text
stringlengths
0
254
output
stringlengths
0
209
"" Aha! "" Betzig said.
「これだ  」ベツィグは蚀いたした
"I think maybe the laws of physics are not so unbreakable after all."
「物理孊の法則を砎るこずができるのでは」
So he lashed together a microscope in his friend's living room.
圌は友人の家の居間で顕埮鏡を組み立おたした
He had no laboratory.
研究宀などありたせんでしたから
This revolutionary instrument got different protein molecules to light up in different colors, and with a computer, he was able to turn very, very fuzzy blurs into very sharp dots and produce images of unprecedented and startling clarity.
この革新的な装眮は異なるタンパク質の分子を異なる色で光らせコンピュヌタ凊理によりずおもずおもがやけた画像を非垞にくっきりした点に倉え前䟋のない目を芋匵るような鮮明な画像を映し出したした
For this work, last year, Eric Betzig won the Nobel Prize.
この発明により昚幎゚リック・ベツィグはノヌベル賞を受賞したした
Why?
なぜかっお 
Because now we can see with unprecedented detail things that we never had seen before, and now doctors can get a better handle on things like cancer.
か぀おは䞍可胜だった前䟋のないほどの詳现さで物を芋るこずが出来るようになり医垫たちには癌ずいったものがより扱いやすくになりたした
But do you think Betzig was satisfied there?
しかしベツィグはここで満足したず思いたすか 
No.
いいえ
He wanted movies.
圌は動画を撮圱したいず思ったのです
The problem was that even the genius microscopes that he invented were just too slow.
問題は圌が発明した芋事な顕埮鏡でも動䜜が遅すぎたのです
So what did he do?
そこでどうしたのでしょうか 
He came up with a 200-year-old idea called moiré patterns.
圌は200幎前に考え出されたモアレ暡様に思い圓りたした
So the way that works is if you take two very, very fine patterns and you move them across each other, you will see a gross pattern that a microscope can see that otherwise you would not be able to see.
その動䜜原理はずいうず ぀のずおも埮现な暡様を取り出しそれらを互いに亀差させるず顕埮鏡を䜿った他の方法では芋るこずが出来ない暡様の党䜓が芋えるようになるずいうこずです
So he applied this technique to taking a really blurry image of a cell and moving lots of structured light patterns across it until this cell became crystal clear.
圌はこの技法をずおも䞍鮮明な现胞の画像に応甚しこの现胞の画像が完党に明瞭になるたで制埡されたパタヌンで光を様々な方向から圓おたのです
And here is the result: a mysterious new world, full of strange things zipping around doing things that we don't know what they're doing.
これがその実䟋です䞍思議な新しい䞖界です䜕をしおいるのか分かりたせんが倚くの倉わり者たちが元気よく動き回っおいたす
But when we figure it out, we'll have a better handle on life itself.
しかしこの手法により生呜の問題をより䞊手に扱うこずが出来るでしょう
For example, those green globs that you see?
䟋えばこの緑の塊をご芧ください
Those things are called clathrins.
これはクラスリンずよばれるものです
They're molecules that protect other molecules as they move through a cell.
现胞の䞭を動き回る際に他の分子を保護する分子です
Unfortunately, viruses sometimes hijack those to infect cells.
残念ながら時にりィルスがこれを乗っ取り现胞に感染したす
Also, you see those little squiggly wormlike things moving around?
小さくおくねくねず動き回るミミズのようなものも芋えたすね 
Those are actin molecules.
アクチン分子です
Unfortunately, viruses also climb down those things to get into the cell nucleus to replicate themselves and make you sick.
残念ながらりィルスはこれにも取り぀いお现胞栞に䟵入し自らの耇補を䜜り我々を病気にさせたす
Now that we can look at movies of what's actually going on deep inside a cell, we have a much better chance of curing viral diseases like AIDS.
今や现胞の奥深くで実際に䜕が起きおいるか動画で芋るこずが出来るようになり゚むズずいったりィルス性の病気を治癒できる可胜性が倧いに高たりたした
So when you look at a movie like this, it's very clear that Betzig has opened our eyes to a completely new world.
このような動画を芋るずベツィグが党く新しい䞖界を芋させおくれたこずは実に明らかです
But he hasn't shattered any cherished beliefs.
しかし圌は長い間信じられおきたこずを䜕か打ち砕いたわけではありたせん
That leads us to Dr. Aubrey de Grey at Cambridge.
そこで話をケンブリッゞ倧のオヌブリヌ・デ・グレむ博士に移したす
De Grey definitely has scientists squirming with an interesting idea: we can be immortal.
デ・グレむはその興味深いアむデアで間違いなく科孊者たちをむラむラさせたした人間は䞍死になれるずか
We can beat aging.
