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anli_squad_llm_tuning_dataset

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instruction stringlengths 216 3.44k	input stringlengths 1 284	output stringlengths 13 716
From the facts presented in <BOP> 'Charles Rashad Jamaal Brown (born April 10, 1987) is a former American football offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the New Orleans Saints, New York Giants and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at USC, where he won the Morris Trophy, recognizing the best offensive and defensive linemen on the West Coast in 2009.' </EOP>, decide if the statement: <BOH> 'Brown is in his forties.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral.	Brown is in his forties.	{<BOL> neutral </EOL>} Brown was born in 1987, so as of now, he could not be in his forties.
From the information in: <BOP> 'Barbro Martinsson (born 16 August 1935) is a former Swedish cross country skier who competed during the 1960s. Born in Valbo, she won two silver medals in the 3 x 5 km at the 1964 Winter Olympics and the 1968 Winter Olympics. Martinsson finished 4th in the 1968 Winter Olympics in both 5 km and 10 km.' </EOP>, deduce whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Barbro Martinsson is not from the Southern Hemisphere' </EOH> results in a contradiction, entailment, or neutral.	Barbro Martinsson is not from the Southern Hemisphere	{<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} doe snot understand the concept of geographical hemispheres
<BOP> Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (Диалектологический атлас русского языка [dʲɪɐˌlʲɛktəlɐˈɡʲitɕɪskʲɪj ˈatləs ˈruskəvə jɪzɨˈka]), was published in three folio volumes 1986–1989, after four decades of preparatory work. <EOP> <BOQ> In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published? <EOQ>	In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published?	<BOL> 19th <EOL>
Using the premise: <BOP> 'Bad Blood: A Cautionary Tale is a documentary film about contaminated hemophilia blood products. The film was co-written by Marilyn Ness and Sheila Curran Bernard, produced and directed by Marilyn Ness, with cinematography by David Ford, editing by Marion Sears Hunter, and original music score by Joel Goodman and David Bramfitt. The film premiered on July 28, 2010 in New York City.' </EOP>, decide if the conclusion: <BOH> 'Hemophilia blood products were impacted by the film Bad Blood.' </EOH> logically follows as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Explain your reasoning.	Hemophilia blood products were impacted by the film Bad Blood.	{<BOL> entailment </EOL>} The data does not say how hemophilia blood products were effected even though the movie was about it. They system probably could not determine the coloration between hemophilia blood products and the movie.
Based on the details provided in: <BOP> 'The United States Government Manual is the official handbook of the federal government, published annually by the Office of the Federal Register and printed and distributed by the United States Government Printing Office. The first edition was issued in 1935; before the 1973/74 edition it was known as the United States Government Organization Manual.' </EOP>, determine if the claim: <BOH> 'The United States Government Manual published in 2020 will be 1935 pages long.' </EOH> represents a contradiction, entailment, or neutral.	The United States Government Manual published in 2020 will be 1935 pages long.	{<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} There is no indication in the text how many pages it will be, so we don't know. It's difficult because the year 1935 is mentioned in the text, so this probably confused the system.
<BOP> Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (sing. coccus, from Greek kókkos, grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus, from Latin baculus, stick). Elongation is associated with swimming. Some bacteria, called vibrio, are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma-shaped; others can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla, or tightly coiled, called spirochaetes. A small number of species even have tetrahedral or cuboidal shapes. More recently, some bacteria were discovered deep under Earth's crust that grow as branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section. The large surface area to volume ratio of this morphology may give these bacteria an advantage in nutrient-poor environments. This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton, and is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids and escape predators. <EOP> <BOQ> What shape was newly discovered bacteria from deep under Earth? <EOQ>	What shape was newly discovered bacteria from deep under Earth?	<BOL> branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section <EOL>
Given the detailed context: 'Mr. President, the next question is to you. We all know that Social Security is running out of money, and it has to be fixed. You have proposed to fix it by letting people put some of the money collected to pay benefits into private savings accounts. But the critics are saying that's going to mean finding $1 trillion over the next 10 years to continue paying benefits as those accounts are being set up.', judge whether the statement: <BOH> 'The preident is going to do something about social security.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral.	The preident is going to do something about social security.	{<BOL> entailment </EOL>} The pres is proposing but that doesn't mean he will do something about it.
