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I fit into it, you fit into it, and a hundred years tops, my body can return to the Earth with no preprocessing.
|
私も皆さんもその一部となっていますので私の身体も百年もすれば前処理なしで土に還ることができます
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Yet that packaging I got in the mail yesterday is going to last for thousands of years.
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それなのに昨日届いた小包の梱包材は何千年もの間そのまま残るのです
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This is crazy.
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まともじゃありません
|
But nature provides us with a really good model here.
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でも自然は非常に優れた模範例を見せてくれます
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When a tree's done using its leaves — its solar collectors, these amazing molecular photon capturing devices — at the end of a season, it doesn't pack them up, take them to the leaf reprocessing center and have them melted down to form new leaves.
|
木は季節が終わって日光を吸収する素晴らしい光子の収集器である葉が必要でなくなったときまとめて葉をリサイクルセンターに持って行き溶かして新しい葉をつくったりしません
|
It just drops them, the shortest distance possible, to the forest floor, where they're actually upcycled into next year's topsoil.
|
できるだけ一番近い林床に落とすだけですそこで落葉は翌年の表土になります
|
And this gets us back to the mushrooms.
|
さてここでキノコに話が繋がります
|
Because in nature, mushrooms are the recycling system.
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なぜかと言うと自然界ではキノコがリサイクルシステムだからです
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And what we've discovered is, by using a part of the mushroom you've probably never seen — analogous to its root structure; it's called mycelium — we can actually grow materials with many of the same properties of conventional synthetics.
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我々が発見したのは皆さんはおそらく見たこともないキノコの一部で菌糸体と呼ばれる根茎に類似した構造を利用し実際に従来の化学合成物質と同じ特性を多く持つ素材を栽培できるということでした
|
Now, mycelium is an amazing material, because it's a self-assembling material.
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菌糸体は驚異的な物質です自己集合性があるからです
|
It actually takes things we would consider waste — things like seed husks or woody biomass — and can transform them into a chitinous polymer, which you can form into almost any shape.
|
私達が廃棄物と見なすような種子殻や木質のバイオマスなどをキチン質の高分子化合物に変えて大体どんな形にでも形成することができます
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In our process, we basically use it as a glue.
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我々のやり方では菌糸体は基本的に接着剤のように使われます
|
But these materials are grown from agricultural byproducts, not petroleum.
|
これらは農産廃棄物から培養された物質で原油は使われていません
|
And because they're made of natural materials, they are 100 percent compostable in you own backyard.
|
更に自然の素材から作られているため皆さんの庭で完全に堆肥化することができます
|
So I'd like to share with you the four basic steps required to make these materials.
|
ではこれらを生産する4つの基本的な工程を皆さんにお見せしたいと思います
|
The first is selecting a feedstock, preferably something that's regional, that's in your area, right — local manufacturing.
|
まず最初に原料を選びますできればその地域にあるものや現地生産されているものを選びます
|
The next is actually taking this feedstock and putting in a tool, physically filling an enclosure, a mold, in whatever shape you want to get.
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次に原料を実際に型に詰めます型となる容器はどんな形でもかまいません
|
Then you actually grow the mycelium through these particles, and that's where the magic happens, because the organism is doing the work in this process, not the equipment.
|
そしてこの粒子の隙間で菌糸体を育てますここからがマジックですというのも機械でなく生物体がこの工程作業を行なうからです
|
The final step is, of course, the product, whether it's a packaging material, a table top, or building block.
|
最後のステップはもちろん製品です梱包材料テーブル建築ブロックなどです
|
Our vision is local manufacturing, like the local food movement, for production.
|
我々のビジョンは現地生産であり製品製造の地産地消です
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So we've created formulations for all around the world using regional byproducts.
|
そこで世界中でその地域の副産物を利用する技法を創り上げました
|
If you're in China, you might use a rice husk or a cottonseed hull.
|
例えば中国なら米のもみ殻や綿実殻を利用してもいいですし
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If you're in Northern Europe or North America, you can use things like buckwheat husks or oat hulls.
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北ヨーロッパや北アメリカではそば殻やオート麦の殻などが利用できます
|
We then process these husks with some basic equipment.
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これらをいくつかの基本的な装置で処理します
|
And I want to share with you a quick video from our facility that gives you a sense of how this looks at scale.
