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Discrimination Against Hispanics in America Essay After the Mexican-American War, Mexicans residing in Texas were allowed to remain on their now US land and become Americans. Many chose to stay in the country, becoming Mexican Americans instead of Mexicans alone. However, being declared Mexican Americans did not guarantee them equal rights. Mexicans faced many challenges such as loss of their lands, cattle, harassment, lynching, laws aimed at oppressing Mexicans, and other racial inequalities. Additionally, despite Mexicans being providers of the principal labor force, they often received lower wages than their Anglo counterparts (Takaki, 2008). Negative prejudices and similar forms of discrimination against Latinos are still present up to date. This paper entails a critique of the struggles and discrimination Latinos continue to face in mainstream American society. Mexican labor was essential for America’s economic prosperity. They provided labor working in mines, ranches, fruit farms, vegetable farms, and construction. Mexican labor was preferred because it was cheap, stereotyped as submissive and docile, and with suitable supervision, more efficient than any other race (Takaki, 2008). However, in all the areas of employment, Mexicans were discriminated against in terms of wages and occupation hierarchy. “White labor unions jealously protected the skilled jobs by creating a two-tiered labor market that reflected racial division” (Takaki, 2008, p. 269). For example, in the New Mexico mines, Anglo workers operated machines, while Mexican miners did manual and dangerous work. Today, Mexicans and all other Hispanics are still victims of the stereotypes and inequalities faced by their people in the US over a hundred years ago. Most immigrant Hispanics come to the US to pursue the American dream, only to encounter other forms of challenges. Hispanics experience multiple forms of sometimes virulent workplace discrimination and harassment. Examples of workplace-related prejudices are subjecting Hispanic workers to ethnic slurs, national origin harassment, unlawful termination, and enforcement of English-only rules, even on employee break time (Bell, 2017). Hispanics are also the first victims of salary cuts and lay-offs in times of economic hardships, such as during the great depression in 1929 where Mexicans lost their jobs and were asked to go back to Mexico (Saenz, 2013). Currently, “Hispanic men have the highest participation rates of all men, with more than 80% participating in the workforce” (Bell, 2017, p.123). However, only a few of them hold leadership positions in organizations. Lastly, Hispanics also have a low representation in higher education which affects blue-collar employment and wages. References Bell, M. P. (2017). Diversity in organizations (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. Saenz, D. (2013). Destination America part 1 – the golden door [Video]. Web. Takaki, R. (2008). A different mirror: A history of multicultural America . Back bay books.
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Hydropower Dams and Their Environmental Impacts Essay Considering all the harmful environmental effects that hydropower dams have, many countries in the world are now fighting the construction and maintenance of large dams by prohibiting their funding. Even though dams are supposed to bring particular economic benefits, many people argue that they do “more economic harm than good” (“Social, environmental impacts of dams can be reduced” 10). To start with, dams are expected to assist in mitigating floods, generating electricity, and supplying water for various industries and agriculture (Rosenberg, Mccully, and Pringle 747). Finally, the least they do is improve the navigation of rivers. However, the practice shows that all of those advantages are arguable and can hardly compensate for the harm that dams, especially the large ones, are fraught with. First of all, any hydrological alteration disrupts the natural river flows, and as Rosenberg, Mccully, and Pringle state in their article, dams are “a major cause of these disruptions” (747). For example, dams usually become the reason for the loss of river deltas and dewatering of rivers and contribute to water pollution. When there are too many dams on the same river, its waters can even stop reaching the sea, although they are supposed to. As Rosenberg, Mccully, and Pringle write, the Colorado Rivers rarely discharge any freshwater to the sea (749). Secondly, because of water stored in reservoirs, the worldwide sea level has significantly reduced (Rosenberg, Mccully and Pringle 747). Since the middle of the twentieth century, the approximate volume of water impounded in reservoirs has reached the point of 10,000 cubic kilometers, which equals the amount of water in all rivers around the world (Rosenberg, Mccully and Pringle 747). Additionally, dams and reservoirs contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Another significant harm that large dams cause is that regarding river inhabitants. Dams usually become the reason for habitat fragmentation and changes; they block the migration of fish, hinder spawning, and so forth. As proof, after four dams were constructed on the Snake River, people faced a significant deterioration in salmon fishing (Rundle 138). To conclude, the construction, funding, and maintenance of hydropower dams have numerous adverse consequences, including the disruption of the natural river flows, decrease in the water level in the seas, the contribution to the greenhouse emissions, etc. The possible advantages that those constructions can bring can not compensate for all the negative consequences, which is why the use of large hydropower dams should be terminated. Works Cited Rosenberg, David M., Patrick Mccully and Catherine M. Pringle. “Global-Scale Environmental Effects of Hydrological Alterations: Introduction.” BioScience 50.9 (2000): 746-751. Print. Rundle, Simon D. “Threats to the Running Water Ecosystems of the World.” Environmental Conversations 29.2 (2002): 134-153. Print. “Social, environmental impacts of dams can be reduced: IIED.” Ecos 195 (2014): 10-11. Print. Burton, Tony, David Sharpe, Nick Jenkins and Ervin Bossanyi. Wind Energy Handbook , West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2001. Print.
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Business Communication in India Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Language 2. Technology and Business Communication 3. Keeping Emotions Out and Paying Attention to Hierarchy 4. Hard to Say “No” 5. Credibility Established Through Relationships 6. Works Cited Language For an American company to enter the business sphere in India, verbal communication will not cause any major issues since English is the language spoken by many educated layers of society. In India, English is considered a universally-appropriate language that is politically neutral. Thus, it is very hard to find a business person working in the spheres of the trade who does not know English. Technology and Business Communication An unusual approach towards business communication relates to communicating over the phone. In his article “The golden rule for choosing the best forms of business communication in India” Neil Miller explained that the majority of business in India is made over the phone or in face-to-face meetings rather than e-mails or SMS (par. 6). Fig. 1. Business communication over the phone (“India Business Technology”). Keeping Emotions Out and Paying Attention to Hierarchy In day-to-day communication, Indians seek for every non-verbal sign to pick on what the person is feeling. Thus, if one is to show any type of emotion that is not relevant to business communication, Indians will notice it. It is also possible that emotions will negatively influence the business communication. It is also important to pay attention to the hierarchy that exists in the Indian business sphere (IOR par. 4). Hard to Say “No” Because India is an Asian country, it is very hard for its citizens to say ‘no’ when it comes to business relationships. This often leads to a lack of commitment to ongoing business relationships. When communicating, it is useful to regard answers like “We will do that, but it may be very complicated” or “We will try” as negative answers. Such vagueness appears because Indians like to say what they think their business partner wants to hear instead of the rough truth (World Business Culture par. 2). It will be much more effective to ask very direct questions related to the business process. For example, instead of asking a question “Our set deadline on Wednesday is still ongoing?” it is better to ask “Can you please tell me at which point exactly is our process is currently?” When asking the first question, a person is likely to receive the “Yes” answer because it is what he or she wants to hear. However, the second question is much more direct and calls for a much more complicated answer. Credibility Established Through Relationships When it comes to the Indian business etiquette and culture, there is usually no successful business without friendship. Furthermore, the credibility of a business partner is established through relationships. Thus, it is advised to first build trust in a business meeting before getting down to the issue itself. As in almost all business settings, it is important to keep balance during discussions, avoiding any conflicts and confrontation (RLN East Mainlands 1). Indian businesspeople are usually quite sensitive to “face-saving”, self-respect, and honor; thus, it is crucial not to allow the business partner to “lose” his or her “face”. No particular training is advised for the company’s employees since all the points mentioned are to be experienced in practice in actual business settings. However, it is important to consider this information and apply it accordingly. Works Cited “India Business Technology” n.d. Web. IOR. India . n.d. Web. Miller, Neil. The Golden Rule for Choosing the Best Forms of Business Communication in India . 2014. Web. RLN East Mainlands. India – People, Culture, Communication. A Guide for Business. 2004. Web. World Business Culture. Indian Communication Style . n.d. Web.
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Magic Cup Business Model and Intellectual Property Essay Business Model The focus product of this business model is the Magic Cup – a leak-proof, BPA-free bottle equipped with a carefully designed filter system that fixes the issue of stale water, lumpy fruit juices or protein shakes. There is no other product on the market like the Magic Cup; all shakers mix the ingredients irregularly and with clumps while the filtration system installed into the Magic Cup ensures clump-free and fresh shakes. The key partners of the Magic Cup, Inc. include primary manufacturers, suppliers, fitness clubs, local grocery shops like Whole Foods and supermarket chains like Walmart. Also, by cooperation with app developers, the Magic Cup team can create a smartphone app that reminds its users to drink water and protein shakes, provides them with new recipes and useful information about the benefits of protein shakes. Key activities are linked to the design of the Magic Cup, manufacturing, strict control of the product quality, the development of the above-mentioned software for applications, and, consequently, sales. Key resources used by the Magic Cup management include physical, intellectual, and human. In terms of the sales channels, the Magic Cup can be sold through several shops and facilities like fitness clubs, sports gear shops, grocery stores, online retailers like Amazon.com, and others. Even though the Magic Cup is intended to be used by athletes and anyone with an active lifestyle, it can be used for promoting the importance of hydration in all segments of the market. The basic value propositions of the Magic Cup are linked to its affordable price and the convenience of its features. Lastly, the cost structure should be value-driven and fixed so that all clients pay the same amount for the product across all sale channels. Intellectual Property Protection Since every innovative idea needs a thorough plan of success, the intellectual property (IP) portfolio is an integral part of any business plan, including the Magic Cup business plan. Thus, it is crucial to invest in a diverse intellection property portfolio and patent what is important not only to the company itself but what can be of interest to others. Of primary importance is patenting the unique filtering system, a feature that sets the Magic Cup apart from its competitors. Furthermore, it is important to cooperate with a skilled attorney that specializes in the protection of the intellectual property so that all aspects of patenting and copyrighting are dealt with accordance with the U.S. law. To save cost at early stages of IP protection, the Magic Cup management can work with lawyers from different geographical areas because a Harvard Graduate from Wisconsin has a similar set of skills to a Harvard Graduate based in New York; however, the saved costs can add up to more than fifty percent. Apart from patenting the Magic Cup’s filtering system and trademarking the name of the product itself, the company’s management can look into the protection of the trade secrets that relate to the design of the cup itself. While the trade secret cannot be registered under the law, a company has a complete right of taking all necessary actions to manage the disclosure of corporate secrets and other valuable information. Magic Cup, Inc. can restrict access to information and sign non-disclosure agreements with employees that decide to resign from their positions.
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Boston Consulting Group Matrix Exploratory Essay The BCG (Boston Consulting Group) Matrix is an assessment tool, used by many companies in order to evaluate the efficiency of various business units and product line. A manager, who applies this method, focuses mostly on the balance between cash spenders and cash generators (Butje 2005, p 157). This technique is supposed to help an organization allocate investments and resources. Judging from this grid, we can single out several types of business units: 1. cash cows, which generate sufficient amount of profit to sustain themselves; 2. question marks, those divisions, which require considerable expenditures to become successful, and it is difficult to determine whether they will increase their market share or not; 3. dogs, those units which yield sufficient returns to break even but their profitability is small; 4. stars, which hold high market share and at the same time they use large quantities of cash (Griffin, 2006, p 219). It should be noted that the BSG matrix does not provide conclusive evidence as to the contribution of each division to the overall success of the company, especially if we are speaking those organizations, where business units work on the creation of the same or similar products. If the divisions are interconnected with one another, and each of them is an inseparable part of value chain, the use of the BCG matrix is no appropriate. Most importantly, this tool fails to take into account, the external environment (economic, legal, social and political factors) in which the firm operates. Overall these findings indicate at that the given moment one of the company’s business units (the electronics division) cannot break even, and its expenditures are higher than its returns. In turn, the appliances division generates excessive amounts of cash. This division can be regarded as self-sufficient and according to the classification, adopted by the Boston Consulting Group, it should be called a “cash cow” (Butje 2005, p 157). On the basis of these findings, we can make the following recommendations: the management should either increase the market share of the electronics division in order to justify its cash consumption or they need to sell this business unit. However, prior to making this decision, the management should undertake a series of investigations: in particular, they need to conduct value chain analysis as this will help them to understand the interactions between various divisions of the enterprise. Moreover, they need to carry out PESTLE and SWOT analysis, as these methods will show external environment can affect the development of each division. They need to apply Five Forces Model, developed by Michael Porter (2008). This tool is used to evaluate the intensity of competition in the market. On the whole, we can say that the BCG Matrix gives only a cursory overview of the situation within the firm. The authors of the previous posts have done an in-depth analysis of the key findings. They have pointed out that such an assessment tool as the BCG matrix has several limitations (extra focus on quantitative data and inability to consider external environment of the firm). I agree with the recommendations that they have proposed. Yet, it seems to me that they paid little or no attention to the internal structure of the company: they regard appliances and electronics divisions, as entirely independent bodies, which do not interact in any way. In my opinion, it is quite probable, that these parts are not independent. For example, the electronics division (question mark) can assist the appliances division (cash cow), and this may partly explain their differences in profit margins. Reference List Butje M. (2005). Product marketing for technology companies . Butterworth-Heinemann Griffin R. (2006). Management. Cengage Learning. Porter M. (2008). On Competition. Cambridge: Harvard Business Press.
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Sharon Olds’ “Rites of Passage” Poem Essay In her poem “Rites of Passage”, Sharon Olds describes the children who have gathered for her son’s birthday party. All boys, most of whom are either six or seven, one would expect to be told about the clowns and balloons, games of tag or hide and seek or other such child-time activities. Olds gives her topic an ironic treatment, though, in her continued comparison of the young children with their older, adult counterparts. She emphasizes their youth through mention that they are ‘short’, they are ‘in first grade’ and they have ‘smooth jaws and chins’ (3-4). However, throughout these statements, she also continues to call them ‘men’ rather than ‘boys’ and characterizes their actions as being very much like the actions of their elders, “hands in pockets, they stand around” (5). Not completely clear whether she is referring to the characteristics of young boys or older men, Olds relates their actions, “jostling, jockeying for place, small fights / breaking out and calming” (6-7). If not for the inclusion of the small fights, it would be difficult to determine the age of these ‘men’ as these are characteristics inherent among groups of men of all ages in most settings. It should also be expected that small children gathered together would instantly break into some sort of physically active activity, yet these children “clear their throats a lot, a room of small bankers, / they fold their arms and frown” (10-12). Their conversation is not the carefree conversation one might expect from small children but is instead concerned with violence, which child might be capable of beating up another child. When they finally do settle upon an activity, it is to play war, which itself seems an ironic means of celebrating a child’s life. There are several similes in the poem that help to characterize it within the world of the adult, continuing to illustrate this seven-year-old’s birthday party as a rite of passage from one stage of life to another. This transition from one point of life to another is the subject of the first simile as Olds compares the dark round birthday cake with the formidable fortifications of a castle turret: “the dark cake, round and heavy as a / turret, behind them on the table” (14-15). Having already presented the boys as a group of older men in characteristic business behavior, this comparison serves to bring into focus the concept that while the speaker’s son is ostensibly the ‘king’ of the castle, it remains to be seen which of the boys will emerge as the proud leader, the true noble at heart. What remains to be seen is how this will be determined. Rather than being the smallest on the totem pole, these children now recognize that they have passed onto the next rung of the pecking order. The speaker’s son is the focus of the next simile, “my son, / freckles like specks of nutmeg on his cheeks” (15-16). The comparison of the boy with the spice nutmeg calls to mind images of gingerbread cookies and baking in the kitchen with mom. Freckles are often associated with innocence and lack of business-like concern. Thus, the boy emerges from the man-like image that has been presented through the poem, but only for an instant. Immediately following this information about the son is the third simile in the poem, “chest narrow as the balsa keel of a / model boat” (17-18). Because we, as readers, are still thinking about the innocent freckles and sweet-spicy face, the first impression of a chest like a balsa keel gives us an impression of something light and airy, hollow and delicate. However, then we are confronted with the reminder of balsa’s most well-known use, the creation of models. This is followed in our minds with the reason why balsa wood is used for model building. Although it is very lightweight and easy to work, it is also very strong and capable of withstanding tremendous pressure. This sets up the final simile and celebrates the successful passage of the young man. For the first time, the young boys are cognizant that they are not the smallest people around, as is illustrated through their grown-up actions. As they tussle among each other, trying to determine which one could beat up which other ones, the speaker’s son takes charge of the group and points out that they are now all capable of beating up two-year-olds. In other words, he finds a way to unite the troops together by pointing out that they have all advanced a step in the hierarchy. With this thought on the table, “the other / men agree, they clear their throats / like Generals, they relax and get down to / playing war, celebrating my son’s life” (23-26). The son has emerged as the young king while his friends take up the position of generals after having been troop soldiers, accepting a new responsibility and sense of maturity with this passing of the year.
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Online Video and Computer Games Expository Essay Video and computer games emerged around the same time as role playing games during the 1970s, and there has always been a certain overlap between video and computer games and larger fantasy and sci-fi communities (King and Borland 2003). Many early games were solitary endeavors, but the past decade has witnessed a massive explosion in the popularity of networked games, with titles such as Doom and Quakes standing out as early exemplars. In the mid 1990s, online video and computer games (OVCGs), which could be played through servers that connect hundreds of thousands of computers together, began to appear across the US, Europe and Asia. Online video and computer games (OVCGs) do not require that players be physically co-present; rather, players gather in virtual game worlds where they play avatars- computer-mediated fantasy characters. For online video and computer games (OVCGs) to function it needs a computer as well as the software, instead of other tools used by several other games. In addition, many online games, such as EverQuest (Sony) and World of Warcraft (Blizzard), have a monthly subscription fee. Similar to Role-playing games (RPGs) and collectible Strategy Games (CSGs), but different from many non-networked video and computer games, Online video and computer games (OVCGs) are specifically designed to offer hundreds of hours of highly interactive gameplay and for the development of characters’ identities (Schubert 333). Online video and computer games have settings and systems, just like Role-playing games (RPGs), but the computer controls both, which simplifies the games in some important ways. Online video and computer games involve multiplayer game worlds and allow for instant peer-to-peer communication, either through typed conversation or through voice-over chat. As players cooperate with one another on multiple occasions and for multiple purposes, they develop the same sense of shared community, and become known to one another through their specific style of play and their characters’ names. Perhaps the biggest draw of on-line gaming, however, is the visual effects, which can be highly detailed with a sense of three dimensional spaces. The ability to play at any time one desires, for as long or as short a time as desired, is also an advantage since a player can find others online at any hour of the day or night. Many online games today allow for a high degree of character customization and allow various paths towards success, so it is possible to create an interesting, original character that is not only present in one’s head, or on a piece of paper, but which is walking, jumping, fighting, or flying on the screen in front of the player. As Online video and computer games become more akin to “movies that I can control” their attractiveness increases. Unfortunately, OVCGs requires a substantial monetary investment and a degree of technical proficiency. Additionally, Online video and computer games are still less portable RPGs and CSGs. Despite these problems, Online video and computer games are the fastest growing segment of the fantasy game industry and have gained more widespread acceptability than either table top RPGs or CSGs (Schubert 338) To continue our fictional example of Academia: The Overeducated, the online version immerses players in a virtual university and the opening shot on the computer screen is that of the Registrar’s office. There, the player selects his/her character’s name, age, sex, height, weight, race, and other physical characteristics, and also signs up for first-year classes. This would generate a graphical representation of the player’s character that one could then watch, control, and manipulate through virtual world. The character would be given a campus map and directions to a dorm room, as well as a key to the room. From that point on, the player would navigate through the halls of the Administration Building, on his or her way to the dorm, realizing that every person walking through the hall is also a player; a real person, somewhere in the world, sitting in front of a computer. The player could have the character to stop and ask people about classes, inquire if a teacher was strict with attendance or not, and learn about useful bits of information that would help the character succeed in whatever tasks were encountered during game play. Many role playing and collectible strategy gamers are also computer gamers, and those that are not are typically at least familiar with inline computer gaming and likely know some of the more popular game titles. In the gaming industry, several of the larger RPG and CSG publishers have produced computer games based on their projects, or else have licensed their products to computer game manufacturers. While each type of game has its distinct advantages and disadvantages, an increasingly internet connected world and today’s fast paced life make Online video and computer games very attractive to gamers generally. Some current online, multiplayer video and computer games include: Hallo 2 (produced by Sony Online Entertainment), and Dark Age of Camelot (Produced by Mythic Entertainment). Works Cited King, Brad, and Borland John. Dungeons and Dreamers: The Rise of Computer Game Culture from Geek to Chic. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Print. Schubert, Damion. Online Games: An Insider’s Guide . Boston: New Riders, 2003. Print.
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Communication Style of a Program Manager Self Evaluation Essay I consider myself an excellent virtual communicator that has enough skills to maintain sound communication in the virtual organization. The program manager plays the role of supervisor and capable mitigator who avoids conflicts, especially inter-cultural, and enhances team performance with the help of adequate communication strategy (Curlee & Gordon, 2013). To improve communication effectiveness, I, as a program manager, would establish regular communication both with individuals and the program team using modern social media tools. For instance, messengers can be applied for instant textual contact with particular employers, while Zoom may be an excellent platform for weekly meetings with the group. During those meetings, the manager has to encourage honest reporting of subordinates, which increases transparency and trust within the group. The program manager should establish an atmosphere of engagement; thus, it is essential to devote time to interact individually with team members. To keep stakeholders abreast of progress, problems, and control the communications plan should define all of them and envisage a proper communication method or channel. The stakeholder matrix would assist in outlining their roles, contact information, and participation level. Employees will enjoy a shared chat room from which they receive updates and ask for input, while sponsors will receive regular emails reporting on the current project stage. The plan includes two-way communication; hence, stakeholders have a chance to ask all possible questions. Online schedules should be timely updated to make all involved in the project aware of their roles and deadlines. Although businesses shift towards virtual work arrangements, face-to-face communication is still essential. Battiston et al. (2017) argue that face-to-face interactions at the workplace between employees and managers contribute to better productivity, especially in higher pressure conditions. Thus, regular physical meetings with stakeholders may be organized to enhance cooperation, trust, and goal alignment. In terms of remote employees, they can be reached by video-conference tools. If team members fail to avoid conflict, and the organization’s culture does not automatically mitigate it, the project manager should interfere using face-to-face communication to decompose its essence and define an appropriate solution. The best strategy here is to find a compromise that settles the personality differences of team members. A good program manager applies both face-to-face and virtual communication techniques to establish and maintain internal communication. I want to be considered as a reliable and honest manager who provides information to stakeholders in a timely manner and in the most convenient way. The final plan includes regular group and one-on-one meetings, both with remote and traditional employees. Social media platforms, such as instant managers, will be used to keep in contact with team members instead of relatively outdated emailing. Face-to-face meetings should help to resolve conflicts, whereas sponsors and customers may enjoy two-way communication through social media. References Battiston, D., Vidal B. I., & Kirchmaier, T. (2017). Is distance dead? Face-to-face communication and productivity in teams (CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP11924). Web. Curlee, W., & Gordon, R. L. (2013). Successful program management: Complexity theory, communication, and leadership . Auerbach Publications.
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Consumer Boycotts’ Impact on Brands Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Consumer Boycotts Are Effective 3. Consumer Boycotts Are Not Effective 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction Residents of the United States are ready to refuse products for any reason. Harsh statements by top managers, low salaries, or the use of harmful products are the most popular reasons for customers to stop buying products. This often has the effect of managers apologizing for the company’s decisions or abandoning their ideas. However, there are also moments when the effect is quite the opposite. Consumer Boycotts Are Effective The consumer boycott is often associated with the economic impact on the brand. However, as it will be noted later, this is an ineffective method. Thus, it is worth noting that a boycott should not always be aimed at reducing the company’s profit. Sometimes it is more effective to attack the brand image. Indeed, the more social networks and the media discuss it in a negative way, the more likely it is that the company’s management will change course (Beck, 2019). There is an economic reason for this: studies claim that the share price of a particular company declined every day when the media mentioned a boycott of this brand’s products (Beck, 2019). However, if the goal of the boycotters is to force the company to reconsider its views, then this approach can be called successful. For example, such a situation happened with Nike in the nineties. The brand of clothing and sporting goods on the rights of a monopolist mercilessly exploited workers in developing countries and answered activists’ questions that they were not involved in this (Birch, 2016). The campaign against Nike became so large-scale that it even affected the brand’s sales, prompting Nike to abandon the sweatshop system of work (Birch, 2016). The American brand still has gaps in ethical reports. It does not make its supply chain and production completely transparent. However, this still does not compare with the beginning of the nineties when production ethics were not even out of the question. Refusing to make purchases is a common practice for those who want to emphasize their disagreement with specific decisions of managers and employees of the brand. The cases with various companies show how solid and substantial public condemnation can be for an entrepreneur (Watson, 2015). Nevertheless, there is a significant difference between a small family business, where almost every client is essential, and the market’s giants. In this case, it becomes a challenging task to affect the performance of the company significantly. Consumer Boycotts Are Not Effective Actions should confirm the intentions of the boycott: it is difficult to prove a consumer’s determination if it does not go beyond words. This is the reason why boycotts are always difficult to be carried out: over time, the number of people inevitably decreases, and information guides are forgotten (Friedman, 2001). However, even if all these conditions are met, there is no guarantee that everything will work out. An example is the boycott of Nestle, which has been going on for more than forty years, but it is difficult to talk about the results of which, even after almost half a century. It should be understood whether the Nestle boycott can be considered effective. From an economic point of view, it is unlikely: the company’s revenues are estimated at billions of dollars, today Nestle is one of the wealthiest companies in its segment (Mihai, 2021). However, the widespread and, importantly, negative-public attention made it possible to achieve essential decisions on the ethics of advertising breast milk substitutes on the issue of the easy availability of these substitutes and their actual and potential impact on children. If people take these changes as a starting point, then the Nestle boycott, of course, can bring the solution of all these crucial issues closer. Conclusion If a person decides to boycott Nestle, then they need to stop buying any of the company’s products, and this is an impressive list of brands. Certainly, people can find a replacement for each of them for the same money, but the search takes time and desire. It is difficult for customers to change their buying habits, and most people are more concerned about the price-quality ratio than questions of production ethics. References Beck, V. (2019). Consumer boycotts as instruments for structural change. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 36 (4), 543-559. Web. Birch, S. (2016). How activism forced Nike to change its ethical game. The Guardian . Web. Friedman, M. (2001). Ethical dilemmas associated with consumer boycotts. Journal of Social Philosophy, 32 (2), 232–240. Mihai, A. (2021). Why Nestle is one of the most hated companies in the world. ZME Science . Web. Watson, B. (2015). Do boycotts really work? . The Guardian . Web.
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Importance of Cardiac Angiography Case Study A cardiac angiography entails the determination of any form of blockage in blood vessels. The procedure is done by injecting contrast dyes through a catheter, followed by the visualization of the flow of the pigment through blood vessels (SCOT-Heart Investigators, 2018). Any impediment to the movement of the dye is an indication of blockage of blood vessels and restricted blood flow to the heart. The doctor ordered this test because the patient complained of chest pains when climbing up the stairs. Chest pain is a common problem for people with heart disease even though other organs could contribute to this discomfort. However, the patient’s weight and lifestyle (smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and consumption of fatty and sweet foods) predispose him to heart disease. Mr. Perkins’ diagnosis is angina pectoris, which is chest pain attributed to the inadequate flow of blood to cardiac muscles. The organ system that is mainly affected by Mr. Perkins’ condition is the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart and blood vessels. However, Cardiovascular disease impairs the transport of blood to and from the lungs, which ultimately affects the respiratory system. Other organs that may be damaged by poor blood flow are the kidney and brain. Insulin resistance may also develop due to being overweight. The doctor ordered an angiography to find out whether the patient’s blood vessels were blocked and contributing to the chest pain. Mr. Perkins’ blood work might show high levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, and glucose as well as low levels of high-density lipoproteins. Suggested treatment plans for Mr. Perkins include pharmacological interventions such as statins, beta-blockers, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), nitroglycerin, aspirin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. In contrast, non-pharmacological interventions for the patient include engaging in at least one hour of moderate-intensity exercise for three to five days a week, cutting down on the consumption of fried and sugary foods, eating plenty of fruits and vegetables, as well as reducing his intake of salt. Mr. Perkins should also stop smoking cigarettes to reduce the risk of additional heart problems. Shilipa is suffering from a bleeding disorder. Antibiotics have inhibitory outcomes on hemostasis and the coagulation of blood. This phenomenon is common following the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as second and third-generation cephalosporins in addition to semisynthetic penicillin. These medications mimic the action of warfarin on the blood clotting mechanism. They also augment the functioning of warfarin, which prevents the clotting of blood by blocking the formation of blood clotting factors by the liver using vitamin K. As a result, blood fails to coagulate and clot. This occurrence could be a dangerous problem because it can lead to excessive loss of blood through internal or external bleeding. Patients who are using warfarin to manage other blood clotting disorders should be cautious when taking these antibiotics. Several lab tests can be recommended to the patient. A complete blood count (CBC) can be done to measures any changes in the number of red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Changes in the level of platelets could indicate a blood clotting problem. A bleeding time test establishes the speed of blood clot formation to preclude bleeding. This test assesses the functioning of platelets. In contrast, a platelet aggregation test evaluates the clumping of platelets to form a blood clot. Reference SCOT-Heart Investigators. (2018). Coronary CT angiography and 5-year risk of myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine , 379 (10), 924-933. Web.