老化は回避できるずいったこずです
Now, most scientists think he's a crackpot.
倚くの科孊者たちは圌は狂っおいるず思いたした
Any Biology 101 student knows that aging is an inevitable consequence of living.
生物孊の基瀎を孊んだ孊生なら誰でも老化は生呜の避けられぬ運呜だず知っおいたす
For example, when we eat, we take in food and we metabolize it, and that throws off what we call free radicals.
䟋えば食事をするず食べ物を取り蟌み新陳代謝が起こり遊離基ず呌ばれるものを盎ぐに䜜り出したす
You might have heard of those.
皆さんがご存じのこずかもしれたせん
Also known as oxygen ions, those bind to our DNA, cause it to mutate, and cause us to get old and lose our hair.
酞玠むオンずしおも知られこれがDNAに結合しお倉異を匕き起こし老化や脱毛が起こりたす
(Laughter) It's just like, no, it's exactly like oxygen binding to iron and making it rust.
 笑  それは鉄が酞化しお錆びるのず䌌おいるいや党く同じ䜜甚です
So you age because you rust out.
぀たり老化は錆び぀くずいうこずですね
(Laughter) Oh, and scientists also know there is something called immortality: in cancer cells.
 笑  そういえば科孊者達はある皮の䞍死ずいうものがあるこずを知っおいたす癌现胞のこずです
So if you stop aging, all of you are going to turn into giant walking malignant tumors.
぀たり老化が止たるずいうこずは誰もが巚倧な歩く悪性腫瘍になっおいるずいうこずですね
These are cherished beliefs, but could de Grey be on to something?
老化は䞍可避ず信じられおいたすがデ・グレむは䜕かに気づいたのでしょうか 
I think he deserves a closer look.
圌は泚目するに倀するず思いたす
First of all, I have a really hard time seeing him as a crackpot.
たず最初にどう芋おも私には圌が狂っおいる人間には思えたせん
Yeah, he started off life as a computer scientist, not a biologist, but he earned a PhD in biology from Cambridge, and he has published some very significant work on mitochondrial DNA and a bunch of other stuff.
生物孊者ずしおではなくコンピュヌタヌ科孊者ずしお圌のキャリアは始たりたしたがケンブリッゞ倧孊で生物孊の博士号を取埗しおおりミトコンドリアDNAやその他に関するずおも重芁な論文をいく぀か発衚したした
Secondly, he started an antiaging foundation that has identified seven different causes of aging, to me, that seem very plausible, and he is hot in pursuit of fixes for every single one of them.
぀目に圌は老化防止基金を蚭立し ぀の老化芁因を特定したしたこれらの芁因は私にはずおも劥圓に思えたすそしお圌は個々の芁因に察する解決策を熱心に探し求めおいたす
For example, one of the reasons we age is that our mitochondrial DNA mutates, and we get kind of old and our cells lose energy.
䟋えば老化の芁因の぀はミトコンドリアDNAの突然倉異にあり我々は老化し现胞ぱネルギヌを倱っおいきたす
He believes, and he's made a convincing case, that using viruses we can do gene therapy, fix that DNA and rejuvenate our cells.
圌はりィルスを甚いた遺䌝子治療が可胜ず信じおおり確たる䟋も瀺しおいたす DNAを修埩し现胞の若返りが可胜なのです
One more thing.
もう぀ありたす
We have an existent proof that extreme longevity is possible.
際立った長寿が可胜であるこずの生きた蚌拠がありたす
Bristlecone pine trees live 5,000 years, and some lobsters don't age at all.
むガゎペり  束の䞀皮  の寿呜は千幎でたたある皮のロブスタヌは党く幎をずりたせん
Now, this doesn't mean that de Grey is going to revolutionize our lifespans.
デ・グレむが人間の寿呜に革呜を起こそうずしおいるずは蚀っおいたせん
I mean, after all, we're not trees, and most of us are not lobsters.
結局我々は朚でもないし倧抵の人はロブスタヌではありたせんからね
(Laughter) But I've got to believe that there are Darwins and Einsteins out there, and I'll tell you why.
 笑  でもダヌりィンやアむンシュタむンのような科孊者がいるず信じざるを埗たせんその理由は
Consider this: there are seven times more people alive today than during Darwin's time.
こういうこずです珟圚の人口はダヌりィンの時代に比べ 倍にもなりたす
There are four times as many people alive today as Einstein.
アむンシュタむンの時代に比べれば倍です
When you consider that the proportion of scientists in the population has skyrocketed, there are now seven million scientists.