Consider the premise in: <BOP> 'Bonus Bonanza was the official state lottery game show of Massachusetts, running from 1995 to 1998. It was hosted by Brian Tracey and Dawn Hayes. The show was produced at WCVB-TV by Jonathan Goodson Productions, and all of its games and its theme were virtually identical to the Illinois state lottery game show "Illinois Instant Riches" (later "Illinois Luckiest").' </EOP>. Would you classify the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Bonus Bonanza started to run in 1995' </EOH> as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral? Explain your reasoning.	Bonus Bonanza started to run in 1995	{<BOL> neutral </EOL>} It is stated that Bonus Bonanza ran from 1995 to 1998 so that means it started to run in 1995. This was confusing for the system because of the wording
<BOP> One of the most prominent movies filmed in Alaska is MGM's Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent, starring Alaska Native Ray Mala. In 1932 an expedition set out from MGM's studios in Hollywood to Alaska to film what was then billed as "The Biggest Picture Ever Made." Upon arriving in Alaska, they set up "Camp Hollywood" in Northwest Alaska, where they lived during the duration of the filming. Louis B. Mayer spared no expense in spite of the remote location, going so far as to hire the chef from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to prepare meals. <EOP> <BOQ> Where did actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska? <EOQ>	Where did actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska?	<BOL> "Camp Hollywood" <EOL>
<BOP> In June 1970, Nasser accepted the US-sponsored Rogers Plan, which called for an end to hostilities and an Israeli withdrawal from Egyptian territory, but it was rejected by Israel, the PLO, and most Arab states except Jordan. Nasser had initially rejected the plan, but conceded under pressure from the Soviet Union, which feared that escalating regional conflict could drag it into a war with the US. He also determined that a ceasefire could serve as a tactical step toward the strategic goal of recapturing the Suez Canal. Nasser forestalled any movement toward direct negotiations with Israel. In dozens of speeches and statements, Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender. Following Nasser's acceptance, Israel agreed to a ceasefire and Nasser used the lull in fighting to move SAM missiles towards the canal zone. <EOP> <BOQ> What was the American plan to end conflict with Israel? <EOQ>	What was the American plan to end conflict with Israel?	<BOL> Rogers Plan <EOL>
<BOP> Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country. <EOP> <BOQ> How many members of the RCC had graduated from university? <EOQ>	How many members of the RCC had graduated from university?	<BOL> none <EOL>
<BOP> Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to deliver a narrative. <EOP> <BOQ> Storyboards are not considered what? <EOQ>	Storyboards are not considered what?	<BOL> an end product <EOL>
Considering the context: <BOP> 'Baywatch is a 2017 American action comedy film directed by Seth Gordon and based on the television series of the same name. Written by Mark Swift and Damian Shannon, the film stars Dwayne Johnson, Zac Efron, Priyanka Chopra, Alexandra Daddario, Kelly Rohrbach and Jon Bass. The plot follows lifeguard Mitch Buchannon and his team, who in an effort to save their beach have to take down a druglord.' </EOP>, determine whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'The Baywatch film is based on the original series starring Pamela Anderson and David Hasselhoff.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Provide your rationale.	The Baywatch film is based on the original series starring Pamela Anderson and David Hasselhoff.	{<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} The Baywatch film is based on the television series of the same name as mentioned in the prompt.
Examine the premise: <BOP> 'Hakea laurina is a plant of Southwest Australia that is widely cultivated and admired. The species is often referred to as Kodjet, Pincushion Hakea, and Emu Bush. The specific epithet, derived from the Latin "laurus", is given for the resemblance to the leaves of laurel. The Noongar name for the plant is Kodjet or Kojet.' </EOP> and assess if the subsequent statement: <BOH> 'Hakea laurina is related to laurel.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Include your rationale.	Hakea laurina is related to laurel.	{<BOL> entailment </EOL>} The plant was named after leaves of laurel.