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Organizational Stress and Job Satisfaction Relationships Coursework Table of Contents 1. Workload and Working Hours 2. Job Content and Tasks 3. Career Development and Pay 4. References Workload and Working Hours Workload and working hours are among the primary risk factors causing occupational stress. Because sometimes employees experience overload and do not have an opportunity to find the right balance between work and personal life, it influences job satisfaction. Working overload refers to either excessive work or being forced to work outside of an individual’s job responsibilities (Qureshi et al., 2013). As for working hours, this issue becomes disturbing only in the case of mismatches. That said, it leads to work-related stress only if the employers do not provide the employees with compensation for overtime (Holly & Mohnen, 2012). This issue should be investigated in order to identify the specificities determining higher levels of occupational stress and lower levels of job satisfaction so that it becomes possible to create a comfortable working environment. Moreover, the problem of workload and working hours should be addressed to avoid counterproductive policies damaging organizations and their performance. Job Content and Tasks Job content and tasks are also significant causes of occupational stress. When analyzing job content, it is vital to note that this concept has several dimensions. First, it might refer to working environment such as virtual or distant work, hazardous or safety working environment, individual work or cooperation with a team, etc. Another important determinant is exposal to various risk factors at work. The third dimension of work content is working conditions, i.e. whether there are any interventions in the working process or some protective equipment is needed. Finally, the level of development of work measuring and progress tools is also considered as a part of work content (Martin et al., 2011). Speaking of work tasks, they can be viewed from different perspectives as well. That said, the criteria for analyzing tasks are their complexity, monotony, some special demands such as knowledge, skill or physical work as well as the time necessary for fulfilling them. Another critical gauge is whether an organization provides the employees with the resources necessary for carrying out job responsibilities (Tausig & Fenwick, 2011). Senior management and team leaders should be willing to pay closer attention to this issue avoiding double standards regarding the determination of job content and tasks and define them bearing in mind the specificities of the working environment in order to minimize the risks of organizational stress. Career Development and Pay Nowadays, career development has become a tool for an organization’s strategic development. It means that it is not an option, which can be chosen on an individual basis. Instead, organizations should provide employees with the resources and environment suitable for their further development. That said, there are two sources of occupational stress related to career development: either an organization does not offer an opportunity to develop or employees oppose them or are not willing to change (Merchant, 2008). The most significant issue with career development is that senior management and team leaders should motivate the employees to develop new skills and obtain new knowledge as well as organize necessary trainings (Weinberg, Sutherland, & Cooper, 2010). Speaking of pay as the cause of organizational stress, it is related to various payments such as wages, sickness and maternity pays, those related to accidents, etc. The emphasis is made on their size and timeliness (Arezes, 2016). These issues should be addressed with the aim of establishing the motivating working environment because it will not only have a positive influence on occupational stress but also benefit an organization. References Arezes, P. M., Baptista, J. S., Barosso, M. P., Carneiro, P., Cordeiro, P., Costa, N., … Perestrelo, G. (2016). Ocupational safety and hygiene. London, UK: Taylor & Francis Group. Holly, S., & Mohnen, A. (2012). Impact of working hours on work-life balance. Berlin, Germany: SOEP. Martin, P. R., Cheung, F. M., Knowles, M. C., Kyrios, M., Littlefield, L., & Prieto, J. (2011). IAAP handbook of applied psychology . West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons. Merchant, R. C. (2008). The role of career development in improving organizational effectiveness and employee development. Qureshi, M. I., Iftikhar, M., Abbas, S.G., Hassan, U., Khan, K., & Zaman, K. (2013). Relationship between job stress, workload, environment and employees turnover intentions: What we know, what we should know. World Applied Sciences Journal, 23 (6), 764-770. Tausig, M., & Fenwick, R. (2011). Work and Mental Health in Social Context. New York, NY: Springer. Weinberg, A., Sutherland, V. J., & Cooper, C. (2010). Organizational stress management: A strategic approach. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
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“Music and Other Provinces” Class Essay My major is music, and the current curriculum includes various classes that provide an understanding of music in the framework of historical and cultural peculiarities. With their help, all students can get detailed information about musicianship and musical theory. As I started to study such subjects, I realized that all the information they give is extremely important for people who are willing to stay in this sphere and develop further. Thus, I cannot say that one of the classes should be deleted from the curriculum. Still, there is one sphere that interests me and is believed to be significant by professionals but is not studied yet. It is the connection between music and other spheres, such as psychology, politics, economy, etc. Of course, there is no necessity for all students whose major is music to deepen into the peculiarities of every area but receiving general knowledge can be rather beneficial. So I believe that it would be advantageous to add a class “Music and Other Provinces” to the current curriculum of the music major because it can provide students with the general knowledge about other spheres, the way they interact with music and are influenced by it as well as how they shape the music and are reflected in it. Having a class Music and Other Provinces, students will receive much information critical for their future professions. It is commonly known that nothing in this world exists separately. Even professionals who work in one particular sphere need to take into account the things happening around them. For example, preschool teachers should know medicine and its current tendencies because such a life can save their student’s life. In the same way, knowing psychology can help music students to work with people if they want to become educators or music therapists. Of course, general information may not always be enough, but it allows bachelors to define what they are willing to do further and provides them with the basic knowledge. Similarly, studying how music and politics are connected can be advantageous. According to Hailey, music compositions often reveal political messages or discuss the situation from a particular point of view, for instance, provide ideological import (134). At the same time, music can make people act. It affects political movements and can encourage people not to refer to violence. When students get to know such information they will be likely to reconsider the way they treat music and its role in the life of society, at least this happened to me. Getting to know different spheres interact with music and are influenced by it can help students to determine what to play or compose depending on the expected outcome. When I was planning the evening for Thanksgiving Day and selected particular pieces of music, I needed to get sure that they were appropriate and did not occur chaotically. Thus, I had to deepen into the history and culture. The same knowledge can be required by those students who will organize festivals or school holidays. Those whose profession will be connected with dancing are likely to be interested in the way new music genres affected the creation of dancing styles. In this way, students will receive the information needed at their working places even before they obtain one. Jorgensen emphasizes that “society is as much shaped by music as music is shaped by society” (30). So, as professionals, students whose major is music should be able to tell the history of the particular instrument. Knowledge of geography, traditional customs, materials available, and tendencies in the community life can help to explain how the instrument was created and why its sound altered with time. So when adding information from other spheres, students will provide more detailed exhalations appropriate for people they cooperate with. Finally, the proposed class can be beneficial for the future professions of students because it can enhance the overall knowledge. Employers are willing to hire the most efficient professionals who can successfully interact with co-workers and clients. After this class, students will be able to keep up the conversation about various topics, which is sure to improve their communication skills. Thus, it can be concluded that Music and Other Provinces can bring benefit to students in the framework of their future professions, as learning about interactions enhances the understanding of the underlying driving forces that shape music, which is critical when working in this sphere. As professionals, they will be able to explain various changes in society’s interests regarding music. Moreover, they will realize the true role of music in the life of society and become more motivated to continue studying. Finally, this class will enhance personal skills obtained by students. In particular, it will improve their communication skills that are critical at any workplace, and are highly valued. All in all, Music and Other Provinces will make a significant improvement in student’s knowledge, allowing them to cooperate with professionals from other spheres without complications and misunderstandings. Works Cited Hailey, Christopher. Music and Nazism; Art under Tyranny, 1933-1945. Music Library Association 61.1 (2004): 134-137. Print. Jorgensen, Estelle. Transforming Music Education , Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008. Print.
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Potassium Polyacrylate Definition Report Table of Contents 1. Description of Potassium Polyacrylate 2. Safety of Potassium Polyacrylate 3. Chemical components 4. Disadvantages of Potassium polyacrylate 5. Potassium Polyacrylate and Fertilizers 6. References Description of Potassium Polyacrylate Potassium Polyacrylate is an ecological-friendly product with a neutral pH value of 7. It does not create harmful substances when unconfined. It is non-poisonous and secure to the surroundings and vegetation. It cannot be swept away by rainwater. It can be despoiled and reduced to ammonium nitrogen, water, and a small number of potassium ions (Zhengzhou Sigma Chemical, 2013). Therefore, it has a very important role in sustaining soil fertility. Potassium Polyacrylate has a very strong water-absorbing capability ranging between 400 and 500 times the self-weight of uncontaminated water (Demax Chemical, 2013). Potassium Polyacrylate absorbs and stores water, then releases it to the plants when the need arises. Its water withholding capability is 13-14 kg/cm 2 . Potassium Polyacrylate has a strong outer physical pressure resistance, which allows it to extend the efficient time of a fertilizer (N CBI, 2013). This property is known as a dual fertilizer maintenance function. In addition to that, it expands after absorbing water and shrinks after losing it. This property makes the soil form an amassed, squashy, and permeable structure. When it is put into the soil, Potassium Polyacrylate reduces thermal conductivity, advances soil moisture content, and decreases daytime soil temperature by 1-4 degrees Celsius. Night soil temperature increases by 2-4 degrees Celsius. Potassium Polyacrylate can be used can be utilized in horticultural and green plants with fast reactions (Demax Chemical, 2013). Safety of Potassium Polyacrylate Potassium Polyacrylate is an ecosystem-friendly product. It has a pH of 7(neutral), and it is non –poisonous. It causes no harm to the environment. Therefore, it is not a hazardous substance. However, it has health effects when mishandled. For instance, it can cause eye irritation, respiratory tract irritation, skin irritation, and harmful if swallowed (Demax Chemical, 2013). Potassium Polyacrylate is used in agriculture because of its high water-absorbing capability so that it can release it into the soil when the need arises. It can also absorb and store fertilizers and pesticides, and release them into the soil gradually. This property of Potassium Polyacrylate helps in the reduction of fertilizers and pesticides losses and prolongs their duration (Demax Chemical, 2013). Chemical components The chemical components of potassium polyacrylate include carbon, hydrogen potassium, and oxygen. Its molecular formula is C 3 H 3 KO 2. (Word Science, 2013) Disadvantages of Potassium polyacrylate Potassium Polyacrylate is expensive to use as compared to other soil modifications per square foot. Once it has been applied, it is impossible to get rid of it, thus it is advisable to be used in those areas, which are experiencing constant water retention insufficiency. When too much of it is applied into the soil, its crystals expand and push plants out of the ground. In addition to that, Potassium Polyacrylate creates an environment for the invasion of diseases (Fey, 2013). Potassium Polyacrylate and Fertilizers Potassium Polyacrylate is a substance added to the soil to absorb and store water for the plants. This is as a result of its high ability to absorb and release water to the plants. Potassium Polyacrylate can also absorb and release fertilizers into the soil, the same way it does to water. On top of that, this substance does not add nutrients to the soil; therefore, fertilizers can be used alongside it (N CBI, 2013). Potassium Polyacrylate can be applied to palm as it is being applied to other vegetation like afforestation, anti-season psychometric plantation, horticultural crops, and other green plants. Lastly, Polyacrylate maintains soil structure (Zhengzhou Sigma Chemical, 2013). References Demax Chemical (2013).Potassium polyacrylate used in agriculture field : Where it works . Web. WordScience (2013) Safety Data Sheet:Potassium Polyacrylate. Web. Fey, B (2013).Agriculture: What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Potassium Polyacrylate in agriculture? N CBI. (2013).Potassium acrylate: Compound Summary . Schenzhen Greenbarscitech co. (2013).Polyacylate: How to apply potassium polyacrylate to plants. Web. Zhengzhou sigma Chemical Co. (2013) potassium polyacrylate: Super Absorbent Polymer . Web.
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The most common types of contracts are cost-plus contracts, fixed-price contracts, performance-based contracts, among other types of contracts. There are other types of contracts, but they may differ based on the context in which they are applied. A hybrid contract has several benefits for a small business owner. For instance, the small business owner can qualify for multiple types of contracts. The hybrid contract will increase the chances of the small business owner securing a contract. In case the government is offering a fixed price contract and a performance-based contract, then a hybrid contractor can qualify for both of them and the chances of being chosen are higher compared to bidding for a single contract (Jarnagin, 2008). A bidding process that is sealed is characterized by bids being closed up in envelopes, such that the bidders are not aware of the amount that their competitors have placed. All those who are bidding submit their bids in a glued envelop to the auctioneer. Only the highest bidder is chosen. This system reduces the chances of a small business owner winning the bid considering that the small business owner is limited in terms of financial strength. Small business owners do not have enough money, thus they may not be able to table high bids compared to the big business owners. However, I believe I stand a better chance of getting the bid as a hybrid contractor. I can also strive to table a high bid to further boost my chances and believe the government will select my bid. How a small business could benefit from the use of micro-purchases at the local navy base The local navy base operates under government procurements. Most of the government procurement transactions are normally micro-purchases in that they are normally acquisitions of goods that are of low cost. In such purchases, there are few or no soliciting competitiveness quotations. However, the contracting officer will have to determine whether the prices are reasonable or not (Office of the Federal Register (US), 2011). The officer will only give the bid when the price is considered reasonable. All those who have applied and qualified for the supplies will be equitably given the purchases. One of the reasons why the government prefers this type of purchase is that it reduces administrative payments. The streamlined payment procedures are also reduced. Small businesses benefit from these types of purchases in that their chances of doing business with the government increase substantially. Small businesses do not have to spend a lot of money in bidding for such purchases. Therefore, their operating costs are reduced considerably. Moreover, they are placed in a better position to make relatively high profits. The major aim of micro-purchases in government administration is to promote small businesses. Therefore, the federal agencies or the administration officers are urged to consider giving top priority to the small businesses. Another benefit that small businesses get is that they have a better chance to grow and develop in their operations as they can make good profits by spending a relatively little amount of money on the purchases. References Jarnagin, B. D. (2008). 2009 U.S. Master GAAP Guide . Chicago, IL: CCH. Office of the Federal Register (US). (2011). Federal Acquisition Regulations System, Revised as of October 1 , 2010. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
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Environmental Health and Safety Problem Solution Essay The need for waste management is essential in assessing the requirements for properly managed waste in a community. Needs assessment process would involve checking the existing waste management strategies, identifying the areas of importance, focusing on the critical needs, and identifying possible solutions. Waste management involves supervising the gathering, ferrying, processing, discarding and recycling of waste materials formed by human activity. If this waste is not well managed, it can be a threat to humans and the environment in general. Thus, needs assessment for managing waste would be conducted by observing the methods that can be used to control the negative effects of waste. Waste is classified into four classes namely solid, liquid, gaseous, and radio active. Each of these four classes has its own methods of discarding. To begin with, observation of how landfills are managed is essential in assessing the need for waste management. Landfill is whereby waste is collected and buried in an isolated piece of land that is relatively far from residential areas such as quarries. The waste is then compacted and covered in order to keep rodents away and keep the waste intact. This is the cheapest method of discarding waste but its effectiveness relies on how the dumping site is planned and run. There are several problems that are associated with landfills. Lemann (2008) argues that if the landfill is not planned well, it might attract rodents such as rats and mice and also debris from the dumpsite might be blown by wind into residential areas. Secondly, these dumping sites generate a gas that contains carbon dioxide and methane which is produced by decaying organic matter. This gas has a fowl odor and does not support plants life. This gas can be extracted using perforated pipes and then burnt to generate electricity. Thus, without proper management of landfills in a community, the community is deemed to be affected by waste. Another method of waste management that can be assessed is incineration. Incineration is the most appropriate method of discarding solid, liquid and gaseous waste. Its best suited for places where land is inadequate. In this method waste is discarded by burning or by exposing the waste matter to high temperatures referred to as thermal treatment. The waste is usually put in a furnace where it is burned to produce gas which is then used to produce electricity. Recycling involves collecting waste bins and ferrying them to a recycling center. Once they arrive at the recycling center, they are graded according to the materials that are used to manufacture them. This is to ensure that waste that is made from a common material can be remanufactured to make new goods. Good examples of products that can be reused are aluminum cans, plastic beverage containers, computers, glass jars, PVC and papers. Involving the Community in Needs Assessment Process Biological Reprocessing This is one of the methods that can be used to involve the community in needs assessment process. Organic waste for example food bits and pieces, plants and papers is reprocessed using biological absorption and composting to decay the organic waste which is then used as manure (organic fertilizer) in farms. This process is used to increase the process of decaying the organic matter. During this process methane is extracted and is thereby used in producing electricity. This method has been found to be more efficient than the other methods of discarding waste. Energy Retention The energy contained in waste material can be recaptured by converting them into other forms of fuel. This means that the waste material can be used in homes as fuel for cooking food and also the gas that is obtained from decaying matter can be used as fuel in boilers that produce electricity in turbines. The process of extracting this gas from organic waste is called gasification. The waste material is put into boilers that are tightly sealed to create high pressure. The boilers are then heated at very high temperatures which in return change the form of the waste from solid to liquid and lastly gas. The gas and the liquid are reprocessed to produce energy while the solid material is converted to active carbon. Methods of Avoiding Accumulation of Waste According to Vaughn (2009), there are several ways through which accumulation of waste can be avoided. The first one is by adopting the habit of continuous use of items that had been used previously. To add on to that all households and organizations should be encouraged to repair their broken items instead of replacing the item with a new one. By doing this, all dustbins will remain empty. Manufactures too can contribute to avoiding accumulation of waste by coming up with products that can be reused. For instance plastic shopping bags should be replaced by cotton bags because cotton can be reprocessed to make another shopping bag. Consumers can also participate in this campaign by not using disposable products such as plastic knives, plates, spoons and forks. Manufacturers should also use light materials in their products for instance in telecommunications industry lighter phones are more preferred than bulky ones because they are easy to carry around. All companies that manufacture goods for local and external markets should be held accountable for the lifecycle of their goods from the time they are manufactured till they are fully exhausted. Individuals or organizations that will be found polluting the environment should be made to compensate for the damages they cause to the environment. In conclusion, the pollution of air and water by discarding toxic materials and also polluting the soil by deforestation and emitting toxic gases that damage the ozone layer contribute to global warming which poses a great threat to human lives and those of other living things on planet earth. References Lemann, M.F. (2008). Waste Management . Switzerland: Peter Lang AG, International Academic Publishers. Vaughn, J. (2009). Waste Management . Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
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Descriptive Statistics and Research Data Analysis Coursework Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. What are descriptive statistics? 4. What are the purposes of descriptive statistics? 5. Conclusion 6. References Abstract Descriptive statistics are the mathematical expression of data characteristics of a population sample. The aim of this essay is to provide a brief yet comprehensive review on what are descriptive statistics and the purpose they serve in analyzing data obtained from research. Introduction There are four main types of research data; the first is nominal data where the expression of data categories is in numbers. The second is ordinal data where data are put in ranks in a comparative layout (as highest and lowest IQ in a class). Third, data are arranged in scales when values allocated to levels of observable facts are arranged at equal intervals. Finally; ratio data is the number of observed facts (behavior, personality type…). In this case, there must be a reference or a comparison point to allow forming of ratios (Gabrenya, 2003). Statistical methods are applied to variables; a variable explains the traits of individuals in a data set. It is significant to know which type of variables in order to deal with data in a proper statistical methodology. Variables are commonly one of three types, namely continuous where the variable value is obtained through measurements such as blood pressure, temperature. Discrete variables are those described qualitatively as gender, occupation, mild, moderate or severe. Ordinal variables are described in a semi-quantitative manner as expressing a set of data in + and – ways (Shi and Tao, 2008). What are descriptive statistics? Descriptive statistics are the mathematical expression of data characteristics of a population sample. They are the first step in analyzing collected data in a research process and form the basis for further mathematical calculations needed for inferential statistics as tests for significance, correlation, regression, and analysis of variance. Although they are simple to calculate; they are important as they provide an idea about the data collected as regards the most typical value in a data set. They also provide an idea about the variability of data, finally, they can graphically summarize and represent the data collected (Shi and Tao, 2008). What are the purposes of descriptive statistics? Descriptive statistics have three functions: 1- To measure the central tendency of data that is how the data collected aggregate around a most typical value. Three values measure the central tendency of data: a- the mean, which is the average value for a column of data, b- the median, which is the middle observation of a column of data (the largest value of the smaller half of data). Besides, c- The mode, this is the most frequent value in a column of data. The mean is the most significant because of its sensitivity (affected by changes in the sample size) (Robson, 2002). The second function of descriptive statistics is to measure data dispersion (data spread or variability around the mean). Three measurements are commonly used for this purpose: A- the range: It is the difference between the highest and lowest value in a column of data. B- Standard deviation, which quantifies data inconsistency around the mean. C- Variance, is an expression of the observed differences from what would be expected if there were no natural variation (the same as the standard deviation). It is the mean of squared deviations from the mean and is used when sign (- or +) is considered (Robson, 2002). Research data can be summarized and graphically represented by a histogram, which is a graphic display of how data are distributed in a data set. A normal curve (histogram) points to data collected from a representative sample. Data can also be summarized and represented by bar, line, or box plot graphs (Robson, 2002). Conclusion Statistical analysis of research includes two processes, descriptive (basic statistics) and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics besides being an essential step to perform inferential statistics is important to give an idea about central tendency and data variability. It is essential to properly arrange the data collected in frequency tables and obtain numerical values of central tendency and dispersion measures. Graphic representation summarizes the data collected and provides an idea about the normality of data collected from the sample research. References Gabrenya Jr, W. K. (2003). Descriptive Statistics. Web. Robson, C. (2002). Real-World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers (Regional Surveys of the World) . Chicago, Illinois: Blackwell Publishing Limited. Shi, Ning-Zhong, and Tao, Jian (2008). Statistical Hypothesis Testing: Theory and Practice. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
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Leader Behaviors in a Job of Corporate CEO Essay Professor Henry Mintzberg categorized his ten managerial roles into three main categories. These are the informational role, interpersonal roles and the decisional roles. The informational roles according to Mintzberg (1994, p 458) are monitor, disseminator and spokesperson while the interpersonal are Figurehead, leader and liaison. The decisional roles, which are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator, form the basis of an evaluation of the specific associated behavior and a job example that correlates to it. According to Henry Mintzberg, the activities that involved in this kind of role include initiating new projects, being able to spot opportunities and identifying the likely areas of business development (1994 p 458). The behaviors associated with this role enable the manager to show concern about the improvement of a given project, as well as delegating duties to ensure a smooth running of opportunities to be in charge by supervising the overall development process (Anderson & West, 1996, p 236). A corporate CEO’s job is an excellent illustration of a job that needs mastery of the entrepreneur roles. This is because the entire development of the organization centers itself on the CEO. The activities involved in this role, as put forth by Mintzberg, in his model include being able to take corrective measures in times of threatening crises, resolving conflicts with your organization or among staff members, as well as the ability to cope with external changes that affect the day-to-day running of the organization (1994, p458). These activities also involve being able to reach at amicable resolutions of problems within the organization. The associated behavior puts the leader in charge and accountable of everything, therefore, vigilant to resolve anything that threatens the smooth running of the organization in a timely manner (Anderson & West 1996, p 235). A Corporate CEO’s job puts him/ her in a position whereby the running of activities revolves around him or her. It is, therefore, among his role to be a disturbance handler in order to handle the situations that might arise. This role involves activities such as making the decisions as to who gets what resources, scheduling the activities, budgeting and setting of priorities. This ensures the absence of inconveniences involved that might hinder the leadership process or the smooth running of events. The behavior associated makes the manager or leader an effective planner and this makes it possible for the monitoring of the progress of a given project (Mintzberg, 1994, p 457). A good example of a job that fits this role is a group CEO. For the effective running of the different companies or organs of the organization, the CEO must be an effective planner. The activities involved in this decisional role make the manager an exemplary ambassador of the organization he/she is representing. They include representing the company or department in negotiations with unions such as workers’ organizations or company suppliers. The behavior that inspires this role is the need to defend the interests of the department or company from external forces. An organization’s communication officer is a superb example of a leader entrusted with this role. One can apply Mintzberg’s decisional roles in the personnel selection process in an effort to get a leader who applies them. The roles, as generally designed, enable the leader to carry out his/her duties in a bid to ensure the smooth running of the organizations or departments without creating friction with the other involved parties (Mintzberg 1994, p 456). Reference List Anderson, R., & West, M. (1996). The team climate inventory: Development of the TCI and its applications in teambuilding for innovativeness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Behavior, 19 (1), 235-258. Mintzberg, H., (1994). The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning: Re-conceiving the Roles for Planning, Plans, Planners . New York: Free Press.
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Merton’s Role Theory Definition Essay This theory is a sociological perspective that analyses the nature of different human activities. According to the theory, every society defines its roles and activities. Many societies treat each role as a duty or behaviour. People should be ready to complete most of their societal roles. Human beings also conform to this theory by behaving in a particular manner. This fact explains why people’s behaviours are usually “context specific”. Social norms and positions play a significant role towards reshaping such duties. Merton’s Role Theory goes further to analyse certain issues such as division of labor. Many individuals tend to approve their social roles. This practice makes such roles constructive, meaningful, and legitimate. Every social role that changes due to new technologies or cultural norms will become illegitimate. Individuals such as George Mead Herbert and Robert Merton pioneered this theory. These theorists believe that punishments, honors, and rewards are critical towards encouraging more actors to accept their behaviours. The theory presents several assumptions. For example, human beings tend to define their roles and duties. Social learning equips individuals with appropriate skills in order to complete their roles. Such individuals also have numerous expectations about their roles. This situation also explains why many people act within their roles. Human beings can use this theory in order to understand how statuses can reshape different social interactions. It is agreeable that the Role Expectations (REs) of managers might vary significantly from those of their employees. This development explains why many leaders redefine their managerial styles. Organisational managers must identify the issues associated with different roles in order to achieve their goals. Specific Examples Where I Encountered Role Strains and Conflicts Many organisations experience numerous obstacles. It is the duty of every manager to analyse the challenges affecting his or her firm. I have encountered several role conflicts as an employee. To begin with, our manager wanted every employee to focus on his or her duties. This situation forced many employees in the company to become less effective. The above practice made it impossible for the company to achieve its goals. The company also failed to introduce new technologies in order to support its employees. Successful companies usually embrace the power of teamwork. This practice has the potential to address organisational difficulties. The strategy can also improve the level of performance. Every employee at the company wanted to be part of an efficient team. This scenario resulted in different REs whereby our manager failed to equip us with the best ideas. This situation created new “role conflicts” at the company. Every employee wanted the company to hire a new manager in order to emerge successful. However, many leaders believed strongly that the firm was on the right path towards achieving its goals. The individuals at the company were having different hopes and expectations. The leaders did very little to address most of the issues affecting different employees. It was impossible to have any tangible goal. This situation forced many employees to look for new companies. These role conflicts explain why companies should train their leaders in an attempt to achieve the best goals. Business leaders should therefore embrace a positive organisational culture. New training sessions and empowerment strategies can play a crucial role towards promoting the level of performance.
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Emerging Issues in Cross-Cultural Psychology Essay Outline This paper looks at the emerging Issues in Cross Cultural Psychology. It examines and discusses some emerging business related issues in cross cultural psychology. The business issues discussed are the new economic order and business ethics. Introduction Cross cultural psychology is an area of psychology that encompasses cultural factors and their influence on human behavior. Psychology in this area involve in the study of cross-culture, dwell on how human behavior differs depending on the different cultures in the world. Culture refers to the characteristics exhibited by a certain group. These characteristics are attitudes, behavior, customs, symbols and value and are passed on from one generation to the other through ritual rites or ceremonies or general practice in the daily activities. Various cultures in the world have some similarities and differences. One similarity is the feeling of happiness; it is felt in every culture but the mode of deriving it differs in many cultures (Shiraev and Levy 2007). Cross cultural psychology has brought up some issues in business developments. The different cultures have influenced the world’s economic order. The new economic order has been due to the fact that different cultures have enabled their people to utilize the cultural competitive advantage to achieve it. The different cultures have some implications on business ethics. Business ethics should be understood along the different cultural variations instead of focusing or emphasizing on western ideologies of business ethics. One very common ethical issue is corruption which is considered to have negative effect on the progress of a business cultural system. The new economic order has greatly been contributed by utilizing cultural competitive advantage. New treads of business practices have emerged. Outsourcing is one of such issues that have been propelled by different cultures developing competence in different sectors of the economy. Outsourcing has taken over as a means of doing business because of the cost savings involved through utilizing the practice. Cultural variations have enabled only a few countries to become economic power houses. The others who have not made any economic progress have remained to be good sources for cheap labor. Japan has become the new powerhouse associated with the best quality. Continuous improvement has contributed to Japanese quality products reputation. Japanese culture is characterized by collaboration of the people and working as groups. The focus on group results rather than individual achievement has ensured long-term success in achieving high quality of Japanese products. Recognizing everyone’s contribution has enabled working groups to maintain harmony and unity. A culture of superior management in all the business operations has played a big role in Japanese success. India has become the new information technology guru. Indian culture has played an enormous role in influencing the developments. India’s religious culture surrounding secularism and pantheism which advocate for no need to maintain and manipulate nature has influenced its people inner discipline. Inner discipline makes one control his/her mind rather than the environment. It has also contributed to intellectual discipline while taking academic competition to a new level. The control of the mind has created a new orderly world of software development rather than focusing on external developments (Silverthorne 2005). Korea has become a new manufacturing powerhouse. Industrial giant families built good relations with the government. This propelled Korea to come up with big corporations from the strong cultural relations established between government leaders and industrialist. Korean culture is characterized by hierarchical groups that are highly disciplined. A culture of royalty to the boss has brought about strong national solidarity promoted by people being organized by age. China has become an economic powerhouse from its entrepreneurship. Chinese culture is characterized by strong connection to acquisition of wealth and status. Entrepreneurship is facilitated by foreign business relationships unlike the western style based on transparency. A Chinese business partnership with the developing and middle level economies has provided its market for its businesses making it a large economic country. The new economic order has been propelled by cross cultural differences among the various countries. Cross cultural psychology analysis has made business ethics issues to emerge. These successful countries have been seen to put more emphasis on the cultural traits that have ensured their success. New and different ethical norms have been developed as a result. Communication being a business facilitator factor has been improved by technology and has reinforced cultural divergence. The new ethical norms are rule based cultures in business, which are strongly tied to the western countries. Relationship based business cultures have been promoted by cultures of strong families and great value of communism. Corruption is an ethical issue that is linked with rule based culture. It is due to conflict of interest and individualism concept exhibited in western cultures. Bribery is linked to relationship culture. It undermines the process of relationship formation as it is a shortcut to relationship building (Silverthorne 2005). Conclusion Finally, cultural factors have played a big role in influencing human behavior that has been evidenced in new business developments. The new business economic order has enabled the emergence of new economic powerhouses based on their competence and specialties. The different cultures exhibited by the people in these regions have made these countries to develop a competitive advantage while deriving new business ethics that are geared towards enhancing the embraced culture. Reference list Shiraev, E. B. & Levy, D. A. (2007). Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications . Vancouver: Pearson Education. Silverthorne Colin (2005). Organizational psychology in cross-cultural perspective . New York: New York University Press.
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St. Margaret’s General Hospital Marketing Essay Marketing Mary Wilson, the Director of Marketing and Communications at St. Margaret’s General Hospital, has a great task ahead of her. As a new appointee to this seat, she is charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the hospital’s image is raised in the eyes of the numerous publics served. There are quite several image issues at St. Margaret’s General Hospital that needs to be addressed so that the institution may register an increase in both the number of referrals and physicians. For instance, the hospital has been gravely affected by government regulations, modern and expensive medical technologies and various concerns about lawsuits. That notwithstanding, the institution’s image has also been affected by the reduction of government support and alterations in the health insurance policies, which apparently affect many other hospitals too. Other than the general problems, the hospital also faces stiff competition from similar hospitals in the neighborhood of Minnesota. For instance, its proximity to Mayo Clinic, one of the most prestigious hospitals in the state, offers a comparable challenge. This is because most physicians tend to first have Mayo in mind when making referrals. Despite the setbacks, St. Margaret’s General Hospital still has a potential of improving its perception amongst clients and physicians. In addition to the image issues, St. Margaret’s General Hospital has brand issues too. Mary believes that the name Margaret is an uncommon name in the current century. She thinks that an old-fashioned name may contribute to the low number of patients served at the hospital. This, to some extent, may be true since most people would want to be identified with things of their generation (Clow, and Baack, 2011). Technology is a good example! In spite of the hospital’s affiliation with the Catholic Church, I would recommend that its brand name is changed from St. Margaret’s General Hospital to St. Peter’s General Hospital. Peter, unlike Margaret, is an acceptable name in the current century. The purpose of retaining the “St.” is to keep the clients who visit the institution solely because it is affiliated to the Catholic Church. Good marketers in any institution should ensure that present clients are maintained even if other marketing strategies are applied (Clow, and Baack, 2011). It is important to note that Mary had realized that there was no distinctive service through which St. Margaret’s General Hospital was identified with. A good hospital should be identified with a distinctive service. This makes it easy to differentiate it from other service providers. In this case, Mary should make a choice between heart care and cancer treatment. Only one of these should be a core service offered by St. Margaret’s General Hospital. As a competitive marketing and communications manager, Mary should have noted that the medical market is flocked with cancer treatment centers. In order to be unique and attract more clients and physicians, Mary should consider marketing the hospital as a heart care center. The key strategy behind attracting more customers is any business is becoming unique (Czinkota, 2007). However, St. Margaret’s General Hospital should continue providing cancer treatments. The hospital being a nonprofit organization is a great advantage. Nevertheless, St. Margaret’s General Hospital should not just stop at that. It can engage in other promotional activities all in a bid to woo more referrals from other physicians. For instance, it may provide bonus services like cancer screening. In the event that heart care is made its core service. St. Margaret’s General Hospital may also offer occasional free heart surgeries to attract more patients. References Clow, Kenneth E., & Baack, Donald E. (2011). Integrated Advertising, Promotion and Marketing Communications: Student Value Edition . United States: Pearson College Div. Czinkota, M. R. (2007). International marketing . United States: Thompson.
