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Translate to Arabic | <doc docid="6" genre="lectures"> | <doc docid="6" genre="lectures"> |
Translate to Arabic | <url>http://www.ted.com/talks/craig_venter_on_dna_and_the_sea</url> | <url>http://www.ted.com/talks/craig_venter_on_dna_and_the_sea</url> |
Translate to Arabic | <keywords>talks, DNA, biodiversity, biology, biotech, ecology, entrepreneur, genetics, invention, oceans, science, technology</keywords> | <keywords>talks, DNA, biodiversity, biology, biotech, ecology, entrepreneur, genetics, invention, oceans, science, technology</keywords> |
Translate to Arabic | <speaker>Craig Venter</speaker> | <speaker>Craig Venter</speaker> |
Translate to Arabic | <talkid>6</talkid> | <talkid>6</talkid> |
Translate to Arabic | <title>Craig Venter: Sampling the ocean's DNA</title> | <title>ูุฑูุบ ููุชุฑ: ุฃุฎุฐ ุนููุงุช ุงูุญู
ุถ ุงููููู ููู
ุญูุท</title> |
Translate to Arabic | <description>TED Talk Subtitles and Transcript: Genomics pioneer Craig Venter takes a break from his epic round-the-world expedition to talk about the millions of genes his team has discovered so far in its quest to map the ocean's biodiversity.</description> | <description>TED Talk Subtitles and Transcript: ูุฃุฎุฐ ุฑุงุฆุฏ ุงูุฌูููู
ูุฑูุฌ ููุชุฑ ูุชุฑุฉ ุฑุงุญุฉ ู
ู ุฑุญูุงุชู ุงูุจุทูููุฉ ุญูู ุงูุนุงูู
ููุชุญุฏุซ ุนู ู
ูุงููู ุงูุฌููุงุช ุงูุชู ุฃูุชุดููุง ูุฑููู ุงูุจุญุซู ุญุชู ุงูุขู ูู ุณุนููู
ูุฑุณู
ุฎุฑูุทุฉ ููุชููุน ุงูุจููููุฌู ูู ุงูู
ุญูุท.</description> |
Translate to Arabic | At the break, I was asked by several people about my comments about the aging debate. | ูู ูุชุฑุฉ ุงูุฑุงุญุฉุ ุณุฃููู ุงูุนุฏูุฏ ู
ู ุงููุงุณ ุญูู ุชุนูููุงุชู ุญูู ุฌุฏู ุงูุดูุฎูุฎุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | And this will be my only comment on it. | ููุฐุง ุณูููู ุชุนูููู ุงููุญูุฏ ุญูููุง. |
Translate to Arabic | And that is, I understand that optimists greatly outlive pessimists. | ูููุ ุฃูุง ุฃููู
ุฃู ุงูู
ุชูุงุฆููู ูุนูุดูู ุฃูุซุฑ ุจูุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูู
ุชุดุงุฆู
ูู. |
Translate to Arabic | What I'm going to tell you about in my 18 minutes is how we're about to switch from reading the genetic code to the first stages of beginning to write the code ourselves. | ู
ุง ุณุฃููู
ุจุงุฎุจุงุฑูู
ุจู ูู ุฏูุงุฆูู ุงู 18 ูู ููู ุฃููุง ุจุตุฏุฏ ุงูุฅูุชูุงู ู
ู ูุฑุงุกุฉ ุงูุดูุฑุงุช ุงูุฌูููุฉ ุฅูู ุงูุฎุทูู
ุงูุฃููู ูุจุฏุงูุฉ ูุชุงุจุฉ ุงูุดูุฑุฉ ุจุฃููุณูุง. |
Translate to Arabic | It's only 10 years ago this month when we published the first sequence of a free-living organism, that of haemophilus influenzae. | ููุฏ ู
ุฑูุช 10 ุณููุงุช ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุดูุฑ ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุดุฑูุง ุฃูู ุชุณูุณู ููุงุฆู ุญู ุญูุฑุ ูุฐูู ููุงูููููุฒุง ุงูู
ุณุชุฏูู
ุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | That took a genome project from 13 years down to four months. | ุฃุฎุฐ ุฐูู ู
ุดุฑูุน ุงูุฌูููู
ู
ู 13 ุณูุฉ ุฅูู ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุดูุฑ. |
Translate to Arabic | We can now do that same genome project in the order of two to eight hours. | ูู
ูููุง ุงูุขู ุชูููุฐ ููุณ ู
ุดุฑูุน ุงูุฌูููู
ุจู
ุนุฏู ุณุงุนุชูู ุฅูู ุซู
ุงูู ุณุงุนุงุช. |
Translate to Arabic | So in the last decade, a large number of genomes have been added: most human pathogens, a couple of plants, several insects and several mammals, including the human genome. | ุฅุฐุงู ููู ุงูุนูุฏ ุงูุฃุฎูุฑุ ุชู
ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุนุฏุฏ ูุจูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุฌูููู
: ู
ุนุธู
ู
ุณุจุจุงุช ุงูุฃู
ุฑุงุถ ุงูุจุดุฑูุฉุ ุงูุนุฏูุฏ ู
ู ุงููุจุงุชุงุชุ ุญุดุฑุงุช ูุซุฏูุงุช ุนุฏูุฏุฉ ุ ูุชุดู
ู ุงูุฌูููู
ุงูุจุดุฑู. |
Translate to Arabic | Genomics at this stage of the thinking from a little over 10 years ago was, by the end of this year, we might have between three and five genomes sequenced; it's on the order of several hundred. | ูููุฑ ุนูู
ุงูุฌูููู
