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So, who got more than five circles figured out?
では、 5個以䞊できた人は 
Hopefully everybody? More than 10?
おそらく皆さんでしょう。では10個以䞊 
Keep your hands up if you did 10.
10個䜜った人は、手を挙げおくださいね
15? 20? Anybody get all 30?
15個  20個  30個党郚の人 
No? Oh! Somebody did. Fantastic.
うおっ  出来た人がいたすね。玠晎らしい
Did anybody to a variation on a theme? Like a smiley face?
䜕かのテヌマに沿っおやった人は  䟋えばニコニコ顔に
Happy face? Sad face? Sleepy face? Anybody do that?
喜んだ顔、悲しい顔、眠たげな顔ず蚀う具合に 
 誰かいたすか 
Anybody use my examples? The sun and the football?
私の䟋を䜿った人は  倪陜ずかサッカヌボヌルずか 
Great. Cool. So I was really interested in quantity.
玠晎らしい。ここでは量が重芁で
I wasn ’ t actually very interested in whether they were all different.
実際1぀1぀が違っおいるこずは求めおいたせん
I just wanted you to fill in as many circles as possible.
出来るだけ倚く円をただ埋めおほしかっただけなのです
And one of the things we tend to do as adults, again, is we edit things.
倧人になっおやるようになるのは、線集です
We stop ourselves from doing things.
自分で䜕かするのを止める
We self-edit as we ’ re having ideas.
アむデアが浮かんでも自己怜閲しおしたう
And in some cases, our desire to be original is actually a form of editing.
そしお、倚くの堎合、私達がオリゞナルでありたいず思う願望も、実際はその線集の䞀端なのです
And that actually isn ’ t necessarily really playful.
実際これはそんなに遊びのように芋えないかもしれたせん
So that ability just to go for it and explore lots of things, even if they don ’ t seem that different from each other, is actually something that kids do well, and it is a form of play.
頑匵っおやっおみお、倚くのこずを䟋え互いにそう違ったものでなくおも探求するずいう胜力は子䟛たちの長けおいる点で、それは䞀皮の遊びなのです
So now, Bob McKim did another version of this test in a rather famous experiment that was done in the 1960s.
さお、ボブマッキムは1960幎代にこれの別バヌゞョンで少し有名な実隓を行いたした
Anybody know what this is? It ’ s the peyote cactus.
これが䜕だか分かりたすか  これはペペヌテサボテンず呌ばれる怍物です
It ’ s the plant from which you can create mescaline, one of the psychedelic drugs.
この怍物からはメスカリンず呌ばれる幻芚䜜甚をも぀成分が抜出されたす
For those of you around in the '60s, you probably know it well.
60幎代を知っおいる方ならご存知でしょう
McKim published a paper in 1966, describing an experiment that he and his colleagues conducted to test the effects of psychedelic drugs on creativity.
マッキムは仲間ず共に行った薬物の創造性ぞの圱響に関する実隓に぀いお論文を1966幎に発衚したした
So he picked 27 professionals — they were engineers, physicists, mathematicians, architects, furniture designers even, artists — and he asked them to come along one evening, and to bring a problem with them that they were working on.
圌は様々な分野の専門家27人を遞びたした゚ンゞニア、物理孊者、数孊者、建築家家具デザむナヌ、アヌティストなどですある晩に圌らを集め圌らが取り組んでいる課題を持っおきおもらいたした
He gave each of them some mescaline, and had them listen to some nice, relaxing music for a while.
マッキムは被隓者にメスカリンを䞎え少しの間、リラックス出来る音楜を聞いおもらいたした
And then he did what ’ s called the Purdue Creativity Test.
そこで圌はいわゆるパヌデュヌクリ゚むティビティテストず呌ばれるテストを行いたした
You might know it as, "" How many uses can you find for a paper clip? "" It ’ s basically the same thing as the 30 circles thing that I just had you do.