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Notably, for the US adolescents, suicide is the “third leading cause of death” (Litwiller & Brausch, 2013, p. 675). One of these issues is bulling. Bullying is a common practice in schools as it has been estimated that 16% of US adolescents have been victimized while 13% of US adolescents have been involved in bullying (Juhnke et al., 2010). These figures are quite alarming as bullying acquires new forms due to the development of technology and it can potentially involve more people. Juhnke et al. (2010, p. 18) define bullying as a term which includes “any physical or emotional abuse that a child or adolescent may endure in or outside of school”. As for the new forms of bullying, the so-called, cyber bullying comes into play, it can consist of “any number of aggressive activities toward another in an online environment including harassment, denigration, impersonation, trickery, and exclusion” (Juhnke et al., 2010, p. 18). Some researchers and officials claim that the correlation between suicide rates among adolescents and bullying can be challenged. Nonetheless, the extensive research shows that the correlation exists and bullying is one of the risk factors for development of suicidal ideas in adolescents. It is necessary to note that there is quite extensive research into the reasons for adolescent suicide rates and the correlation between bullying and suicides. Kim and Leventhal (2008) provide a review of a number of researches concerning bullying and suicide. Kim and Leventhal (2008) stress that both victims and perpetrators are at risk of committing suicide. The researchers claim that all the studies (37) which were implemented in different countries and with different samples show that there is a strong correlation between bullying and development of suicidal ideas. However, the researcher also adds that the studies had certain limitations. Thus, the studies failed to take into account other risk factors, such as psychological state of adolescents, gender, socio-economic status of the families, etc. More so, the studies are largely based on self-reports, which are quite subjective and analysis of these reports could result in distorted conclusions (Kim & Leventhal, 2008). Nonetheless, these limitations do not contradict the assumption that the correlation between bullying and suicide rates exists. In addition, Litwiller and Brausch (2013) report that there is a strong correlation between bullying (both physical and cyber) and substance abuse as well as suicide rates. The researchers note that the three concepts are interrelated and it is clear that bullying is associated with higher rates of substance abuse and suicide rates. As has been mentioned above, contemporary adolescents have to handle a variety of issues. Bullying and especially cyber bullying have proved to be a significant threat. Nonetheless, some researchers tend to note that the correlation is insignificant. Such reports bring to the fore the necessity to provide comprehensive and exhaustive evidence to show that bullying and adolescent suicide rates are correlated. This evidence will make officials take the issue more seriously and consider ways to diminish bullying in schools. The current study aims to reveal the exact correlation between bullying and suicide rates in US adolescents. The hypothesis of the present research is as follows: there is a strong correlation between bullying (cyber and physical) and suicide rates as adolescents involved in bullying (both victims and perpetrators) tend to develop suicidal ideas and many of these adolescents attempt to commit suicide. The present research will complete the gap as it will take into account such factors as gender, socio-economic status, substance abuse, psychological state, etc. Reference List Juhnke, G.A., Granello, P.F., & Granello, D.H. (2010). Suicide, self-injury, and violence in the schools: Assessment, prevention, and intervention strategies . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Kim, Y.S., & Leventhal, B. (2008). Bullying and suicide. A review. The International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 20 (2), 133-154. Litwiller, B.J., & Brausch, A.M. (2013). Cyber bullying and physical bullying in adolescent suicide: The role of violent behavior and substance. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42 (5), 675-684.
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This paper sums up the main terms and concepts I learnt in this course and also associates them with my past career experiences and future views on my career. Career is one of the most important aspects of a contemporary person’s life. This is why making a responsible and well-thought career-choice is crucial. In his book “Understanding Careers: The Metaphors of Working Life” Inkson (2007) notes that one’s career shapes half of their waking hours, and is responsible for one’s social and financial status, personality, surroundings, community and main occupations. One of the main objectives of this course was to bring the learners awareness about their career choices and their personal traits and features in order to teach them how to make career decisions in the future. This paper summarizes what I have learnt from the course about the careers and decision making process, and presents the conclusions I came to viewing myself as a career actor and analyzing my personality traits and my career path from the past and my plans for the future. One of the first concepts Inkson (2007) represents in his book is the term “career actor”. Inkson notes that this term refers to every working person, whose actions and choices form their career. Viewing myself as a career actor and also following the idea that a career is not only a sequence of jobs within one organization or one field, but all paid working experience I have been through in my life, I started to analyze and re-evaluate my past approaches towards career (Inkson 2007). During this course I realized that I used to have a flawed understanding of what my career really includes. I have experience of working in fast food industry, which I always referred to as a temporary job. Moreover, none of my co-workers at Burger King considered their work at the restaurant as their career. Today, Burger King job is a part of my Career Map together with all other paid occupations I obtained through the course of my life. I also found it very refreshing and useful to view my career path within the context of my life events and environments. Inkson’s (2007) idea to view career as a cycle made me notice the stages and patterns most career actors tend to go through. Interviewing a member of my family for one of my Blackboard Assignments I received a warning that I might not be able to find a good job right away, and that this is a normal pattern for the majority of work seekers. This was a clear sign of the truth of Inkson’s theory. In my career I went through the cycle of job seeking, obtaining a short-term occupation, then entering the main career field, then moving back to short-term jobs and returning to my main career field. Besides, my life is also a great demonstration of the way a career can affect one’s personal relationships. Working in the military I met the man, who became my husband, and we also are friends with many former colleagues from the military, which supports the theory that careers can be discussed under the metaphorical heading of relationships (Inkson 2007). Moreover, my career can be called a journey in both metaphorical and literal senses, because during my military service I had an opportunity to work all around the United States and Middle East. Organizational ideology is another important concept, for military is one of the fields where career ideology, hierarchy, language and structure are very specific and meaningful. Career tracks within military service are very standard and rather inflexible. As for occupational ideology, there are a number of stereotypes as to which individuals are suitable and not suitable for this career. For example, as a woman, I would be referred to as the representative of the minority group in this male-dominated field. Inkson (2007) also presents a list of aspects that impact employees’ job satisfaction. They are important, congruence, development, planning and balance. Meanings of these aspects and their prioritization are flexible and change over time, as people’s attitude towards their careers and needs changes. For example, when I just started my military service, development and congruence were my main priorities. Now that I have a family of my own, I prioritize balance and planning more, although congruence is crucial for me. Having tried working in various spheres, I discovered that incongruent environments are highly unpleasant to work in. This makes me agree with Holland’s theory about fit mentioned by Inkson (2007). Compiling a list of my skills and features and discussing them with my friends and family was a highly revealing activity, as it showed me that my self-perception differs from what others see in me. This was another useful lesson from this course for me. Overall, taking this course I learnt how to critically evaluate myself, view my career path and choices in the context together with all the influences they produce, and to make responsible and valuable decisions for my future career. This course prepared me for the future challenges in job seeking and decision making. It also pointed out the aspects I was not aware of before, such as the priority aspects of my career, the connection between my background and my work, and my suitability for certain kinds of work. Reference Inkson, K. (2007). Understanding careers: The metaphors of working life. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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Méliès was a forerunner in a variety of fields. He invented stop-motion photography, for example. Furthermore, he represented his interpretations of the romantic era and neoclassicism in many of his undertakings. Méliès also developed the use of double and triple exposures, a technique that is still extensively used today, as well as fades, dissolves, and smokeballs. In an era when cinema still astounded many people, he experimented with effects in his films that rocked people’s brains (Brode, 2021). He astonished his audience with slow motion, numerous exposures, dissolving, pyrotechnics, and dramatic skill. The film Le Voyage Dans la Lune (A Journey to the Moon) is widely regarded as the first science fiction picture. Méliès’ originality as a creator reached a zenith with A Journey to the Moon, in which he employed his complete arsenal of abilities, from exquisite clothing inspired by different eras to innovative filmmaking (Brode, 2021). In the creation of costumes and the representation of popular creative trends during his period, he ultimately displayed his artistic ability. Distorted visions of outer space, complete with floating feminine characters, as well as the planets’ deities, are all surrounded by perpetual visual confusion. The film’s popularity also grew as a result of its effective use of metaphysical and anti-imperialist humor, as well as its widespread effect on laser filmmakers and its overall significance in the French cinematic culture (Brode, 2021). Through this movie, Méliès garnered significant acclaim and influenced a number of well-known directors. References Brode, D. (2021). Fantastic Planets, Forbidden Zones, and Lost Continents . University of Texas Press.
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Music Perception and Its Three Planes Essay Music is an essential part of each human being’s life. It fulfills the chaotic existence with the harmony of sounds that push the potential of energy into arts, science, and politics. However, not only music serves as a background for various human activities, but it has an intrinsic value. In the essay “How we listen,” Copland argues that the ability to experience the outcome of this value is open to everyone yet rarely used by people (Copland, n.d.). The author distinguishes three planes of music listening: sensuous, expressive, and sheer musical; each of them could be applied to my personal experience with different music. The three discussed planes can be easily defined and understood. The sensuous plane implies primitive enjoying of the sound of music, not deepening into its sense of composition. Additionally, listening to music for driving into one’s escapist fantasies applies to this way (Copland, n.d.). Personally, I perceive music from this perspective when listening to lo-fi compilations. Indeed, this genre cannot be reduced to background sounds, but many people use this music as a pleasant accompaniment for studying. Next, the expressive plane concerns the emotional content of a composition, which could be derived from its theme (Copland, n.d.). For me, American rock music of the sixties is of the kind where this plane applying is the most important. These songs sound aggressive and yet desperate to me. Finally, the sheerl musical plane interests the intricate arrangement of a melody, its notes’ composition (Copland, n.d.). It is most relevant for me when I listen to orchestra music where multiple instruments interact to create an integral piece of a masterpiece. Therefore, each plane finds its implication in my reality of music perception. References Copland, A. (n.d.). How we listen . Web.
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These events have had profound impacts on the social and political direction of the society. The most important historical event I have lived through is when Barack Obama was elected to be the president of the United States. This event was historic since it was the first time that Americans had voted in a black president, therefore demonstrating an end to the racial barrier that had characterized American politics for centuries. The United States of America has had a shameful racial history characterized by the discrimination of the non-white citizens in the country. The black population has been the greatest victim of racism in the US. This minority group has been discriminated against from as far back as the slavery years of the eighteenth century. It was only after the victory of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s that black people were afforded equal rights in the Unite States. While the country has made major steps towards true equality since then, nobody expected this progress to be reflected at the highest political level. Nagourney observes that two years before the election of Obama, the idea of an African-American head of state was unthinkable to most Americans (par.3). Yet on November 2008, Obama was able to defeat his Republican opponent and become the 44th president of the country. Many people saw this as a symbolic moment that signaled a dramatic change in the country’s racial direction (Nagourney par.2). Future historians reviewing this event will be able to tell a number of important things about the time in which we live. To begin with, they will be able to infer that there were some racial problems of our time. By reviewing the documents written by scholars from this time, the historians will see that the election of a black president was a significant event. They will discover that since the foundation of the nation of America in 1776, only whites had occupied the presidency. The election of President Obama will be seen as a point of change in American society. The future historians will conclude that there was great social and political change taking place in the US at the time of this event. This change will explain why the nation was able to break with its past and elect an African American head of state. The future historians will be able to deduce that many Americans were changing their attitudes on the race issue by studying this historical event. Of all the historical events that I have lived through, I consider the election of Barack Obama to be the most important. This event was truly historical since it marked a major change in America’s racial history. By choosing a black president, US citizens showed that they were willing to judge people based on the content of their mind and character as opposed to the color of their skin. Future historians will be able to tell about the racial issue of our era as well as the willingness of our generation to change by studying this event. Works Cited Nagourney, Adam. Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls . 2008. Web.
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Power and Interdependence Essay (Book Review) Modern world is characterized by a great tension. There is a great number of regions in the world where situation remains unstable. That is why the question of power and responsibility obtains great significance. With this in mind, the article Power and Interdependence revisited by Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye Jr. seems to be very actual nowadays. First of all, it should be said that this article is an attempt to reread and revaluate the book Power and Interdependence which was published several years before. The authors want to determine whether ideas given in this book are still actual, at the same time trying to add something new as a reaction to modern conditions. At the beginning of the work the authors show how mood of American society has been changing with a flow of time and what events determined direction of societys development. Differences in mood and psychology of different periods of time are underlined. Moreover, they are explained with the help of deep analysis of important factors which had a great influence on society. The first part of the article investigates the most important issues of the book which are relationship between power and interdependence, explanation of change in international regimes and the ideal type of complex interdependence. The second part is devoted to detailed analysis of concepts and theories which were given by these authors. Next sections main aim is to investigate such concepts as “systemic political process” and “learning”. Attention to these notions is given as they can be very important for further investigations. The authors enlarge upon each of this parts, revealing some facts and outlining main details of their concepts. In the first part they state the fact that in terms of modern war the costs of using force in order to solve some problem are extremely high. Moreover, the work shows ineffectiveness of super states in struggle with some small countries where social mobilization of population is used. Resting on these facts, it became obvious that some other methods are needed. Underlining the need of states in security and power, the authors says that military power still remains the most effective tool to satisfy these needs. The thought that interdependence can be analyzed politically without any interference of complex interdependence or international regimes is underlined. In authors analysis of interdependence they say that military vulnerability remains a very important factor in the world policy which very often influences decision making. However, this fact can also influence bargaining. The author says that the main contribution of the work Power and Interdependence is that analysis of the politics of interdependence requires a complex approach which should be implemented in order to achieve better results. The work also investigates the concept of complex interdependence and tries to outline its main peculiarities and difficulties connected with its recognition. They state the fact that this idea should not be taken as a reality, though it is a suggestion about the future of the world policy in case the basic notions of realism are preserved. However, the authors stress incompleteness of their treatment of complex interdependence as some theoretical implications have been ignored. The article also investigates change in international regime and its aftermath for the world. The authors say that there is a tendency to devote more attention to this question, investigating international regimes structure and peculiarities of functioning. In the end of the article conclusions are made. The authors summarize their main ideas, declaring that this work is attempt to add some new information to their old investigation.
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Rich Choice The menu will include whole-wheat vegan waffles made with oats, soy milk and agave nectar, waffles with mixed berries and gluten free waffles. Health 2 Go will also offer a wide variety of spices and fruits that will satisfy any individual requirements of our customers. Reasonable prices Health to go will offer prices that would range from $ 1.50 to $7 for all entrée items. It will satisfy all customers who want to enjoy pleasant and healthy food. Topical Veganism is a fashionable and topical trend that attracts numerous people by the focus on the preservation of nature and promotion of a green lifestyle. Health 2 Go could help you to satisfy the need for belonging to modern trends. Always Fresh Food All fruits and berries are purchased daily from local suppliers and stored in a contaminant-free unit of the Health 2 go. It guarantees that customers will enjoy only fresh and useful goods. Customization The customers with unique dietary needs will have an option of creating their own mixes of flavors. Health to go is focused on the satisfaction of the most specific customers` needs and provides a great variety of choices. Efficient management Health 2 Go will become a Member-Managed Limited Liability Company owned and operated by the team of its co-founders that have previous restaurant management experience which means that all customers will enjoy the high quality of services and foods provided by the restaurant. Fast Delivery Health 2 go tries to guarantee the fastest delivery of ordered food for a customer to enjoy the magnificent taste of unique, fresh products and still hunger eating healthy vegan food. Mobility and attractive graphic design Health 2 Go plans to open one mobile food truck that will use an appealing graphic design to attract students, faculty, and staff of the Montana State University Billings. It will help to reach all customers and satisfy their needs for healthy food.
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Operational Definition of Variables & Construct/Variable Report Table of Contents 1. Security risks 2. Legal Issues 3. Organizational Information Threats 4. Organizational Performance 5. References Security risks The major benefit of outsourcing is normally the reduction of costs and maximization of efficiency. To ensure its success, a company usually focuses on finding the best firm to contract a job. The off-shore IT services should be handled with a lot of care as it serves as the back bone of the company. In the present age, emerging issues like computer crimes and increased government involvement in the private businesses has questioned the viability of out sourcing the IT services (Beaver, 2011). In most cases, outsourcing usually revolves around the electronic assets of the company. This will include financial information or ideas. Therefore, Outsourcing greatly increases the chances of something going wrong. Since data is shared among various different users. Therefore, it is evident that privacy is limited and loss of data is often looming. Even though most of the IT consulting companies are known to be trustworthy and responsible in nature, not all are perfect. A company may never fully know or comprehend the down side of the company it is outsourcing from. This is usually learnt after they suffer loss of data or violation of integrity (Wejman, 2006). It is true that there is a relationship between IT outsourcing and outsourcing risks. By outsourcing a particular service, in this case the IT services, the company is always at significant risk. Topping the list of risks is that the company losses privacy of its confidential information. Additionally they are not fully aware of any hidden intentions especially from rouge employees who form the outsourced company. When the IT services are held within the company, it is not exposed to such risks but after outsourcing or taking those services off-shore, they have entered into unknown waters. The risk level in outsourcing is therefore very high. Legal Issues IT outsourcing is known widely to involve contracts hence the need to have lawyers to represent the clients on both sides to agree on the contract terms and conditions. The contracts are required to be formulated in such a way that they serve the interest of the two parties. The experience of the lawyers is vital as it goes an extra mile in pointing out to the client the various pitfalls in deals involved in outsourcing. The terms are important as they protect the two parties from each other and they indicate their working environment. The contract between the two parties should explicitly indicate the work required to be performed, the time scale of the project (beginning and deadlines), the pay structure and cycle and method/ways of resolving conflict between the parties (Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants, 2003). Organizational Information Threats There are risks that the systems might fail or due to lack of integrity, information may be tampered with. In relation to this, the organizations ability on constructing sound decisions is also jeopardized.since in an outsourcing scenario, functions are carried out by different personnel governed by different management and undertaken in a different environment. In this kind of an arrangement, the employer instructs the outsourcing company to document its activities but in most cases, this may not be done as accurately as they wanted hence it may be substandard. The risk levels therefore are high (Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants, 2003). Organizational Performance Performance of the organization is directly affected by all departments. Failure of one department might greatly affect the overall organizational goals of success. If outsourcing the IT service by the organization goes according to plan, the performance will be upheld. The outsourcing firm should be able to meet the defined standards of performance of the employer to ensure its relevance to the employer. References Beaver K. (2011) Outsourcing IT services: Is it worth the security risk? Retrieved from https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/tip/Outsourcing-IT-services-Is-it-worth-the-security-risk Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants. (2003 ). Information technology outsourcing. Toronto. Houseman et al (2006). Outsourcing, Offshoring, and Productivity Measurement in U.S. Manufacturing. New York; Sage. Wejman, B. (2010) Continental Airlines: Outsourcing IT to Support Business Transformation. International Journal of Communication, 2 (1), 19-25.
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Technology Use and Healthcare Organizations Essay The complexity of health care is relatively easy to track, as it has to constantly correspond to the fundamentals of human lifestyle and behavioral patterns. For this reason, with the rapid exposure to data and information about health, professionals are to introduce technological solutions to various medical interventions in order to remain relevant. The issue is especially significant to the treating clinicians that encounter new patient cases daily, as they are to operate the existing data fast enough to present the best treatment option in the current healthcare market. When speaking of the healthcare organization I work in, it would be reasonable to assume that the two most commonly used technological tools on the hospital premises are telehealth communication and electronic health records (EHR). The most obvious yet the most useful option is the latter, as the EHR system accounts for prompt and quality access to the patient data. As a case manager nurse, I encounter many patients with long histories of chronic diseases that affect the human body and catalyze the emergence of accompanying health hazards. The EHRs are extremely useful in terms of tracking the medication intake and other peculiarities that may potentially distort the process of medical intervention (Rathert et al., 2017). Undeniably, the technology has a number of ethically challenging aspects, but the positive patient outcomes mostly outweigh the drawbacks. As far as telehealth is concerned, this tool has become extremely useful in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. While unable to reach out to many patients with chronic diseases, the ability to use digital platforms to secure patient surveillance has become an asset to the medical practice. The scholarly research indicates that in the context of vulnerable cancer patients, telehealth, while disclosing some disparities in terms of age and racial affiliation, and digital literacy, contributed to continuous patient support and family inclusion (Marshall et al., 2021). Thus, it may be concluded that telehealth and EHR have already become an integral part of quality patient care in the context of public hospitals. References Marshall, V. K., Chavez, M. N., Mason, T. M., & Martinez Tyson, D. (2021). The use of telehealth to provide continuity of cancer care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Advantages, disparities, and implications to promote health equity. Hospital Topics , 1-11. Web. Rathert, C., Porter, T. H., Mittler, J. N., & Fleig-Palmer, M. (2017). Seven years after meaningful use: Physicians’ and nurses’ experiences with electronic health records. Health Care Management Review , 44 (1), 30-40.
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Dharma is a name that is used to define the teachings of the leader called Buddha while Sangha describes the entire community of Buddhism. The religion is however, not universal as compared to the others. This is because it varies from country to country and from one sect to another. To try to unify it, the monks and nuns still follow the teachings that existed during the ancient times. It is a sin to lie, still, kill, and engage in sexual acts and to take intoxicants for the nuns and monks. An exception is given only for some of the nuns and monks from Japan and Korea who are allowed to marry and have families of their own. 1 The rest should follow the latter. If the sins are committed, the monks and nuns risked expulsion which was a very embarrassing moment for them. This was ensured through taking of oaths and going through training sessions and seminars regularly to remind them on what they are expected to do. Religious activities are carried out by the monks and the nuns as well as giving service to the community without bias. 2 Buddhism is one of the most dominant religions in the world. Today, the religion is diverse compared to the way it was some few years ago. It has been adopted as a culture and a political basis in some counties of the world. It is taking new forms in ceratin countries especially because of the way certain governments are trying to eliminate it. It is also vital to note that the Ancient Buddhists’ pictures and carvings have been stored in museums and myriads of stories written about them, how they started and progressed till this date. Templates have also been developed to explain how and why this religion came into existence. When relatives die, there are rituals that are carried out in harmony to mourn the loss. In order to ensure that its existence is not eliminated from the face of the earth, some universities and institutions of higher learning have adopted it as part of the curriculum. Students are taught about the religion so as to keep it alive. There are quite a number of rituals that are always followed such as ringing the bell in Japan on the eve of every New Year. 3 The people take it both as a religious and a cultural practice. Some of the rituals, beliefs and acts conflict with the expectations of the government. For instance, this religion was abolished ling ago in China for the same reason. All the temples that were used for worshiping were brought down, nuns and monks demanded to follow a secular life failure to which they would find themselves in trouble. The government assimilated Tibet. This eventually made Dalai Lama to vacate the country. Several other countries including Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand are working hard to recover the religion. Since they followed the Buddhism religion, the monks and nuns were killed and others taken to prison. On separate occasions, the Tibet people, monks and nuns have always protested with the aim of bringing back the religion to its feet. The religion is still prominent in Asia and it is treated as a culture not a religion. 4 Bibliography Garfield Johnston. “Buddhism and Modernity.” Smith College, Melbourne . Web. Julia Hardy. “Religion Library.” Buddhism . Web. Sahn, Seung. On Kong-an Practice in Only Don’t Know: Selected Teaching Letters of Zen Master Seung Sahn London: Shambhala Publications, 1999. Footnotes 1 Hardy Julia, “Religion Library,” Buddhism . 2 Seung Sahn, On Kong-an Practice” in Only Don’t Know: Selected Teaching Letters of Zen Master Seung Sahn. (Boston & London: Shambhala Publications, 1999), 145. 3 Ibid 146 4 Johnston Garfield, “Buddhism and Modernity.” Smith College, Melbourne .
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Christianity Beliefs and Science in Smith’s Study Essay Discussion “If science no longer discounts invisible realities, it has also grown open to the prospect that they may be powerful, for experiments now suggest that “the energy inherent in one cubic centimeter of space is greater than the energy of all the matter in the known universe” (Smith 320). The idea of science and religion may seem completely incompatible due to the differences in their approaches to life. However, a lot of great scientists over the years had a strong belief in Christianity and even went into the field after being inspired by their faith. The chapter on Christianity examines a lot of aspects that surround it, but the one that I always found fascinating is the interplay of science and religion in professional scientific circles. Smith examines how the belief of spirit is stronger than the material plane became common in the western world due to Christianity. In some instances, science was able to show how people with strong beliefs can overcome the limitations of their bodies. Some turned out to be quite negative such as being able to not eat for prolonged periods was just an example of the body destroying slowly destroying itself to sustain life. The story of creation is vague and is always open to interpretation by the various Christian denominations. Some belief it to be literal while others see a deeper meaning and allusions to scientific principles that are at the base of the universe’s inner workings. Nevertheless, the search for answers to the mysteries of God’s creation can unite both the scientific method and the religious beliefs of many scientists. In an earlier paragraph, Smith states that “The biographical details of Jesus’ life are so meager that early in this century some investigators went so far as to suggest that he may never have lived” (318). He almost immediately states that this is likely to be not the case, but I believe it brings up an important question. How do various denominations of Christianity can interpret the same text in so many ways and still consider themselves to be of the same faith? This is not a modern situation, however. Some of the fascinating occurrences in history were related to people from different cultures finding meaning in the bible. Northern European tribes saw Jesus as a powerful figure able to crush his enemies with God by his side despite the peaceful content of his teachings. The Taipei Heavenly Kingdom began with a Chinese man connecting his visions with the materials given out by the Christian missionaries. This movement eventually grew powerful enough to result in the most deadly civil war in the history of the world and a serious threat to the Chinese dynasty. Be it the will of the people to unite under a new belief or the relatable messages of the Bible people interpreted it to suit their needs and cultures. This is perhaps the most interesting aspect of Christianity and religion as a whole. The validity of beliefs is mostly irrelevant if it is still capable of creating such a strong connection in people. Conclusion People’s ability to find their meaning in religion has been explored in a myriad of stories and historical examples. This concept unites both scientists who believe in Christianity and people from various cultures who saw something relatable in the Bible. While the miracles described in the Bible may not be credible, its power of inspiration is very real. Works Cited Smith, Huston. The World’s Religions . Anniversary edition, HarperOne, 2009.
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Gender Balance in Science Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Importance of gender balance in science 3. Objectivity of Science 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction Gender issues relating to a balanced representation of men and women in governance, scientific research, and other socio-economic and political spheres of the human life are common in virtually all societies. Even though experience indicates that gender equity is essential to meaningful and sustainable development, gender imbalance in various critical sectors is still a thorny issue in many societies including certain sections of the so-called mature democracies. Gender imbalance in science is particularly a serious issue even when it has been conventionally accepted that, what a man can do, a woman can do better, especially in academics. This essay argues that science would be more objective if gender were visible. Importance of gender balance in science Conventionally, gender equity is essential in attaining poverty alleviation and socio-economic development. This development is usually an outcome of the combined efforts of men and women. Women play the vital and crucial role in society through their contribution to fruitful activities and responsibility of social educators and family custodians. Similarly, gender equity in science and technology is crucial for societal development (Miroux 2011, p.2). Unfortunately, there are cultural practices in different countries, especially in Africa and other developing countries, which discourage girls from pursuing science in universities or schools, and from choosing a scientific career (Willingham & Cole 1997, p.96). However, gender equity in science matters a lot because it ensures that human rights and justice, for both men and women, is upheld (Willingham & Cole 1997, p.96). This understanding is necessary because all people should have equal opportunity to a science education and scientific career. In other words, men and women should benefit equally from progress in science technology (Willingham & Cole 1997, p.96). Second, if one gender, especially women, is denied an equal opportunity to pursue science and engineering, then a society robs itself of an opportunity to realize its full balance of scientifically creative minds (Willingham & Cole 1997, p.96; Oldham 2006, Para. 6). In turn, this becomes a serious stumbling block to development of science and to the creation of wealth in a world that is extremely competitive. The resultant poverty dehumanizes women and children mostly. Third, gender equity in science and technology is vital because, naturally, women perform different duties and roles, both within and outside, home environments (Willingham & Cole 1997, p.96; 2006, Para 6). As such, it is pertinent for both men and women to integrate scientific and technical education that reflect the performance of their different, but crucial roles and tasks. Fourth, it has been established that women bring different approaches, ideals, incentives, and techniques of work to their scientific jobs that men can not (Willingham & Cole 1997, p.96; 2006, Para 6). Therefore, including as many women as men in science will enhance the complete pool of abilities, approaches, and inspirations. This will also raise the probability that science will provide for the needs of the greatest majority in the society. Objectivity of Science Even though the question whether science is objective or not is a serious debate, many scientists claim that they believe in objective truth. Ashman and Barringer (2001, p.82), argue that, the objectivity of science cannot be achieved if scientists do not continuously seek to reveal cognitive biases like those brought about by cognitive errors connected to gender, race, and sex. Therefore, objectivity of science should be open to a perpetual and well-purposed analysis. Such objectivity is a characterization of the scientific processes, and not a finished product (Ashman and Barringer 2001, p.82). These processes should be continuously challenged by scientists themselves and non-scientist critics. Ashman and Barringer (2001, p.82) assert that, science can only be more objective if it appreciates criticisms of its theories, or if experts, in a given branch of science, are less gender biased than other scientists in another branch. Ashman and Barringer (2001, p.82) hold that, only open, just, and social practice of science can make it more objective. For purposes of ensuring that science is more objective with regard to its gender biases, it should continuously confront those biases by bringing on board scientists from gender minorities (Wyer 2008, p.82). Therefore, each society should ensure gender equity in science and technology education in its learning institutions including schools and universities. It should ensure that impediments to women in scientific and technological careers are removed. The science and technology decision-making process should be made more gender sensitive (Miroux 2011, p.2). Governments and other stakeholders should promote and leverage science and technology to enhance women’s development (Miroux 2011, p.2). All societies should uphold gender equality in science, technology, and engineering education, personnel, and leadership (Miroux 2011, p.2). Furthermore, the position of women in scientific organizations at the national and local levels should be promoted and backed (Miroux 2011, p.3). Conclusion In a recap, it cannot be disputed that women play a vital role in all leading spheres that directly affect individual and societal wellbeing including agriculture and food production, water and sanitation, energy, and preservation of biodiversity. Therefore, devising gender-sensitive policies that encourage and support women’s studying of science, technology, and engineering careers is the best and the only way of ensuring objectivity of science. At the elementary and secondary levels of learning, girls, just like boys, should be motivated to be positive towards science disciplines. References Ashman, K. M. & Baringer, P., 2001. After the science wars . New York, NY: Routledge. Miroux, A., 2011. Mainstreaming a gender perspective in science, technology and innovation policy . Web. Oldham, G., 2006. Gender Equity in Science and Technology: Does it Matter? Web. Willingham, W. & Cole, N. S.1997. Gender and fair assessment. New York, NY: Routledge. Wyer, M., 2008. Women, science, and technology: a reader in feminist science studies. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
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Children and Play Process Essay Unfortunately, children who grow up in cities lack the necessary environment for informal games. All children from both the urban and rural areas need to play for their normal development. This involves physical, social, intellectual, and emotional aspects. Examining the term “play”, the meaning we get is informal games not the properly organized ones, such as soccer, netball, volleyball, hockey among others. Play also helps in civil and social development, which in turn leads to democracy. Children tend to become creative when given a chance to choose to play what they want. In this respect, they come up with new games. During adolescence, they learn to accommodate one another since they are able to understand their friends through socialization. The plays ought to be voluntary because they can also help in nurturing a child’s talent and creativity. When children engage in their own play, they tend to experiment, explore and expand their social world. It would also be noteworthy that parents and guardians do not constantly intervene in children games. However, they need to represent ethical role models. They should also provide the necessary conditions for their children to play comfortably. Since parents are not always available, controlling agents should be hired to regulate the children’s game and avoid the risky ones. Parents need to understand their children and know the games they love most. This can help in creating more effective playgrounds. The government and other sponsors should consult both children and their parents before establishing playgrounds in the cities. Recreational resources should cater for all citizens. A common belief exists that playfields are established to cater for the idlers in the cities. This belief should be ruined, and all citizens must be considered while setting up play areas for children. Girls also tend to be excluded when establishing and setting up these play fields. This is so because the girls are meant to have several responsibilities back home. These include looking after their younger siblings, cooking, and maintaining the house. Therefore, the girls have no time to engage in plays. However, girls should not be excluded on this basis. They also need to develop physically, intellectually, and emotionally. The government and the responsible authorizes must also consider the children who call for unique needs. They also need to be engaged in informal games. Resources should be provided to create supportive playgrounds for the physically challenged children. They should not be provided only with wheelchairs, because they need to mingle with other children as well. Play spaces should not be privatized entirely as this leads to inequality in provision of these services. Private spaces fail to cater for the poor and middle income families who cannot afford them. Challenges should be removed from play environments. Many children may be injured while playing, that is why it is necessary to improve designs of play environments. They should be designed in such a way to minimize risks of children’s injury. Playground safety must be a main matter of concern, which should not be maintained at the expense of getting rid of the challenging and attractive equipment. Adults also need to watch and take care of their kids, so that they do not engage in dangerous activities. Children must be trained to be responsible by managing their own safety. NGOs can also be helpful since they can influence the government to engage in children-friendly-movements. They can also use children rights to advocate for safe playgrounds. These places should be located near residential areas as children like to play with their friends, family, and relatives.