ูู ูุฐู ุงูู
ุฑุญูุฉ ู
ู ู
ุง ูุฒูุฏ ููููุง ุนูู 10 ุนุงู
ุง ูุจุญููู ููุงูุฉ ูุฐุง ุงูุนุงู
ุ ุฑุจู
ุง ูุญุตู ุนูู ู
ุง ุจูู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฅูู ุฎู
ุณุฉ ุชุณูุณูุงุช ุฌูููู
. ุฅูู ุจู
ุนุฏู ุนุฏุฉ ู
ุฆุงุช. |
Translate to Arabic | We just got a grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to sequence 130 genomes this year, as a side project from environmental organisms. | ููุฏ ุญุตููุง ููุชู ุนูู ู
ูุญุฉ ู
ู ู
ุคุณุณุฉ ุบูุฑุฏูู ูุจูุชู ู
ูุฑู ูุนู
ู ุชุณูุณูุงุช ู 130 ุฌูููู
ูุฐู ุงูุณูุฉุ ูู
ุดุฑูุน ุฌุงูุจู ูููุงุฆูุงุช ุงูุจูุฆูุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | So the rate of reading the genetic code has changed. | ุฅุฐุงู ูู
ุนุฏู ูุฑุงุกุฉ ุงูุดูุฑุฉ ุงูุฌูููุฉ ูุฏ ุชุบููุฑ. |
Translate to Arabic | But as we look, what's out there, we've barely scratched the surface on what is available on this planet. | ููู ุจููู
ุง ููุธุฑุ ูู
ุงุฐุง ููุงูุ ููุญู ุจุงููุงุฏ ููู
ุณ ุงูุณุทุญ ูู
ุง ูู ู
ุชุงุญ ูู ูุฐุง ุงููููุจ. |
Translate to Arabic | Most people don't realize it, because they're invisible, but microbes make up about a half of the Earth's biomass, whereas all animals only make up about one one-thousandth of all the biomass. | ู
ุนุธู
ุงููุงุณ ูุง ูุฏุฑููููุงุ ูุฃููุง ุบูุฑ ู
ุฑุฆูุฉุ ููู ุงูู
ููุฑูุจุงุช ุชุดูู ุญูุงูู ูุตู ุงููุชูุฉ ุงูุญูููุฉ ููุฃุฑุถุ ุญูุซ ุชุดูู ูู ุงูุญููุงูุงุช ุญูุงูู ูุงุญุฏ ุนูู ุฃูู ู
ู ุงููุชูุฉ ุงูุญูููุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | And maybe it's something that people in Oxford don't do very often, but if you ever make it to the sea, and you swallow a mouthful of seawater, keep in mind that each milliliter has about a million bacteria and on the order of 10 million viruses. | ูุฑุจู
ุง ูู ุดุฆ ูุง ููุนูู ุงููุงุณ ูู ุฃููุณููุฑุฏ ุฏุงุฆู
ุงูุ ููู ุฅู ููุช ูุฏ ุฐูุจุช ู
ุฑุฉ ุฅูู ุงูุจุญุฑุ ูุดุฑุจุช ุฌุฑุนุฉ ู
ุงุก ู
ู ุงูุจุญุฑุ ุถุน ูู ุฅุนุชุจุงุฑู ุฃู ูู ูู ู
ููู
ุชุฑ ุญูุงูู ู
ูููู ุจุงูุชุฑูุง ูู
ุชุณูุท 10 ู
ูุงููู ู
ู ุงูููุฑูุณุงุช. |
Translate to Arabic | Less than 5,000 microbial species have been characterized as of two years ago, and so we decided to do something about it. | ุฃูู ู
ู 5000 ู
ู ุงููุงุฆูุงุช ุงูู
ุงููุฑูุณููุจูุฉ ุชู
ูุตููุง ุฎูุงู ุงูุณูุชูู ุงูู
ุงุถูุชููุ ููุฐุง ููุฏ ูุฑุฑูุง ูุนู ุดุฆ ุญูุงููุง. |
Translate to Arabic | And we started the Sorcerer II Expedition, where we were, as with great oceanographic expeditions, trying to sample the ocean every 200 miles. | ููุฏ ุจุฏุฃูุง ุงูุฑุญูุฉ ุงูุฅุณุชูุดุงููุฉ ุณูุฑูุฑุฑ 2ุ ุญูุซ ููุงุ ูู
ุง ูู ุญุงู ุญู
ูุงุช ุชุตููุฑ ุงูุจุญุงุฑ ุงูุฅุณุชูุดุงููุฉ ุงููุจูุฑุฉุ ูุญุงูู ุฃุฎุฐ ุนููุงุช ู
ู ุงูู
ุญูุท ูู 200 ู
ููุงู. |
Translate to Arabic | We started in Bermuda for our test project, then moved up to Halifax, working down the U.S. East Coast, the Caribbean Sea, the Panama Canal, through to the Galapagos, then across the Pacific, and we're in the process now of working our way across the Indian Ocean. | ููุฏ ุจุฏุฃูุง ูู ุจุฑู
ูุฏุง ูุฃูู ุฅุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ู
ุดุฑูุนูุง. ุซู
ุงูุชูููุง ุฅูู ูุงูููุงูุณุ ูุนู
ููุง ุนูู ุงูุณุงุญู ุงูุดุฑูู ูุฃู
ุฑููุงุ ูุงูุจุญุฑ ุงููุงุฑูุจูุ ูููุงุฉ ุจูู
ุงุ ุนุจุฑ ุฌุฒุฑ ุบุงูุงุจุงุบูุณ ุ ุซู
ุนุจุฑ ุงูู
ุญูุท ุงููุงุฏุฆ ุ ููุญู ุงูุขู ูู ูุนุฏ ููุนู
ู ูู ุทุฑูููุง ุนุจุฑ ุงูู
ุญูุท ุงูููุฏู. |
Translate to Arabic | It's very tough duty; we're doing this on a sailing vessel, in part to help excite young people about going into science. | ุฅูู ุนู
ู ุตุนุจ ููุบุงูุฉ. ููุญู ููุนู ูุฐุง ุนูู ู
ุชู ุณูููุฉ ู
ุจุญุฑุฉุ ูู ุฌุฒุก ู
ูู ููู
ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ูู ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ุงูุดุจุงุจ ููุฎูุถ ูู ู
ุฌุงูุงุช ุงูุนููู
. |
Translate to Arabic | The experiments are incredibly simple. | ุงูุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุจุณูุทุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | We just take seawater and we filter it, and we collect different size organisms on different filters, and then take their DNA back to our lab in Rockville, where we can sequence a hundred million letters of the genetic code every 24 hours. | ูุญู ูุฃุฎุฐ ููุท ู