党人口に占める ― 科孊者の割合は急激に増えおおり今や癟䞇人の科孊者がいたす
I've got to believe, and I do believe, that there's one of them out there who is working right now in obscurity to rock our lives, and I don't know about you, but I can't wait to be rocked.
その䞭の人が生呜の秘密を解明しようず今も秘かに研究しおいるものず信じざるを埗たせんしそう信じおいたす皆さんはどうか分かりたせんが私は解明される日が埅ち遠しいのです
Thank you.
ありがずうございたした
(Applause)
 拍手 
I think it's safe to say that all humans will be intimate with death at least once in their lives.
人は誰でも生きおいる間に少なくずも䞀床は死ず密接に関わるこずがあるでしょう
But what if that intimacy began long before you faced your own transition from life into death?
でもその関わりが自分自身の生ず死に向き合う ― ずっず前に始たるずしたらどうでしょうか
What would life be like if the dead literally lived alongside you?
死ず䞀緒に暮らすずしたらその生掻はどんなものでしょうか
In my husband's homeland in the highlands of Sulawesi island in eastern Indonesia, there is a community of people that experience death not as a singular event but as a gradual social process.
私の倫の故郷はむンドネシア東郚にあるスラりェシ島の高地にありたすそこに䜏む人々は死を単独の出来事ずしおではなく段階的な瀟䌚の過皋ずしお経隓したす
In Tana Toraja, the most important social moments in people's lives, the focal points of social and cultural interaction are not weddings or births or even family dinners, but funerals.
タナ・トラゞャでは人生で最も重芁な瀟䌚的節目であり瀟䌚的文化的な亀流の焊点ず考えられおいるのは結婚でも出産でも家族ずの食事でもなく葬儀です
So this cultural complex surrounding death, the ritual enactment of the end of life, has made death the most visible and remarkable aspect of Toraja's landscape.
こうした死にた぀わる文化的抂念 ― 人生の最埌の儀匏によっお死はトラゞャの颚景の䞭で最も泚目される偎面を担うのです
Lasting anywhere from a few days to a few weeks, funeral ceremonies are a raucous affair, where commemorating someone who's died is not so much a private sadness but more of a publicly shared transition.
葬儀は数日から数週間に枡っお行われ倧倉にぎやかです死者ぞの远悌は個人的な悲しみずいうよりコミュニティヌ党䜓の節目ず考えられおいたす
And it's a transition that's just as much about the identity of the living as it is about remembrance of the dead.
それは故人をしのぶず同時に生きおいる人のアむデンティティにも関わるのです生きおいる人のアむデンティティにも関わるのです
So even as we share death as a universal experience, it's not experienced the same way the world over.
死は䞖界䞭の誰もが経隓するずはいえその経隓の仕方は䞖界䞭どこでも同じではないのです
And as an anthropologist, I see these differences in experience being rooted in the cultural and social world through which we define the phenomena around us.
私は人類孊者ずしおこうした経隓における違いは身の回りで起きる珟象の解釈の根拠ずなる文化的瀟䌚的䞖界芳に端を発しおいるず考えおいたす
So where we see an unquestionable reality, death as an irrefutable biological condition, Torajans see the expired corporeal form as part of a larger social genesis.
動かしようのない珟実ずしお物事を芋る堎合死は議論をはさむ䜙地もないある生物孊的な状態ですがトラゞャの人たちは肉䜓的な死を瀟䌚芏暡でのある始たりの䞀環ず考えたす
So again, the physical cessation of life is not the same as death.
生呜掻動の物理的な停止は死ずは別のものなのです
In fact, a member of society is only truly dead when the extended family can agree upon and marshal the resources necessary to hold a funeral ceremony that is considered appropriate in terms of resources for the status of the deceased.
トラゞャの人が本圓に死んだずされるのは近芪者の合意が埗られ葬儀を行うのに必芁な資金が甚意されたずきです葬儀には死者の身分に芋合うだけのお金をかけるこずになっおいたす
And this ceremony has to take place in front of the eyes of the whole community with everyone's participation.
たた葬儀は関係者党員が参加し党員の目の前で行うのが決たりです
So after a person's physical death, their body is placed in a special room in the traditional residence, which is called the tongkonan.
肉䜓的な死を迎えた埌遺䜓はトンコナンず呌ばれる䌝統的な䜏居内の特別な䞀宀に安眮されたす
And the tongkonan is symbolic not only of the family's identity but also of the human life cycle from birth to death.
トンコナンは遺族のアむデンティティの象城であり人間の生ず死をめぐる埪環の象城でもありたす
So essentially, the shape of the building that you're born into is the shape of the structure which carries you to your ancestral resting place.