<BOP> By 1860, Houston had emerged as a commercial and railroad hub for the export of cotton. Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston, where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and Beaumont. During the American Civil War, Houston served as a headquarters for General John Bankhead Magruder, who used the city as an organization point for the Battle of Galveston. After the Civil War, Houston businessmen initiated efforts to widen the city's extensive system of bayous so the city could accept more commerce between downtown and the nearby port of Galveston. By 1890, Houston was the railroad center of Texas. <EOP> <BOQ> Which Civil War general used Houston as a headquarters? <EOQ>	Which Civil War general used Houston as a headquarters?	<BOL> General John Bankhead Magruder <EOL>
Analyze the premise: <BOP> 'Scott Lighty (born October 15, 1978) is an American Super Heavyweight kickboxer and Light Heavyweight mixed martial artist. He currently trains at The Pit alongside UFC veterans, Chuck Liddell and Glover Teixeira. Lighty currently fights for the Strikeforce organization. He also owns a small business, Lighty's Independent Volkswagen Repair.' </EOP>. Classify the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Scott Lighty did other martial arts' </EOH> as contradiction, entailment, or neutral.	Scott Lighty did other martial arts	{<BOL> entailment </EOL>} From the text its not possible to determine if he did
<BOP> Roosevelt Boulevard and the Roosevelt Expressway (U.S. 1) connect Northeast Philadelphia with Center City. Woodhaven Road (Route 63), built in 1966, and Cottman Avenue (Route 73) serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia, running between Interstate 95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard (U.S. 1). The Fort Washington Expressway (Route 309) extends north from the city's northern border, serving Montgomery County and Bucks County. U.S. 30, extending east-west from West Philadelphia to Lancaster, is known as Lancaster Avenue throughout most of the city and through the adjacent Main Line suburbs. <EOP> <BOQ> What is another name for The Fort Washington Expressway? <EOQ>	What is another name for The Fort Washington Expressway?	<BOL> Route 309 <EOL>
Consider the premise in: <BOP> 'Robert Ervin Howard (January 22, 1906 – June 11, 1936) was an American author who wrote pulp fiction in a diverse range of genres. He is well known for his character Conan the Barbarian and is regarded as the father of the sword and sorcery subgenre.' </EOP>. Would you classify the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Robert Ervin Howard died in the 30's' </EOH> as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral? Explain your reasoning.	Robert Ervin Howard died in the 30's	{<BOL> neutral </EOL>} He died in 1936.
Analyze the premise: <BOP> 'Hickory Hill, also known sometimes as the Thomas E. Watson House, is a historic house museum at 502 Hickory Hill Drive in Thomson, Georgia. A National Historic Landmark, it was a home of Georgia Populist Party co-founder Thomas E. Watson (1856-1922).' </EOP>. Classify the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Thomas E. Watson built a National Landmark in Georgia.' </EOH> as contradiction, entailment, or neutral.	Thomas E. Watson built a National Landmark in Georgia.	{<BOL> entailment </EOL>} We don't know if he actually built it himself.
Reflect on the information in: <BOP> 'The Cathedral Church of SS. Peter and Paul is the Roman Catholic cathedral in the English city of Bristol. Located in the Clifton area of the city, it is the seat of the Diocese of Clifton and is known as Clifton Cathedral. It has been a Grade II* Listed Building since 2000.' </EOP>. Does the hypothesis: <BOH> 'It has been a Grade II* Listed Building since the year prior to 2002.' </EOH> constitute a contradiction, entailment, or neutral?	It has been a Grade II* Listed Building since the year prior to 2002.	{<BOL> entailment </EOL>} It has been a Grade II* Listed Building since 2000. The system was confused by the year.
Examine the information in <BOP> 'The Asteroids Galaxy Tour is a Danish pop band consisting of vocalist Mette Lindberg and songwriter/producer Lars Iversen, formed in 2007. When performing live the band extends to a five-piece, featuring Mikkel Balster Dorig (guitar), Simon Littauer (MPC and keys) and Rasmus Littauer (drums).' </EOP> Is the statement: <BOH> 'The Asteroids Galaxy Tour formed the year after 2005.' </EOH> a contradiction, entailment, or neutral? Justify your conclusion.	The Asteroids Galaxy Tour formed the year after 2005.	{<BOL> entailment </EOL>} The Asteroids Galaxy Tour formed in 2007. The system was confused by the year.