ูุงู ุงูุจุญุฑ ููููู
ุจููุชุฑุชูุงุ ููููู
ุจุฃุฎุฐ ุฃุญุฌุงู
ู
ุฎุชููุฉ ุนูู ู
ุฑุดุญุงุช ู
ุฎุชููุฉ. ุซู
ูุฃุฎุฐ ุญู
ุถูุง ุงููููู ุฅูู ู
ุฎุชุจุฑูุง ูู ุฑููููููุ ุญูุซ ูู
ูููุง ุณูุณูุฉ ู
ุฆุงุช ุงูู
ูุงููู ู
ู ุฑู
ูุฒ ุงูุดูุฑุฉ ุงูุฌูููุฉ ูู 24 ุณุงุนุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | And with doing this, we've made some amazing discoveries. | ูุจุงูููุงู
ุจูุฐุงุ ุญูููุง ุจุนุถ ุงูุฅูุชุดุงูุงุช ุงูู
ุฐููุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | For example, it was thought that the visual pigments that are in our eyes -- there was only one or two organisms in the environment that had these same pigments. | ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ุซุงูุ ูุงู ูุนุชูุฏ ุฃู ุงูุฃุตุจุงุบ ุงูุจุตุฑูุฉ ุงูุชู ูู ูู ูุธุฑูุง -- ูุงู ููุงู ููุท ูุงุฆู ุฃู ุฃุซููู ูู ุงูุจูุฆุฉ ูุฏููู
ููุณ ุงูุฃุตุจุงุบ ุงูุจุตุฑูุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | It turns out, almost every species in the upper parts of the ocean in warm parts of the world have these same photoreceptors, and use sunlight as the source of their energy and communication. | ููุฏ ุฃุชุถุญุ ุฃู ูู ุงููุงุฆูุงุช ุชูุฑูุจุงู ูู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุนููู ู
ู ุงูู
ุญูุท ูู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุฏุงูุฆ ู
ู ุงูุนุงูู
ูุฏููู
ููุณ ูุฐู ุงูู
ุณุชูุจูุงุช ููุตูุฑุ ููุณุชุฎุฏู
ูู ุถูุก ุงูุดู
ุณ ูู
ุตุฏุฑ ูุทุงูุชูู
ูููุชูุงุตู ููู
ุง ุจูููู
. |
Translate to Arabic | From one site, from one barrel of seawater, we discovered 1.3 million new genes and as many as 50,000 new species. | ู
ู ู
ููุน ูุงุญุฏุ ู
ู ุจุฑู
ูู ูุงุญุฏ ู
ู ู
ุงุก ุงูุจุญุฑ ุฃูุชุดููุง 1.3 ู
ูููู ุฌูู ุฌุฏูุฏ ูู
ุง ูุตู ู 50ุ000 ูุงุฆู ุฌุฏูุฏ. |
Translate to Arabic | We've extended this to the air now with a grant from the Sloan Foundation. | ูู
ูุง ุจุชูุณูุน ูุฐุง ุฅูู ุงูููุงุก ุงูุขู ู
ุน ู
ูุญุฉ ู
ู ู
ุคุณุณุฉ ุณููุงู. |
Translate to Arabic | We're measuring how many viruses and bacteria all of us are breathing in and out every day, particularly on airplanes or closed auditoriums. | ูุญู ูููุณ ูู
ู
ู ุงูููุฑูุณุงุช ูุงูุจุงูุชุฑูุง ูููู
ุฌู
ูุนุงู ุจุฅุณุชูุดุงููุง ููู
ูุงูุ ุจุงูุชุญุฏูุฏ ุนูู ุงูุทุงุฆุฑุงุช ุฃู ุงููุงุนุงุช ุงูู
ุบููุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | We filter through some simple apparatuses; we collect on the order of a billion microbes from just a day filtering on top of a building in New York City. | ูููู
ุจุงูุชุตููุฉ ุจุฃุฌูุฒุฉ ุจุณูุทุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ. ูููู
ุจุงูุชุฌู
ูุน ุจู
ุนุฏู ู
ููุงุฑ ู
ุงููุฑูุจ ู
ู ูุงุชุฌ ููู
ูุงุญุฏ ุนุจุฑ ุฑุดุญ ูู
ุฉ ู
ุจูู ูู ู
ุฏููุฉ ูููููุฑู. |
Translate to Arabic | And we're in the process of sequencing all that at the present time. | ููุญู ูู ุนู
ููุฉ ุณูุณูุฉ ูู ุฐูู ูู ุงูููุช ุงูุฑุงูู. |
Translate to Arabic | Just on the data collection side, just where we are through the Galapagos, we're finding that almost every 200 miles, we see tremendous diversity in the samples in the ocean. | ููุท ูู ุฌุงูุจ ุชุฌู
ูุน ุงูุจูุงูุงุชุ ุชู
ุงู
ุงู ุญูุซ ูู
ุฑ ุนุจุฑ ุฌุฒูุฑุฉ ุบุงูุงุจุงุบูุณุ ูุญู ูุฌุฏ ุฃูู ูู 200 ู
ูู ุชูุฑูุจุงูุ ูุญู ูุดูุฏ ุชููุนุงู ู
ุฐููุงู ูู ุงูุนููุงุช ูู ุงูุจุญุฑ. |
Translate to Arabic | Some of these make logical sense, in terms of different temperature gradients. | ุจุนุถ ูุฐู ุชูุฏู
ุชูุณูุฑุงู ู
ูุทููุงูุ ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ูุฅุฎุชูุงู ุชุฏุฑุฌ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ . |
Translate to Arabic | So this is a satellite photograph based on temperatures -- red being warm, blue being cold -- and we found there's a tremendous difference between the warm water samples and the cold water samples, in terms of abundant species. | ูุฐุง ููุฐู ุตูุฑ ุจุงูุฃูู
ุงุฑ ุงูุฅุตุทูุงุนูุฉ ุจูุงุก ุนูู ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ-- ูุดูุฑ ุงูููู ุงูุฃุญู