䟋えば、ペヌパヌクリップの他の䜿甚法をいく぀考え぀くか  などです先ほど行った、「 30の円テスト」ず基本的には同じテストです
Now, actually, he gave the test before the drugs and after the drugs, to see what the difference was in people ’ s facility and speed with coming up with ideas.
圌は、薬物服甚前ず服甚埌にそれぞれテストを行い被隓者のアむデアの発想力ずスピヌド違いを調べたした
And then he asked them to go away and work on those problems that they ’ d brought.
その埌、圌らに持っおきた課題に取り組むように蚀いたした
And they ’ d come up with a bunch of interesting solutions — and actually, quite valid solutions — to the things that they ’ d been working on.
圌らは自分の課題に察し興味深く同時に有効なアむデアをたくさん思い぀きたした
So it was a pretty successful evening.
この倕べは倧成功でした
In fact, maybe this experiment was the reason that Silicon Valley got off to its great start with innovation.
もしかするず、この実隓はシリコンバレヌがむノベヌションによっお躍進したこずに関係があるのかもしれたせん
We don ’ t know, but it may be.
誰も分かりたせんが
We need to ask some of the CEOs whether they were involved in this mescaline experiment.
CEOたちにこの実隓に参加したかどうか聞かなくおはいけたせんね
But really, it wasn ’ t the drugs that were important; it was this idea that what the drugs did would help shock people out of their normal way of thinking, and getting them to forget the adult behaviors that were getting in the way of their ideas.
しかし、ここで薬物自䜓は重芁ではありたせん薬物はただ圌らが普段の考え方から抜け出す助けをしたのですそしお、アむデアの発想を邪魔する倧人の振る舞いを忘れさせたのです
But it ’ s hard to break our habits, our adult habits.
しかし、私達の習慣、぀たり倧人の習慣を倉えるこずは非垞に難しいものです
At IDEO we have brainstorming rules written on the walls.
IDEOでは、私達はブレむンストヌミングのルヌルが壁に曞いおありたす
Edicts like, "" Defer judgment, "" or "" Go for quantity. "" And somehow that seems wrong.
䟋えば、「刀断を控える」であるずか「量を求めよ」などです倉に芋えるかもしれたせん
I mean, can you have rules about creativity?
創造性にそもそもルヌルなんおあるのか 
Well, it sort of turns out that we need rules to help us break the old rules and norms that otherwise we might bring to the creative process.
しかし、叀いルヌルや芏範が私たちの創造プロセスに入り蟌むのを防ぐためにはルヌルが必芁だずいうこずが分かりたした
And we ’ ve certainly learnt that over time, you get much better brainstorming, much more creative outcomes when everybody does play by the rules.
私達が孊んだのはルヌルに沿っお遊ぶこずでブレむンストヌミングも創造的な結果も、ずっず良いものになるずいうこずです
Now, of course, many designers, many individual designers, achieve this is in a much more organic way.
もちろん、倚くのデザむナヌはもっず緩やかな圢でこれを行っおいたす
I think the Eameses are wonderful examples of experimentation.
実隓ずいうこずに関しおむヌムズは玠晎らしい䟋です
And they experimented with plywood for many years without necessarily having one single goal in mind.
圌らは長い間、はっきりずした目暙を持たずしおベニダ板で実隓を繰り返したした
They were exploring following what was interesting to them.
圌らは興味深いず思うものを探求しおきたのです
They went from designing splints for wounded soldiers coming out of World War II and the Korean War, I think, and from this experiment they moved on to chairs.
圌らは第二次䞖界倧戊か朝鮮戊争時の負傷した兵士のための添え朚をデザむンした経隓から怅子ぞず着想を移しおいったのです
Through constant experimentation with materials, they developed a wide range of iconic solutions that we know today, eventually resulting in, of course, the legendary lounge chair.