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My major is Business Studies in Accounting. I have an interest in this area because it contributes to economic growth. My desire to succeed in business creates the impetus for the actualization of relevant ideals and aspirations. I am interested in accounting because it offers me an opportunity to understand practices that ultimately determine success and competence in commercial activities. My choice of major also emanates from family influence and background. Most of my family members are successful business practitioners. This gives me the courage and willingness to pursue this area of study. To actualize this interview, I interviewed Chris, a successful executive in a pharmaceutical company. He is also an alumnus of Southern New Hampshire University. A mutual friend introduced me to Chris. The interview was face-to-face because Chris was available. However, he rescheduled his activities to accommodate the interview. He expressed a willingness to assist me through mentorship and other forms of assistance. Summary of Informational Interview What occupations suffice concerning this major? With a major in Business Studies (Accounting), graduates can pursue careers in specialized business management. Such jobs include auditing, marketing, finance, administration, and portfolio management. However, it is essential to have specific areas of interest in the realm of business studies. This facilitates concentration, thereby channeling energy towards the realization of overall ideals and aspirations. What is the relevance of the internship? The internship offers opportunities for hands-on experience in the field of expertise. During the training, graduates interact with leaders in their area of study. This instills confidence and a desire for success. What keeps you focused on your job? It is essential for everyone to pursue a career that is interesting in its entirety. Most people choose careers without prior research and planning. I derive pleasure from my job because I made a choice to work as a business executive. If I pursue this degree, how do you recommend I get the most out of my education? You should focus on academic units that consolidate efforts towards the realization of core objectives. For instance, it is wise to consult career counselors within your institution to ensure that you understand important aspects of your major. This bolsters your desire for success and accomplishment in business studies. What essential skills will I learn with this degree? By pursuing this degree, you will learn best practices in business management and oversight. It shall also accord your opportunity to learn from global business leaders through lectures and publications. The most important skill is learning how to manage business entities through practices that enhance profitability and sustenance. What clubs or organizations would you recommend to a student interested in this major? Students should associate with contemporaries who harbor similar goals and aspirations. This facilitates positive action towards the realization of plans that complement career goals and aspirations. For this major, business and investment clubs serve as launching pads for future career undertakings. How would you describe the students who pursue this degree? Students who pursue this degree are motivated and driven to succeed in contemporary business practices. They are usually passionate about the economy and factors that influence their growth. What do you enjoy most about this major? This major gives me the opportunity to understand my role and position as a business leader and manager. It also broadens the scope of understanding with regard to modern business practices. What do you think is the least exciting aspect of this major? This major leads one to careers that are too demanding. This ultimately affects the relationship with friends and family. If you were starting out again, what would you do differently? I would not do anything differently because I feel satisfied with the current level of success. However, I would always strive to create opportunities for future success. If I decide to look for a job in this field, how would you advise me to go about it? Always associate with organizations that offer the opportunity for career progression. Do you have any other advice for me? You must maintain focus and dedication towards achieving your goals. Always interact with people who add value to the realization of your objectives. Reactions and Conclusion The interview was detailed and informative because it offered valuable insight regarding my major. It precipitated fresh ideas and perspectives on the essence of crucial skills that ultimately complement my quest for success in business studies. I learned the importance of focus and dedication towards the realization of various goals and aspirations. I also reaffirmed my commitment to the development of skills and competencies in pursuit of academic and professional excellence. The interview intensified my resolve to acquire skills in business management. I believe in my ability and will to fulfill requirements for the attainment of relevant credentials in my major. Through the interview, I learned the importance of hard work and dedication towards the fulfillment of course requirements in my major. I feel that my current path is satisfactory as it provides an opportunity for success and boundless achievement in my area of interest. The interview has improved my decision-making process because I have realized essential areas that require attention.
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Plagiarism and Paraphrasing Essay Plagiarism is the use of other people’s works including ideas, language, thoughts, and designs as one’s own. Failure to give credit to other author’s job amounts to infringement of intellectual property rights. In academia, it is referred to as to using other author’s work without attribution and is classified as dishonesty. However, one can have zero plagiarism by giving credit to the sources they use through proper citations and providing references to all sources used in their research work. Plagiarism in college by students is well replicated in the way they cheat in their academic works (Gabriel 23). Olivas (157-158) observes that plagiarism is dominant in colleges and lecturers usually find it difficult to contain. When students are given assignments and examination, others tend to copy the same from different sources or from colleagues who have already completed. Some neither read nor authentically complete their assignments. They have adopted and got used to copying. For some students, cheating has become inevitable. Such students do not study materials to get ready for exams, but they make shorthand notes and hide them in private places that are convenient for them to access during actual tests. The locations include inside the dresses and pockets. They would look for a perfect opportunity to read them when the examination’s supervisor is not paying much attention to them. Students that cheat tend to adopt a different kind of style when they have tests. Others put on loose or tight clothes depending on the position they want to place their cheat cards and their convenience. The cards carry micro notes which they try and get a chance to read as the test unfolds. When the supervisor is around, they tend to adopt bizarre kind of behaviors like pretending to be bending and collecting a dropped pen on the ground just to be able to read the contents of the cheat notes, or just to avoid the supervisor’s suspicions. Sometimes the cheat notes might not be relevant to the test, and in such cases such students underperform. This is simply because when honest students take their time reading and comprehending their class works, they spend their time writing micro notes on the cheat cards. Other students in college copy their assignments, and therefore many eventualities come to their ways. When a student who usually obtains low marks in class copies assignment from another who normally gets high scores, it arouses suspicion and can lead to being caught. In a nutshell, cheating has been and is widely used in various ways including writing small micro notes on clothes, hands, arms, and seats being used in the test rooms (Andreescu 66-70). Cheating has many negative consequences for the student’s performance and education. First, not all students can do that because some are afraid of being caught because of the nature of their personality or because their parents may not take it lightly in the event they know. For those who cheat it is not all rosy; they more often get stressed. It is not easy as one tries to avoid being caught and also spends their time speculating what might be set in the test to update their cheat cards. In the long run, such students lose their self-esteem and get more stressed. However, there are those students whose nature differs and who have perfected the art of cheating, while on the other extreme there are the honest ones. In conclusion, honest students are stress-free and have a smooth academic life and perform to the best of their ability. Cheaters, on the other hand, live a stressful life and perform below par (Clarke 91-121). Works Cited Andreescu, Liviu. “Self-Plagiarism in Academic Publishing: The Anatomy of a Misnomer.” Science and Engineering Ethics . 21 Nov. 2012: 66-70. Print. Clarke, Roger. “Plagiarism by Academics: More Complex Than it Seems.” Journal of the Association for Information Systems 7.1 (2006): 91–121. Print. Gabriel, Trip. “Plagiarism Lines Blur for Students in Digital Age.” The New York Times . 1 Aug. 2010: 20-24. Print. Olivas, Lara. “Cheating is not Worth the Bother.” in Reading for Critical Thinking, Discussion and Writing . Wadsworth: Cengage Learning, 2011. 57-158. Print.
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Strategy Session at MSLO Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Stock price history 3. The impact of Martha Stewart’s conviction 4. Bibliography 5. Footnotes Introduction Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia (MSLO) has been a successful household name since it incorporation, with interest in publishing, television and radio broadcasting, merchandising and internet ventures. Its driving force has been built on the idea of better living through design. [1] The company has been able to transform various aspects of our life into successful ventures, such as, personal organization and meal planning in creative business opportunities. Though successful, the company has been through various challenges but none has been notable like the imprisonment of its CEO, Martha Stewart, in 2004 for insider trading and her resignation in an effort to save her company’s stock price that were performing poorly following the news of trial and conviction. [2] Following these developments, MSLO formulated and implemented new strategies to contain the situation and help to stabilize the stock price and market share. Stock price history The company’s stock is currently trading at $3.22 per share as at August 11, 2011, trading a volume of 341,593 shares and with an improvement of 5.57% from the previous day’s trading. [3] The company’s highest stock price was $37.40 per share in February 24, 2005, trading a volume of 3,604,300 shares prior to release of Martha from jail, and the company’s lowest stock price was $1.61 per share trading a volume of 190,400 shares following the its being hit by financial crisis. The impact of Martha Stewart’s conviction Following conviction of Martha Stewart by mid June 2002, the company’s stock price was almost half of what it was trading at the end of 2001, with Martha choosing to remain silent about the allegations only professing her innocence. In the next span of about two years, while the saga continued, the company was unable to recover its stock price, as it was at the end of 2001 mark. This conviction made a huge toll on the company’s profitability and cash flow, leading to halving of the 2002 third quarter projections. [4] These developments made the shareholders and other stakeholders to loss confidence in the company, something that further aggravated the situation of the company. By January 2003, many advertising customers such as Chrysler had withdrawn their contracts, with the company registering the first quarterly loss of $2 million and the Martha Stewart Living Magazine registering 31% drop in revenues. [5] With the shareholders feeling the effect of plummeting stock price, some responded by disposing off the shares while others were deeply agitated that they took legal action against the company. For instance, Howard Rosen, an MSLO shareholder, in August 22, 2002 sued Martha and her top business associates for selling stock in MSLO before the investigation of her ImClone sale became public. [6] Corporate strategies that MSLO pursued in the period following Ms. Stewart’s conviction to improve the public’s perception of Ms. Stewart and her company, MSLO First, the company ensured that Martha Stewart resigned as the COE and relinquished any duties relating to running of the company. Secondly, the company embarked on a mission to build secondary personalities and branded media properties to minimize reliance on one person for branding. Additionally, the company advised Martha to remain silent during the whole ordeal to avoid further negative publicity. Lastly, the company embarked on product dilution process, shifting focus to health categories and other acquisitions such as Body & Soul Magazine, and the Self Healing Newsletter promoted by Dr. Andrew Weil. [7] Based on the company’s stock price, I think these strategies were effective only for a short while, because the company’s stock price improved only for a short following release of Stewart, while before remaining low and even achieving the lowest price in 2009. I would advise Stewart, at the time of the saga, to open up as this might instill confidence in shareholders, though risky, since remaining silent sometimes could be interpreted as ignorance or guilt. Bibliography AIGA. Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia: 2007 AIGA Corporate Leadership Award . 2007. Web. Anon. “Martha Stewart Omnimedia’s Next Move.” The Magazine for Magazine Management , vol. 33, issue 20, 2004. Anon. Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia Inc. (MSO): Historical Prices , 2010. Web. CNN. “Timeline: Martha Stewart.” CNN/Money. Web. RI Cases. “RI Case Studies: Martha Stewart.” Reputation Institute. 2011. Web. Westby, Arianne and Moulton, Mary. Martha Stewart: Allegations of Insider Trading. 2002. Web. Footnotes 1. AIGA. Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia: 2007 AIGA Corporate Leadership Award, 2007. Web. 2. CNN. ‘’Timeline: Martha Stewart.’’ CNN/Money. Web. 3. Anon. Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia Inc. (MSO): Historical Prices, 2010. Web. 4. RI Cases. RI Case Studies: Martha Stewart, Reputation Institute. 2011. 5. ibid 6. Arianne Westby and Mary Moulton, Martha Stewart: Allegations of Insider Trading, 2002, www.awpagesociety.com/images/uploads/Martha_Stewart_Case.ppt. 7. Anon. Martha Stewart Omnimedia’s Next Move. The Magazine for Magazine Management , vol. 33, issue 20, (2004): 15.
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The Nurse’s Role in Promoting Quality Health Care Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Educator, Communicator, and Safety Manager 3. Organizational Culture, Leadership Style, and Patient Safety 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction Creating an environment that contributes to patients’ faster recovery is a crucial responsibility of a nurse. Therefore, it is essential for nurses to engage in the process of promoting the quality of care (Lavin, Harper, & Barr, 2015). Thus, a nurse must play several roles to meet the required high standards of care and make sure that patients are safe. For this purpose, a nurse must assume three key roles, i.e., the one of a communicator, and educator, and a mediator to encourage the further dialogue between a nurse and a patient, promote patient agency actively, and focus on introducing innovative solutions into the environment of the contemporary healthcare. Educator, Communicator, and Safety Manager Encouraging patients to acquire the relevant skills and knowledge is an essential responsibility of a nurse. A patient needs to be able to identify primary symptoms of a particular health issue, determine the available resources, and address a healthcare expert to be provided with the necessary assistance. The role of a nurse is, therefore, to shed light on the specified issues and encourage a patient to develop independence in their process of learning (Carayon et al., 2014). Apart from enhancing the process of patient education, a nurse must also consider focusing on the means of improving the process of communication between a nurse and a patient. Giving a chance to reduce the threat of a misunderstanding or misinterpretations of the provided information, as well as delivering the services of the finest quality, efficient communication between a nurse and a patient must be listed among the top priorities of a nurse (Hall, Johnson, Watt, Tsipa, & O’Connor, 2016). Finally, one must keep in mind that direct supervision is also essential for the safety of patients. Therefore, a nurse must be able to define the extent to which a patient’s independence can stretch, as well as the areas in which a patient will require assistance. The levels of the patient agency must increase with the progress made (Laschinger, 2014). Organizational Culture, Leadership Style, and Patient Safety The organization under analysis is managed with the help of the transformational leadership style used by the CNO of the facility. The specified approach allows for a fast and efficient introduction of changes in the nursing environment. The organizational culture of the facility, in turn, is geared toward encouraging active knowledge sharing, as well as the promotion of a dialogue between a nurse and a patient. The focus on communication as the primary value allows supporting the management of patient safety (McComb, Lemaster, Henneman, & Hinchey, 2017). It could be argued, though, that certain improvements could be introduced into the identified setting. For instance, the reconsideration of the current approach toward expenses management might be a significant improvement. The use of a cost-efficient approach based on reducing delays by using advanced technology should be deemed as a necessity. The specified framework will lead to not only more sustainable use of the facility’s resources, but also the enhancement of patient safety since the quality and speed of the service delivery will rise (Parand, Dopson, Renz, & Vincent, 2014). Conclusion The significance of a nurse’s role in maintaining the quality of healthcare services must not be underrated. Although nurses play a range of roles in the realm of the modern healthcare system, the ones of an educator, communicator, and mediator are particularly prominent. Assuming the responsibilities that are associated with the identified roles, a nurse can build the foundation for enhanced communication with the target population. For this purpose, the principles of transformational leadership must be coupled with a cost-efficient and sustainable approach toward resource management in a nursing organization. Thus, the opportunities for delivering the services of the finest quality are built. References Carayon, P., Wetterneck, T. B., Rivera-Rodriguez, A. J., Hundt, A. S., Hoonakker, P., Holden, R., & Gurses, A. P. (2014). Human factors systems approach to healthcare quality and patient safety. Applied Ergonomics, 45 (1), 14-25. Web. Hall, L. H., Johnson, J., Watt, I., Tsipa, A., & O’Connor, D. B. (2016). Healthcare staff wellbeing, burnout, and patient safety: A systematic review. PloS One, 11 (7), e0159015. Web. Laschinger, H. K. S. (2014). Impact of workplace mistreatment on patient safety risk and nurse-assessed patient outcomes. Journal of Nursing Administration, 44 (5), 284-290. Web. Lavin, M., Harper, E., & Barr, N., (2015). Health information technology, patient safety, and professional nursing care documentation in acute care settings. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 2 (2), 1-10. Web. McComb, S. A., Lemaster, M., Henneman, E. A., & Hinchey, K. T. (2017). An evaluation of shared mental models and mutual trust on general medical units: Implications for collaboration, teamwork, and patient safety. Journal of Patient Safety, 13 (4), 237-242. Web. Parand, A., Dopson, S., Renz, A., & Vincent, C. (2014). The role of hospital managers in quality and patient safety: A systematic review. BMJ OIpen, 4 (9), e005055. Web.
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General Electric Company’s Market Structure Term Paper General Electric is one of the largest and most well-known corporations in the world. It is a conglomeration of many businesses and hence cannot be slotted into a single market structure. Hence each of its businesses or divisions can be analyzed separately. The company has the following main areas of business namely, aviation, consumer appliances including lighting and electronics, finance, oil and energy, and healthcare. Market structures are usually divided into four according to their characteristics. They are a monopoly, oligopoly, free-market structure, and monopolistic competition. A monopoly is a structure there is only one seller (or manufacturer), whereas in an oligopoly there will be few sellers (or manufacturers). A free market is one where there are a large number of players (both buyers and sellers). Monopolistic competition is “a market structure in which there are many sellers each producing a differentiated product. Each can set its own price and quantity, but is too small for that to matter for prices and quantities of other producers in the industry.” (Deardorff). The Company’s aviation division is a perfect example of an oligopolistic market with only two other players (Rolls Royce and Pratt & Whitney) operating. This is with regard to engines for passenger and military aircraft. The consumer electronic division is operating in a free market economy. There are a large number of big, medium, and small players operating in this industry. This scenario is the same in the case of the finance division. With regard to healthcare, the company is a manufacturer of sophisticated health equipment like X-rays, ultrasound, and molecular imaging. This sector can be considered to be oligopolic in nature because of the high investment involved. Its other healthcare products operate in a more or less free-market structure. Energy and oil and gas is also an area where large investments are needed. In that sense, the market tends towards an oligopolistic structure. But in the case of oil and gas, the price is controlled by the countries that have rich oil reserves and oil exploration and refining companies do not have much power in the matter of pricing. Advertisements are not generally needed in a monopolistic market. But it can be done to create product awareness and also an image for the company. An example would be the Indian Railways owned by the Government of India. It is totally monopolistic in nature with regard to rail travel in the country. But the Indian Railways do advertise in order to create a better image of the organization. Advertising is very useful in an oligopolistic market. The two main advantages are to create awareness of product differentiation and also to gain market control. Since only a few suppliers operate in such a market the variety of products tends to be small. Hence if one of the firms creates differences in their product or service, it will be noticed by customers and the best to achieve this is through advertising. Improving market share is also useful in an oligopolistic market because this will lead to having more control over pricing in the market. Heavy advertising can help to increase market share. Advertising is essential in a free market economy because of the competition and sheer variety of goods on offer. Each category of goods will have so many variations and features like in the case of mobile phones. In the case of GE, its consumer electronics division does heavy advertising because it operates in a free market structure. This is also the case with its finances division. The Company need not advertise (especially to the public) in the case of its aviation division except to enhance its public image. For example, the company can inform the public about the quality, high technical capacity, and safety record of its engines. The short-term earnings have been good for the company and it has managed to earn double-digit growth for the whole of the year 2007. The trend has continued in the year up to the third quarter of 2008. The third-quarter growth was 11%. The deviation from expected and actual results in the third quarter was as follows – In the industrial segment estimate was between 10 to 15% and the actual earning was 12%. In its finance sector, the target was 2 billion dollars and the company has touched has managed to achieve the target. In the infrastructure sector, the estimate was 10% growth and actual growth was 9%. (Press Release). It can be seen that the company is more or less achieving its estimates and targets and the trend can be expected to continue of the next year also. The Company is bound to touch double-digit growth in the next financial year also. Works Cited 1. Deardorff, Alan. Monopolistic Competition. Deardorff’s Glossary of International Economics . 2001. Web. 2. Press Release: GE Reports Third Quarter 2008 Earnings of $4.5 billion; Revenues of $47.2 billion, up 11%; Infrastructure Orders of $23 billion, up 9%; On Track to Earn ~$20 billion in 2008. GE.
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College Dropouts Throughout the United States Essay Table of Contents 1. Rising tuition 2. Too much stress 3. Insufficient preparation or motivation 4. Family issues 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited For a very long time, the United States has prided itself for its higher number of students who can access higher education (Borgen 28). However, in the last few years the number of college dropouts in America has increased. The phenomenon has led to many young people being academically unqualified and unprepared to fill numerous high paying professions in the job market. In the year 2014, a report by National Center for Education Statistics approximated that 3 out of 5 fourth year students finish their studies within six years of entering college (Borgen 30). The research illustrated that many dropouts fail to join their second year of study for one or more reasons. The article below focuses on the causes of student’s resolution to drop o their college education. Rising tuition Numerous students cannot manage to pay for the cost of tuition in higher education institutions. According to the figures from the National Center for Public Policy and Education released in the year 2013, the cost of college tuition has increased by approximately 400% in the last two decades. Within the same period, family income has increased by around 150% (Crede and Maura 1560). The above indicate that the rise in the cost of higher education is not proportional to the rise in incomes. One research shows that 31% of all the college dropouts in America cite lack of inability to raise tuition fees as their reason for suspending their studies (Levin 14). In this regard, many students register for college education hoping that somewhere in the course of their studies they will find means to pay all their college fees. The above is not always true because some learners find it impossible to raise all the required fees and drop out of their courses. Too much stress If learners can manage to pay for tuition charges, the pressure and deprived sleep associated with demanding college courses may become unmanageable for some students. Compared with other causes of college dropouts, too much stress has been blamed as the leading cause of learners’ choice to suspend or terminate their studies. More a times, juggling between workplace and school becomes stressful for many people. Because of increased cost of living, few well-paying jobs, and volatile future in social securities, many parents cannot afford to support their children comfortably through college. The above situation has forced many students to work part times while studying. A study indicated that six in every ten students were accountable for paying for their university fee (Crosling 145). The phenomenon has increased stress levels among college students. Insufficient preparation or motivation Another study indicates that some students joining college are not well prepared to endure their course studies. As such, transitioning from high school to higher education institution comes as a shock to some students. These persons find it difficult to manage their time well or advance time management abilities required in college. Such students cannot balance between social life and learning. Seventy-three percent of college dropouts claimed that their high school education did not equip them with the right skills and enthusiasm required to inspire them through their college life (Hamblet 6). Main problems comprised of being overwhelmed by studies, registering for the wrong courses, being bored by classes, and challenging assignments. Family issues Unlike in the past, parents are joining colleges in large numbers. Notably, these parents have to balance their time between studying and meeting family obligations. Children and spouses of these persons might influence their decisions to drop out of their courses. Sixteen percent of college dropouts surveyed indicated that they had to terminate their studies to devote more time to their families. Additional stress causing family conditions affecting college studies comprise of nursing ill family members and working part time to meet the cost of rising household expenses. Another study found out that 53% percent of college dropouts cited family obligations as the primary reason to why they dropped out of their learning (Friedman 10). Online programs and more part-time classes should be rolled out to address family issues from affecting studies of some students. Conclusion In conclusion, it should be noted that the number of college dropouts in America is on the rise. The issue has denied many young people with the ability to fill numerous high paying professions in the job market because they are academically unqualified. Studies indicate that college dropouts fail to join their second year of study for one or more reasons. Rising tuition fees, family obligation, too much stress, and insufficient preparation or motivation are some of the leading causes of student’s resolution to drop o their college education. Based on the above illustrations, it is apparent that there are no precise causes of learners drop out behaviors. Instead, the decision is fueled by several reasons that interact with one another in a complex way. Online programs and more part-time classes should be introduced to address some of these issues from affecting studies of some learners. Works Cited Borgen, Solveig. “Student Retention In Higher Education: Folk High Schools And Educational Decisions”. High Educ (2015): 28-31. Print. Crede, Erin, and Maura Borrego. “Understanding Retention In US Graduate Programs By Student Nationality”. Studies in Higher Education 39.9 (2013): 1599-1616. Print. Crosling, Glenda. Improving Student Retention In Higher Education . London: Routledge, 2008. Print. Friedman, Barry. “Motivation Predictors of College Student Academic Performance and Retention’. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory, and Practice 13.1 (2011): 1-15. Print. Hamblet, Elizabeth. “Understand The Myriad Factors Affecting Student Retention”. Disability Compliance for Higher Education 20.9 (2015): 6-6. Print. Levin, Aaron. “Early Depression Screening Could Prevent College Dropouts.” PN Journal 48.1(2013): 14-15. Print.
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Probation Effectiveness and Alternatives Essay Probation is one of the most common ways of dealing with offenders. It involves a situation where a defendant who is found guilty of a crime is released by the court without imprisonment subject to conditions imposed by the court (Mendel, 2016). Over the years, the concept has been used as part of the sentencing process. Since its origin in English criminal law of the Middle Ages, probation has experienced many changes in terms of its interpretation and intended results (Johnson, Lee & Smith, 2016). In the United States, there has been a prolonged debate over the effectiveness of probation and its disposition in juvenile justice. A study conducted by the Chicago Crime Lab in 2012 established that there was no evidence to prove the effectiveness of probation in terms of preventing recidivism (Mendel, 2016). The report provided a number of alternatives to probation, which many stakeholders believed could have impacts that were more positive. The report further argues that criminals put on probation have a 3% higher chance of relapsing into crime compared to those involved in alternative programs (Mendel, 2016). The debate over the effectiveness of probation has been heightened by a statement released by the Los Angels County government during the first week of December 2016 over the vacant position of Chief of the Probation Department (Johnson et al., 2016). According to the statement, the county government acknowledged the fact that there was an urgent need to reorient the probation programs to focus more on the development of the youth and the community at large (Johnson et al., 2016). Intermediate Sanctions and Traditional Incarceration Over the years, several alternatives to probation have been used in dealing with offenders (Alarid, 2016). Incarceration is the traditional and most commonly used approach in the criminal justice systems across the world. However, intermediate sanctions such as probation were introduced to help address the challenge of overcrowding in prisons (Alarid, 2016). Following its initial success, other notable interventions such as house arrest were introduced with an aim of creating a new dimension into the whole concept of criminal justice. Unlike probation, where criminals are closely monitored to assess their conduct, house arrest does not require a supervisor. It involves restraining the accused or convicted individual from getting out of their houses (Alarid, 2016). Compliance is ensured using an electronic monitor that is attached to the criminal’s legs. However, they can be allowed to leave the house, albeit on activities sanctioned by the relevant authorities. Such activities include seeking medical attention, voluntary work, doing community service, and going to church. Criminals on probation do not often get some of these privileges because they are classified as risky, thus the need to have them under surveillance all the time (Alarid, 2016). Some of the major benefits of house arrest compared to probation include a high rate of compliance, it is cost effective, and allows the offender to continue with other activities such as work (Alarid, 2016). However, house arrest has a number of drawbacks that include a high rate of recidivism due to less supervision, high leniency, and decreased public safety among others. Studies have established that although house arrest is cost effective due to a reduced need for supervision, this element creates a loophole for the offenders to engage in other illegal activities that might go unnoticed (Alarid, 2016). References Alarid, L.F. (2016). Community based corrections (11 th ed.) . New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Johnson, A., Lee, S., & Smith, D. (2016). L.A. County needs something new in next probation chief: Guest commentary. Los Angels Daily News . Web. Mendel, D. (2016). Case now strong for ending probation’s place as default disposition in juvenile justice . Web.
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Education in Developing Countries Essay Diverse Socio-Economic Environments in Schools * Political independence brought young countries harsh difficulties including the problems with education; * Children in such countries do not have access to high-quality education due to the poor technological, social, and economic development. After gaining political independence, young countries faced severe financial difficulties caused by long colonial robbery and continued economic dependence on the imperialist powers. Nowadays, the problem of socio-cultural transformations, including a fundamental restructuring of the education system and adapting it to the needs of socio-economic recovery is of paramount importance (Burnett, 2014). The improvement of the educational system should be conducted per the requirements of modern science and technology. Challenges * To provide children and young generation with adequate education; * The education should meet the demands of the national development; * To make education accessible to all representatives of society regardless of the social status. Why do these challenges matter? * Governments are responsible for the reformation of education to provide their nations with learning opportunities; * The economic independence cannot be achieved in the country where people are illiterate; * The development of education is directly connected to the socio-economic improvement of the country. In is necessary to give the young generation education that meets the needs of national development and involves in the educational process a significant amount of population. The prominent role in the solution of these challenges belongs to the governments. The improvement of education in countries is based on the state plan of socio-economic development of the country. The reformation of education and training is one of the important tasks of the struggle for economic independence, a constituent part of a complex of measures aimed at overcoming underdevelopment (Guthrie, 2011). Without solving this task, the consolidation of political independence and gaining economic independence is impossible. Current difficulties Almost two hundred million people who are no more than thirty years old have never visited a primary school (Marshall, Kinuthia, & Taylor, 2009); One of eight young people is unemployed and over a quarter is busy at work The colonial education system has left one more heritage: higher education is disproportionately developed in comparison with primary and secondary school. As a result, there is the educated elite, some of which cannot find a job after college or university. It is well-known that information technology is one of the main factors of economic growth. Developing countries are doing their best to approach the level of developed countries of the assessment of electronic devices in the field of education. However, whereas the smartphone has become the part of everyday life in some countries, some still do not even have access to television, and, consequently, to the source of information and knowledge. Recommendations for further negotiations As far as the United Nations Development Programme is ready to contribute significantly to the development of the educational system, it is of great importance to present guidelines. These directions predetermine the further development and should serve as the proof for UN exemplifying the intention to reform education. The prescribed guidelines are as follows: * To supply schools with computers; * To establish a system of distant learning; * To promote the development of learning through video lectures; * To assist the government in educational reforms; * To monitor the implementations of the educational reforms. It would be a new direction for the UNDP to establish a well-structured system of the distance learning in the DCs. Video-lectures represent one of the cheapest ways to increase the educational level in the developing countries. This practice has already started by the non-commercial organizations consisting of volunteers from all over the world (Kennepohl & Shaw, 2010). Video-lectures based on the curriculum will contribute not only to education but also stimulate local teachers to broaden their knowledge of the subject and share the experience of foreign colleagues. Reference List Burnett, N. (2014). International education policies, issues, and challenges. In G. Carbonnier, M. Carton & K. King (Eds.), Education, learning, training: Critical issues for development (pp. 27-36). Boston, USA: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Guthrie, G. (2011). The progressive education fallacy in developing countries . Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. Kennepohl, D., & Shaw, L. (2010). Accessible elements . Edmonton, United Kingdom: AU Press. Marshall, S., Kinuthia, W., & Taylor, W. (2009). Bridging the knowledge divide . Charlotte, USA: Information Age Publishing.
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Are CEOs Paid Too Much? Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Justification for Huge Salaries 3. Views of Justice in Wages 4. Conclusion Introduction Business ethics look at the moral values and the problems that are associated with businesses. It relates to all business spheres and is significant to both organizations and persons. Fundamentally, dealing with morality issues, business ethics also include financial matters stretching to just how much employees should be paid. Corporate executives around the world and especially in America are paid hefty amounts of money. Some of the largest corporations pay their CEOs 300 times more than the wage of their average worker. This begs the question; do they rightly deserve what they earn? Is it justified or not? A debate has been raging over this question with the two sides of yes and no giving their reasons. When many average workers compare their remuneration to what their CEOs get, they feel underpaid. This makes them the majority among those opposing high pays for CEOs. On the other hand, business owners understand the importance of having the best person to run their businesses and make more money for them thus; they pay the CEOs hefty salaries. Clearly, this question requires objectivity and clear reasoning in answering it. Justification for Huge Salaries Business is about making money and in today’s highly competitive business world, it requires highly skilled business leaders that can navigate competition and strategically position a company to make profits. Without this, it is hard to survive the tough times and bring growth. All round the world, there are executives that have proven themselves and they are highly sought after to run businesses. Therefore, it is expected that business owners will do anything to get hold of these leaders and hold on to them. It is clearly a classic case of demand and supply that even people with the least knowledge of economics understand. Most CEOs that are paid a lot of money often deliver on their work. Those holding different points of views mainly rely on arguments of morality and maintain that it is wrong for such huge disparities to exist between top executives and average workers. However, most companies offer CEOs stock options such that they make more money when the value of stock goes up and vice versa. Views of Justice in Wages From my opinion, the three views of justice in wages the agreement view, the desert view and utility view are all rational. Starting with the agreement view, just price comes from arms length negations putting the CEOs against the business owners. Shareholders always desire informed and independent directors who understand that to get the best person to run the company, they need to pay them well and in turn give shareholders satisfaction. Secondly, in the desert view, CEOs are paid wages commensurate to their contribution to the firm. When a firm performs well and makes more profits, it is only logical and fair that a CEO be duly compensated for their hard work. Finally, in the utility view, wages are supposed to be avenues for maximizing the wealth of a firm. In order to attract, motivate, and retain high performing CEOs, it is common sense that they must be well remunerated. Conclusion In conclusion, CEOs do not just receive too much money, as many people believe; they earn it. Hardly are non-performing CEOs kept on the job. Many different firms in the highly competitive business environment seek after the best performers. It is therefore the scarcity of top-notch talent, and the need to attract it and keep it that sees many boards of directors give CEOs huge wages. Looked at broadly, this benefits not only shareholders, but also other workers as the vibrancy of businesses is what determines better conditions for all. This is delivered by the CEOs.