ุฑ ุฅูู ุงูุฏูุกุ ูุงูุฃุฒุฑู ุฅูู ุงูุจุฑูุฏุฉ-- ููุฏ ุฃูุชุดููุง ุฃู ููุงู ุฅุฎุชูุงู ุดุงุณุน ุจูู ุนููุงุช ุงูู
ูุงู ุงูุฏุงูุฆุฉ ูุนููุงุช ุงูู
ูุงู ุงูุจุงุฑุฏุฉุ ููู
ุง ูุฎุชุต ุจููุฑุฉ ุงูุฃููุงุน. |
Translate to Arabic | The other thing that surprised us quite a bit is these photoreceptors detect different wavelengths of light, and we can predict that based on their amino acid sequence. | ุงูุดุฆ ุงูุขุฎุฑ ุงูุฐู ูุงุฌุฃูุง ุจูุฏุฑ ูุจูุฑ ูู ู
ุณุชูุจูุงุช ุงูุตูุฑ ูุฐู ุฃููุง ุนุซุฑุช ุนูู ุฃุทูุงู ู
ูุฌุงุช ู
ุฎุชููุฉ ููุถูุกุ ููู
ูููุง ุงูุชูุจุค ุจุฐูู ุจูุงุก ุนูู ุณูุณูุฉ ุฃุญู
ุงุถูุง ุงูุฃู
ูููุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | And these vary tremendously from region to region. | ููุฐุง ูุฎุชูู ุจุดุฏุฉ ู
ู ู
ูุทูุฉ ูู
ูุทูุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู. |
Translate to Arabic | Maybe not surprisingly, in the deep ocean, where it's mostly blue, the photoreceptors tend to see blue light. | ุฑุจู
ุง ููุณ ู
ู ุงูู
ุณุชุบุฑุจุ ูู ุฃุนู
ุงู ุงูุจุญุงุฑุ ุญูุซ ูู ุดุฆ ุชูุฑูุจุงู ุฃุฒุฑู ูุฃู ู
ุณุชูุจูุงุช ุงูุตูุฑ ุชู
ูู ูุฑุคูุฉ ุงูุถูุก ุงูุฃุฒุฑู. |
Translate to Arabic | When there's a lot of chlorophyll around, they see a lot of green light. | ุนูุฏู
ุง ูููู ููุงู ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงููููุฑูููู ุญูููุง ุ ูุฃููู
ูุฑูู ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุถูุก ุงูุฃุฎุถุฑ. |
Translate to Arabic | But they vary even more, possibly moving towards infrared and ultraviolet in the extremes. | ููููุง ุชุฎุชูู ุญุชู ุฃูุซุฑ ุ ูุฑุจู
ุง ุชุชุญุฑู ูุญู ุงูุฃุดุนุฉ ุชุญุช ุงูุญู
ุฑุงุก ูููู ุงูุจููุณุฌูุฉ ูู ุงูููุงูุงุช. |
Translate to Arabic | Just to try and get an assessment of what our gene repertoire was, we assembled all the data -- including all of ours thus far from the expedition, which represents more than half of all the gene data on the planet -- and it totaled around 29 million genes. | ููุท ูู
ุญุงููุฉ ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุชูุฏูุฑ ูู
ุง ูุงูุช ุนููู ุฐุฎูุฑุชูุง ู
ู ุงูุฌููุงุชุ ูู
ูุง ุจุชุฌู
ูุน ูู ุงูุจูุงูุงุช -- ูุชุดู
ู ูู ู
ุง ูุฏููุง ุญููุฆุฐ ู
ู ุชูู ุงูุฑุญูุฉุ ุงูุชู ุชู
ุซู ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู ูุตู ูู ุงูุจูุงูุงุช ุงูุฌูููุฉ ุนูู ุงููููุจ-- ููุฏ ุจูุบ ู
ุฌู
ูุนูุง ุญูุงูู 29 ู
ูููู ุฌูู. |
Translate to Arabic | And we tried to put these into gene families to see what these discoveries are: Are we just discovering new members of known families, or are we discovering new families? | ููุฏ ุญุงูููุง ูุถุน ูุฐู ุงูุฌููุงุช ูู ุนุงุฆูุงุช ุฌูููุฉ ููุนุฑู ู
ุงููุฉ ูุฐู ุงูุฅูุชุดุงูุงุช: ูู ูุญู ููุชุดู ุฃุนุถุงุก ุฌุฏุฏ ูุฃุณุฑ ู
ุนุฑููุฉุ ุฃู
ูู ูุญู ููุชุดู ุนุงุฆูุฉ ุฌุฏูุฏุฉุ |
Translate to Arabic | And it turns out we have about 50,000 major gene families, but every new sample we take in the environment adds in a linear fashion to these new families. | ููุฏ ูุถุญ ุฃู ูุฏููุง ุญูุงูู 50ุ000 ุนุงุฆูุฉ ุฌูููุฉ ุฑุฆูุณูุฉุ ููู ูู ุนููุฉ ุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ูุฃุฎุฐูุง ูู ุงูุจูุฆุฉ ุชุถูู ููุง ุนุงุฆูุงุช ุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ุจุตูุฑุฉ ุฎุทูุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | So we're at the earliest stages of discovery about basic genes, components and life on this planet. | ูุฐุง ููุญู ูู ู
ุฑุงุญู ู
ุจูุฑุฉ ููุฅูุชุดุงู ุญูู ุงูุฌููุงุช ุงูุฃุณุงุณูุฉุ ุงูุนูุงุตุฑ ูุงูุญูุงุฉ ุนูู ูุฐุง ุงููููุจ. |
Translate to Arabic | When we look at the so-called evolutionary tree, we're up on the upper right-hand corner with the animals. | ุนูุฏู
ุง ููุธุฑ ุนูู ู
ุง ูุณู
ู ุจุดุฌุฑุฉ ุงูุชุทููุฑ ูุงููุดูุกุ ููุญู ุฃุนูู ูู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุฃูู
ู ุนูู ุงููุงุตูุฉ ู
ุน ุงูุญููุงูุงุช. |
Translate to Arabic | Of those roughly 29 million genes, we only have around 24,000 in our genome. | ู
ู ุชูู ุงู 29 ู
ูููู ุฌูู ุชูุฑูุจุงูุ ูุญู ูุฏููุง ููุท ุญูุงูู 24ุ000 ูู ุงูุฌูููู
ุฎุงุตุชูุง. |