With the premise: <BOP> 'Last shot<br>It was win or go home for Carl's basketball team. Carl had the chance to win the game but missed. That was last year. This year Carl worked harder to get better. The same situation came this year but this time Carl made the shot.' </EOP>, decide if the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Carl didn't make the shot in the first game.' </EOH> leads to a contradiction, entailment, or neutral result. Explain why.	Carl didn't make the shot in the first game.	{<BOL> neutral </EOL>} Given the context of two games carl didn't make the shot in the first game. The system got tricked because it doesn't think about the two games that are mentioned
Given the context: <BOP> 'The 2005 Big East Men's Basketball Championship was played from March 9 to March 12, 2005. The tournament took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The Syracuse Orange won the tournament and were awarded an automatic bid to the 2005 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament.' </EOP>, classify the statement: <BOH> 'The tournament took place over four days.' </EOH> as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Justify your choice.	The tournament took place over four days.	{<BOL> neutral </EOL>} It was played from March 9- March 12.
Examine the premise: <BOP> 'The Savings Bank Building is a commercial building located at 101 South Front Street in Marquette, Michigan. It is also known as the Marquette County Savings Bank. The building was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1976 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.' </EOP> and assess if the subsequent statement: <BOH> 'The Savings Bank Building is better known as the Marquette County Savings Bank.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Include your rationale.	The Savings Bank Building is better known as the Marquette County Savings Bank.	{<BOL> entailment </EOL>} The text doesn't indicate whether one name is more popular than the other, merely that it is known by two names.
Based on the details provided in: <BOP> 'The 2017 World Series is set to begin, Tuesday, Oct. 24. This year’s series is between the Houston Astros and the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Astros are looking for their first World Series title in team history while the Dodgers are looking to win their first championship since 1988. Game one is set to take place in Los Angeles and will begin at 8:09 pm.' </EOP>, determine if the claim: <BOH> 'The Los Angeles Dodgers won the World Series in 1988' </EOH> represents a contradiction, entailment, or neutral.	The Los Angeles Dodgers won the World Series in 1988	{<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} It is stated that the Los Angeles Dodgers haven't won since 1988 so they won in 1988. I'm not sure why this was difficult for the system
<BOP> Energy sources unsuitable for mobile power plants, such as nuclear power, renewable hydroelectricity, or wind power can be used. According to widely accepted global energy reserve statistics, the reserves of liquid fuel are much less than gas and coal (at 42, 167 and 416 years respectively). Most countries with large rail networks do not have significant oil reserves and those that did, like the United States and Britain, have exhausted much of their reserves and have suffered declining oil output for decades. Therefore, there is also a strong economic incentive to substitute other fuels for oil. Rail electrification is often considered an important route towards consumption pattern reform. However, there are no reliable, peer-reviewed studies available to assist in rational public debate on this critical issue, although there are untranslated Soviet studies from the 1980s. <EOP> <BOQ> What is the recent incentive in order to overcome oil scarcity? <EOQ>	What is the recent incentive in order to overcome oil scarcity?	<BOL> to substitute other fuels <EOL>
<BOP> Kermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet." The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning "colored twice with coccus." Coccus, from the ancient Greek Kokkos, means a tiny grain and is the term that was used in ancient times for the Kermes vermilio insect used to make the Kermes dye. This was also the origin of the expression "dyed in the grain." <EOP> <BOQ> What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english? <EOQ>	What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english?	<BOL> colored twice with coccus <EOL>
Using the premise: <BOP> 'Cryptomeria (literally "hidden parts") is a monotypic genus of conifer in the cypress family Cupressaceae, formerly belonging to the family Taxodiaceae. It includes only one species, Cryptomeria japonica (syn. "Cupressus japonica" L.f.). It is endemic to Japan, where it is known as sugi (Japanese: 杉 ). The tree is called Japanese sugi pine or Japanese red-cedar in English.' </EOP>, decide if the conclusion: <BOH> 'Toxadiaceae used to be home of the cypress family.' </EOH> logically follows as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Explain your reasoning.	Toxadiaceae used to be home of the cypress family.	{<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} I simply restated the last part of the first sentence in a different order.