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では我々の工場の短い映像をお見せします大量生産だとどんな感じか見てください
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So what you're seeing here is actually cotton hulls from Texas, in this case.
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今見えるのはテキサスの綿実殻の例です
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It's a waste product.
|
廃棄物ですね
|
And what they're doing in our equipment is going through a continuous system, which cleans, cooks, cools and pasteurizes these materials, while also continuously inoculating them with our mycelium.
|
これらはこの機械にかけられて連続システムを通り洗浄加熱冷却され殺菌されます同時に菌糸体が次々と植菌されます
|
This gives us a continuous stream of material that we can put into almost any shape, though today we're making corner blocks.
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こうしてほぼどの形の型にも入れられる素材がどんどん作られてくるわけですこの例ではコーナーパットを作っています
|
And it's when this lid goes on the part, that the magic really starts.
|
そしてこの部分に蓋がされるとマジックが始まります
|
Because the manufacturing process is our organism.
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生物体が生産工程であるからです
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It'll actually begin to digest these wastes and, over the next five days, assemble them into biocomposites.
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これらの廃棄物を消化し始めてこの後5日間に渡ってバイオ複合材料に変身するのです
|
Our entire facility is comprised of thousands and thousands and thousands of these tools sitting indoors in the dark, quietly self-assembling materials — and everything from building materials to, in this case, a packaging corner block.
|
我々の工場にはこのような型が何千も何千もあり暗室で静かに自己組織化して建築材料からこの例のように梱包用コーナーパットまでありとあらゆるものになっています
|
So I've said a number of times that we grow materials.
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素材を育てていますと何度も言いましたが
|
And it's kind of hard to picture how that happens.
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どう育つのか想像するのは難しいです
|
So my team has taken five days-worth of growth, a typical growth cycle for us, and condensed it into a 15-second time lapse.
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そこで私のチームが通常の成長周期である 5日間の成長を撮影し 15秒にまとめました
|
This matrix self-assembles, growing through and around the particles, making millions and millions of tiny fibers.
|
この母材は自己組織化して廃棄物の粒子の隙間に成長し何百万もの細い繊維を構築していきます
|
And what parts of the seed husk we don't digest, actually become part of the final, physical composite.
|
消化されなかった分の種子殻は最終的な複合物質の一部となります
|
So in front of your eyes, this part just self-assembled.
|
目の前で今このパーツが自己組織化しました
|
It actually takes a little longer. It takes five days.
|
実際は5日間ともう少し時間がかかりますが
|
But it's much faster than conventional farming.
|
従来の農作に比べたら遥かに早いです
|
The last step, of course, is application.
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最後のステップは当然ですが利用です
|
In this case, we've grown a corner block.
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この場合コーナーパットを栽培しました
|
A major Fortune 500 furniture maker uses these corner blocks to protect their tables in shipment.
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フォーチュン500社の大手家具製造会社がこれらのコーナーパットで発送時のテーブルを保護しています
|
They used to use a plastic packaging buffer, but we were able to give them the exact same physical performance with our grown material.
|
以前はプラスチックの梱包用緩衝材でしたが我々の栽培素材で全く同じ緩衝性能を提供することができました
|
Best of all, when it gets to the customer, it's not trash.
|
そして何よりお客さんに届いたときゴミになりません
|
They can actually put this in their natural ecosystem without any processing, and it's going to improve the local soil.
|
処理なしで自然の生態系に還すことができしかもその土壌を向上します
|
So, why mycelium?
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ではなぜ菌糸体を使うのか ?
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The first reason is local open feedstocks.
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1つ目の理由は自由な原料が使えることです
|
You want to be able to do this anywhere in the world and not worry about peak rice hull or peak cottonseed hulls, because you have multiple choices.
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複数の選択支があるため世界中どこででもでき米のもみ殻や綿実殻の供給量の心配をしなくてすむからです
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The next is self-assembly, because the organism is actually doing most of the work in this process.
|
2つ目は菌糸体が自己組織化し実際にこの工程のほとんどを自分でこなすことです
|
You don't need a lot of equipment to set up a production facility.
|
製造工場に多くの機械を設置する必要がありません
|
So you can have lots of small facilities spread all across the world.