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Physical Hunger in “Black Boy” by Richard Wright Essay (Book Review) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Cited Works Introduction This paper explores the theme of hunger as described by the writer. The hunger he describes does not only describe physical hunger but also demonstrates several other forms hunger. This paper defines the term hunger, describes other forms of hunger, and finally tries to interpret Wrights form of physical hunger to find out if it is representative of something. Hunger is a term that can be used in most cases to describe a person’s desire or feeling that follows the need of food. This definition denotes the physical form of hunger where an individual who is hungry strongly needs food to eat and satisfy him. In the first chapter, the writer depicts Richard’s family as haunted by hunger and staying in poverty. The family’s is made worse when the father abandons family and leaves Richards mother a lone to fend for the family (Wright chap. 1). Main body Hunger can also take other forms besides describing a strong desire for food mainly caused by poverty. For instance, hunger may take other forms such as; intellectual hunger where an individual has a strong desire to learn or gain knowledge, it may also take the form of hunger for freedom, for instance, to free oneself from bias and other forms of discrimination, desire for trust , and hunger for economic freedom. Richard feels both physical and intellectual hunger when he pretends to subscribe to the Grandmothers religious beliefs. He feels that his Grandmother’s religious beliefs makes him underfed and also limits his intellectual growth. The kind of education Richard received at the religious school did not allow any other literature a part from the Bible. Richard’s Grandmother and aunty Addie considered any other literature as “the Devils work” (Wright chap.4). Richard feels that religion is an obstacle set up by authorities to merely make him conform. This indicates that he yearns to gain wide knowledge a part from religious knowledge. Richard’s hunger for knowledge is also profound in chapter five, when he informs a white woman about his desire to a writer. The woman’s prejudiced response through her comment made Richard to leave the job. He had the right judgment to move rather stay in an environment not conducive for him to realize his dreams. In chapter seven, his strong urge to write grows. This is indicated when he composed a short story “The Voodoo of Hell’s Half” (Wright chap.7). The story gets published in the local newspaper. Despite of the constraining educational system, his desire for writing grows even more. Another important form of hunger exemplified in the narrative is Richards hunger for independence. Wright explains that at the early age, Richard learns to be independent and was always willing to fight out of necessity. For instance, when the school Principal offers him a pre-written speech, he refuses to read it. His desire to be independent is also depicted in his quest for employment. He is determined to make more money even if it meant sacrificing his morals. This is shown when he sales bootleg liquor to prostitutes in the hotel and when he a get a job at the theatre, he participates in a ticketing scam that enables him a mass enough money to move out (Wright chap.10). Conclusion Wright’s physical hunger is representative of many things. The theme and basis of the whole narrative stems from Wright’s physical hunger. This is depicted when Wright describes Richard and family as living in poverty and without much to eat. This situation serves as a ring around which Richard’s dreams and desires are born. The image of hunger strengthened Richard to desire and dream for knowledge, economic independence, a writing career, society free of prejudice and oppression, and most important his desire to communicate to society through writing. Cited Works Wright R. Black Boy: Toronto: HarperCollins Canada. 2007.
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Racial discrimination in Organizations Analytical Essay Racism has been a prevalent issue in many work places and organizations. Racial discrimination is an imbalanced treatment of people or groups on the basis of their background or race (Pager & Shepherd, 2008). On the other hand, racial discrimination in an organization entails a differential treatment to workers based on their race. It has become clear to organizational decision makers that discrimination in the work place is a serious and expensive problem that needs to be addressed. The financial costs connected to discrimination settlements have been found to be extremely high as compared to other contingent costs (Pager & Shepherd, 2008). Even though there has been some improvement in the promotion of the status of the racial minorities, major disparities still remain. According to research, white people are twice likely to be employed than black people. Additionally, the salary of the blacks has in most cases been found to be lower than that of whites. An experimental audit study focused on equality in employment strongly brought out the existence of racial discrimination, with the estimation of the number of whites getting employed ranging from 50% to 240%. Evidence presented indicated that black men use significantly more of their time looking for work, acquire less steady jobs as well as less working skills as compared to the whites (Pager & Shepherd, 2008). A research on wage differences based on different attributes indicated that, among the applicants who were given various job positions, the salaries given to the white applicants were more than that of the equally qualified black applicants by fifteen cents each hour (Pager & Shepherd, 2008). According to Gelfand et al. (2007), organizations should eliminate the glass ceiling concept; the unseen barriers that prevent racial minorities from progressing to the senior leadership positions in organizations. Substantial evidence shows that racial minorities are always underrepresented in the upper administration. A good example of this is Southern California Edison, where a group of black workers accused the company of denying them promotions, not paying them fairly and having biased job assignments. Without the full commitment of the upper level leaders in an organization, different schemes are likely to fall apart, and the practice of discrimination is likely to continue. In addition, it is important to examine the performance of the mid-level management and supervisors, and to find out if they may be perpetuating racial discrimination (Mor, 2010). Organizations need to always provide equal chances of employment to people of all races, as well as enforce stringent punitive measures on employees who discriminate on the basis of culture or race. Organizations should ensure that they work without discrimination and that they always deal fairly with the issues presented by workers, guests, customers and members of the public (Alberta Human Rights Commission, 2013). For instance, in 1994, Advantica Restaurant Group made changes to increase diversity in the organization, after they settled a racial discrimination lawsuit for $54.4 million. The management of any organization should ensure that all workers review the discrimination policies and process manuals, as well as receive adequate training on issues related to discrimination and their equal rights as employees. The management should also encourage cooperation and equality among the different work groups and departments within an organization (Caffoor, 2011). Conclusively, racial discrimination in organizations is an issue that has been going on for decades. It is the work of the management to provide a neutral working environment within any organization, as well as ensure equal treatment and opportunities for all employees regardless of their race. Employees should be discouraged against displaying their cultural identity at the work place. Racial remarks and jokes within the work place should also be prohibited to avoid creating a discriminative attitude among workers. References Alberta Human Rights Commission. (2013). Human Rights in the Hospitality Industry. Retrieved from https://www.albertahumanrights.ab.ca/publications/bulletins_sheets_booklets/bulletins/Pages/hospitality.aspx Caffoor, M. (2011). The Fight against Racialism . London: Pluto Press. Gelfand, M., Nishii, L. Kaver, J. & Schocider, B. (2007). Discrimination in Organizations: An Organizational-Level Systems Perspective. New York: Cornell University ILR School. Mor, M. (2010). Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace . London: Sage. Pager, D. & Shepherd, H. (2008).The Sociology of Discrimination: Racial Discrimination in Emloyment, Housing, Credit and Consumer Market. Annual Review of Sociology , 34 (1):181–209.
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Value Neutrality in Counselors Essay People are raised in different cultural setups. They learn different practices or customs for which they define their own values. Thus, their definition of ethical behavior or appropriate behavior, and personal opinions are influenced by their present or previous cultural setups or both. This is clearly illustrated when people debate on social concepts such as abortion, suicide, drug use, domestic violence and child abuse Counselors are expected to be very ethical in rendering their services. However, it is very difficult to define what is right or wrong without inclusion of values. For instance, consider a case of abortion. A client may assume a prochoice approach whereas a counselor assumes a prolife approach. These diametric perspectives can be a source of conflict between a client and counselor especially if a client feels during a counseling session. In such a case, a counselor is coerced to adopt value neutrality. A counselor should be objective in handling his or her clients. Thus, value neutrality should be avoided because it jeopardizes the objectivity of the counselor. Moreover, most known values, depending on the circumstances, are relative and are subjected to change i.e. an acceptable value can become an unethical or despicable behavior when certain circumstances change (Dolgoff, Loewenberg, & Harrington, 2011). For example, a counselor should clearly state that domestic violence is wrong irrespective of the spouse’s cultural background or personality. This can be the only way to end such a vice. Critics of the above approach argue that, a counselor should not express their values. This is because all situations are not equal and any form of opinion is likely to lead to unprecedented negative consequences. In addition, in the process of opinion expression, a counselor might be biased in a problem approach or may be subjected to stereotyping. For instance, a case of child abuse over child discipline, whereby a parent uses a belt to hit or discipline a child, would be handled accurately with a nonjudgmental approach. Otherwise a parent may opt to immediately cease disclosing any other useful information to the counselor based on the counselor’s opinions. A counselor needs to know when to be objective and when to subjective. He or she has to be attentive enough to the client’s perspective and ask questions if necessary. Based on the presented facts, the counselor would decide which method is best to handle a client (Kuhse & Singer, 2006). Counselors will refer clients to other counselors whenever they feel inadequate to help a client or when they have offered assistance to the client but the client shows no improvement. For example, cases of drug and substance abuse, a psychologist may refer a patient to a psychiatrist. There are cases in which referral is an option. Such cases would require involvement of family members or close in assisting the clients. A counselor must use his or her skills to obtain this type of information from the client. In conclusion, there is no single means of handling all counseling clients. However, a combination of methods can be deployed for any isolated case. Value neutrality should only be used where it’s necessary, otherwise it should be avoided. References Dolgoff, R., Loewenberg, F., & Harrington, D. (2011). Ethical Decisions for Social Work Practice . New York: Cengage Learning. Kuhse, H., & Singer, P. (2006). Bioethics: An Anthology . Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
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In other words, the term stems from law enforcement, which is based on specific discriminative characteristics since it is implied that a majority of terrorist acts are initiated by immigrants. The legality of ethnic profiling represents a controversial issue. Thus, some law representatives claim that the practice contradicts basic human rights. Nevertheless, according to the public opinion and practical examples of terrorism profiling, the experience is defined as the most profitable practice of terrorist identification (Choudhry and Roach 4). According to the initial statement of the study, it is deduced that the attitudes to profiling refer to a complex of individual characteristics of the society as well as concerns, which refer to specific terroristic acts in the national history. Ethnic Profiling and Attack Cases: Public Opinion Implications The verification of ethnic profiling may be sustained along with the estimation of the most vivid terrorist attacks’ implications in world history. Specifically, the attitudes towards the Pearl Harbor attack constitute a foundation for profiling considerations, which enhanced the level of the Americans’ support of ethnic law enforcement. Thus, after the Pearl Harbor bombing, which was sustained at the time of World War II, approximately 150,000 American Japanese were imprisoned since the government of the USA created an anti-Japanese paranoia among society. As a result, 93% of the native Americans expressed their approval of the authority’s act (Schildkraut 64). A similar majoritarian practice was revealed after the 9/11 attacks. According to the cross-national assessment, the third part of the US population supported the decision of the government on the detainment of Arab Americans, despite the fact that the imprisoned individuals were not proved guilty (Schildkraut 65). The tendency of ethnic profiling approval, which evolves in the USA, demonstrates consistent support of the government by the US society. However, public support can be verified along with some other factors, for cross-national assessments did not disclose any personal implications, which were provided by the citizens. Moreover, the mentioned conclusions were made on the basis of heated cases’ reflection, which blurred the objectiveness of public opinion. Therefore, if one estimates the individual attitudes towards ethnic profiling, it may be deduced that many citizens support careful verification of immigrants’ guilt rather than unconditional detainment. Furthermore, according to the study, many individuals define non-Americans in different ways: some of them claim that legal residents of the USA, who have foreign nationality, can not be exposed to ethnic profiling, for they exercise some legal rights within the territory of the country; the others argue that both illegal immigrants and city residents of foreign ethnicities must be detained in the frames of profiling (Schildkraut 70). Finally, the study showed that personal values and educational backgrounds of the citizens influence the attitudes of the residents towards ethnic profiling. Conclusion: The Legality of Ethnic Profiling The practical evaluation of such US attacks as 9/11 and Pearl Harbor reveals that public opinion about the legality of ethnic profiling is a controversial issue. The approval of the practice, therefore, can not be made on the governmental level since both the US residents and governmental structures can not agree on the validation of this discriminatory experience. However, under the conditions of threatening attacks, the authority may embrace the system of careful surveillance of the immigrants’ actions. Works Cited Choudhry, Sujit, and Kent Roach. “Racial and Ethnic Profiling: Statutory Discretion, Constitutional Remedies, and Democratic Accountability.” Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 13.2 (2002): 1-37. Print. Schildkraut, Deborah. “The Dynamics of Public Opinion on Ethnic Profiling after 9/11: Results from a Survey Experiment.” American Behavioral Scientist 53.6 (2009): 61-81. Print.
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Religious Organizations in US Analytical Essay The federal government in the United States like many other governments in the world separates the state and religion as well as secular organizations. However, these organizations opinions are usually put in to consideration when the government or the state is settling down on some sensitive issues. In most cases, the secular organizations opinions differ from the religious organizations opinion though they may be at consensus in a few instances. Also, the opinions of the religious organizations may differ depending on the beliefs of the various religions that are present in every nation some of which include Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhist and others. Just to mention but a few, some of the religious organizations prevailing in the United States include United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, the Religious Action Centre of Reform Judaism, the National Council of Churches and others. In 1947, the federal government ruled that no taxpayer’s money would be used to fund any religious activity. Though there is a legal barrier between the government and religion, there is no law prohibiting public officials from making personal religious view nor does the law prohibit the interaction between the religion and culture. This is because religion which supports morality is a very basic pillar in any patriotic nation (Anon 4). However, religion plays a very important role in the American politics as well as public policy (Duncan & Jones 132) The religious and the secular arguments concerning individual policies probably on immigration, climate change, national drug policy and federal funding for stem cell research differ a great deal since these two areas differ a lot in making. Religion is mainly based upon the supernatural and the spiritual believes whereby their arguments are more inclined in the word while the secular world is more inclined towards science which helps human beings to better understand the natural world mainly through facts (Wuthow 156). Religion particularly the Christians opinion on immigration is that people should not be limited on where they should live since their own Jesus Christ was an immigrant on his birth and immigrated severally during his mission on earth. Catholics propose that all people are one God’s family on earth (Kerwin para. 4). This differs from the secular approach on immigration since various factors have to be considered before immigrants are allowed in a foreign country. On climate change, religion differs from artificial methods of climate alteration by scientists since God alone should determine weather and climate. Human beings should only maintain or restore Gods creation (Lever-Tracy 236). A survey undertaken by the SMART Recovery group in the United States showed that the secular individuals participate more than the religious people due to their religious beliefs (Kleiman 729). On the same issue most religious groups differ with the secular approach on issues like abortion, family planning and others (Hibbard 27). The debate on the stem cell research also left supporter and non- supporters divided on religious grounds where religion is against the whole idea (Duncan & Jones 133). Though she secular world through science are two very distinct areas, both of them are interdependent and important in that their contributions make the society complete. Policy makers should not bias any of them but should take their considerations in to account and adopt what benefits the society. This is because both have their own pros and cons thus each of their opinions should be interrogated before adoption since none is perfect. Furthermore, religion and secular opinions are not always different. In some cases, these two areas come in to consensus making decision making even easier. For instance, the idea of institutional separation and rise of modern capitalism in Europe in the seventeenth century was facilitated by both the religion and the secular world without much difference (Wuthow 160). In order to separate arguments made by religious and secular organizations that may share similar goals, policy maker can apply some four basic criteria that are capable of relating the two subjects. They include ‘conflict, independence, dialogue and integration’. A thesis concerning conflict was carried out in the nineteenth century and evidence recorded in two popular books by Draper and White. They recorded highly selective evidence that has been applied extensively during the recorded centuries (Anon 12). Today, the conflict between science and religion is mainly perpetuated through the media whereby it is possible to separate the two by looking at their basis. Independence is another way to separate science and religion mainly through the questions they ask, domains and the methods they apply. Dialogue can also be employed to separate the two since it portrays constructive relationship without bringing conceptual unity that each advocates for since it considers pre assumptions, methods and concepts of the two (Anon 23). Finally, integration employs natural theology of nature and systemic theology to separate science and religion y considering each field’s strong points and possible contribution in the universe (Anon 27) In conclusion, both religious and secular organization plays a very vital role in decision making in the society. Though they differ in many aspects, policy makers should be biased when considering their opinions but should look at what may be beneficial in to the society while respecting individual’s beliefs. However, to ensure efficiency in the states operations, the state should act independent of the two. Works Cited Anon. What Are the Distinguishing Marks of Religion in America. Attached Document, 2011.February 24, 2011. Duncan, Ann & Jones, Steven. Church-state Issues in America Today: Religious convictions and practices. Westport, Greenwood Publishing, 2008. Print. Hibbard, Scott. Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States. Maryland: JHU Press, 2010. Print. Kerwin, Donald. Immigration Reform and the Catholic Church. Migration Information, 2006. Web. < https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/immigration-reform-and-catholic-church/ > Kleiman, Mark. Encyclopedia of Drug Policy. London, SAGE, 2011. Print. Lever-Tracy, Constance. Routledge Handbook of Climate Change and Society. Oxon, Taylor & Francis, 2010. Print. Wuthow, Robert. No contradictions here, Science, Religion and the Culture of all reasonable possibilities. 2011. Attached Document
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Organ Donation Registry Report Humanity is often faced with challenges such as disease, natural disasters, and war that cause us pain and suffering. While it is impossible to evade these harsh realities of human life, we can try to alleviate some of the sufferings through various efforts. The Ypsilanti Lions Club at Eastern Michigan University attempts to do just that even if at a small scale since we believe that even if our efforts positively affect only one person, then we will have given something valuable to humanity. Beginning 16 th February 2010 through to the 18 th the Ypsilanti Lions club organized the organ donation registry table whose main purpose was to invite people from all walks of life to literally give a piece of themselves to others. Considering the deficit of organs for transplantation in hospitals, this was indeed a very noble gesture. The event was set to be a part of an ongoing inter- campus challenge within various schools in the area. Its main aim was to provide information about the importance of organ donation and also register the members who were willing to participate in this noble cause. According to Jett, a writer with the Eastern Echo Newspaper, the students at the university were very positive about the whole process and were equally excited at the prospect of making a positive contribution to society on such a monumental issue. An organ donation specialist at the university, Ms. Boldon, devoted much of her time to spreading the word about the exercise. Boldon set up a Facebook page, contacted the radio stations about the event, and sent a lot of emails to ensure that people registered in their hundreds. The event was attended by some members of the Ypsilanti lions club of Eastern Michigan University, Ann Arbor Lions Club, and several other representatives from the MI eye bank and Gift of life organization throughout the three days. People flocked the table to gather information and at least 84 of them registered online after being satisfied by the information provided. What really moved me was the fact that people had over the years realized the importance of helping each other without expecting any gains. Volunteering to give someone else a piece of you so that they too can have a chance of living is not only humane but also a virtue that should be implemented by all. In one case, a man who had lost his wife to cancer 10years back came by and registered himself as a donor as if it were not enough he himself was suffering from bladder cancer but instead of self-loathing, he made a choice to help out those who with his organs would live longer. In addition to this, a lady in charge of the Faculty Development Center also came by and registered her name as a donor. These two examples show different people with different social statuses being joined in oneness towards a common goal to save humanity. The support offered by the university, the gift of life organization, and members of the public were indeed impressive. The international student office, women’s Center, and Lesbian, Gay and Transgender centers at the university had promised their support to this exercise and they fulfilled their obligations. According to Pietroski, the chief executive officer at the Gift of Life organization in Michigan, students are great supporters of organ donation exercises and the campus challenge is by far the most successful event in regards to donations. Since 2004 this challenge has inspired an estimated 22,000 people to sign in and as the years progress new methods are being implemented to ensure that the word reaches as many people as possible within the campus and in the communities around them. This is one of the initiatives that should be included in all the schools around the world. This is because the value of human life should be protected and maintained and this is one way to ensure that a life is saved and collectively it will be the salvation of humanity as a race. References Arbor, A. (2010). Join Mich. Organ Donor Registry; help U-M win Gift of Life Campus Challenge. Web. Gift of Life. (2010). Organ donation registration . Jett, C. (2010). Gift of Life encourages organ donation registration . Michigan: Eastern Echo.
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Introduction 2. The Stanford Prison Experiment 3. Nature of the experiment 4. Results of the Experiment 5. Application of the Findings 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Different psychological set ups can induce a variety of impacts on individuals subjected to such set ups. The prison set up is thus expected to have similar impacts on its inhabitants. Establishment of such impacts of the prisons set upon prisoners or prison guards was the basis of Stanford prison experiment that was carried out by Philip Zimbardo. This paper seeks to discus the experiment. The paper will look into the results of the study and apply such findings to the real life events that are experienced today. The Stanford Prison Experiment The experiment was meant to investigate the response that people develop when they are exposed to different environments from their original environmental set ups. Taking volunteers and posing them as prisoners was the test that was to reveal the acquired responses of such individuals. Nature of the experiment The individuals who were to assume the role of prison guards were not subjected to any form of formal training but were only offered a range of actions that they could take with respect to the experiment. The prisoners were on the other hand given shocking arrests that was followed by blind folding before they were driven to the experimental location. They were then subjected to humiliating experience that involved being stripped off their clothes, chained and subjected to an assimilated real prison setups. Results of the Experiment One of the results that were realized from the experiment was the level of rebellion that the prisoners developed after some time within the prison set up. The guards then called for reinforcement and resorted to forcefully counter the rebellion of their prisoners. Measures like confinement of rebellion leaders and intimidation of individual prisoners were then adopted by the guards. An adopted psychological treatment of the prisoners that involved interchange of privilege treatment was then proposed by one of the guards and adopted on the prisoners. This resulted in distrust among the prisoners and eventually weakened the organization of another rebellion. A level of psychological complications that included “acute emotional disturbance, disorganized thinking, uncontrollable crying and rage” (Zimbardo, n.d., p. 1) were however developed by the prisoners with difference in degrees leading to the release of one prisoner within two days. There was also a development of a planned escape by the prisoners (Zimbardo, n.d.). Review of the result of the experiment also revealed some developed characteristics. It was, for instance, realized that induced situations cause significant inconsistent reactions on individuals. Role acting was also realized to create some sense of actual individual reactions when circumstances are pushed to the extremes. It was also realized that changing an individual’s set up can also induce changes in individual’s behavior. Good people will for instance adopt bad characters if put in evil conditions (Zimbardo, Maslash & Haney, n.d.). Application of the Findings People generally react to any form of change that they are exposed to. One of the identified responses to changes in environmental set ups include attempts to withdraw from such changes. Such was the identified attempt by prisoners to escape from the set up (Leadership, 2004). Reactions of disorientation and emotional set ups are also common reactions together with anger (Resources, 2003). Conclusion The result of the experiment reveals that any induced change in environment induces psychological changes in people and consequently people find or develop ways to counter that. References Leadership. (2004). Pennsylvania child welfare training program . Web. Resources. (2003). Normal emotional reactions to change and transition . Web. Zimbardo, P. The Stanford prison experiment . Web. Zimbardo, P., Maslash, C & Haney, C. Revelations on the Stanford prisons experiment . Web.
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A Sign of Unreliability of an Article or Other Source Essay When doing research, it is essential for a student to make sure that the sources used are credible, strong, and reliable. Students have to provide evidence and support their information, especially when it comes to statistical data, hard numbers, or unknown facts. Unfortunately, if one refers to an unreliable or weak source, the credibility of their own research also reduces. However, there are several signs or “red flags” that allow me to spot a non-preferred source and avoid using it. For example, if an article does not have a reference list and never mentions any other authors and organizations, this is the sign for me not to cite it in my work. There are a couple of reasons to avoid a resource that does not have its own references. First of all, it is impossible to be certain that the facts and data mentioned in it are not corrupted or distorted (UTEP Connect, 2017). Typically, when an author provides accurate statistics, they are also interested in allowing readers to verify the information in the primary source and therefore include links in their articles (UTEP Connect, 2017). Thus, a missing list of sources hints at the text being unreliable or based on opinion rather than fact. Further, the second reason is related to plagiarism – a rather negative concept in research. It is evident that an article cannot be written by its author without an additional search for information. Therefore, in case facts are paraphrased, but the initial source is not mentioned, it is possible to say that the researcher plagiarizes other authors and does not give credit to their ideas and findings (Lee, 2020, para. 2). Moreover, as stated by Lee (2020), “a source that has no citations at all, or those that present non-verifiable links (broken, in-active links, or links that lead to unrelated material) as evidence should be an immediate red flag” (para. 3). Therefore, when doing my research, I avoid such articles in order not to promote made-up information or plagiarism. References Lee, H. G. (2020). How to distinguish between reliable and unreliable sources online . Inkspire. Web. UTEP Connect. (2017). 4 ways to differentiate a good source from a bad source . UTEP. Web.
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Importance of Role of Contracts in Sports Law Essay (Critical Writing) It is today common to refer to a section of law known as sports law, but in reality, there is no distinct section of the law referred to as ‘sports law’. This, in a way, reflects the importance with which contract law is viewed in sports. In the recent past, sports have seen an immense growth spurt and with these legal issues have arisen. The growth has brought with it increased legal involvement in the many operations and management of sports. This has made these laws that find application in sports to be referred to as ‘sports law’. Important to note is that these laws which find application in sports are the same ones that are applied in all human activities and projects (Sullivan 2010). They are not just unique to sports, even though they have demonstrated their importance in the running of the sport. One of the laws which play a truly vital part in the regulation of sports activities is the law of contract. It finds application in the sporting world and has allowed the players and teams to come to a mutual understanding and for both parties to have their wants met. Contract law in sports prevents the player from behaving badly; these actions can lead to a bad reputation of the player which translates to a team’s poor reputation. It prevents the team from getting any bad publicity from the actions or words of its players. It is important in that it assures the player of their team position and by offering the sense of security; it encourages a player to give his or her all to the team. It also ensures the team’s security in knowing that the player is committed to it according to the terms set. Another importance of contracts of law to sports is that it ensures both the terms and conditions that are desired by the player and team are met. This ensures the satisfaction of both parties, and that they are not breached since it is legally binding (Sullivan 2010). The law of contract in sports may require changes or adjustments in correlation with some contracts mostly those which incorporate international agreements, for example, the world anti-doping code or some contracts which involve many parties. Contracts of law, therefore, differ depending on the level of the sport and the type of sport, and there is no one contract that applies to all sports (Sullivan 2010). The importance of the role of contract law in sports is seen in the case of Buckenara versus Hawthorn Football Club ltd in March of 1987. The plaintiff (Buckenara) filed a case against Hawthorn Football club (the defendant), for a breach in a contract that they had agreed upon in the year 1984. In the agreement, Buckenara had signed a contract to play for Hawthorn football club for two years. The contract had an optional clause that stipulated that it had the right to make an extension that would see the player stay with the team for two more years (Gillies 2008). This extension of the contract could be made without the consent of the player. According to Buckenara, he had entered into a collateral oral contract with the football club (through its agent Lauritz). In this oral contract, they agreed to treat the optional clause as, not binding and, therefore, not enforceable against Buckenara. The case arose due to the enforcement of this optional clause which extended the player’s period by two years. This is the reason the plaintiff filed the case as a breach of the oral contract made earlier. The defendant, in turn, filed a counterclaim that the written contract was binding and that Buckenara should not play for any other team apart from Hawthorn football club during the term of the agreement (Gillies 2008). References Gillies, P 2008, Concise contract law, Federation Press, Sydney. Sullivan, A 2010, ‘The Role of Contract in Sports Law’, Australian and New Zealand Sports Law Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 3-25.
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G.M.A. Richter compared the Hellenistic bronze statuette of Herakles, also known as a drunken Herakles from the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, to another bronze statuette in the Museo di Antichità di Parma (Italy). The author notices that Richter’s reconstruction of the arms is impossible because the tension and the bulging of the muscles are different in these two statuettes. 1 The New York Herakles was most likely a part of a group since neither his face nor his posture indicates ‘drunkenness’; this Herakles is somewhat similar to a marble group depicting Heracles’ wrestle with Antaios. 2 The hair, the torsos, and the legs of the statuettes are similar, although the marble group is not as finely modeled as the bronze one. 3 Richter notices that New York Herakles must have wrestled too, but his hands were in another position. 4 He concludes that New York Herakles is not connected to the Herakles in Parma, but most likely is a part of a group; the Libyan giant Antaios also might belong to this group. Greek Mosaics in Their Architectural and Social Context Pebble mosaics were widespread in Greece at the end of the fifth century BC, but nor earlier – before that, they were used as a flooring material. The tessellated mosaics became more popular than pebbled ones in the third or second century BC. 5 Pebble mosaics were used in a dining room called ‘andron’. Such mosaics were waterproof and easy to clean. The ‘andron’ was often visited by guests during symposia that aimed to perfect the ties between them, while the decorations of the house were to impress the guests. Certain motifs (Dionysos and wine) could be found both in pebble and tessellated mosaics. 6 Mosaics were composed in a way that all visitors could observe them; the most important person of the symposium would have had the best view. The houses in Macedonia are also examined to understand the role of mosaics. Their intention was to show the generosity of the host and emphasize the scale of the party. 7 Apparently, concludes the author, Hellenistic houses were more luxurious than Classical ones; the houses were decorated so that the visitors would surely pay attention to this luxury. By the second century, marble mosaic chips were also used in working areas and courts or as an imitation of luxury in the less expensive houses. 8 Luxury houses were a sign of the host’s high position in social order, and exquisite mosaics were one of the several tools to prove it. Greek Sculpture and Roman Taste Roman sculptors often copied Greek sculptures, and such copies were sometimes an insipid example of machine work, not a masterpiece. However, some of the statues were created by brilliant artists, masters of the copying, e.g. the statue of Meleager of the Fogg Museum of Art was a copy of a work created by Skopas three hundred years earlier. 9 These copies were imported to various countries and decorated luxurious houses of the wealthy. The size of the copies could vary; sometimes measurements were doubled or reduced. Some copyists (Sulla, Septimius Severus) copied statues in reverse and these works appeared to be originals. Attributes of the copies could be manipulated to create an impression that the statue was a new idea of the sculptor, e.g. Venus Genetrix is supposed to be a copy of a statue commissioned by Julius Caesar. Later copies of the Greek statues became public ornaments. 10 Nevertheless, these copies remain to be the best example of the Greek sculpture and Roman taste. Footnotes 1. John F. Kenfield III, “A Bronze Herakles in the Metropolitan Museum: Drunkard or Wrestler?” American Journal of Archaeology 80, no. 4 (1976): 415. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., 418. 4. Ibid. 5. Ruth Westgate, “Greek Mosaics in Their Architectural and Social Context,” Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 42, no. 1 (1997-98): 93. 6. Ibid., 102. 7. Ibid., 106. 8. Ibid., 111. 9. Cornelius C. Vermeule, “Greek Sculpture and Roman Taste,” Boston Museum Bulletin 65, no. 342 (1967): 175. 10. Ibid., 188.