Translate to Arabic | And if you take all animals together, we probably share less than 30,000 and probably maybe a dozen or more thousand different gene families. | ูุฅุฐุง ุฃุฎุฐุช ูู ุงูุญููุงูุงุช ู
ุฌุชู
ุนุฉุ ููุญุชู
ู ุฃููุง ูุชุดุงุฑู ุฃูู ู
ู 30ุ000 ูุนูู ุงูุฃุฑุฌุญ ุฑุจู
ุง ุงููููู ุฃู ูุฒูุฏ ุนูู ุนุฏุฉ ุขูุงูุงู ุนุงุฆูุฉ ุฌูููุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | I view that these genes are now not only the design components of evolution. | ุฃูุง ุฃุฑู ุฃู ูุฐู ุงูุฌููุงุช ุงูุขู ููุณ ููุท ุชููู
ุจุชุตู
ูู
ุนูุงุตุฑ ุงูุชุทููุฑ. |
Translate to Arabic | And we think in a gene-centric view -- maybe going back to Richard Dawkins' ideas -- than in a genome-centric view, which are different constructs of these gene components. | ููุญู ููููุฑ ุจูุฌูุฉ ูุธุฑ ู
ุญูุฑูุง ุงูุฌูู-- ุฑุจู
ุง ูุนูุฏ ู
ุฌุฏุฏุงู ูุฃููุงุฑ ุฑูุชุดุงุฑุฏ ุฏุงููููุฒ-- ุนูุถุงู ุนู ูุฌูุฉ ูุธุฑ ู
ุญูุฑูุง ุงูุฌูููู
ุ ูุงูุชู ูู ููุงูู ู
ุฎุชููุฉ ููุฐู ุงูู
ูููุงุช ุงูุฌูููุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | Synthetic DNA, the ability to synthesize DNA, has changed at sort of the same pace that DNA sequencing has over the last decade or two, and is getting very rapid and very cheap. | ุงูุญู
ุถ ุงููููู ุงูุฅุตุทูุงุนู ุ ูุงููุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ุชูููู ุงูุญู
ุถ ุงูููููุ ูุฏ ุชุบููุฑ ุจููุณ ุงููุชูุฑุฉ ุงูุชู ู
ุฑู ุจูุง ุชุณูุณู ุงูุญู
ุถ ุงููููู ุฎูุงู ุงูุนูุฏ ุฃู ุงูุนูุฏูู ุงูู
ุงุถูููุ ููู ุชุตุจุญ ุณุฑูุนุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ ูุฑุฎูุตุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | Our first thought about synthetic genomics came when we sequenced the second genome back in 1995, and that from mycoplasma genitalium. | ุฃูู ุฃููุงุฑูุง ุญูู ุงูุฌูููู
ุงูุฅุตุทูุงุนู ุฌุงุกุช ุนูุฏู
ุง ูู
ูุง ุจุณูุณูุฉ ุงูุฌูููู
ุงูุซุงูู ุนุงู
1995ุ ูุฐูู ู
ู ุฌุฑุซูู
ุฉ ู
ูููุจูุงุฒู
ุง ุงูุชูุงุณููุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | And we have really nice T-shirts that say, you know, "I heart my genitalium." | ููุฏููุง ูู
ุตุงู ุฌู
ููุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ ุชูููุ ุชุนูู
ููุ " ุฃูุง ุฃุญุจ ุฌุฑุซูู
ุชู ุงูุชูุงุณููุฉ." |
Translate to Arabic | This is actually just a microorganism. | ูุฐุง ูู ุงููุงูุน ููุท ูุงุฆู ุญู ุฏููู. |
Translate to Arabic | But it has roughly 500 genes. | ููู ูุฏูู ุชูุฑูุจุงู 500 ุฌูู. |
Translate to Arabic | Haemophilus had 1,800 genes. | ูุฏู ุงูุฃูููููุฒุง ุงูู
ุณุชุฏูู
ุฉ 1ุ800 ุฌูู. |
Translate to Arabic | And we simply asked the question, if one species needs 800, another 500, is there a smaller set of genes that might comprise a minimal operating system? | ููุฏ ุทุฑุญูุง ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ุณุคุงูุงูุ ุฅู ูุงู ุฃุญุฏ ุงููุงุฆูุงุช ูุญุชุงุฌ 800ุ ูุขุฎุฑ 500ุ ููู ููุงู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ุฃุตุบุฑ ู
ู ุงูุฌููุงุช ุงูุชู ูุฏ ุชุดูู ุงูุญุฏ ุงูุฃุฏูู ููุธุงู
ุชุดุบููุ |
Translate to Arabic | So we started doing transposon mutagenesis. | ูุฐุง ููุฏ ูู
ูุง ุจุนู
ู ุทูุฑุงุช ุชุญููููุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | Transposons are just small pieces of DNA that randomly insert in the genetic code. | ุงูุทูุฑุงุช ูู ู
ุฌุฑุฏ ูุทุน ุตุบูุฑุฉ ููุญู
ุถ ุงููููู ุงูุชู ุชุถุนูุง ุนุดูุงุฆูุงู ูู ุงูุดูุฑุฉ ุงูุฌูููุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | And if they insert in the middle of the gene, they disrupt its function. | ูุฅุฐุง ุชู
ูุถุนูุง ูู ู
ูุชุตู ุงูุฌููุ ูุฃููุง ุชุนุทูู ูุธููุชู. |
Translate to Arabic | So we made a map of all the genes that could take transposon insertions and we called those "non-essential genes." | ูุฐุง ููุฏ ุฃูุฌุฒูุง ุฎุงุฑุทุฉ ููู ุงูุฌููุงุช ุงูุชู ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชุณุชูุจู ุทูุฑุงุช ููุฏ ุฃุทูููุง ุนูู ุฃููุฆู " ุฌููุงุช ููุณุช ุฃุณุงุณูุฉ." |
Translate to Arabic | But it turns out the environment is very critical for this, and you can only define an essential or non-essential gene based on exactly what's in the environment. | ููู ูุถุญ ุฃู ุงูุจูุฆุฉ ูู ุนุงู
ู ู
ูู
ุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ ููุฐุงุ ููู
ููู ููุท ุชุนุฑูู ุฌูู ุฃุณุงุณู ุฃู ุบูุฑ ุฃุณุงุณู ุจูุงุก ุนูู ู
ุง ูู ุงูุจูุฆุฉ ุจุงูุถุจุท. |
Translate to Arabic | We also tried to take a more directly intellectual approach with the genomes of 13 related organisms, and we tried to compare all of those, to see what they had in common. | ููุฏ ุญุงูููุง ูุฐูู ุฃุฎุฐ ู
ูุงุฑุจุฉ ู
ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุฃูุซุฑ ุฐูุงุกู ู
ุน ุฌูููู
ู 13 ูุงุฆู ู
ุชุฑุจุท ุจุจุนุถุ ูุญุงูููุง ู
ูุงุฑูุฉ ูู ู
ู ุฃููุฆูุ ูู
ุนุฑูุฉ ู
ุงุฐุง ูุฏููู
ู
ู ุนูุงู
ู ู
ุดุชุฑูุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | And we got these overlapping circles. And we found only 173 genes common to all 13 organisms. | ููุฏ ุญุตููุง ุนูู ุชูู ุงูุฏูุงุฆุฑ ุงูู
ุชุฏุงุฎูุฉ. ููุฏ ุนุฑููุง ููุท 173 ุฌูู ู
ุดุชุฑูุฉ ู
ุง ุจูู ูู ุงู 13 ูุงุฆู. |
Translate to Arabic | The pool expanded a little bit if we ignored one intracellular parasite; it expanded even more when we looked at core sets of genes of around 310 or so. | ููุฏ ุชูุณุน ุงูุญูุถ ููููุงู ุฅู ูู
ูุง ุจุชุฌุงูู ุทููู ูุงุญุฏ ุฏุงุฎู ุงูุฎูุงูุง. ูุฅูู ูุชูุณุน ุฃูุซุฑ ุญุชู ุนูุฏู
ุง ููุธุฑ ูู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุงุช ุฃุณุงุณูุฉ ูุฌููุงุช 310 ุฃู ูุฒูุฏ. |
Translate to Arabic | So we think that we can expand or contract genomes, depending on your point of view here, to maybe 300 to 400 genes from the minimal of 500. | ูุฐุง ููุญู ูุนุชูุฏ ุฃูู ูู
ูููุง ุชูุณุนุฉ ุฃู ุชุถููู ุงูุฌูููู
ุ ุฅุนุชู
ุงุฏุงู ุนูู ูุฌูุฉ ูุธุฑู ููุงุ ู
ู ุฑุจู
ุง 300 ุฅูู 400 ุฌูู ู
ู ุงูุญุฏ ุงูุฃุฏูู ู 500 ุฌูู. |
Translate to Arabic | The only way to prove these ideas was to construct an artificial chromosome with those genes in them, and we had to do this in a cassette-based fashion. | ุงูุทุฑูู ุงููุญูุฏ ูุฅุซุจุงุช ูุฐู ุงูุฃููุงุฑ ูุงูุช ุจุจูุงุก ูุฑูู
ูุณูู
ุงุช ุฅุตุทูุงุนูุฉ ุชุดู
ู ูุฐู ุงูุฌููุงุชุ ูููุจุบู ุนูููุง ูุนู ูุฐุง ุจุทุฑููุฉ ู
ุจููุฉ ุนูู ุงูุดุฑูุท. |
Translate to Arabic | We found that synthesizing accurate DNA in large pieces was extremely difficult. | ููุฏ ูุฌุฏูุง ุฃู ุชูููู ุญู
ุถ ูููู ุฏููู ูู ูุทุน ูุจูุฑุฉ ูุงู ุตุนุจุงู ููุบุงูุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | Ham Smith and Clyde Hutchison, my colleagues on this, developed an exciting new method that allowed us to synthesize a 5,000-base pair virus in only a two-week period that was 100 percent accurate, in terms of its sequence and its biology. | ูุงู
ุณ ุณู
ูุซ ูููุงูุฏ ููุชุดูุณููุ ุฒู
ูุงุฆู ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุฃู
ุฑุ ูุงู
ุง ุจุชุทููุฑ ุทุฑููุฉ ุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ู
ุซูุฑุฉ ุงูุชู ุฃุชุงุญุช ููุง ุจุชุตููุน 5000 ุฒูุฌ ู
ู ุงูููุฑูุณุงุช ูู ูุชุฑุฉ ุฃุณุจูุนูู ููุท ุงูุชู ูุงูุช 100% ุฏูููุฉุ ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ูุชุณูุณููุง ูุจููููุฌูุชูุง. |
Translate to Arabic | It was a quite exciting experiment -- when we just took the synthetic piece of DNA, injected it in the bacteria and all of a sudden, that DNA started driving the production of the virus particles that turned around and then killed the bacteria. | ููุฏ ูุงูุช ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ู
ุซูุฑุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ -- ุนูุฏู
ุง ุฃุฎุฐูุง ุงููุทุน ุงูุฅุตุทูุงุนูุฉ ููุท ููุญู
ุถ ุงูููููุ ููู
ูุง ุจุญููู ูู ุงูุจูุชุฑูุง ููุฌุฃุฉุ ุจุฏุฃ ุฐูู ุงูุญู
ุถ ุงููููู ุจุชูุฏูู
ุฅูุชุงุฌ ุฃุฌุฒุก ุงูููุฑูุณ ุงูุชู ุชุญููุช ุซู
ูุงู
ุช ุจูุชู ุงูุจูุชุฑูุง. |
Translate to Arabic | This was not the first synthetic virus -- a polio virus had been made a year before -- but it was only one ten-thousandth as active and it took three years to do. | ูุงู ูุฐุง ุงูููุฑูุณ ุงูุฅุตุทูุงุนู ุงูุฃูู ู
ู ููุนู-- ูุงู ููุฑูุณ ุจูููู ูุฏ ุตููุน ูุจู ุณูุฉ ู
ู ุฐูู -- ูููู ูุงู ูุดุทุงู ุจูุงุญุฏ ุนูู ุนุดุฑุฉ ููุท ููุฏ ุฃุณุชุบุฑู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุณููุงุช ูุชูููุฐู. |
Translate to Arabic | This is a cartoon of the structure of phi X 174. | ูุฐุง ุฑุณู