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つまり小規模の工場を世界中にたくさんつくることができるのです
|
Biological yield is really important.
|
生物学的な収率も非常に大切です
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And because 100 percent of what we put in the tool become the final product, even the parts that aren't digested become part of the structure, we're getting incredible yield rates.
|
我々の場合型に入れた素材100 % が最終製品となり消化されなかった部分さえも構造の一部となるので素晴らしい収率を確保しています
|
Natural polymers, well... I think that's what's most important, because these polymers have been tried and tested in our ecosystem for the last billion years, in everything from mushrooms to crustaceans.
|
天然高分子であること - これが最も大事なことだと思いますなぜなら天然高分子は過去10億年の間に私達の生態系の中のキノコから甲殻類までのあらゆるもので十分に試されているからです
|
They're not going to clog up Earth's ecosystems. They work great.
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地球の生態系を停滞させることはありません完璧に機能します
|
And I think that can be some really good news.
|
そうしたらなかなかの朗報になると思います
|
Thank you.
|
ありがとうございました
|
(Applause)
|
( 拍手 )
|
In the ocean, what is the common point between oil, plastic and radioactivity?
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海洋における次の3つの共通点は何でしょう ? 原油プラスチック放射能
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On the top line, this is the BP oil spill: billions of barrels of oil gushing in the Gulf of Mexico.
|
一番上はメキシコ湾原油流出事故です何百万バーレルという原油がメキシコ湾に流出しました
|
The middle line is millions of tons of plastic debris accumulating in our ocean, and the third line is radioactive material leaking from Fukushima nuclear power plant in the Pacific Ocean.
|
真ん中は海に集まる何億トンというプラスチックのゴミです一番下は福島の原発から太平洋に漏れ出した放射性物質です
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Well, the three big problems have in common that they are man-made problems but they are controlled by natural forces.
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この3つの問題に共通しているのは人によって引き起こされた問題ながら自然の力にコントロールされていることです
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This should make us feel very, terribly awful as much as it should make us feel hopeful, because if we have the power to create these problems, we may as well have the power to remediate these problems.
|
私たちはこれにひどいという思いを持つと同時に希望も持つべきですなぜなら人間にこれらの問題を引き起こす力があるならそれを直す力だってあるはずだからです
|
But what about natural forces?
|
でも自然の力はどうすればいいのか ?
|
Well, that's exactly what I want to talk about today, is how we can use these natural forces to remediate these man-made problems.
|
それこそ今日私がお話ししたいと思っていることですこの人間が引き起こした問題を修復するために自然の力をどう生かすことができるのか ?
|
When the BP oil spill happened, I was working at MIT, and I was in charge of developing an oil spill-cleaning technology.
|
メキシコ湾の事故があったとき私はMITで流出原油除去技術開発の責任者をしていました
|
And I had a chance to go in the Gulf of Mexico and meet some fishermen and see the terrible conditions in which they were working.
|
そしてメキシコ湾に赴いて漁師たちに会い彼らが作業する劣悪な環境の話を聞きました
|
I was working on a very interesting technology at MIT, but it was a very long-term view of how to develop technology, and it was going to be a very expensive technology, and also it would be patented.
|
私がMITで携わっていたのは非常に興味深い技術でしたが極めて長期的視点のプロジェクトでとても高価なものになり特許化もされるでしょう
|
So I wanted to develop something that we could develop very fast, that would be cheap, and that would be open-source, so, because oil spills are not only happening in the Gulf of Mexico, and that would be using renewable energy.
|
私はもっと短期間で安価に開発することはできないかと思いそれはオープンソースだと考えました原油流出はメキシコ湾だけの問題ではなくまた再生可能エネルギーを使うべきだと思ったからです
|
So I quit my dream job, and I moved to New Orleans, and I kept on studying how the oil spill was happening.
|
それで私は理想の仕事を辞してニューオーリンズに引っ越し原油流出がどのように起きているのか研究しました
|
Currently, what they were doing is that they were using these small fishing boats, and they were cleaning clean lines in an ocean of dirt.
|
現在のやり方では小さな漁船を使い汚染された海を線のように掃除しています
|
If you're using the exact same amount of surface of oil absorbent, but you're just paying attention to natural patterns, and if you're going up the winds, you can collect a lot more material.