玠材の実隓を絶えず続ける䞭で私たちが今日知っおいる独特な補品を広く開発し最終的には、あの䌝説的な ― ラりンゞチェアを生んだのです
Now, if the Eameses had stopped with that first great solution, then we wouldn ’ t be the beneficiaries of so many wonderful designs today.
もしむヌムズがその最初の玠晎らしいアむデアに満足しおしたっおいたら私達は今日の倚くの芋事なデザむンの恩恵を埗るこずが出来なかったでしょう
And of course, they used experimentation in all aspects of their work, from films to buildings, from games to graphics.
そしお、圌らはどんな堎面でも実隓を甚いたした建物から映画、グラフィックスからゲヌムにいたるたで
So, they ’ re great examples, I think, of exploration and experimentation in design.
それらは、デザむンにおける探玢ず実隓の実䟋そのものです
Now, while the Eameses were exploring those possibilities, they were also exploring physical objects.
むヌムズは、ああいった可胜性を探玢しおいた䞀方で物質的なものも探玢しおいたのです
And they were doing that through building prototypes.
プロトタむプを組み立おるこずで垞に探玢をしたした
And building is the next of the behaviors that I thought I ’ d talk about.
そしおこの組み立おるずいう行動に぀いお、次にお話ししたす
So the average Western first-grader spends as much as 50 percent of their play time taking part in what ’ s called "" construction play. "" Construction play — it ’ s playful, obviously, but also a powerful way to learn.
ペヌロッパの平均的な幎生は遊び時間の50% を䜕かを䜜る遊びに費やしたす䜜る遊びずいうのは、もちろん遊びですが同時に孊習においお非垞に有効なツヌルです
When play is about building a tower out of blocks, the kid begins to learn a lot about towers.
積み朚でタワヌを組み立おるずき子䟛はタワヌに぀いお倚くを孊びたす
And as they repeatedly knock it down and start again, learning is happening as a sort of by-product of play.
厩しおは䜜り盎すのを䜕床も繰り返す䞭で遊びの副産物の様なものずしお孊習が行われたす
It ’ s classically learning by doing.
それは兞型的な行動による孊習なのです
On one of his earliest projects, the team was kind of stuck, and they came up with a mechanism by hacking together a prototype made from a roll-on deodorant.
圌の最初のころのプロゞェクトの䞀぀で、チヌムは行き詰たり圌らはロヌルオン匏のデオドラントからプロトタむプを䜜り出したした
Now, that became the first commercial computer mouse for the Apple Lisa and the Macintosh.
そしお、それはAppleのリサずマッキントッシュの最初の商甚のマりスずなったのです
So, they learned their way to that by building prototypes.
圌らはプロトタむプにより、このデバむスを生み出す方法を思い぀いたのです
Another example is a group of designers who were working on a surgical instrument with some surgeons.
その他の䟋ずしお、倖科医ず共に手術噚具の開発に携わったデザむナヌのグルヌプです
They were meeting with them; they were talking to the surgeons about what it was they needed with this device.
圌らは倖科医たちず䌚っお、倖科医たちにこの噚具に䜕が必芁か尋ねたした
And all of a sudden a productive conversation was happening about design around a tangible object.
手に取れるものを巡っお急にデザむンに぀いおの生産的な䌚話が掻発に行われるようになったのです
And in the end it turned into a real device.
そしお最埌には実際に医療噚具ずなったのです
And so this behavior is all about quickly getting something into the real world, and having your thinking advanced as a result.
この行動は玠早く䜕かを実際に䜜っおみお結果ずしお考えを前進させるのです
At IDEO there ’ s a kind of a back-to-preschool feel sometimes about the environment.
IDEOの職堎環境には幌皚園に戻ったような雰囲気がありたす
The prototyping carts, filled with colored paper and Play-Doh and glue sticks and stuff — I mean, they do have a bit of a kindergarten feel to them.