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In her speech, Sanger supports the argument that the American women should have the right to learn more about the birth control because of their responsibility for the personal health and happiness in contrast to the social and religious discussions of the issue. While focusing on the examples of bias provided in the speech, it is necessary to mention that Sanger is rather radical in dividing the society into three groups and in discussing their particular features and differences. Thus, discussing the third category, Sanger not only describes the representatives of the group as ‘irresponsible’ and ‘reckless’, but she also declares that in the first place, these people should not be allowed to have children. The fallacies in the speech are also observed, and they are associated with Sanger’s discussion of the role of Christianity in forming the people’s moral principles. To evoke the audience’s emotions, the speaker chooses to discuss the Christian teaching as a failure and to blame the church for women’s moral dependence. From this point, the specific rhetorical devices used to support the ideas are parallelism to convey the message about the church’s role, personification to discuss the role of Nature, and hyperboles to emphasize the quality of the provided arguments. Sanger’s main argument is that all the women have the right to decide about the birth control because only women can evaluate their life and health without the impact of moral norms or religion. Moreover, both adult men and women should be equal in discussing their family plans. The speaker addresses arguments and counterarguments while presenting the provocative ideas as the solutions to cope with the audience’s problems and avoid the imposed opinions. Sanger chooses to contrast the previous social approaches and the modern opportunities while accentuating the absence of the results earlier and the modern great potential for happiness and prosperity. Discussing the effectiveness of the arguments, it is necessary to note that Sanger uses ethos while stating her credibility as one of the researchers who were interested in conducting the survey on the morality of the birth control. In order to support her position, Sanger notes that even the known opponents of the idea participated in the research. While referring to logos, Sanger recalls the survey results and the scientists’ opinions on the problem. However, Sanger most effectively uses the appeal to the audience’s emotions, while provoking the refusal of traditions and moral norms. Furthermore, Sanger stresses on the rights of children to be desired and on the contradictions between the persons’ rights for dignity and choice instead of being ignored and deprived of chances. From this point, Sanger’s arguments can be discussed as effective because the speaker appropriately utilizes such rhetoric appeals as ethos, logos, and pathos.
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The author describes how the concept ‘global’ being quite new in the field of marketing than the concept ‘multinational’ is threatening the latter due to the change in the mentality and preferences of customers worldwide which have turned into what he calls “ relentlessly homogenized ” (Levitt 3). He has rightly called the concept of global corporations absolute and multinational corporations obsolete. He presents a clear picture of how the national or local cultures today are not getting enough importance in front of the “high tech” and “high touch” global products that have flooded the worldwide market. The author has presented wonderful examples of people craving modern western goods at low prices from all over the world and every sphere of life. People from interior areas of poor countries, countries affected by war and fundamentalism, and fighting for their day-to-day lives are not exceptions. That has led to the smuggling of western clothing electronic goods, cosmetics, automobiles, and even pirated movies. His examples support very well the idea that he wanted to present in the article. The author has stated that the customer of today wants standardized products available as it is throughout the world rather than customized products modified to suit their national or local cultures. The example of Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola has been rightly stated by him as an example of success which has conquered the taste buds of people irrespective of their national, religious, or ethnic differences. According to him, the whole world loved them equally with their same “ taste, flavor, consistency, effervescence and aftertaste ” (Levitt 3) everywhere. The author thinks this success was not something exceptional. He opines rightly, “ Indeed, their global reach would be even greater were it not for artificial trade barriers ” (Levitt 3). It cannot be denied that in today’s market the cost of the products matters a lot. The combination of reliability, quality, price, and delivery makes a perfect package for a customer anywhere in the world for “ products that are globally identical with respect to design, function and even fashion ” (Levitt 4). The author has defined “ scarcity, the difficulty of acquisition and transience ” (Levitt 7) as the driving force of the market today. The customers, though considered as the king, are not from royal status everywhere but they want products of the same high grade in a price range they can afford. The ‘global’ companies are therefore providing quality things at low prices and strengthening their hold over the market whereas the multinationals that focus on high-priced customized products are lagging in competition (Hill 27). The author however states that the products that are sold to different countries by a global company should suit the rules of that country. He states the example of Japan which exports cars with left-hand drives to some countries and right-hand drives to some. It won’t be correct to think that the Japanese companies are not global because “ National rules of the road differ, and so do distribution channels and languages. Japan’s distinction is its unrelenting push for the economy and value enhancement ” (Levitt 5). The whole article is extremely mind-capturing and informative. The author has been able to able to make it clear why it is necessary to go global rather than being multinational. The article has been supported by suiting examples and proverbs. He has compared global companies with a hedgehog who knows everything about a great thing and the multinational with the fox who knows a lot about a lot of things. The article is a successful effort of comparing the two. Works cited Hill, Charles W. L. International business: competing in the global marketplace . Ed 4. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2003. Levitt, Theodore. The globalization of markets. The McKinsey Quarterly , 17.2, (1984): 2-20.
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In this respect, a human being was thought of as a divine creature full of insights and attributes are given from above. On the contrary, ancient literature places the main characters in their relation to gods’ will. Thus, it is seen in the example of at least four outstanding works of ancient times. It touches upon The Epic of Gilgamesh , Genesis , The Illiad , and Nicomachean Ethics . On the example of these works, one can state the idea of the dependency of the main heroes’ destinies in accordance with their arrangement scheduled in heaven. First of all, it is significant to start with The Epic of Gilgamesh . In this, probably, the most ancient work of literature in the world one can have lots of evidence where gods are trying to direct the main hero, Gilgamesh, in his journey with Enkidu after having been exiled from the ancient city of Uruk. Both became friends and showed brevity while opposing to gods’ admonitions. It is seen when they defeated Humbaba and killed the Bull of Heaven. In this respect, the epic highlights a peculiar place, Cedar Mountain. Thereupon, the Epic of Gilgamesh reads: “Then they saw the Cedar Mountain, the Dwelling of the Gods, the throne dais of Imini” (Gilgamesh Tablet V). The journey of Gilgamesh and Enkidu shows the fate of a man who is designed for fulfilling a definite destination prescribed by gods. In other words, it is applicable that the ancient Sumerian society was highly devoted to different gods. Gilgamesh was considered to be half a man and half a god. One of the tablets describes Gilgamesh as “having the flesh of the gods in his body” (Gilgamesh Tablet X). Moreover, Gilgamesh should go through the ordeals of gods to make people living in the city of Uruk more enlightened. This idea is more emphasized since Gilgamesh meets a flood hero, Utanapishtim sent to him (as well as Enkidu) by gods. It resulted in Uruk’s turning out to be Uruk-Haven (Gilgamesh Tablet XI). Genesis goes closer to Gilgamesh . In fact, some facts concerning the Great Flood and the use of the sacred number of “seven” are common between the two. It is no surprise, for both works were created approximately in the same part of the world (Palestine and Arabia). Genesis is addressed to humanity starting with the divine creation of the world and finishing with the settlement of Israeli people in Egypt. The narrative in the book of Genesis is constructed to depict that God created the society of people. Hence, God controls peoples’ lives. Starting with the Eden and up to the lineage of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the book catches the eye on how God’s word works over people who obey or disobey Him. The tandem of a man with God is felt in Sarah’s pregnancy, in Abraham’s prosperity, and in Joseph’s humility before God that resulted in his wisdom and success in Egyptian society (Genesis Chapter 50). The Illiad is the eminent work of Ancient Greece by Homer. The legend is also designed to depict the rites and beliefs of Greek society. Moreover, gods’ participation in peoples’ destinies is felt when they (gods) provide or eliminate obstacles for the main heroes. It is the gods who provoked the Trojan War. However, Homer depicts generally how people should follow the inscriptions by gods. It is seen in multiple appeals of the characters in the legend to gods. The ancient society of Greece, thus, was fully involved in interpreting good things and events with gods’ pleasure about Greeks. On the other hand, all negative outcomes were definitely related to the rage of Zeus, Hera, and other gods. Homer comments on it by words of Achilles: “…for the gods ever hear the prayers of him who has obeyed them” (Homer Book I). At last, Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle is the demonstration of more philosophical than mythological implications on the significance of ethically positive attitudes to gods for the stability of society. Hence, Aristotle admits: “…though it is worth, while to attain the end merely for one man, it is finer and more godlike to attain it for a nation or for city-states” (Aristotle Book I:2). This idea is far-reaching, for Aristotle knew that the stability of the society is grounds on a specific pivot, i.e. ideology. Such ideology is inscribed in strong beliefs of people in that they are constantly controlled by gods on Olympus. Otherwise, Aristotle strictly outlines that it is people who are obliged to be thankful to gods, “for it seems absurd that the gods should be referred to our standard” (Aristotle Book I:12). Thus, illustrations of people and events described in the four aforementioned ancient works tend to point out the significance of gods’ will over peoples’ lives. The dependency of the main heroes’ destinies in accordance with their arrangement scheduled in heaven is apparent. However, it was common for ancient people who had less progress of mind implied in scientific inventions and technological breakthroughs. Nevertheless, examples of the examined works put a reader into the picture about morality in relation to living in society. Works cited Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics (350 B.C.E). Translated by Ross, William D., 1994. Web. Genesis. The holy Bible, King James . North Charlottesville: University of Virginia. Web. Homer. The Illiad (800 B.C.E.). Translated by Butler Samuel, 1994. Web. The Epic of Gilgamesh . Web.
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Nuclear Weapons in the “Iranium” Documentary Essay (Movie Review) “Iranium” is a highly interesting documentary on the recent history of Iran and its strive to develop a nuclear weapons program in the last decades. Unlike many other sources and documentaries on the issue, this film really delves deeply into the political and religious roots of the Iranian leadership and society, leading the country to become an adversary of the United States. It was interesting to learn how the Iranian government, beginning with Ayatollah Khomeini, has shaped an absolute hatred of the U.S. that has led to support of its violent policy that cannot be easily appeased. As the documentary notes, the Iranian society with its ancient roots of deep cultural traditions and many intelligent minds has been vehemently “hijacked” by extremists. Now, many decades later, the extremist leaders and their policies are supported by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard and terrorist groups such as Hezbollah. It was surprising to learn the extent of how large, well-funded, and powerful both organizations have become, embedded into Iranian government and economy. The aspect which was the most engaging was in the latter parts of the documentary, discussing on how the Iranian nuclear program can be addressed on the international stage. There are a myriad of opinions ranging from military strikes to diplomacy to sanctions. However, it was most appalling how in the discussion of a doomsday scenario of an Iranian nuclear attack, the very same extremist philosophy mentioned earlier would make them disregard the key principle upheld by nuclear nations, mutually assured destruction. Due to their religious beliefs, it would actually benefit them to pursue total annihilation (“Iranium”). This was a perspective I have not heard or considered beforehand, and in terms of international security, the pursuit of a nuclear program by Iran becomes even more troubling. Works Cited “Iranium.” YouTube , uploaded by Lord Iván Emiro Cañas Gutiérrez. 2015. Web.
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“Child Health in America, Making a Difference Through Advocacy” by Palfrey Essay In coherent society people draw more and more attention to questions of children care. It became clear for people that future of the world is impossible without healthy and well educated children which will be able to continue developing of our society. That is why there is a great number of different health care programs which main aim is to guarantee good and professional treatment for children, protection of their rights and good education. A lot of different authors devote their works to investigation of these programs, their peculiarities, history of development of certain key points and main actions in these programs. The book Child Health in America, Making a Difference through Advocacy by Judith Palfrey is devoted to investigation of the question of child health system in America, its peculiarities and key points in its history. The second chapter is devoted to investigation of the question of a history of a child health advocacy. It states the fact that a health advocacy has been a traditional component of a health care system of the USA. People always draw a lot of attention to this question and tried to guarantee children good and qualified medical services. The chapter also describes contribution which some prominent people made to this sphere. The most interesting was to read about Abraham Jacobi and Job Lewis Smith which are taken as founders of American pediatrics. They were first to understand that there is a great need in some change. That is why they created their own system which combined main principles of public health advocacy in order to create professional and effective system which will be able to provide medical services, especially for children. One of the main factors which influenced these two men was a great difference between mortality of children from poor and rich families. With this in mind, they just wanted to create system which would be able to cover all layers of society. They also tried to improve conditions under which children lived as bad water supply and some other factors led to increase of infectious diseases. Moreover, the first public health campaign was organized by these two men. It was an attempt to decrease number of cases of diarrhea that is why a special brochure was made where nine steps to avoid it were described. Another problem touched in this chapter is lack of doctors which were ready to administer medical aid for children. It really surprises how these two men managed to lay the basis for a modern medical system, facing so many obstacles on their way. The chapter also describes activity of Jane Adams and Alice Hamilton which opened the first Hull House in Chicago. This action was the crucial moment in the history of American child advocacy. The main idea of this center was to help different families which come to America from different countries. It was an attempt to improve conditions under which children had to live as very often these conditions were main factors which led to childrens death and different severe diseases. Having read this article, it is possible to conclude that some facts in history of American child advocacy are very surprising. It is impossible to imagine that people could live under such horrible conditions. We should never let it happen again and devote many efforts to further improvement of this sphere. References Palfrey, J. S. (2006). Child Health in America: Making a Difference through Advocacy. American Academy of Pediatrics.
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The department’s goals should align with its strategy and mission in order to ensure that performance measurement answers questions that directly relate to established objectives. Through detailed data collection and analysis, the department can identify problems and subsequently address them. They can include such issues as compensation, staffing decisions, employees’ professional development feedback, communication, coaching, guidance, and improvement. Other components of performance management can include leadership training and setting performance standards for achieving the department’s goals. Department’s Vision and Strategic Goals It was chosen to discuss the strategic vision of the Information technology Department (ITD) at DEWA. The department’s vision is creating a sustainable and innovative world-class utility. The vision is reinforced by the attention to such values as stakeholder satisfaction, technological innovation, sustainability, excellence, and good governance. In order to achieve the vision, the ITD at DEWA set out such strategies as learning and growth (e.g., retaining and attracting talent, workforce motivation), internal processes strategies (e.g., lean operations, services’ digitization, exponential project management), stakeholder satisfaction (ensuring stakeholder happiness), and triple bottom line (e.g., cost optimization, social responsibility, and minimized environmental footprint). Through establishing key performance indicators for each strategy, the department is able to measure whether its vision is accomplished. Possible KPIs include talent retention rates, stakeholder satisfaction rates, cost reduction rates, and many more. For instance, in cases when retention rates were high, when the department’s spending decreased, and profits increased, or when stakeholders showed high rates of satisfaction with the department’s work, the goals were considered to be achieved. For managing the identified measures, the department defined tools and methods of measurement, made a plan of activities, defined resources available to it, and assigned people to conduct measurements. Quality and Its Dimensions Because of the complex nature of the concept of quality, eight dimensions have been developed to provide an in-depth explanation. The eight dimensions of quality that companies around the world use to win customers’ preferences are the following: 1. Performance: a product or service does everything mentioned in its specifications; e.g., a compass points to the North (Vrindavan, 2014). 2. Features: a product or service has all specified features; e.g., a dish includes all ingredients mentioned on the menu. 3. Reliability: are specifications performed consistently; e.g., a car’s airbags came out during an accident. 4. Conformance: are specifications of a product or service perform as specified; e.g., a smartphone’s camera shoots 4k videos. 5. Durability: does a product last for as long as specified; e.g., a washing machine surpasses a 10-year warranty. 6. Serviceability: can a product be maintained or fixed quickly; e.g., are spare parts to an automobile readily available (Hilnbrand, 2017). 7. Aesthetics: does a product has an aesthetic appeal and does it attract customers; e.g., a laptop has an ergonomic design. 8. Perception: does customer perception align with the representation of a product; e.g., customers give a vacuum cleaner high ratings. As seen from the list of quality dimensions above, a product or a service should possess a list of characteristics that can influence customer satisfaction. Quality is often associated with brand reputation and customer retention, which means that a process of quality management and control should be put in place in order to win customers’ attention. References Hilnbrand, J. (2017). Garvin’s 8 dimensions of quality in digital design . Web. Vrindavan, M. (2014). What are the “dimensions of quality” – in total quality management? Web.
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Council for the Development of French in Louisiana Dissertation Introduction The American Psychological Association (APA 2002) defined culture as systems of principles and ideas and adopted values that affect language acquisition and educational systems as well as customs, social behavior and practices. APA defined multicultural diversity as a broad term that accommodate race, ethnicity, education, gender, disability and other cultural orientations. Each cultural orientation has unique social, educational and psychological issues and concerns. Main body Louisiana state community has seven main lines of heritage and parentage namely, French, Spanish (periods of colonization). There are African Americans, British, Irish, Italian and German (by immigration). According to US census, 2000, 9.2% of the total population of the 5 years and up speaks a foreign language other than English at home, 4.66% of Louisiana population of the age 5 years and up speaks French Language and 2.53% of the population of the same age group speak Spanish. Recognizing this cultural diversity, the Louisiana administration created, by Act 409, the Council for the Development of French in Louisiana (CODOFIL) in 1968. The purpose of CODOFIL is to do all possible effort needed to achieve development, operation, and conservation of the French language in Louisiana for all aspects of state benefit whether educational, enriching, profitable or tourist. Furthermore, Louisiana administration was the first state to authorize compulsory second language education in grades 4 to 8 in 1984. In 1997, Louisiana Department of Education published guidelines foreign language content standards. In this context, the activities of CODOFIL are educational (foreign language educational model in elementary schools), cultural to the French speaking Louisiana community (publishing house, tourist information centre, translation, and French dictionaries publishing) and strengthening Louisiana ties with the international Francophone community. The research question can be one in the context and rationale of multicultural diversity as what is the role-played CODFIL in different settings, social, educational and cultural environment of the Louisiana community. The research to answer this question includes the following hypothesis, how to identify the importance of multicultural difference and capacity for physical response and how to utilize the concept of multicultural diversity in education. The answer to research question may also involve how important a conducting culture centred organization as CODFIL can develop ethnic, linguistic and cultural backgrounds of a minority population in Louisiana. Conclusion The main function of CODFIL is to conserve and develop French language in the Louisiana multicultural community, in this context most of its activities are done in participation with many international French speaking universities and communities. Teachers from France, Belgium, and French Africa perform language teaching. Alternatively, the research question can be how this cultural diversity of supporting bodies and those who execute the policy reflect itself to the recipient community.
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A critical review of Modern History Source book by Macauley Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Summary 3. Evaluation 4. Bibliography Introduction In the modern history source book, Thomas Macauley talks about the reign of Thomas Cromwell’s during his tenure as a commissioner of the army. Macauley’s presentation is in the form of an essay in which he argues and analyses historical events that transpired when Cromwell was in power. This review circulates around the arguments and evaluates the quality of Macauley’s writing with a keen focus on the weaknesses of the story (Macauley. 1880). Summary This section is made up of Macauley’s narration on how Cromwell established and controlled his army. Macauley starts his story by stating the kind of parliaments in existence. He further describes the kind of men who are in power and the diverse moral grounds on which they base their leadership. He says that those men were in an independent religion. Macauley further describes Oliver Cromwell’s achievements. He says that Cromwell was more than forty years old when he agreed to become one of the commissioners in the parliamentary army. Cromwell is the center of attention when his party becomes powerful. This is depicted when he noticed the weaknesses and strengths of royalists and came up with strategies to counter them. He redesigned his army and recruited God fearing members for public liberty. The writer says that Cromwell’s ability came to surface in the year 1644 in Essex’s southern region where he became a victor. He managed to head an entire army and dismissed Essex from power. Moreover, Macauley terms Cromwell’s army as a different breed from Essex soldiers. Macauley further narrates that soldiers who are supposed to form army parliaments should be at liberty to make resolutions for the states. Thus, becoming the most fearful and worst force in the region. “Cromwell’s army had some level of morality and God’s fear that encompassed all the ranks,” says the writer. He continues to say that there were no visible oaths, neither drinking of alcohol, adultery nor gambling in their camps. The only observed weakness in Cromwell’s leadership was the act of restraining his army from invading pulpits owned by ministers in cathedrals. Evaluation This part is made up of an evaluation of the writer’s story. Macauley narrates about ancient leadership in Europe that revolves around Cromwell Oliver. He describes all the events that led to Cromwell’s rise and his entire reign. Moreover, the writer points out the most crucial activities that took place in during Cromwell’s leadership. Macauley is biased in his story. It is obvious that any legend that happened to lead a people must have a fall. Cromwell’s success dominates the story as the writer does not state how his reign came to an end. In addition, there are many leaders in the story other than Cromwell, but there is no point where the writer states how these leaders challenged Cromwell in wars. He only explains how Cromwell defeated them (Macauley. 1880). Finally, Macauley is too verbose and technical in writing. This makes it difficult for an average reader to comprehend. For instance, he states, “The ecclesiastical polity of the kingdom was remodeled” (p.90). This statement has a technical term thus it makes it hard for an average reader to understand it. Such readers might get frustrated when trying to find the authors meaning. These are some of Macauley’s weaknesses. In conclusion, the review has evaluated the Modern History Source book by Thomas Macauley. The writer does a wonderful writing work that illustrates the ancient political events in Cromwell’s leadership. However, his narration is filled with biasness and the use of technical terms that are not easily understandable (Macauley. 1880). Bibliography Macauley, Thomas B. “History of England” Accession of King James II (1880):90-95.
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The Effect of Crude Oil Price Increase on the Economy Research Paper Introduction Demand and supply are the foundations of any economic analysis as the interaction of the two forms a market. The law of demand and supply works in opposite ways in the sense that, when the prices of commodities changes, demand and supply change in opposite direction holding other factors constant. The magnitude of change of demand and supply depends on the type of the commodity in question. For instance, demand or supply of some commodities respond more than changes in price as compared to others. This brings us to the concept of elasticity of goods. In addition, it is not only price that affects demand and supply of goods, there are other factors that would affect the market such as changes in technology, taste and preferences, favorable climatic conditions and many other factors. This paper explores how various factors affect changes in demand and supply. Event Various determinants of supply and demand often change. For instance, the price of goods can increase or decrease, the cost of production can increase, the price of the substitutes and complementary commodities can change, and consumers’ tastes and preferences can also change among others. Consider an event in which the price of crude oil increases to $150 per barrel. The change affects a number of commodities in the economy as shown in the diagram below. Figure 1.0 Explanation From figure 1.0, crude produces a number of products such as diesel and petroleum. Diesel is consumed as a factor of production and in transportation. The other products are used for various activities. For instance, bitumen is used in road construction. Diesel is used as a factor of production of good and services such as sugar. An increase in the price of crude oil causes an increase in the price of diesel. Diesel is used in production of sugar. An increase in price of diesel results to an increase in cost of production. This causes a reduction in supply of sugar. Therefore, an increase in the price of crude oil affects the supply side of the economy. Demand and supply of sugar before changes Figure 1.1 Explanation Figure 1.1 shows the initial equilibrium status of sugar before the changes in the price of crude oil. DD 1 shows the demand curve while SS 1 shows the supply curve. Intersection of the two curves yields the equilibrium. P 1 is the equilibrium price while Q 1 is the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied. Demand and supply of sugar after changes Figure 1.2 Explanation An increase in the price of crude oil to $150 per barrel causes an increase cost of factors of production. An increase in the cost of production leads to a decline in quantity of sugar supplied. The decline in supply is shown by an inward shift of the supply curve from SS 1 to SS 2 . The shift makes the equilibrium position to change. Price increase from P 1 to P 2 . The equilibrium quantity of sugar supplied decreases from Q 1 to Q 2 . Conclusion The paper explains the effect of an increase in the price of crude oil on the economy. From the discussion above, it is apparent that an increase in the price of crude oil affects the supply side of the economy. It increases the cost of production of goods and services. This results to increase in price of goods and services and a decline in the equilibrium quantity.
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The encountered educational pathway into my future nursing profession and practice provided me with a large body of knowledge and learning experience. I genuinely hope that the degree I have obtained significantly changed my knowledge and skills in a meaningful way to help me become a dedicated nurse and perform a transformative role as a healthcare provider. In personal terms, the attained knowledge has laid a fundamental groundwork to be at the forefront of advancing the health and welfare of the nation. Today, it is particularly important to remind me of the underlying reason, which made me choose this profession and evolve as a nurse practitioner. The decision to become a nurse was driven by a strong determination to develop servant leadership qualities within my future occupation and considerably contribute to the society I live in. The medical workers always prove to be the ones making a significant change on a global level, particularly during the spread of the pandemic, as it happened in 2020. My key inspiration comprised my accomplishments, dedication to excellence in patient care, and preparedness for never-ending challenges (Weberg, Porter-O’Grady, Mangold, and Malloch, 2018). However, an essential impetus was the obscure role of healthcare heroes in the ordinary life of civil society, which I aimed to explore and engage myself in. As of now, my professional journey begins and sets a broad path of opportunities and challenges in my future career as a nurse. I am determined to become a nurse manifesting leadership qualities, empathy, emotional stability, critical thinking, open-mindless, versatility, flexibility, assertiveness, ethics, and reliability in my nursing practice. Most importantly, I aim to build robust relationships with my patients based on trust, respect, and constant assistance in their arduous journey. This represents the growth and change I envision for myself in my nursing career. By becoming a nurse, I promise myself and my future team and patients to serve societal health with a persistent sense of human dignity, integrity, independence, altruism, and social equity. Reference Weberg, D., Porter-O’Grady, T., Mangold, K., & Malloch, K. (2018). Leadership in nursing practice . Jones & Bartlett Learning.
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The conflict between Visigoths and Rome was especially problematic (Dunstan 2010). Moreover, it has left the city devastated, and it was nearly impossible to recover at that point (“Bubbles Map”). Bubbles Map. Also, it is paramount to understand the core reasons behind this conflict and what could have led to such complications. One of the biggest problems that should not be disregarded is that Visigoths were looking for a territory where they could settle, and Rome was an outstanding option because it was one of the biggest cities at that time. Moreover, another issue that needs to be discussed is that Honorius and Alaric had a serious disagreement (Heather 2005). The biggest problem is that the leader of Visigoths has agreed to help Stilicho, who has promised to pay four thousand gold. However, he was no longer alive, and Alaric was incredibly frustrated by the fact that he may no longer get the money. Also, it is necessary to mention that many believed that his goal was to attack Ravenna, but it was not the case, and he was determined to conquer Rome. Moreover, the problem is that the city was incredibly dependent on imports, and Alaric understood that this approach would lead to starvation (“Conflict Tree”). Conflict Tree. The peace that has been suggested was not beneficial, and Alaric has demanded all the gold that present in the city. Another aspect that is worth noting is that he wanted to get access to all the barbarian slaves, and this indicates that he could have other motives besides profit. It was evident that Rome would not be able to win the fight, and they have reached an agreement, but the problem is that it was not possible to collect the necessary resources. Also, Alaric has made a suggestion to collaborate with Rome if aristocratic hostages are freed (Moorhead & Stuttard 2010). The problem is that many other complications have been introduced. Alaric has camped outside of the city, and he thought that it can be used as an outstanding opportunity to get concessions from the government. Moreover, it is paramount to note that most negotiations were not successful. Honorius understood that Rome was significantly weakened, and numerous complications would occur if he agreed to accept the demands of Visigoths. One of the core factors that have led to the Sack of Rome that happened in 410 was an attack by one of the allies of the Roman leader (Kohn 2006). The problem is that they have planned a meeting, and such a situation was not expected. Moreover, it can be viewed as an efficient strategy, but the problem is that Alaric was able to survive the attack and decided that the conflict may not be resolved peacefully at this point (“Onion Analysis”). Onion Analysis. In conclusion, it is evident that it is one of the most significant conflicts and can be viewed as one of the best examples of bargaining and negation. Moreover, it is entirely possible that it could have been avoided and resolved peacefully. Reference List Dunstan, WE 2010, Ancient Rome , Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, MA. Web. Heather, P 2005, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A new history of Rome and the barbarians , Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Web. Kohn, GC 2006, Dictionary of Wars , Infobase Publishing, New York, NY. Web. Moorhead, S & Stuttard, D 2010, AD410: The year that shook Rome , Getty Publications, Los Angeles, CA. Web.
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Introduction 2. Article Review 3. Conclusion 4. Reference Introduction The article “Strategy & Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility” by Michael E. Porter and Mark R. Kramer sets out to demonstrate the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in today’s business environment. The authors are accredited experts in the field of CSR and are therefore better placed to shed some light on how business entities can improve the social and environmental consequences of their activities. Throughout the paper, the authors highlight the successes that CSR concepts have had in making businesses socially and environmentally friendly. They also discuss the common misconceptions held by businesses in regard to the application and impact of CSR to business practices. This paper shall discuss some of the arguments forwarded by the authors in regard to the general understanding of CSR, its importance in strategy formulation, and demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of the authors’ points. Article Review The authors begin by stating that while CSR is currently an inescapable priority to businesses due to pressure from the government, media and activists, the efforts by businesses to account for the environmental and social consequences of their activities have not reached their maximum potential. From this observation, the authors theorize that strategic CSR is characterized by the acknowledgement of the interdependence between the company and the society (Porter & Kramer, 2006). To support this theory, the authors claim that the inadequacies exhibited by companies in their effort to showcase CSR is as a result of the fact that the ranking used to measure CSR performance of companies put them against society, and force companies to view CSR generically as opposed to ways that can improve the firms competitiveness. The authors emphasize on shared value as the central concept of their article. According to the authors, the successful integration of business and society relies primarily on decision making processes that produce beneficial choices to both parties. They argue that CSR is currently inefficient because business and society focus their attention on the tension that exists between them rather than their intersection (Porter & Kramer, 2006). To solve this issue, the authors suggest that a company should identify the points of intersection, choose the social issue to address, create a corporate social agenda, integrate inside-out and outside-in practices, and create a social dimension to the value proposition. The central argument of the paper is that current approaches used to facilitate CSR are separated from the business to an extent whereby many companies fail to seize the great opportunities that can effectively benefit society. According to the authors, moral obligation, sustainability, license to operate and reputation have been used to justify and define CSR. These four concepts are the specific hypotheses for this article. The authors use quantitative research methods (correlative, case study and descriptive research designs) to test these hypotheses. Through these research designs, Porter and Kramer (2006) provide proof of how each concept can be used to form a case for CSR. They also show how each concept is inadequate in the integration process. To support their claim, the authors use various case studies (Nestle’ District, Whole Foods market, and GE among others) to substantiate their arguments. In addition, the evidence they provide is supported by adequate examples, which can be used to analyze the effectiveness of CSR approaches used by different companies. Through out the article, the authors have used various theoretic and practical concepts to advance their claim. As such, the value positions of their argument are clear, concise and logical. Porter & Kramer (2006) emphasize on the importance of integrating business and society by discussing an array of benefits that companies may accrue from such intersections. Considering the immense pressure companies face from the public to improve their CSR approaches, this article provides such companies with a foundation from which strategic and responsive CSR can be achieved. he article has new concepts and facts that can be used by researchers and business leaders to advance their scope of thinking in regard to CSR. As such, the article is a great and valuable addition to the currently present literature since it provides interested parties with a new way of thinking, as well as a foundation for further research. One of the major strengths that can be seen throughout this article is that the authors have supported their claim with sufficient factual evidence, clear definition, and vivid descriptions. As such, the article has well articulated discussions and arguments that advance the reader’s knowledge, all the while, activating the reader’s desire to learn more. On the same note, the article’s structure is well organized and has a logical flow of ideas. The language and style used by the authors is not complex, which means that the article is suitable, and can be easily understood by people with different levels of understanding on the topic. Conclusion This article provides readers, business leaders and other interested parties with an avenue through which they can be able to measure the effectiveness of CSR approaches used by companies. It is an educative and interesting read with valuable information that can help companies prioritize and choose issues that will create a lasting impact to society even in the long run. Reference Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy and society: The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84 (12): pp. 76-92.