<BOP> The community was established by several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda (which lies due east of South Carolina, although at 1,030 km or 640 mi, it is closest to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina), under the leadership of governor William Sayle, on the west bank of the Ashley River, a few miles northwest of the present-day city center. It was soon predicted by the Earl of Shaftesbury, one of the Lords Proprietors, to become a "great port towne", a destiny the city quickly fulfilled. In 1680, the settlement was moved east of the Ashley River to the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. Not only was this location more defensible, but it also offered access to a fine natural harbor. <EOP> <BOQ> Who was the first governor of Charleston? <EOQ>	Who was the first governor of Charleston?	<BOL> William Sayle <EOL>
<BOP> The evolution of the Greek economy during the 19th century (a period that transformed a large part of the world because of the Industrial Revolution) has been little researched. Recent research from 2006 examines the gradual development of industry and further development of shipping in a predominantly agricultural economy, calculating an average rate of per capita GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 that was only slightly lower than that of the other Western European nations. Industrial activity, (including heavy industry like shipbuilding) was evident, mainly in Ermoupolis and Piraeus. Nonetheless, Greece faced economic hardships and defaulted on its external loans in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894. <EOP> <BOQ> What did Greece do in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894? <EOQ>	What did Greece do in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894?	<BOL> defaulted on its external loans <EOL>
<BOP> Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord". By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks; they were followed by artists, writers and painters. Two men who first explored the regions of ice and snow were Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799) in the Pennine Alps, and the Benedictine monk of Disentis Placidus a Spescha (1752–1833). Born in Geneva, Saussure was enamored with the mountains from an early age; he left a law career to become a naturalist and spent many years trekking through the Bernese Oberland, the Savoy, the Piedmont and Valais, studying the glaciers and the geology, as he became an early proponent of the theory of rock upheaval. Saussure, in 1787, was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc—today the summits of all the peaks have been climbed. <EOP> <BOQ> Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born? <EOQ>	Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born?	<BOL> Geneva <EOL>
Given the context: <BOP> 'USS "Nicholson" (DD-982), a "Spruance"-class destroyer, was the fourth ship of the United States Navy to be named for a family which was prominent in early American naval history, including James Nicholson, the senior Continental Navy Captain, and Samuel Nicholson, the first captain of USS "Constitution".' </EOP>, classify the statement: <BOH> 'USS "Nicholson" was built in 1275 AD.' </EOH> as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Justify your choice.	USS "Nicholson" was built in 1275 AD.	{<BOL> neutral </EOL>} The USS "Nicholson" is a US Navy ship. The US Navy did not exist in 1275, so this is definitely incorrect. I think this was difficult because you would have to know that the US Navy did not exist in 1275 AD.
<BOP> Lack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth (also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League) under the guidance of Phillip II, who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history. <EOP> <BOQ> The war from 431-404 BC is known as what? <EOQ>	The war from 431-404 BC is known as what?	<BOL> Peloponnesian War <EOL>
Analyze the premise: <BOP> 'Body Snatchers is a 1993 American science fiction horror film directed by Abel Ferrara and starring Gabrielle Anwar, Billy Wirth, Terry Kinney, Meg Tilly, Christine Elise, R. Lee Ermey and Forest Whitaker. It is loosely based on the 1955 novel "The Body Snatchers" by Jack Finney.' </EOP>. Classify the hypothesis: <BOH> 'R. Lee Ermey never played Hockey.' </EOH> as contradiction, entailment, or neutral.	R. Lee Ermey never played Hockey.	{<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} The text doesn't state whether or not R. Lee Ermey ever played hockey or not, so my statement that he never did was neither definitely correct nor definitely incorrect.