ูุฑุชููู ูุดูู Phi X-174. |
Translate to Arabic | This is a case where the software now builds its own hardware, and that's the notions that we have with biology. | ูุฐู ูู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุญูุซ ุชุจูู ุงูุจุฑู
ุฌูุงุช ุงูุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงูุตูุจุฉ ุฎุงุตุชูุงุ ููุฐู ูู ุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูุชู ูุฏููุง ู
ุน ุงูุจููููุฌูุง. |
Translate to Arabic | People immediately jump to concerns about biological warfare, and I had recent testimony before a Senate committee, and a special committee the U.S. government has set up to review this area. | ูููุฒ ุงููุงุณ ูู ุงูุญุงู ูู
ุฎุงูู ุญูู ุดุฆูู ุงูุญุฑุจ ุงูุจููููุฌูุฉุ ููุฏ ูุงู ูู ุดูุงุฏุชู ู
ุคุฎุฑุงู ุฃู
ุงู
ูุฌูุฉ ุจู
ุฌูุณ ุงูุดููุฎุ ููุฏ ูุงู
ุช ูุฌูุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ู
ู ุงูุญููู
ุฉ ุงูุฃู
ุฑูููุฉ ุจู
ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ ูุฐุง ุงูู
ุฌุงู. |
Translate to Arabic | And I think it's important to keep reality in mind, versus what happens with people's imaginations. | ูุฃูุง ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุฃูู ู
ู ุงูู
ูู
ูุถุน ุงูุญูููุฉ ูู ุฃุฐูุงููุงุ ุฃู
ุงู
ู
ุง ูุญุฏุซ ุจุฎูุงู ุงููุงุณ. |
Translate to Arabic | Basically, any virus that's been sequenced today -- that genome can be made. | ูู ุงูุฃุณุงุณุ ุฃู ููุฑูุณ ุชู
ุณูุณูุชู ุงูููู
-- ูู
ูู ุตูุน ุฐูู ุงูุฌูููู
. |
Translate to Arabic | And people immediately freak out about things about Ebola or smallpox, but the DNA from this organism is not infective. | ููู ุงูุญุงู ูุถุฌุฑ ุงููุงุณ ุญูู ุฃุดูุงุก ู
ุชุนููุฉ ุจุงูุฅูุจููุง ูุงูุฌุฏุฑูุ ููู ุงูุญู
ุถ ุงููููู ู
ู ูุฐู ุงููุงุฆูุงุช ููุณ ู
ุนุฏูุงู. |
Translate to Arabic | So even if somebody made the smallpox genome, that DNA itself would not cause infections. | ูุฐุง ูุญุชู ูู ุตูุน ุดุฎุต ู
ุง ุฌูููู
ุงูุฌุฏุฑูุ ูุฃู ุงูุญู
ุถ ุงููููู ููุณู ููุณ ุณุจุจุงู ูู ุงูุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจุงููุจุงุก. |
Translate to Arabic | The real concern that security departments have is designer viruses. | ุงูู
ุฎุงูู ุงูุญููููุฉ ุงูุชู ูุฏู ุงูุฌูุงุช ุงูุฃู
ููุฉ ูู ู
ุตู
ู
ู ุงูููุฑูุณุงุช. |
Translate to Arabic | And there's only two countries, the U.S. and the former Soviet Union, that had major efforts on trying to create biological warfare agents. | ูููุงู ุจูุฏูู ููุทุ ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ ูุงูุฅุชุญุงุฏ ุงูุณูููุชู ุงูุณุงุจูุ ูุงู ูุฏููู
ุฌููุฏ ูุจูุฑุฉ ูู ู
ุญุงููุฉ ุชุตููุน ุนูุงู
ู ุงูุญุฑุจ ุงูุจููููุฌูุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | If that research is truly discontinued, there should be very little activity on the know-how to make designer viruses in the future. | ุฅู ูุงูุช ุชูู ุงูุจุญูุซ ุจุงููุนู ูุฏ ุชูููุชุ ููุฏ ูููู ููุงู ูููู ู
ู ุงููุดุงุท ูู ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุงูููููุฉ ุชุตู
ูู
ุงูููุฑูุณุงุช ูู ุงูู
ุณุชูุจู. |
Translate to Arabic | I think single-cell organisms are possible within two years. | ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุชุตููุน ุฃู ุงููุงุฆูุงุช ูุญูุฏุฉ ุงูุฎููุฉ ู
ู
ููุฉ ุฎูุงู ุนุงู
ูู. |
Translate to Arabic | And possibly eukaryotic cells, those that we have, are possible within a decade. | ูู
ู ุงูู
ุญุชู
ู ุญูููุฉ ุงูููุงุฉุ ุชูู ุงูุชู ูุฏููุงุ ุณุชููู ู
ู
ููุฉ ุฎูุงู ุนูุฏ ู
ู ุงูุฒู
ุงู. |
Translate to Arabic | So we're now making several dozen different constructs, because we can vary the cassettes and the genes that go into this artificial chromosome. | ุฅุฐุงู ููุญู ุงูุขู ูุนู
ู ุนูู ุนุฏุฉ ุฃุดูุงู ู
ุฎุชููุฉุ ูุฃูู ูู
ูููุง ุชูููุน ุงูุดุฑุงุฆุท ูุงูุฌููุงุช ุงูุชู ุชุฐูุจ ููุฐู ุงููุฑูู
ูุฒูู
ุงุช ุงูุฅุตุทูุงุนูุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | The key is, how do you put all of the others? | ุงูููุฑุฉ ููุ ููู ูู
ููู ูุถุน ุจููุฉ ุงูุฃุฎุฑูุงุชุ |
Translate to Arabic | We start with these fragments, and then we have a homologous recombination system that reassembles those into a chromosome. | ูุญู ูุจุฏุฃ ุจูุฐู ุงูุฌุฒุฆูุงุชุ ุซู