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Comparison between MLA and APA Formatting Compare & Contrast Essay In the world of academia, sharing of knowledge plays a key role in development of a given area of knowledge. For instance, a researcher will look for information from existing researches in order to develop his thesis. As a result, referencing is an integral part of academia. Consequently, this paper seeks to shed light on how to utilize Internet resources in research and what to look for when researching and also show comparison between MLA and APA formatting. APA formatting is highly used in referencing works cited in social science. In APA, the research work should be written in an essay form that is comprised of four main sections namely; the title page, abstract, main body and references. The title page must consist of the title of the paper, the name of the person who wrote it and the institution in which the writer is a student. Since the abstract seeks to explain the contents of the paper, it should contain the major points within the body. Then the main body of the research work should follow suit. It should contain a brief introduction, body and conclusion. Finally references should be provided in order to form a reference list and can also be used to build the in-text reference (Stolley par. 4). Other than APA, one can also opt to use MLA as his referencing style. The two styles are different. The following are some of the differences between MLA and APA. MLA (Modern Language Association) does not use headings and subheadings in their essays while APA (American Psychological Association) has several levels of headings and subheadings. When it comes to in-text citations, MLA uses signal phrase i.e. authors name then page number in brackets. For example; According to Charles Darwin, the world is evolving at alarming rate (50). Alternatively there can be no signal phrase with author name and page number in brackets (Rusell, Brizee & Angeli 24). For example; it is seen that, “the world is evolving at an alarming rate” (Darwin 50). On the other hand APA uses signal phrase with author name then date in brackets i.e. Darwin (1998), noted that the world is evolving at an alarming rate or alternatively use of phrase with direct quote i.e. Darwin (1998) has indicated how “world has evolved at an alarming rate” (p.50). Another difference is block quotation where in MLA, the block quotations are used when the quotation is more than four lines long in the original text while in APA block quotations are used when quotation is more than forty words. Also it is worth to note that in MLA formatting both names of the author(s) are written in full starting with the last name and then the first name separated by a coma while in APA the author last name is written in full but the first name is designated with initials. In MLA, the sources that are used to cite the research work are known as the works cited while in APA the very sources used to cite the research work are known as the reference list. However it should be noted that different articles have different formatting therefore it depends on the choice of the writer whether to use APA or MLA (UC Berkley Teaching Library Internet Workshops). A number of factors should be considered when utilizing Internet resources. First, one should always analyze the topic and search with a focused vision and this involves creating tools that would help in the process of searching. Such tools include directories and search engines. Second, it involves evaluating the web pages in order to ensure quality and authenticity of the research work. Third, the author should determine the style sheets for citing resources (i.e. MLA or APA). This should put into consideration both print and electronic. Last but not least an individual is expected to make a glossary of web and internet. When using Internet resources for research work, one should always open a new tab when searching for a different article. This is important because it makes it easier for the referencing work and also helps in avoidance of repetition of facts in the essay. An individual is expected to look for the bibliography of the research topic in order to obtain the reference list that will also be used in citation of the in-text (Stolley par. 7). Works Cited Russell, Tony, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli. “MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 4 Apr. 2010. Web. Stolley, Karl. “MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006. Purdue University Writing Lab. 28 January 2011. UC Berkley-Teaching Library Internet Workshops. Tutorial Table of Contents, 2005. Web.
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Psychological First Aid for Disaster Victims Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Facts about PFA that I Have Learned 3. Hurricane Katrina and the Response to It 4. How to Act in Future Disasters 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Disasters and accidents can lead not only to injury but also to major psychological problems, post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) being one of them. Therefore, it is important to provide victims of such situations with psychological help. One of the methods for providing such help, psychological first aid (PFA) was developed in 2006. In this paper, I will discuss some facts that I learned about PFA, consider a major disaster (Hurricane Katrina) and response to it, and give some recommendations to those who might need to offer psychological aid to victims of traumatic experiences in the future. Facts about PFA that I Have Learned This week, I have learned some important facts about psychological first aid (PFA). First, I have realized that not every person is “entitled” to supply PFA to anyone. For instance, in some cultures only a woman could approach another woman and offer help; the presence of a man would only unsettle the victim more. Another point is that PFA is not asking and analyzing the person’s experiences; it is providing basic help (World Health Organization, War Trauma Foundation, & World Vision International, 2011). While these are simple facts, they need to be explicitly realized before PFA is to be given in an extreme situation. Hurricane Katrina and the Response to It Hurricane Katrina took place at the end of August 2005. It was one of the most severe natural disasters in the history of the U.S. Numerous victims of the hurricane required psychological aid. For instance, it is stated that “more than 50 percent of respondents showed signs of a ‘possible’ need for mental health treatment” in New Orleans, and over a half of the survivors had problems with mental health 15 months after the hurricane (Rhodes et al., 2012, para. 6). It is stated that the response to the hurricane was poor; psychological assistance was also weak (Gheytanchi et al., 2007). It mostly consisted of “treating acute stress reactions in victims” (Gheytanchi et al., 2007, p. 119). Thus, psychological help was provided in person, but this help is claimed to have been ineffective. In particular, the Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) interventions were offered within three days after exposure to the disaster to groups of victims; it is asserted that this method was ineffective, and that failed to prevent PTSD in most victims (Gheytanchi et al., 2007, p. 126). It is apparent that a number of other approaches might have been more effective than CISD. PFA is also named as one of such approaches (Gheytanchi et al., 2007, p. 126). It is important that PFA can be provided by non-psychologists, which means that, had it existed and been used during Hurricane Katrina, it could have been employed by a large number of emergency specialists and covered much more victims. How to Act in Future Disasters First civilian responders should consider a number of factors before providing psychological aid. It is important to gather at least basic information about the disaster and assess one’s readiness to offer PFA. It might be useful to cooperate with colleagues, friends or acquaintances who happened to be near. While providing PFA, it is important to listen to the person whom one is helping, supply them with practical comfort such as warm clothes or water, etc. It is crucial to be courteous, not to impose oneself on the person whom one is trying to help, reflect on what the victim says and think carefully about what to say so as not to upset them further, etc. (World Health Organization, War Trauma Foundation, & World Vision International, 2011). Conclusion To sum up, PFA is a method that might help greatly reduce psychological trauma and PSTD in victims of various disasters and similar situations. It was only developed in 2006; had it been possible to use PFA while responding to Hurricane Katrina, the number and severity of psychological problems in its victims might have been lower. While providing PFA, one needs to offer comfort to the person who suffered, and behave courteously, not imposing oneself on the victim. References Gheytanchi, A., Joseph, L., Gierlach, E., Kimpara, S., Housley, J., Franco, Z. E., & Beutler, L. E. (2007). The dirty dozen: Twelve failures of the Hurricane Katrina response and how psychology can help . American Psychologist, 62 (2), 118-130. Web. Rhodes, J., Chan, C., Paxson, C., Rouse, C. E., Waters, M., & Fussell, E. (2012). The impact of Hurricane Katrina on the mental and physical health of low-income parents in New Orleans. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80 (2), 237-247. Web. World Health Organization, War Trauma Foundation, & World Vision International. (2011). Psychological first aid: Guide for field workers . Web.
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Introduction 2. Negotiating with a foreigner 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction This paper describes the negotiation process and what role cultural differences play in the outcomes of negotiations to the international community. It will also focus on the importance of negotiation to society and explain how cultural differences can lead to unfavorable negotiation outcomes. Negotiating with a foreigner Negotiation can either be face-to-face confrontation or electronic. When negotiating with a foreign party, it is advisable to have a face to face negotiation; this is likely to yield positive results. Researchers observe that during a face to face negotiation with a foreigner, the body language, facial expressions and cultural attitudes will be noted by the other party and might result in misunderstanding (Brett, 2000). On the contrary, if negotiation has to occur between two parties which are well known to each other, then the best mode to carry out the negotiation should be through electronics or a third party. Many cultures around the globe prefer carrying out negotiations through a third party. The use of a third party method is an indirect means utilizing an agent who has a mission to represent either of the sides to the other. The third party is in most cases, expected to be neutral. This extra party is also used as a facilitator for information exchange between the two negotiators (Brett, 2000). In international negotiations, culture plays a major role in the regulation of values and norms that encompass the process of negotiations. These establish to members of a given society what they should regard as important and what should be left out. Norms, on the other hand, provide the members with the information on which behavior should be regarded as proper and improper within their culture. Therefore cultural values and norms enhance the characters of individuals from different cultural backgrounds. This is why people of different origins perceive and react to situations differently, as well as react to behaviors of others. Cultural values such as those of individualism verses collectivism, egalitarianism versus hierarchy and direct versus indirect communications are some of the norms that are relevant to the process of negotiation (Blankley, 2006). Individualism and collectivism tend to point out the preferences and priorities of cultures concerning goal setting of a particular society. In negotiation, this is important because goals reflect the culture’s behavior and at the same time act as a basis for motivation to that particular culture (Blankley, 2006). It, therefore, follows that collectivists are likely to seek a winning result in the negotiations, while for individualists the negotiations are simply expected to come out as a win or a loss process. In hierarchy versus egalitarianism, different cultures have different ways to identify the issues related to power possession among leadership ranks. Thus, conflicts between different status groups take into consideration cultural and social structures in their negotiations. This is why a negotiation between different cultural groups can lead to the conflict when trying to sort it out. Different cultures also have got varying measures related to the amount of direct and indirect communication in their internal cultures. It has however been discovered that cultures using direct communication methods are likely to reach agreements more easily as opposed to cultures using indirect communication (Lewicki et al., 2004). Conclusion I observe that the challenges in cross-cultural negotiations should be taken positively if an individual has to overcome them. If I happen to find myself in a negotiating situation, I will make sure that I understand both my interest in the conflict and the interest of the other party from a different culture. In this connection, I will take the challenging assumptions that lie behind the basic interests of the other party seriously in order to prepare for effective negotiation. Additionally, I will strive to understand how the parties I will be negotiating to react to certain communication gestures. References Blankley, K. (2006). Cross cultural negotiation for U.S negotiation . Brett, J. (2000). Culture and negotiation. International Journal of psychology , 35(2): 97-104 Lewicki, R., Saunders, D., Barry, B., & Minton, M. (2004). Essential of negotiation . New York: McGraw-Hill.
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Mansfield’s, Hardy’s, Collins’ Prose Analysis Coursework The writers involved in the readings we’ve had this semester seem to present the case that certain people, particularly women, are in a very vulnerable position in society. They are given few opportunities to support their own needs and frequently can be seen to depend upon men for their welfare. Without a man around, this is exceedingly difficult and, even with a man around, can be found to be strongly limiting. This vulnerability can be seen in stories like “Pictures” by Katherine Mansfield, “The Winters and the Palmleys” by Thomas Hardy and “The Biter Bit” by Wilkie Collins. In “Picture”, Miss Ada Moss is seen to be growing old and fat as she has to split the seams of her nightdress in order to fit into it and her legs are full of the blue knots of varicose veins. She was once a successful contralto singer, which is shown in the parade of good foods that float past her imagination, but she is now in dire straits since the advent of motion pictures. The story begins as she is confronted by her landlady that she absolutely must present her rent for the small, cold room she occupies and it is presumably not the first time the request has been made. “What with week in week out and first you’ve got it and then you haven’t, and then it’s another letter lost in the post or another manager down at Brighton but will be back on Tuesday for certain – I’m fair sick and tired and I won’t stand it no more,” the landlady says. Miss Moss’s search for work is as unfruitful as her home cupboard, frequently finding herself attempting to compete with slim and beautiful younger women for parts in films that have little or nothing to offer. Finally, she ends up in a small, darkened café and meets up with a man. By the tone of their small conversation and mention of a particular ribbon that stands out from her otherwise dark clothing, it becomes clear that Miss Moss has resorted to selling herself as a prostitute as her only means of earning a meal and a bed to sleep in. The women in Hardy’s story are barely better off. This story tells the tale of two good-looking women of the village who had always had a rivalry. When one woman married the man of both their dreams and had a son, the other woman was left to take what she could get, which took some time. The man she married was sickly and unimpressive and died within ten years of the marriage, leaving her with a sickly son who died after having run an errand for the wealthier first woman, now also a widow. While it might be argued that Harriet was a strong woman because of her ability to refuse the attentions of Jack and that gentleman’s subsequent execution after stealing her letters, this was more an accidental occurrence that was quickly used by the poor woman, Mrs. Palmley, to finally get her revenge upon Mrs. Winter for having stolen the desirable man and frightening the sickly boy to death. If the women had had more options in life, perhaps such events would not have needed to take place. Not only was Mrs. Palmley limited in her options in life, but she was weak in her desires as she had nothing to live for but revenge on the woman she imagined caused all her grief. Finally, in the story “The Biter Bit”, Mrs. Yatman is required to keep up her appearances in society despite her husband’s misfortunes, but is unable to pay for her requirements. If she had been able to take a position somewhere and earn money of her own, she probably would have done so in order to pay her dressmaker, but part of keeping up appearances meant not seeming to change anything outwardly. Knowing she could not expect any help from her husband, she elects to steal the money he’s withdrawn from the bank in order to avoid legal actions against her. Although she is clever enough to keep the foolish detective Sharpin from suspecting her, she is immediately taken ill upon the discovery of the truth and, in the final notes to the story, has evidently been confined to bed after an attack of nerves just as was predicted by the more competent Sergeant Bulmer. Like Mrs. Palmley, Mrs. Yatman is weak in character as she cannot stand to economize in her clothing despite a fall in fortunes yet is also weak in opportunity as she does not have the option of going out to earn the money she needs in order to pay her bills.
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360 Degrees Multi-Directional Appraisal System Essay For a company to prosper, evaluation of employees and the companies’ objective must be highly noted. Appraisal refers to the evaluation of the employee in the Company; for this to be effective, the appraisal process must be well structured to incorporate all the subordinates and managers involved. There are several methods of appraisal but the best method to implement depends on the organizational setting and the required feedback. In this light, the 360 degrees Multi-directional Appraisal can be considered to be the best option because it involves almost all the departmental levels in an organization. The process refers to incorporating several sources of data hence providing a wide margin to base the organizational success in relation to the labor force. The 360-degree appraising method involves several steps: the first step includes the development of scope for choice, which should be containing independent views. The disadvantages of the 360 appraisal system are mostly related to employees’ evaluations. However, the system is highly recommended for organizational developmental activities. The disadvantages of the system involve its inability to measure the competence of individual employees and also its related psychometric qualities. In addition, According to the JP Morgan scheme, constructive commentary and anonymity should be avoided since results to suggestive results hence deviating from the intended process. The main importance of the 360 appraisal process is to ensure open and constructive dialogues. Therefore there should be a clear indication that the intention is not in destruction and punishment of some of the employees, but it intended to formulate and impose developmental features. The process also includes a checklist that ensures that the manager approves the process and the subordinates know of the process and are ready to comply with the end results of the appraisal process. Since the 360-degree appraisal process involves several people in an organization, there should incorporate well-structured steps in carrying it out. An example is a case study of a 360-degree system run at Shell. The case study showed that the 360-degree system did not measure competence as originally designed; in addition, it had other shortcomings related to psychometric qualities. The new system brought some changes in the organization that was not also effective. The Human Resource manager needs to evaluate the employee and generally the whole Company to be able to incorporate the needs of both the employees and the organization. Each employee is expected to carry an appraisal using fellow colleagues, but the risk is that about 35 percent of those giving their assessments change their position to be either developmental or evaluative. The first step involved in this process is the evaluation of the competence required for the particular position; the colleagues used to help in appraising should develop a list of descriptions that relate to the particular job, this helps in determining if the individual being appraised follows his work specifications. In doing this, the Shell employees formed a questionnaire that helped in showing the willingness of the officers to change their opinions, how constructive are their opinions and the reasoning that backed their opinions. In the appraisal process, a rating scale is necessary; the human resource manager of the Company developed a rating scale in relation to how useful a particular employee was to the Company and also considering the results attained from the 360-degree system conducted using the Company’s employees, where an employee was appraised by colleagues. The scale prepare by the Human resource manager included numbers that represent what level the employee was rated. The numbers include one to five. With the help of the employee rating numbers, he selected which employee would be the subject of feedback in relation to their capabilities, in addition to selecting the members to be involved with the feedback process. The human resource and the selected team relate the job specifications with the qualities of a specific employee. This narrows the feedback system and becomes more precise. All the feedback providers are expected to table their views and suggestions; by doing this, the qualities of each employee are understood better since some of the team feedback providers are also employees. The contribution of the managers in the feedback process assists in understanding the new objectives of the branch company and also honors the conclusions that will be achieved. After the feedback providers have completed the survey, the Human Resource manager collects all the reports and arranges them in confidential reports for each employee that was being rated. He should also brief all the feedback subjects on how the reports should be interpreted, how they can achieve more feedback, and the action plan. It’s also the duty of the Human Resource manager and the potential coaches to prepare an action plan, schedule regular sessions on how to communicate the action plans offering the necessary advice. In conclusion, the 360-degree appraisal method involves several steps. As we have seen in the Shell example, the most crucial step involves the feedback. Feedback is highly useful proved to be a very efficient tool in appraisal through it not applied by several companies. The reason for its scarcity is a lack of knowledge on how the process is carried out, time-consuming, fear of feedback subjects and results, and finally, skepticism as to whether feedback is wiling to change behavior. References Richard R Spencer & Ghausi MS (2003). Introduction to electronic circuit design Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice-Hall. Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman, Rules of Play . MIT Press. 2004. ISBN 0-262-24045-9. Fleming M., & Levie, W.H. (1993). Instructional message design: Principles from the behavioral and cognitive sciences Second Edition JP Morgan Incorporating Peer Review In Appraisal.
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The Impact of Food Habits on the Environment Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Statement of the Argument 3. Qualifications 4. Conclusion 5. Bibliography Introduction The growth of the worldwide population provides a need for sufficient food production for the satisfaction of the nutritional needs of humanity. The topic of this research is based on the issue of human-induced pollution or another environmental impact that affect the Earth and dietary approaches that can improve the situation. More specifically, an article by Carrington points out that that cattle breeding and milk production do not contribute significantly to the nutritional needs of people. However, these industries impact the air, emissions rates, and wildlife. Therefore, the background of the problem that is investigated in this report is the adverse effect that contemporary nutrition habits have on the planet and approaches to improving them through strategies such as vegetarianism. The topic is worth investigating because everyone can experience the impact of pollution and greenhouse emissions, and only a significant change in consumption habits of people will help mitigate this issue. The audience that may benefit from this research is people concerned with environmental issues, both students and other readers will be able to expand their knowledge of the topic and adopt new approaches. The tone of information provision is informer because the research strives to provide an outline of various studies and statistics regarding this problem. This paper aims to provide evidence that human impact on the environment can be reduced by altering food habits and applying plant-based diets. Statement of the Argument The primary argument guiding this research is that individuals can replace foods such as beef, fish, and milk with plant-based meals. This approach is necessary because it ensures that the industries responsible for production do not contaminate the environment with harmful substances. Unarguably, the growth of the overall population on Earth leads to enlargement of the food production properties. However, the approaches that these companies use provide unnecessary damage to the air and atmosphere while providing little nutritional benefit. One way that consumers can affect this situation is by being informed and choosing meals that contain essential fats, proteins, minerals, and other components. One example of the adverse environmental impact that this study examines is the beef industry, which contributes to the greenhouse emotions and pollutes the air through production facilities. Gidon et al. argue that people can receive nutrients, similar to those in this meat from plant-based foods (8164). The question that arises is the necessity for the proposed alterations. This information provides an understanding of the fact that alternatives to the current food habits exist, which result in minor damages to nature. One of the options is sustainable production of vegetables, which does not result in harm to Earth (Carrington). Due to this reason, the argument of this report requires additional exploration. Another example is the footprint of animal breeding that is facilitated by the meat industry and its impact on nature. Carrington states that almost 83% of the farmlands across the world are used to accommodate cattle. The issue is in the overpopulation because the author points out that reducing the amount of land to 75% would still provide a sufficient amount of meat for people. Another harmful component is the destruction of wild forests, which occurs due to a need for obtaining new territories that the food industry companies can use to breed cattle. It should be noted that these practices are prevalent not only in the US but across the world as well, presenting a danger in the form of pollution and wildlife extinction. Additionally, from a nutritional perspective, the meat that is produced using these areas do not contribute greatly to the overall calories and nutrients consumption. Thereupon, the proportion of positive contribution to human nutrition does not correspond to the harmful effects that are a result of such work. The alternative to the current situation is a vegetarian diet, although studies such as the work by Gidon confirm that not all subtypes of this method are environmentally friendly. Qualifications The particular topic was chosen because I am a student who is personally concerned with the impact of human behavior on Earth. Additionally, from a professional point of view, I understand that nutrition is crucial for people, although many do not dedicate enough attention to their food choices. And thus, through my work, I would want to offer a method through which people can live in harmony with this planet. One can argue that changing the food habits of the entire population requires immense work; however, this research would contribute to the purpose by providing easy to understand information and practical advice. Conclusion The chosen topic has immense importance for the improvement of our environment. The approaches discussed in this paper help people receive nutrients without harming nature through industries. Therefore, the particular components of the adverse impact that milk and cattle industry have on environment and approaches such as vegetarianism should be explored to present a valid strategy for improving the environmental impact of humans on the Earth. Due to this reasoning, the research topic should be approved, which would provide a possibility for further examination of this nutritional problem. Bibliography Carrington, Damian. “ Avoiding Meat and Dairy Is ‘Single Biggest Way’ To Reduce Your Impact on Earth. ” The Guardian , 2018. Web. Eshel, Gidon, et al. “Environmentally Optimal, Nutritionally Aware Beef Replacement Plant-Based Diets.” ACS Publications, Environmental Science & Technology , vol. 50, 2016, pp. 8164-8168.
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Strong Encryption and Universalization Principle Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Kant’s Principle as a Method of Moral Evaluation 3. Strong Encryption according to Kant’s Principle 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction Nowadays, strong cryptography is a frequently used term interpreted as a means to exchange and protect information in the electronic world. The increased necessity to use cryptographic methods to hide some facts and make them readable for a certain group of people only, a number of ethical questions and global concerns take place. On the one hand, people want to protect their rights and get access to individual communication. On the other hand, the intentions of one group of people to use cryptography may become a real threat to another group of people. There is a kind of ethical dilemma, and Kant’s Principle of Universalization (the first version of the Categorical Imperative) offers one of the possible solutions to treat strong encryption as a morally permissible concept that is wrong to prohibit or make obligatory. Kant’s Principle as a Method of Moral Evaluation Deontological approaches help to comprehend the essence of moral obligations that is unconditional and the reasons for why people have to obey them even if the outcomes contradict personal interests ( Kant’s Deontological Ethics 39). The Categorical Imperative developed by Kant has several versions, and the first version, the Principle of Universalization, explains how to act in regards to the maximum (e.g. the rule that is approved legally and socially) that can be introduced as a universal law. To comprehend if the action is or is not universalizable, a person should stay impartial to everything connected with a particular case and develop judgments using dry facts and the “universal law” concepts. The Principle of Universalization informs about the impossibility to define actions as morally approved in case some contradictions can be found around. People have to be sure that all their actions, thoughts, and the outcomes of their activities do not contradict the laws people have to follow. Strong Encryption according to Kant’s Principle Strong encryption is an ethically challenged concept. Still, from an ethical point of view, it is a good activity the presence of which does not lead to some immoral outcomes. Still, if encryption is used by a criminal or a socially unstable person, whose decisions and actions may hurt other people, it may become a tool for the actions that are morally wrong. Therefore, it is possible to say that according to the Principle of Universalization developed by Kant, strong encryption can be permissible regarding the nature of a person it is used by. It is wrong to pose some obligations on people to use encryption or prohibit to use it from time to time. At the same time, there are no prohibitions to make attempts and analyze the encrypted material. Such attempts made by special governmental representatives can be approved by the Universal Law as a possibility to promote a society with safety. Conclusion In general, it is hard to comprehend the concept of strong encryption in terms of ethical regulations and expectations. Each researcher and philosopher can develop various approaches on how to treat the opportunity to exchange encrypted information. The position of Kant offered in the Principle of Universalization helps to consider strong encryption as a morally permissible practice the quality of which depends on the nature and the psychological condition of a person, who tries to use it. People should have rights to make their independent decisions. The prohibition or obligation to use strong encryption contradicts the idea of the Natural Law. Still, permission is a neutral side that can be offered as the possible solution. References “Kant’s Deontological Ethics.” Three Ethical Theories n.d. 39-47.
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Michael Eisner’s Strategic Management at Disney Case Study Organization Climate towards the End of Michael Eisner’s Tenure at Disney The beginning of Eisner’s tenure and management at Disney are marked by successful results, leading to profitability and prosperity of the company. Most of the purchases and mergers also contributed to the growth of Disney’s influence. Apparently, the success of Eisner’s venture and activities was explained by good relationships with other executives leading the company. Fruitful cooperation with supervisors was evident, but the rest of the personnel did not feel sufficient support on the part of the CEO. However, in the second half of their tenure, Michael Eisner experienced a significant decline in relation to his record and profile. Most of his relationships broke up due to his egoism and reluctance to compromise. Failure to communicate and cooperate with other important people in the cinematographic industry, including Jeffrey Katzenberg, Steve Jobs, and Michael Ovitz. Further, excess focus on potential rivals and negligence of organizational culture and climate. In particular, the CEO did not provide space and freedom for developing creativity among the employees, which is especially important in this kind of industry. Although Eisner was willing to be part of the company’s personnel and, therefore, he strived to be active while generating ideas and contributing to the companies’ success. Recommendation to Improve the Organizational Climate Based on Leadership Skills, Principles, and Vision Although at the end of Eisner’s tenure was not quite successful, the overall policy, philosophy, and vision of the company were congruent with its goals. Specifically, the executive encouraged people working in teams and generating ideas; he also believed that the role of a leader should not be confined to controlling processes and leading people only. Rather, Eisner’s leadership strategies should have been more expansive and visionary because some of the activities did not bring in significant shifts in employee culture and organizational climates. Additionally, low morale and inappropriate ethics are also among the reasons for Eisner’s resignation. However, excessive focus on this approach prevented other members of the organization to practice creativity and put forward ideas as too many restrictions were imposed on them. Being a cheerleader at the very beginning, Disney managed to achieve tremendous success in the field. Extreme authority and excess use of power should be eliminated to give more freedom to employees and complement the creative policy. The atmosphere should be much more creative to provide writers, animators, and composers with sufficient space and freedom for work. Strategic Implication of Michael Eisner’s Leadership and His Efficiency at the Strategic Level At the strategic level, Michael Eisner’s leadership was not oriented on employees, but on the way, they perform objectives and tasks. Negligence of organizational culture led to disorganization and pressure imposed on creative workers. In the context of globalization and diverse culture, it is highly important for Disney’s manager to be more sensitive to the atmosphere in the workplace. The creative process cannot stand frictions and conflict because it does not provide greater results and increased productivity. Cinematography and the animated industry should be more concerned with establishing fruitful and trustworthy relationships to ensure long-term cooperation. More freedom given to employees does not mean failure to comply with the company’s objectives and missions. In fact, the task of the leader is to gain trust and respect on the part of the employees. The focus on transformational leadership and a person-oriented approach is largely encouraged and, therefore, new executives working at Disney should pay closer attention to employees’ concerns.
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London 2012 Olympic Games Marketing Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Demographic variables 3. Geographical variables 4. Psychological variables 5. Behavioral element 6. Targeting 7. Positioning 8. Key Points Introduction This analytical treatise attempts to explicitly review the elements of customer segmentation and execution of the strategic 4Ps of marketing for the 2012 London Olympic Games. Demographic variables Potential target markets for the 2012 London Olympic Games come from all parts of the UK. Based on the information provided in the case study, it is essential to review the unique traits of potential customers. The market indicators suggest that the middle-aged group forms the majority of games’ fanatics since they are easily swayed by advertisements and have a passion for sports. Moreover, this group forms the highest percentage of the general population who will strive to be part of the Olympic Games as fans. Since the 2012 London Olympic Games match well with this group, the probability of an instant boom in ticket sales is eminent. Geographical variables The 2012 London Olympic Games target clients from across the globe. Specifically, an estimated 7.9 million tickets are to be sold. Specifically, 25% of the tickets are reserved for UK residents with the other parts of Europe and the world purchasing the remaining percentage of the tickets. It is necessary to review the geographic variables in the London resident customers segment. The English culture is the main customs in London and across the UK. Nearly 40% of the total population resides in rural areas. The climate of London is generally cold across the year. The city of London has excellent infrastructure in terms of transport, electricity, clean water, and communication. Psychological variables Specifically, the main features that have been identified to attract customers to sports activities include age, economic position, race, and attitude. Reflectively, young adults and middle-aged consumers are likely to form the pinnacle of the ticket purchasing market. This is informed by the fact that these groups are more conversant with the different sports activities and would go the extra mile to buy the tickets. Besides, the two groups have relatively stable disposable income and are willing to attend the events even if they have to travel from the rural parts of the UK. The city of London has a high number of literate youths, who are the main clients for the Olympic Games services. The London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (LOCOG) may take this as a business opportunity. The fact that the participants of the 2012 London Olympic Games share a common language will facilitate an easier market penetration when selling different services and products. Since English is the second most spoken language in the world, the city of London is well positioned to host the Olympics as the residents speak this language. The early adopters for the products and services associated with the 2012 London Olympic will include the UK politicians and youths, who are known to shape the general public opinion on events. Behavioral element Most of the Olympic enthusiasts within the city of London and surrounding areas want affordable services, such as tickets, transportation, and refreshments during the games. The demand for services is determined by quality, affordability, and significance attached to them. This is common with the youth in London, who has minimal disposable income as compared to other age groups. Targeting The London Olympic market segment is very profitable since it will consist of 25% of the total ticket sales. Besides, with the inclusion of the residents from rural areas, the segment has the potential for growth. Since the London resident customer segment is motivated by quality and affordable services, it fits within the goal of efficiency in service delivery within competitive pricing. The large population in the city of London and it’s surrounding makes the segment actionable. Positioning Product positioning is directly linked to the success of business activity in short and the long run, especially for the case of the 2012 London Olympic Games. To achieve the desired goals, a business offering service has to position itself to emphasize the difference between its products and those of its competitors. To diversify market operations, it is necessary to create multiple brands to benefit from different customer segments. In this case, the positioning statement may be as follows: We have what everyone wants and at considerable prices. The products are unique and of high quality. The prices are also significant; one will get anything they want at an affordable price. Due to a fair pricing mechanism, competition factors will be positively placed to the advantage of a business. Through offering competitive prices for the services, such as ticketing, it will be within reach to win a high percentage of the 2012 London Olympic Games market share. Key Points * The London Olympics’ market segment is very profitable since it will consist of 25% of the total ticket sales. * The services will be positioned on the principles of affordability and quality. * The customer segment is extensive, hence sustainable. * The ticketing strategy should be customized to meet the demands of different customer segments.
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School Leaders Role in Reducing Teacher Turnover Essay Problem statement When offered the chance, several teachers often opt to leave learning institutions that serve below average, dismally-performing, and non-white students (Boyd et al., 2011). Even though a wide body of research has already addressed this aspect, minimal research input is directed towards comprehending specific characteristics of working conditions that compel a higher turnover rate in some learning institutions. It can be remarkably detrimental and costly for schools that experience excessive teacher turnover. For instance, such schools are highly likely to encounter the challenge of instructional cohesion. As a result, there are several policies that have been set up to control or manage the impacts of teacher attrition, especially in learning institutions that face high teacher turnover. Examples of such policies include retention bonuses and mentoring programs for teachers. Nonetheless, these approaches have not been effective as anticipated owing to know the age gap between the existing retention initiatives and pragmatic reasons why teachers depart learning institutions. According to Grissom (2011), recent statistics obtained from the US education system reveal that on an annual basis, an estimated 500, 000 teachers depart their schools for reasons that are not known. It is alarming to note that retirement accounts for approximately 16 % of attrition cases among teachers. The other 84 % comprises of teachers who either abandon the profession completely or seek transfers to other learning institutions. There is a need to develop a study that can articulately address the association between school contextual factors and teacher turnover. Such a study should corroborate or build on the past knowledge on this subject by providing better and more viable alternatives to curbing the current high rate of teacher turnover. Pertinent factors that have not been addressed by past studies include facilities, safety, student behavior, staff relations, and efficacy of school administrators. References Boyd, D., Grossman, P., Ing, M., Lankford, H., Loeb, S. & Wyckoff, J. 2011, “The Influence of School Administrators on Teacher Retention Decisions”, American Educational Research Journal, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 303-333. Grissom, J A, 2011, “Can good principals keep teachers in disadvantaged schools? Linking principal effectiveness to teacher satisfaction and turnover in hard-to-staff environments”, Teachers College Record , vol. 113, no. 11, pp. 2552-2585.