Given the premise: <BOP> 'Ilinka Mitreva (Macedonian: Илинка Митрева ) (born 11 February 1950 in Skopje) is a former foreign minister of the Republic of Macedonia. She was first appointed to that position in May 2001, but resigned in November 2001. However, she was reappointed in November 2002, and held the position until August 2006, when a new government took office after parliamentary elections.' </EOP>, evaluate whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Ilinka Mitreva can wear pants' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Explain your decision.	Ilinka Mitreva can wear pants	{<BOL> neutral </EOL>} she was a woman
Consider the premise in: <BOP> 'A Member is doing something inherently connected with a ``proceeding in Parliament'' when putting down a question on the Order Paper, a notice of motion, a notice of motion for the production of papers, or a report stage amendment; when obtaining assistance to do any of these; or when obtaining assistance to draft a bill.' </EOP>. Would you classify the hypothesis: <BOH> 'This is a statement about rules of procedure.' </EOH> as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral? Explain your reasoning.	This is a statement about rules of procedure.	{<BOL> neutral </EOL>} The language here is providing examples of what "proceeding in Parliament" is and is clearly meant to be used as a guide for how to determine if a proceeding in parliament is being intiated.
<BOP> As another example, she points to work by Thomas et al., who sought to distinguish between the Y chromosomes of Jewish priests (Kohanim), (in Judaism, membership in the priesthood is passed on through the father's line) and the Y chromosomes of non-Jews. Abu el-Haj concluded that this new "race science" calls attention to the importance of "ancestry" (narrowly defined, as it does not include all ancestors) in some religions and in popular culture, and people's desire to use science to confirm their claims about ancestry; this "race science", she argues, is fundamentally different from older notions of race that were used to explain differences in human behaviour or social status: <EOP> <BOQ> What is fundamentally different from older notions of race? <EOQ>	What is fundamentally different from older notions of race?	<BOL> race science <EOL>
<BOP> Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe. Napoleon synthesized the best academic elements from the Ancien Régime, The Enlightenment, and the Revolution, with the aim of establishing a stable, well-educated and prosperous society. He made French the only official language. He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders, but he offered public support to secondary education. Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools (lycées) designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France. All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages. Unlike the system during the Ancien Régime, religious topics did not dominate the curriculum, although they were present in addition to teachers from the clergy. Napoleon simply hoped to use religion to produce social stability. He gave special attention to the advanced centers, notably the École Polytechnique, that provided both military expertise and state-of-the-art research in science. Napoleon made some of the first major efforts at establishing a system of secular and public education. The system featured scholarships and strict discipline, with the result being a French educational system that outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system. <EOP> <BOQ> What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe? <EOQ>	What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe?	<BOL> Napoleon's educational reforms <EOL>
<BOP> Hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of Notre Dame by making it a coeducational institution. In the mid-1960s Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College developed a co-exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution, an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools. After extensive debate, merging with St. Mary's was rejected, primarily because of the differential in faculty qualifications and pay scales. "In American college education," explained the Rev. Charles E. Sheedy, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Dean of Arts and Letters, "certain features formerly considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of place.... In this environment of diversity, the integration of the sexes is a normal and expected aspect, replacing separatism." Thomas Blantz, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Vice President of Student Affairs, added that coeducation "opened up a whole other pool of very bright students." Two of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students that first year, while two others were converted for the next school year. In 1971 Mary Ann Proctor became the first female undergraduate; she transferred from St. Mary's College. In 1972 the first woman to graduate was Angela Sienko, who earned a bachelor's degree in marketing. <EOP> <BOQ> Which role did Charles Sheedy have at Notre Dame? <EOQ>	Which role did Charles Sheedy have at Notre Dame?	<BOL> Dean of Arts and Letters <EOL>
<BOP> Other features of the city's transportation infrastructure encompass more than 12,000 yellow taxicabs; various competing startup transportation network companies; and an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island. <EOP> <BOQ> Where does the aerial tramway that starts on Roosevelt Island terminate? <EOQ>	Where does the aerial tramway that starts on Roosevelt Island terminate?	<BOL> Manhattan Island <EOL>