|
同じ広さの原油吸着物を使うと良さそうです自然の性質に注意するなら風上に向かう方がより多く吸着できるのが分かります
|
If you're multiplying the rig, so you multiply how many layers of absorbent you're using, you can collect a lot more.
|
装置を多重にして吸着物を何層にもすればさらに多く取り除けるでしょう
|
But it's extremely difficult to move oil absorbent against the winds, the surface currents and the waves.
|
しかし風や潮流や波に逆らって大きな原油吸着装置を引っ張るのは非常に困難です
|
These are enormous forces.
|
ものすごい力がかかるからです
|
So the very simple idea was to use the ancient technique of sailing and tacking of the wind to capture or intercept the oil that is drifting down the wind.
|
シンプルなアイデアは古くからある帆走の技術を使って風に押し流される原油をタックしながら捉えるという方法です
|
So this didn't require any invention.
|
これなら別に新技術は必要ありません
|
We just took a simple sailing boat and we tried to pull something long and heavy, but as we tacked back and forth, what we lost was two things: we were losing pulling power and direction.
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普通のヨットを使い長くて重いものを引っ張らせてみましたしかしタックしていると牽引力が失われ方向も定まらなくなりました
|
And so, I thought, what about if we just take the rudder from the back of the boat to the front, would we have better control?
|
それで舵を後ろではなく前につけたらもっとうまくコントロールできるかもしれないと考えました
|
Then I was so happy that I kept playing with the robot, and so you see the robot has a front rudder here.
|
喜んだ私はこのロボットで実験を続けましたご覧のように前に舵があります
|
Normally it's at the back.
|
普通は後ろにあります
|
And, playing, I realized that the maneuverability of this was really amazing, and I could avoid an obstacle at the very last second, more maneuverable than a normal boat.
|
やっていてこれの機動性の高さに驚きました障害物を直前になってからよけることができます通常のヨットよりずっと高い機動性です
|
What if the entire boat becomes a point of control?
|
船全体が制御点で
|
What if the entire boat changes shape?
|
船の形を変えられるとしたら ?
|
When we're turning, we have the feeling of surfing, and the way it's going up-wind, it's very efficient.
|
サーフィンするように舵を切り風上に向かう場合も効率的です
|
This is low speed, low wind speed, and the maneuverability is very increased, and here I'm going to do a small jibe, and look at the position of the sail.
|
風が弱い低速時に機動性が大きく向上しますここでジャイブします帆の位置に注目してください
|
What's happening is that, because the boat changes shape, the position of the front sail and the main sail are different to the wind.
|
船体の形が変わるので前帆と主帆が風に対して違った位置になります
|
We're catching wind from both sides.
|
風を両面で捉えられるのです
|
And this is exactly what we're looking [for] if we want to pull something long and heavy.
|
長くて重いものを引っ張るときにはまさに望ましいことです
|
We don't want to lose pulling power, nor direction.
|
牽引力や方向を失わずに済みます
|
So, I wanted to know if this was possible to put this at an industrial level, so we made a large boat with a large sail, and with a very light hull, inflatable, very small footprint, so we have a very big size and power ratio.
|
これを実用レベルに持って行けるものか知りたくて大きな帆のある大きな船体を作りました船体は空気で膨らませたごく軽量なもので接水面も小さく大きなサイズ・パワー比が得られます
|
After this, we wanted to see if we could implement this and automate the system, so we used the same system but we added a structure to it so we could activate the machine.
|
その後システムを自動化できるか見るため同じものに骨格を付けてうまく動かせるかやってみました
|
So, we used the same bladder-inflated system, and we took it for testing.
|
同じ空気注入方式を使いテストへと持ち出しました
|
So this is happening in the Netherlands.
|
これはオランダで行いました
|
We tried in the water without any skin or ballast just to see how it works.
|
カバーもバラストも付けずに水に浮かべうまく動くかやってみました
|
Our small prototype has given us good insight that it's working very well, but we still need to work a lot more on this.
|
この小さな試作機でうまくいきそうなことは分かりましたがやるべきことはまだたくさんあったんです
|
So what we are doing is an accelerated evolution of sailing technology.
|
私たちがやっているのは帆走技術の進歩を加速させることです
|
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