プロトタむピングの道具箱には色の぀いた玙や粘土やスティックのりずかでいっぱいです぀たり、それらは䜕かしら幌皚園の感芚を生み出すのです
But the important idea is that everything ’ s at hand, everything ’ s around.
しかし、重芁なのは党おが手の届く䜍眮にあるこずです
So when designers are working on ideas, they can start building stuff whenever they want.
デザむナヌがアむデアを緎っおいるずきい぀でも䜕かを䜜り始めるこずが出来るのです
They don ’ t necessarily even have to go into some kind of formal workshop to do it.
それらは必ずしもちゃんずした䜜業郚屋に行く必芁はないのです
And we think that ’ s pretty important.
私達はこれがずおも重芁だず考えおいたす
And then the sad thing is, although preschools are full of this kind of stuff, as kids go through the school system it all gets taken away.
しかし悲しいこずに幌皚園ではこのような道具でいっぱいなのに、教育システムを進むに぀れおそれらは無くなっおいくのです
They lose this stuff that facilitates this sort of playful and building mode of thinking.
遊び圢匏、組み立お圢匏の考え方を促進するこれらの道具を、子䟛たちは倱っおしたうのです
And of course, by the time you get to the average workplace, maybe the best construction tool we have might be the Post-it notes. It ’ s pretty barren.
そうしお、平均的な職堎に就く頃には私達にずっお䞀番いい䜜るための道具は Post-itノヌトになるのでしょう。これは味気ない
But by giving project teams and the clients who they ’ re working with permission to think with their hands, quite complex ideas can spring into life and go right through to execution much more easily.
プロゞェクトチヌムずクラむアントが䞀緒になっお手で考えるこずによっお耇雑なアむデアでも茝きだしより容易に結果ずしお生み出されるのです
This is a nurse using a very simple — as you can see — plasticine prototype, explaining what she wants out of a portable information system to a team of technologists and designers that are working with her in a hospital.
この看護婊さんは、芋お分かるように簡単な粘土のプロトタむプを䜜り病院で圌女ず共に取り組む技術者ずデザむナヌのチヌムに携垯情報システムに望むものを説明しおいたす
And just having this very simple prototype allows her to talk about what she wants in a much more powerful way.
このシンプルなプロトで圌女が望むものをずおも説埗力のある圢で話せるようになったのです
And of course, by building quick prototypes, we can get out and test our ideas with consumers and users much more quickly than if we ’ re trying to describe them through words.
玠早くプロトタむプを組み立おるこずで蚀葉で説明するより遥かに効率的に消費者やナヌザヌず私達のアむデアをテストするこずが出来るようになるのです
But what about designing something that isn ’ t physical?
では、物質的でないものをデザむンする時はどうなのか 
Something like a service or an experience?
䟋えば、サヌビスであったり、゚クスペリ゚ンスや
Something that exists as a series of interactions over time?
長時間にわたる䞀連のやり取りなどはどうでしょう 
Instead of building play, this can be approached with role-play.
組み立おる遊びのかわりに、ロヌルプレむをするこずで取り組むこずが出来たす
So, if you ’ re designing an interaction between two people — such as, I don ’ t know — ordering food at a fast food joint or something, you need to be able to imagine how that experience might feel over a period of time.
䟋えば、ファストフヌド店で泚文をするずいう 2人の間の盞互関係をデザむンする堎合その゚クスペリ゚ンスは時間の経過の䞭でどのように感じられるかを想像する必芁がありたす
And I think the best way to achieve that, and get a feeling for any flaws in your design, is to act it out.
これを実珟し、デザむンに存圚する欠陥を経隓するには、ロヌルプレむするのが最善だず考えおいたす
So we do quite a lot of work at IDEO trying to convince our clients of this.
IDEOでは倚くの仕事でこのやり方をクラむアントに認めおもらっおいたす
They can be a little skeptical; I ’ ll come back to that.
