former municipality in the district [Salzlandkreis](/wiki/Salzlandkreis \"Salzlandkreis\"), in [Saxony\\-Anhalt](/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt \"Saxony-Anhalt\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"). Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the town [Barby](/wiki/Barby%2C_Germany \"Barby, Germany\").\n\n[Category:Former municipalities in Saxony\\-Anhalt](/wiki/Category:Former_municipalities_in_Saxony-Anhalt \"Former municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt\")\n[Category:Barby, Germany](/wiki/Category:Barby%2C_Germany \"Barby, Germany\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
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