だから出産のための建物は先祖が眠る堎所ぞ死者を連れお行く乗り物ず同じ圢をしおいるのです
Until the funeral ceremony, which can be held years after a person's physical death, the deceased is referred to as "" to makala, "" a sick person, or "" to mama, "" a person who is asleep, and they continue to be a member of the household.
葬儀が行われるたで肉䜓的な死埌䜕幎も経過する堎合もありたすが死者はト・マカラ「病人」ずかト・ママ「眠る人」ず呌ばれたす家族の䞀員であり続け
So I know what some of you must be thinking right now.
こうお考えの方がいるでしょう
Is she really saying that these people live with the bodies of their dead relatives?
「぀たりこの人たちは芪戚の死䜓ず䞀緒に暮らしおいるずいうこずなのか  」
And that's exactly what I'm saying.
その通りです
So Torajans express this idea of this enduring relationship by lavishing love and attention on the most visible symbol of that relationship, the human body.
そのこずを最も明癜に象城する遺䜓ずいうものに惜しみない愛情ず思いやりを泚ぐこずによっおトラゞャの人々はその関係がずっず続くずいうこずを衚珟しおいたす
So my husband has fond memories of talking to and playing with and generally being around his deceased grandfather, and for him there is nothing unnatural about this.
私の倫には祖父の遺䜓ずおしゃべりしたり遊んだり䞀緒に過ごした懐かしい思い出がありたす圌にずっおこれは䞍自然でも䜕もないこずです
And here you can see these wooden effigies of the ancestors, so these are people who have already been buried, already had a funeral ceremony.
こちらは先祖たちをかたどった朚圫りの像ですすでに埋葬され葬儀を終えた人たちです
These are called tau tau.
この像はタりタりず呌ばれたす
So the funeral ceremony itself embodies this relational perspective on death.
぀たり葬儀によっお死ず関係性に察する考え方が具䜓化されるずいうわけです
It ritualizes the impact of death on families and communities.
死がもたらす家族やコミュニティヌぞの圱響を葬儀によっお儀匏化するのです
And it's also a moment of self-awareness.
さらに葬儀は自己認識の機䌚でもありたす
It's a moment when people think about who they are, their place in society, and their role in the life cycle in accordance with Torajan cosmology.
人々は考えさせられたす自分は䜕者なのか瀟䌚の䞭で自分の居堎所はどこかトラゞャの宇宙論が説く ― 生呜のサむクルにおける自分の圹割は䜕か
So essentially, we all become grandparents to the generations of human children that come after us.
だから私たちは䞀人残らず埌䞖の子どもたちにずっおの祖父母になるずいうわけです
But the sacrifice of buffalo and the ritual display of wealth also exhibits the status of the deceased, and, by extension, the deceased's family.
氎牛を生莄にするこずや富を儀匏的に誇瀺するこずは故人やひいおは遺族の身分を瀺すこずにもなりたす
So at funerals, relationships are reconfirmed but also transformed in a ritual drama that highlights the most salient feature about death in this place: its impact on life and the relationships of the living.
だから葬儀に際し関係性は再確認されるず同時に圢を倉えるのです儀匏的なドラマを通じ浮き圫りになるのはこの土地における最も顕著な死の特城 ― 死が人生ず生きおいる人たちの関係性に䞎える圱響です
So all of this focus on death doesn't mean that Torajans don't aspire to the ideal of a long life.
このように死ぞの関心が高いずはいえトラゞャの人々が長生きの理想を远わないわけではありたせん
They engage in many practices thought to confer good health and survival to an advanced age.
圌らには健康や長寿をもたらすず考えられる ― 圌らには健康や長寿をもたらすず考えられる ― いろいろな颚習がありたす
But they don't put much stock in efforts to prolong life in the face of debilitating illness or in old age.
しかし圌らは病気で䜓が衰匱しおからあるいは高霢になっおたで延呜のための努力をするこずにはあたり執着したせん
It's said in Toraja that everybody has sort of a predetermined amount of life.
トラゞャでは人間は皆寿呜が決たっおいるず考えられおいたす
It's called the sunga '.
このこずはスンガず呌ばれたす
And like a thread, it should be allowed to unspool to its natural end.
糞巻きがほどけるように自然に終わるずころたで倩寿を党うするずいうわけです
So by having death as a part of the cultural and social fabric of life, people's everyday decisions about their health and healthcare are affected.
文化的瀟䌚的な意味で呜の営みの䞀郚ずしお死を捉える考え方は人々が日垞的に行う健康に぀いおの刀断や健康管理に圱響したす
The patriarch of my husband's maternal clan, Nenet Katcha, is now approaching the age of 100, as far as we can tell.
倫の母方の郚族の長はネネットカチャずいう人ですがもうすぐ100歳だろうず蚀われおいたす