圌らはすこし懐疑的ですが、それは埌に話したしょう
But a place, I think, where the effort is really worthwhile is where people are wrestling with quite serious problems — things like education or security or finance or health.
しかし私が思うに、人々が難題に立ち向かっおいる環境でこそその詊みの䟡倀生たれるのです䟋えば、教育、セキュリティ、金融、医療などが挙げられたす
And this is another example in a healthcare environment of some doctors and some nurses and designers acting out a service scenario around patient care.
これは、ヘルスケア分野における別の䟋ですが患者に察するサヌビスにおいお医者ず看護婊、そしおデザむナヌが実際に挔じおいたす
But you know, many adults are pretty reluctant to engage with role-play.
しかし、倧人の倚くはロヌルプレむにほずんど気乗りしたせん
Some of it ’ s embarrassment and some of it is because they just don ’ t believe that what emerges is necessarily valid.
恥ずかしさのためもあるしこれを通しお、浮かび䞊がる事実が有効であるず信じおいないからでしょう
They dismiss an interesting interaction by saying, you know, "" That ’ s just happening because they ’ re acting it out. "" Research into kids' behavior actually suggests that it ’ s worth taking role-playing seriously.
ロヌルプレむだからそうなっただけだず蚀っお興味深い盞互䜜甚を吊定しおしたう子䟛の行動に関する研究はロヌルプレむに真剣に取り組むこずが重芁であるこずを瀺しおいたす
Because when children play a role, they actually follow social scripts quite closely that they ’ ve learnt from us as adults.
子䟛たちが圹を挔じるずき圌らは倧人から孊び取った瀟䌚的な台本に忠実に埓っお振る舞いたす
If one kid plays "" store, "" and another one ’ s playing "" house, "" then the whole kind of play falls down.
䞀人が「お店ごっこ」、もう䞀人が「たたごず」をしおいたらこの遊びは倱敗に陥りたすが
So they get used to quite quickly to understanding the rules for social interactions, and are actually quite quick to point out when they ’ re broken.
圌らはすぐに瀟䌚的な盞互関係のルヌルを理解しそれらが厩れた時にはすぐ指摘するのです
So when, as adults, we role-play, then we have a huge set of these scripts already internalized.
私達倧人がロヌルプレむするずきには既に吞収しおいる膚倧なスクリプトを持っおいたす
We ’ ve gone through lots of experiences in life, and they provide a strong intuition as to whether an interaction is going to work.
私達は人生においお色んなこずを経隓しおいたすその様々な経隓から私達は盞互関係がきちんず成り立぀かどうかを盎感的に知るこずが出来るのです
So we ’ re very good, when acting out a solution, at spotting whether something lacks authenticity.
解決策を挔じおみるずき私達は欠けおいる䜕かを芋぀けるこずに長けおいるのです
So role-play is actually, I think, quite valuable when it comes to thinking about experiences.
぀たり、ロヌルプレむずぱクスペリ゚ンスに぀いお考える際にその䟡倀を発揮したす
Another way for us, as designers, to explore role-play is to put ourselves through an experience which we ’ re designing for, and project ourselves into an experience.
私達デザむナヌがロヌルプレむで探玢するもう぀の方法は自分たちのデザむンしおいる゚クスペリ゚ンスの䞭に身を眮いお自ら䜓隓するずいうこずです
So here are some designers who are trying to understand what it might feel like to sleep in a confined space on an airplane.
これはデザむナヌが飛行機内の限られたスペヌスで寝おみるずどのように感じるか理解しようずしおいたす
And so they grabbed some very simple materials, you can see, and did this role-play, this kind of very crude role-play, just to get a sense of what it would be like for passengers if they were stuck in quite small places on airplanes.
芋おの通り単玔な材料しか䜿っおいたせんこのようなずおも倧雑把なロヌルプレむによっお乗客が飛行機の狭い堎所に詰め蟌たれた時に、どのように感じおいるのか知るこずができたす