ูุฏููุง ูุธุงู
ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุฑููุจ ู
ู
ุงุซู ุงูุฐู ูุฌู
ูุน ุชูู ูู ุงููุฑูู
ูุฒูู
. |
Translate to Arabic | This is derived from an organism, deinococcus radiodurans, that can take three million rads of radiation and not be killed. | ูุฐุง ู
ุณุชุฎูุต ู
ู ุงููุงุฆู ุงูุญูุ ุจูุชุฑูุง deinococcus radiodurans ุงูุชู ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุซูุงุซุฉ ู
ูุงููู ุดุนุงุน ู
ู ุงูุฃุดุนุฉ ููุง ุชู
ูุช. |
Translate to Arabic | It reassembles its genome after this radiation burst in about 12 to 24 hours, after its chromosomes are literally blown apart. | ุฅููุง ุชุนูุฏ ุชุฌู
ูุน ุฌูููู
ูุง ุจุนุฏ ุฅููุฌุงุฑ ุงูุฅุดุนุงุน ูู ุญูุงูู 12 ุฅูู 24 ุณุงุนุฉุ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู ุชููู ูุฑูู
ูุฒูู
ุงุชูุง ุญุฑููุงู ูุฏ ุฃููุฌุฑุช ุฌุฒุฆูุงู. |
Translate to Arabic | This organism is ubiquitous on the planet, and exists perhaps now in outer space due to all our travel there. | ูุฐุง ุงููุงุฆู ู
ุทูู ุงููุฌูุฏ ุนูู ูููุจ ุงูุฃุฑุถุ ููู ู
ูุฌูุฏ ุฑุจู
ุง ุงูุขู ูู ุงููุถุงุก ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู ุจุณุจุจ ุฑุญูุงุชูุง ุฅูู ููุงู. |
Translate to Arabic | This is a glass beaker after about half a million rads of radiation. | ูุฐุง ูู ููุจ ุฒุฌุงุฌู ุจุนุฏ ูุตู ู
ูููู ุดุนุงุน ู
ู ุงูุฃุดุนุฉ. |
Translate to Arabic | The glass started to burn and crack, while the microbes sitting in the bottom just got happier and happier. | ุจุฏุฃ ุงูููุจ ูู ุงูุฅุญุชุฑุงู ูุงูุชุตุฏุนุ ุจููู
ุง ุงูู
ููุฑูุจุงุช ุงููุงุจุนุฉ ูู ุงูุฃุณู ุชุตุจุญ ุณุนูุฏุฉ ูุฃูุซุฑ ุณุนุงุฏุฉู. |
Translate to Arabic | Here's an actual picture of what happens: the top of this shows the genome after 1.7 million rads of radiation. | ูุง ูู ุตูุฑุฉ ุญููููุฉ ูู
ุง ูุญุฏุซ: ูุธูุฑ ูู
ุฉ ูุฐุง ุงูุฌูููู
ุจุนุฏ 1.7 ู
ูููู ุดุนุงุน ู
ู ุงูุงุดุนุงุน. |
Translate to Arabic | The chromosome is literally blown apart. | ูุฐุง ุงููุฑูู
ูุณูู
ุญุฑููุงู ูุฏ ุฃููุฌุฑ ุฌุฒุฆูุงู. |
Translate to Arabic | And here's that same DNA automatically reassembled 24 hours later. | ูููุง ููุณ ุฐูู ุงูุญู
ุถ ุงููููู ูุนุงุฏ ุชุฌู
ูุนู ุจุนุฏ 24 ุณุงุนุฉ ูุงุญูุงู. |
Translate to Arabic | It's truly stunning that these organisms can do that, and we probably have thousands, if not tens of thousands, of different species on this planet that are capable of doing that. | ุฅูู ุญูุงู ูู
ุฐูู ุฃู ูุฐู ุงููุงุฆูุงุช ูู
ูููุง ูุนู ุฐููุ ูุนูู ุงูุฃุฑุฌุญ ุฃู ูุฏููุง ุขูุงูุงูุ ุฅู ูู
ููู ุนุดุฑุงุช ุงูุขูุงู ู
ู ุงููุงุฆูุงุช ุงูู
ุฎุชููุฉ ุนูู ูุฐุง ุงููููุจ ุงูุชู ุจู
ูุฏูุฑูุง ุงูููุงู
ุจุฐูู. |
Translate to Arabic | After these genomes are synthesized, the first step is just transplanting them into a cell without a genome. | ุจุนุฏ ุชุตููุน ูุฐุง ุงูุฌูููู
ุ ูุฃู ุงูุฎุทูุฉ ุงูุฃููู ูู ููููู
ููุท ุฅูู ุฎููุฉ ุจุฏูู ุฌูููู
. |
Translate to Arabic | So we think synthetic cells are going to have tremendous potential, not only for understanding the basis of biology but for hopefully environmental and society issues. | ูุฐุง ููุญู ูุนุชูุฏ ุฃู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงูุฅุตุทูุงุนูุฉ ุณูููู ูุฏููุง ูุงุจููุฉ ู
ุฐููุฉุ ููุณ ููุท ูู ููู
ุฃุณุงุณูุงุช ุงูุจููููุฌู ููู ููุฃู
ู ูููุถุงูุง ุงูุจูุฆุฉ ูุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน. |
Translate to Arabic | For example, from the third organism we sequenced, Methanococcus jannaschii -- it lives in boiling water temperatures; its energy source is hydrogen and all its carbon comes from CO2 it captures back from the environment. | ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ุซุงูุ ู
ู ุงููุงุฆู ุงูุซุงูุซ ุงูุฐู ูู
ูุง ุจุณูุณูุชูุ Methanococcus jannaschii: ุฅููุง ุชุนูุด ูู ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุบููุงู ุงูู
ุงุกุ ูู
ุตุฏุฑูุง ููุทุงูุฉ ูู ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌูู ููุฃุชู ูู ูุฑุจูููุง ู
ู ุซุงูู ุฃููุณูุฏ ุงููุฑุจูู ุงูุฐู ุชุญุตู ุนููู ู
ู ุงูุจูุฆุฉ. |
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