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History of the Post-War Europe Essay The postwar Europe searched for new progressive means of advancing economies. Despite the negative prognoses, the leading Western Europe recovered dramatically from incredible devastation caused by World War II. Due to the division of European territory, social democrats focused on the rapid growth of economies so as to restore the living standards that existed before the wartime, as well create conditions that would help people to adapt to the current situation in the market. In contrast, radical movements paid closer attention to the Europe’s urgent problems, insisting on the fact that the welfare of Europeans would depend on total improvement of benefits. Such divided views were especially relevant for such countries as Germany, France, and the Great Britain that practiced rapid revival of economic situation. Creating trade unions, corporate organizations and employer arrangement allowed the labor-market partners to achieve and develop long-term agreements seeking to reduce wage demands and ensure high rates of investments and industrial restructuring. Trade unions in Germany focused on slowing down the labor costs and representing corporate boards. The policy of unions in France had a potent impact over government policy-making and planning. Powerful states managed to fix the achieved success by providing employees with great benefits to compensate the wage reduction and high unemployment rates caused by industrial restructuring. Finally, British postwar thinking was more oriented on defense policy development premised on collaborating efforts of power states to sustain social and economic security. Foreign policy, therefore, was a priority for the country to compete with other developed economies, including the Unites States and the Soviet Union. The postwar period created serious challenges for European communities to cooperate as little space was left practicing flexibility and creativity to cope with the fast-growing demands. Nevertheless, the new economic conditions called for establishing mobile and flexible relationships, technological innovation, and investment into risky ventures. The old practices and structures did not allow the European community to ensure constant progress and revival from the wartime devastation. The division processes also contributed to the difficulties in developing new economic and political strategies. As a result, Europe was split into two worlds in ideological, physical and symbolical terms: the Western European world was supported by democratic countries whereas the Eastern territory was committed to communist ideology. More importantly, such a division was predetermined by the confrontation between the United Stated and Soviet Union that controlled the divided Europe for their own purposes. During the Cold War era, German territory suffered most from the division policies. After World War II, the country was split into several parts: the Federal Republic of Germany was controlled by the Western zones whereas the Communist supporters annexed the German Democratic Republic. The country also had to pay reparations to France and the United Kingdom in the form of workforce, coal and dismantled plants. In particular, the British government sought for intellectual reparations to acquire scientific and technological knowledge. The economic situation in the United Kingdom was also deplorable. To manage the economic crisis, the UK government forced a general election to promote the majority of seats for the Labor party in the House of Commons. Although the postwar Britain had considerable debts, it withdrew the Lend Lease support on the part of the United States. Nevertheless, the Anglo-American loan took place and allowed the UK administration to renew the political and economic balance in the country. The loan had negative consequences for the currency fluctuations, which further led to economic recession. France did not undergo significant shifts in economic and political life. However, it took an active part in development of international alliance and organization. Specific attention requires its participation in founding the United Nations organization aimed at maintaining international peace. Along with other developed economies, France also supported the idea of global cooperation and expansion of peaceful alliance to prevent the consequences of wartime. Active participation in developing a new political and economic infrastructure improved significantly the overall landscape of postwar Europe and provided new directions for progress and industrial advancement in the future. Overall creation of new intellectual and political movements gave rise to total restructuring of social organization. In conclusion, such postwar European countries as France, the United Kingdom, and Germany had experienced significant shifts in political, ideological, and economic terms. Germany had been under the most tangible influence on the part of its rivals and was divided into two ideological movements – Western Labor movement and Eastern Communist movement. The newly created ideologies were impregnated by two power states involved into Cold War. Both the United States and the Soviet Union strived to gain world dominance and control and, as a result, their policy promoted dominance over European countries. Apart from new political influences, the postwar era was also marked by the foundation of intellectual organizations, such as the United Nations that aimed to sustain and develop peaceful relations at the international level. As a result, the European community experienced tangible shifts in economic, social, and political development.
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Global Justice and Africa in the Contemporary World Report Table of Contents 1. Summary 2. Global Justice 3. Africa in the Contemporary World 4. Conclusion 5. Reference List Summary The past month was helpful for understanding the concept of global justice and particular aspects connected to it. The main issue concerned climate changes. I have also studied in detail the position of Africa in the contemporary world. It included the way how China shapes the political economy in Africa, the impact of climate change, and the future of Africa’s youth. Besides, I realised the essence and nature of resources disputes by the example of the “Nile” conflict. All the work done allows expanding my view of world justice issues. Global Justice The problem of climate change is of global significance. In my case, the concept of justice is considered from the side of an individual or collective responsibility. In particular, how and who should be responsible for providing a solution. For example, Caney (2005) uses the principle of “polluter pays” as an example and suggests three ways to solve the problem. His work deals with such issues as intergenerational responsibility and individualist and collectivist methodology. Caney (2005, p. 774) argues for an individualist approach but mentions that more in-depth analysis should be carried out. I agree with the author that the entire group should not be responsible for the violations of only one of its members, especially if he or she belongs to the past generation and no more alive. The topic of responsibility also continues in Vanderheiden’s (2001) essay, as he discusses mitigation and global climate policy. It is noteworthy that Vanderheiden (2001, p. 82) creates a formula “of using collective liability in assigning state liability and then making internal individual liability assessments to allocate this national liability among each nation’s resident population.” In my opinion, this way of solving the problem has more advantages than the one that provides a distinct division into individuals and collectives. Africa in the Contemporary World During week 10, I have studied various aspects of politics and economics on the African continent. The issues I have considered concern relations with China, climate change, and the lives of young people. As for relations with China, the overall picture shows that they are mutually beneficial, since for China it is a large sales market, and for Africa – a way to achieve self-reliance (Agbebi and Virtanen, 2017). The issue of youth on the continent is also remarkable. According to Mabala (2011), there is a tendency in Africa to demonize young people who want to live in urban areas and increase their income. In addition, the government’s support for the young population is deficient. I fully agree with the author that it is necessary to cultivate an ambitious and creative beginning in young people to ensure further stable development. I have also analyzed the “Nile” conflict, which involves three countries at once – Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan. The water dispute is further complicated by the fact that in the next few years, people in Africa will suffer from a lack of clean water due to climate change problems and population growth. Conclusion This month has had a significant impact on me, expanding my worldview regarding global justice. Studying the place of Africa in the contemporary world has helped me to look at existing problems in a new way. Henceforth, I plan to continue to study the issue of global justice more precisely, as the problems underlying it will be still relevant in the future. Besides, the methodology used in the global justice problem can be beneficial in my further scientific work. Reference List Agbebi, M. and Virtanen, P. (2017) ‘Dependency theory – a conceptual lens to understand China’s presence in Africa?’ , Forum for Development Studies, 44(3), pp. 429-451. Routledge. Caney, S. (2005) ‘Cosmopolitan justice, responsibility, and global climate change’ , Leiden Journal of International Law , 18(4), pp. 47-775. Mabala, R. (2011) ‘Youth and “the hood”-livelihoods and neighbourhoods’ , Environment and Urbanization , 23 (1), pp. 157-181. Vanderheiden, S. (2011) ‘Globalizing responsibility for climate change’ , Ethics & International Affairs , 25(1), pp. 65-84.
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Siddhartha Gautama’s Biography and Spiritual Journey Essay The motivating factor behind any person’s spiritual journey is the hunt for truth, self-understanding and the need for one to partake in the final condition of paradise and peace. The knowledge and understanding about life, God and truth are the major questions that linger in the life of any person. It is until one gets these answers that he or she receives the peace of mind that man always searches for. People usually have many questions about their existence, nature as well as the cause of all their happenings within their life. Generally, the search for such answers triggers ones spiritual journey, which is normally within the confines of a certain religion. It is for the same cause that Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, left his family and riches. Although the teachings he had received from his father and elders, as a Buddha, were good, they could not answer all his questions. Although they had moved from the Brahmins together, Hesse’s Siddhartha refused to join Govinda in following Siddhartha Gautama. This is because although Govinda has found in Gotama what he has been looking for, Siddhartha is yet to get the peace he has always sought for. He, therefore, decides to move out on his own to reach his goal of salvation alone, through his own experience to find the truth he has been seeking. Despite the fact that Siddhartha found God in Gautama, he was not contented. According to him, some levels of truth are missing in the teachings that he has received about Buddha. The teachings did not contain the experience of the Buddha and that he was the only one who knew what had happened to him. Siddhartha needed a source of information that would quench his thirst for the truth that he was seeking. This prevented Siddhartha from getting alone with the teachings of the Buddha (Siddhartha 23). According to the dream that Siddhartha had, it is most likely that the songbird represented himself while the gilded cage represented his godly confines. He dreamed that the songbird had grown mute and it could no longer sing. He realized that the bird was actually dead and had to throw it away. Siddhartha had stopped doing what the society expected of him. This meant that he was spiritually dead an aspect that made him to be excommunicated. He could no longer perform his work. Siddhartha considered himself worthless without the will power to continue with fighting for the truth. The dream was like a revelation for him. His senses were awoken and he realized that everything within him had lost meaning and taste. Siddhartha noticed that he had had much of wealth and experience and none of his questions had been answered. He felt some sense of hope for himself and off he went leaving everything behind. Siddhartha spiritual journey has a lot to say about the nature of the spiritual journey. It is important to know that not all people can fit in one religion or denomination. This may be because of the differences in which worship is done. Siddhartha could not follow his friend. Govinda since they were all different in how they made their choices. It is also crucial to know that there are people who go through so many circles before they have their life questions and thirst quenched.
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Medication and Its Role in the ADHD Treatment Essay For many decades, ADHD has been treated using a stimulant medication. As far as its efficacy is concerned, medication is essential in controlling the symptoms of ADHD. However, if used alone, medication is not an easy cure; indeed, it will be unsuccessful. The assertion that medication as a method of transforming the behavioral patterns of learners suffering from ADHD in an inclusive setting is not only effective, but it also holds true (Smith et al. 2012). With this regard, this paper aims at deriving well researched and documented evidence to support this assertion. It is worthwhile and justifiable to indicate that using medication to modify the behavior of students with ADHD is essential. However, it should be used along with other non-medicated methods. The validity of this position is backed by the NIMH (2004) who conducted a study on Children with ADHD. From NIMH’s study, out of four groups of treatment; community support, medication only, behavior therapy and combination of medication and behavior therapy, medication and behavior therapy combined is the most effective. This is because it was found to decrease depression, lowering social skills problems, improving academic performance, and it was paramount in improving parental relationships. Similar inferences can be inferred from the findings of the research conducted by Reid, Trout and Schartz (2005) that revealed that medication is the most appropriate treatment of the symptoms associated with ADHD. Additionally, Reid, Trout and Schartz’s research also recommended that ADHD patients should never be kept in isolation. With these considerations, there is there is nothing wrong with placing students with ADHD in regular education classes. Gartner and Lipsky (1987) claims that the proposal to engage disabled learners in a general classroom has gained support from both the guardians and the scholars. Such a student has the right to be in a general class. However, the setting of the class might be altered to fit the needs of disabled the learners. Indeed, if students with any form of disability are placed in a general educational facility, improvements in standardized tests become evident. In addition to this, disabled students are well positioned to acquire social and communication skills, which were previously underdeveloped. A general classroom setting is ideal for the disabled student since the student will have increased interactions with peers (Cooper and McEvoy, 1996). Here, the student will not only achieve more, but will also add to the IEP goals of higher quality. As compared to those in special schools, the student in a general school will have a higher chance of acquiring more experiences to cope with life after school. Vereb and DiPirna (2004) claim that teachers always accept medicated treatment on ADHD students placed in general classrooms. Furthermore, Vereb and DiPirna (2004) found that the acceptability of other treatments decrease as energy and time required increases. From this, it is valid to conclude that the techniques used in behavior management not only require more time, but also demand more attention and immense efforts. However, despite their effectiveness in the treatment, they are often perceived negatively. There are several other strategies that can be used to help students with ADHD increase their ability to learn in a regular education setting. In determining the most effective treatment for ADHD in students, the answer should be based on the diagnosis (Smith et al. 2012). Medical practitioners assert that there are significant numbers of symptoms of this condition attributable to other causes. These causes should not be included in determining, or giving the right diagnosis. Such situations include learning disabilities, abrupt change in the life of a child and depression. After ascertaining that the problems root from ADHD, an assessment should be done followed by an appropriate treatment. On the other hand, other than the medication, there are several non-medicated treatments used as remedies to this condition. One of the most acknowledged method is self regulation coupled with monitoring. For students with ADHD, this strategy works on its own. However, in acute circumstances, this method should be used alongside medication. Here, the student learns to assess and control own behavior (Smith et al. 2012). This method is founded on the idea that the disabled learner be provided with regular feedbacks on behaviors in an effort to assist him or her to attain personal objectives. This strategy is ideal in promoting the organizational skills of the student with ADHD. Another viable strategy is physical exercise. Physical exercises are advocated because of their ability to calm and relieve stress. Additionally, exercises also help in the management and control of behavior, thereby, aiding the student acquire individual goals. A review of documented research studies led to a conclusion that medication is effective if adopted as a treatment plan for students with ADHD. However, most researchers advocate that this form of treatment should be used hand-in-hand with other methods in an effort to lower the dosage. Nevertheless, medication is vital in assisting the disabled learner attain an ideal lifestyle and lead a better lifestyle in the society after school. References Cooper, C. S. & McEvoy, M. A. (1996). Group Friendship Activities: An Easy Way to Develop Social Skills of Young Children. Teaching Exceptional Children , 28 (3), 67-69. Gartner, A. & Lipsky, D. (1987). Beyond Special Education Toward A Quality System For All Students. Harvard Educ. Rev , 75 (4), 367-395. National Institute of Mental Health (2004). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Department of Health and Human Services , Exceptional Children , 3 (7), 1-49. Reid, R., Trout, A. L., & Schartz, M. (2005). Self-Regulation Interventions For Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Exceptional Children , 5 (71), 361. Smith, T., Polloway E., Patton, J., & Dowdy, C. (2012). Teaching Students with Special Needs in Inclusive Settings . New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Vereb, R. L. & DiPirna, J. C. (2004). Teachers’ Knowledge of Adhd, Treatments For Adhd, And Treatment Acceptability: An Initial Investigation. Research Brief. School Psychology Revi ew, 9(33), 421-428.
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Validity in Quantitative Research Designs Essay Research validity is an important factor that affects the outcomes and usefulness of scientific studies. Researchers have to create a setting that will support different types of validity to produce results that are real, logical, coherent, and appropriate for being used in real life. One can consider four types of validity: internal, external, statistical conclusion, and construct (Polit & Beck, 2017). All four of them are important as they support different spheres of the study’s usability and effectiveness. However, the intention of scholars to enhance a certain type of validity also has an impact on other ones. This effect can be both positive and negative. Using the study “Effectiveness of an Aspiration Risk-Reduction Protocol” by Metheny, Davis-Jackson, and Stewart (2010), the possible flaws in internal validity are described below along with strategies for improvement and outcomes to nurses’ neglect of validity. The Study’s Validity Concerns Internal validity can be compromised in a variety of ways. Polit and Beck (2017) state that internal validity in quantitative research is the extent to which external influences affect the causality of the study’s events. Metheny et al. (2010), for example, discuss the possible impact of the ARRP (Aspiration Risk Reduction Protocol) on critically-ill patients with mechanical ventilation who receive tube feedings. To assess the usefulness of this program, which is based on educating nurses about particular monitoring techniques, scholars collected data from one hospital at different points in time. The first group of participants was studied from 2002 to 2004, while the second was examined in the period from 2007 to 2008. During the years between data acquisitions, the hospitals’ ICU nurses were trained to document information about the patient’s head-of-bed elevation, insert feeding tubes, and assess high volumes of gastric residuals. One possible concern linked to the study’s internal validity is the lack of data about nurses’ skills working with the first group. For example, while in the intervention group nurses were asked to keep the patients’ beds at a certain angle, those professionals’ level of knowledge in the first group was never defined. Thus, they could follow the same procedures without any specific training. Moreover, the difference between the two sample groups also threatens internal validity because one group was significantly larger than the other and was stationed in the hospital multiple years earlier. Thus, this study may be subject to some concerns regarding its validity. In order to improve the research’s validity, one can create specific environments for both groups, where nurses’ actions are easily documented in both samples. This change may enhance the construct validity as well because it will show that the new intervention is being implemented accordingly. Statistical conclusion integrity may also be positively impacted because the changes would be more transparent than before. External validity, however, might be threatened because the study’s environment would be highly controlled, preventing its outcomes from being easily generalized. Conclusion Different types of validity are linked to the coherence of studies. The research by Metheny et al. (2010) reveals such concerns as the lack of available data and the ambiguity of compared variables. Thus, it is possible that some other variables such as the nurses’ prior experience might have affected the study’s outcomes. Moreover, as the two groups were studied at different times, the results also become questionable. The scholars could create a more controlled environment which would benefit all types of validity except the external one. Such attention to validity is important for nurses who seek to utilize studies’ findings. If they neglect to assess the validity of research, they may fail to recognize possible external influences and inconsistencies between theory and practice. References Metheny, N. A., Davis-Jackson, J., & Stewart, B. J. (2010). Effectiveness of an aspiration risk-reduction protocol. Nursing Research , 59 (1), 18-25. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
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Kevin Chen at the Sepang International Circuit Essay (Article) Malaysia – Kevin Chen is racing in the Asian Festival of Speed series, long considered to be the most exciting and largest race event in Asia that sees participants flying in from all over the world. He is participating in the FIA sanctioned Formula V6 Asia circuit that is being held at the Sepang International Circuit until June. Chen marked his first venture into the Sepang International Circuit in Malaysia with a remarkable 4th place finish during the two day event. He dazzled both spectators and analysts who were highly impressed by his racing skills during his first time out on the circuit. Initially qualified for second place on the first day of the race, he was overtaken by Austrian driver Earl Bamber during the 5th lap, placing Kevin in 3rd place. He held his position until the 18th lap when opponent James Grunwell bumped into his rear right tire, forcing Kevin to spin on the first corner and end the race in 4th place. Since the results of the previous day’s race was used for the race grid, Kevin started in the 4th position. Faced with clutch and battery problems, Kevin nursed his car during the early laps of the race, causing him to initially fall to 6th place. Pushing his car to its limits, Kevin eventually got back into the thick of the race after the 35th lap regaining and finishing in his original 4th position. Interviewed by reporters after the second race, Kevin remained bullish that he would be able to get past his beginners hurdles and move up to pole position over the course of the remaining races. “The Sepang Circuit is a demanding course and is unlike what I am used to and is proving to be a challenge for me.” He related to the reporters who gathered for a mini – press conference called by his team manager at the pit garage after the race. “There are still 5 race weekends composed of 10 races to be held here in Sepang, Malaysia. I have plenty of time to further familiarize myself with the circuit, the other drivers and their styles. Then I can regain my lost ground and earn my right to the pole position.” Asked if he considered the seemingly sinking race track as a hindrance to his speed and driving style, Kevin explained that “The race track that will slow down Kevin Chen has not yet been built. Not even a race track built over a swamp will stop me from achieving my dream of winning the title”. There have been various safety concerns raised during the race because the track, which was built over a swamp seems to be steadily sinking. As a race venue, the Sepang International Circuit (SIC) has long been used as a venue for various motor sport events in Asia such as the Formula 1 Malaysian Grand Prix, A1 Grand Prix, and the Malaysian Motorcycle Grand Prix. The circuit boasts of technologically advanced pit garages, media facilities, and audience friendly grandstands and amenities. Designed by Hermann Tilke of Germany, the circuit was designed for a clockwise direction race covering 5.54 kilometers with sweeping corners and wide straights. With its highly unusual layout design, Kevin Chen won the hearts of commentators and race fanatics alike as he almost effortlessly navigated the hairpin twists and turns that the circuit is known for. Even though his a novice on the circuit, Kevin is highly confident that he will be producing better and highly improved race results during the upcoming June race. “Now that I am familiar with the circuit, developing a driving strategy will be much easier.” he assured his old and new fans alike at the end of the press conference.
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The interaction is dependent on the nature of relationships that teachers and students have developed. In essence, creation of rapport between teachers and students is a critical ingredient that facilitates learning. The Bible says “a cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones” (Proverbs 17:22, New International Version). In training children, teachers should create a friendly environment for the students to be cheerful and have high spirits, which promote learning. To create moments of fun and humor, teachers should organize students to engage in learning activities such as drama, storytelling, playing games, and singing. These activities make learning interesting and amusing. By participating in these activities, teachers demonstrate that they care and love their students, and thus promote learning. Therefore, this essay compares and contrasts common core standards of Pennsylvania and Louisiana in relation to my perceptions of these standards. Common core standards vary from one state to another in the United States depending on the extent of their adoption, amendment, and implementation. Comparative examination of the common core standards in Pennsylvania and Louisiana indicates that they have some similarities and differences. The common core standards of Pennsylvania and Louisiana focus on mathematics, English, and arts. These are the major areas of the curriculum of the elementary school (K-8), which teachers should focus to enhance learning among elementary learners (Kellough & Jarolimek, 2008). Pennsylvania and Louisiana share the standards of mathematics such as counting, algebra, fractions, geometry, statistics, probability, ratios, proportion, measurements, data analysis, number system, numeric expressions, and equations. Moreover, Pennsylvania and Louisiana share the standards in English such as reading skills, writing skills, speaking skills, listening skills, and grammar usage. The differences in the common core standards lie in their comprehensive coverage and implementation (Porter, McMaken, Hwang, & Yang, 2011). Although Louisiana has adopted common core standards, it does not have comprehensive details of each standard, which students in each grade have to cover (Louisiana Department of Education, 2014). In contrast, Pennsylvania has comprehensive common core standards and explicitly depicts tasks and outcomes that students should achieve in their respective grades. According to Pennsylvania Department of Education (2014), “Pennsylvania’s core standards offer a set of rigorous, high-quality academic expectations in English language, arts, and mathematics that all students should master by the end of each grade level” (para. 4). Therefore, the comprehensiveness of the common core standards of Pennsylvania makes them rigorous and high-quality standards. Critical examination of these standards has revealed that they are not only appropriate, but they are also attainable for my students because of their content. Hence, I prefer the content and format of Pennsylvania’s common core standards for they are comprehensive, rigorous, quality, and in tabulated format. Since the common core standards aim to standardize learning in elementary schools, they promote teaching and learning processes. According to Kellough and Jarolimek (2008), common core standards are benchmarks that guide teachers and parents in monitoring progress of students. In this view, the common core standards enhance accountability in schools because they ensure that teachers and students meet the standards of curriculum by focusing on these standards. Accountability is an important aspect in schools because it enables teachers, parents, and students achieve expected outcomes (Parker, 2012). In the analysis of the common core standards, I have found out that school educators use these standards in formulating their curriculum and improving students’ performance. Moreover, I have noted that common core standards form the basis of teaching and learning in elementary schools. Therefore, my thoughts and opinions about these standards is that they are important benchmarks, which are indispensable in improving the processes of teaching and learning in elementary schools. References Kellough, D., & Jarolimek, J. (2008). Teaching and learning K–8: A guide to methods and resources (9 th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Louisiana Department of Education (2014). What are the common core state standards? Web. Parker, D. V. (2012). Christian teachers in public schools: 13 essentials for the classroom. Kansas City, KS: Beacon Hill Press. Pennsylvania Department of Education (2014). PA core standards implementation . Web. Porter, A., McMaken, J., Hwang, J., & Yang, R. (2011). Common core standards: The new U.S. intended curriculum. Educational Research , 40 (3), 103-116.
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The Social Environments and the Effectiveness of Youth HIV Prevention Essay (Critical Writing) It has been established that for youth aged 18 to 24, one out of every ten lives with HIV. To explain this, many people carried out research, all of them focused on different aspects of daily societal occurrences. Research and studies have also been done to establish factors responsible for such statistics. It is on record that societal perception profoundly determines the efficiency of prevention strategies. A vast majority of the populace living with HIV has not disclosed news of their status to their close friends and family. Some have masqueraded as patients of tuberculosis, gout, and other illnesses the society views as ‘normal’ illnesses. Campbell, Foulis, Maimane & Sibiya (2008) raise several issues in their paper, which are highlighted below. Children admit they are sexually active but do not use any form of protection. Most of them attribute this to curiosity. Some of them believe engaging in unprotected sex, as their parents do is an indication of maturity. It is saddening that most of the youth view sex education negatively since their elders have socialized them to view it as a curse. They cannot confide in their elders for fear of being branded licentious. Infected youngsters cannot open up to their parents for fear of reproach. Female youth who hail from impoverished backgrounds often engage in risky sexual encounters. They have little power over their clients, hence their inability to insist on condoms. Others get pregnant to guarantee themselves financial support or to tie down men they love, thereby exposing themselves to risks. For fear of ruinous publicity, few organizations and churches are participating in the fight against HIV. Some parents chastise their children for associating themselves with AIDS awareness programs. Church ministers referred to anti-AIDS literature as pornography (Campbell et al., 474). This hostile environment makes it tough for societies interested in undertaking awareness programs to operate. Critique I agree with the observation that societies greatly affect the way information on sex and HIV/Aids is perceived. In Kenya, for example, there are Voluntary Counseling and Testing centers (VCT) that offer free HIV/AIDS testing for all. Records show that more men visit this facility as compared to women. The centers are associated with prostitutes, not married or single women. Further study revealed that married women were not in any position to negotiate for protection during sex for fear of being branded rebellious by their husbands (Taegtmeyer, Kilonzo, Mung’ala, Morgan & Theobald 307). In Zimbabwe, political instability has limited the NGOs that provide specialized attention to HIV/AIDS patients. A large majority of respondents reported that social stigmatization deterred them from utilizing the facilities. Another factor that came up was the absence of condoms and antiretroviral therapy for the infected. Instances of new infections could not be reduced due to lack of condoms (Sherra, Lopmanb, Kakowac, Dubeb, Chawirac, Nyamukapab, Oberzaucherd, Creminb & Gregsonb, 851). This paper is silent on the risk sex workers pose to youths in our communities. They constitute a vital part of the study since they have a direct impact on the infection and transmission rate of the disease because they have multiple sex partners. In Brazil, the national prevalence rate is a meager 0.7% among grown-ups. Estimates show that six out of every ten sex workers are infected. It was wrong to ignore this segment, since they may have affected the findings of their study, hence their conclusion and recommendations (Sherra et al., 853). Youth’ engaging in drug and substance abuse is another focus group they failed to explore. Addicts share needles, blades, and other paraphernalia that are used when abusing the drugs, thus exposing themselves to the threat of infection. Summarily, it is evident in the fight against AIDS that one strategy alone always ends up being ineffective. There is the need to employ strategies that focus on different aspects promoting the spread of the virus simultaneously. NGOs and other organizations fighting the virus should request substantial financial aid from governments and well-wishers to facilitate their activities. Governments should support them by giving financial assistance and implementing policies that make it easier for them to perform their duties (Evans & Lambert, 27). It is noteworthy that most of the points raised above are characteristic of the rural setting, where there are high illiteracy and awareness levels. Changing their perception to and subsequent reception of this message should be prioritized. They should be socialized to appreciate that HIV/AIDS is no longer taboo, rather it is existent (Campbell et al., 474). All in all, target groups should be considered carefully when formulating anti-Aids literature, by carefully presenting the message to make it acceptable to the people. Works cited Campbell, C. Foulis, C. Maimane, S. and Sibiya, Z. The impact of social environments on the effectiveness of youth HIV prevention: A South African case study. AIDS Care . (2008) 17(4), 471 – 478. Evans, Catrin. and Lambert, Helen. Culture, Health & Sexuality: The limits of behavior change theory: Condom use and contexts of HIV risk in the Kolkata sex industry . 2008 10: 1, 27 — 41. Sherr, Lorraine. Lopmanb, Ben. Kakowa, Memory. Dube, Sabada. Chawira, Godwin. Nyamukapa, Constance. Oberzaucher, Nicole. Cremin, Ide and Gregson, Simon. Voluntary counseling and testing: uptake, impact on sexual behavior, and HIV incidence in a rural Zimbabwean cohort . 2007 Vol 21 No 7 851. Taegtmeyer, M. Kilonzo, N. Mung’ala, L. Morgan G & Theobald, S. Using gender analysis to build voluntary counseling and testing responses in Kenya . 2005 100, 305 – 311.
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Professional Image in Person’s Life Essay By considering such a profession as a crime scene investigator, then for practical work, it is necessary to present oneself correctly. In addition to professional skills, this is facilitated by the image that an individual creates for himself (Anim-Danquah, 2018). The essence of the image phenomenon is the priority of personal qualities over everything else. This is the basis of the “personification effect. The three most important characteristics for the personal image of an investigator: * Communication qualities and skills . More than 75% of an investigator’s work involves communicating with people, suspects, and offenders (Anim-Danquah, 2018). Therefore, communication qualities, abilities and skills, the very nature of communication, the ability to establish good contact, and benevolent relations with partners in touch are vitally important. In addition, the profession is connected with communication with criminal elements or, on the contrary, with people in stressful and affective states (Anim-Danquah, 2018). The necessary communicative qualities will contribute to building trust and a formidable, respectful appearance of the investigator in front of criminals. * Intellectual qualities . The investigator must show himself in the eyes of colleagues and management as a person with deep, solid knowledge in his specialty, versed in all the intricacies of his field, having a professional intuition (Anim-Danquah, 2018). In other words, he should be a professional with great intellect and erudition. * Emotional and volitional qualities . When creating an image, an investigator must make deliberate efforts, so a mechanism of voluntary regulation plays an essential role in this process. Emotional-will qualities combine such mental states as emotional stability, anxiety, empathy, and non-conflict (Anim-Danquah, 2018). It is necessary to understand that an investigator must work in harsh conditions, observing difficult and pressuring situations, which should not confuse him. In other words, in no case, a professional should not lose competence and coolness. Thus, summing up all of the above, it should be noted that image is naturally a part of a person’s image. It includes corporeality, psychology, and sociocultural factors (Anim-Danquah, 2018). In other words, the concept of image is connected both with external appearance and with the inner content, his psychological type, whose features meet the demands of time and society. References Anim-Danquah, E. (2018). Professional Investigation.
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The main question raised by it goes as follows: how is it possible that tragedy and depressing events described and expressed through artistic means celebrate life? Purification of a soul caused by tragedy is an important part of art that reveals the truth of the world and people, thus, we can claim that every piece of art that reveals truth however tragic it will be celebrates life. The following can be in the famous film As it is in Heaven directed by Kay Pollack. Daniel Dareus the main character of the movie is the world-renowned conductor suffering from heart deceases. After a heart attack, he retires and travels to his native town in the north of Sweden where he had a difficult childhood. Here as he deceases not bothers him a lot he engages in the work of the local choir plunging into the problems and relations between different people. His love for music and people was stronger than his disease. The choir wins the ‘wild cart’ for participation in a musical competition, but suddenly before the performance in the make-up room, Dareus suffers another heart attack, stumbles, and hits his head. He lies on the floor bleeding and the voice of his choir unites him with eternity. This is a tragedy that has catharsis of celebrating life and hope for the better which unites all film’s characters under undefined but beckoning light. As it is in Heaven – description Another piece of art a play written and staged in 1939 by William Saroyan called The Time of Your Life has much in common with As it is in Heaven in terms of finding positive in negative – life celebration in life absurdity. The action of this play centers on Joe a young rich loafer fostering the visitors of the bar( the main place of action) in their strange behavior and eccentricity. Joe helps future Harry and provides his fellow Tom with the prostitute Kitty Duval. The bar is filled with people trying to find the sense of their life, trying to escape its absurdity and uncertainty. Among such characters, one should mention the frenetic man in love and the affluent couple. Saroyan managed to create conditions for understanding a simple fact that ‘When you live, live’ which make people think of their life and understand that it is a short period and all should be made to make it interesting and exciting. But notwithstanding the fact of similarity between the artworks discussed it can be said that As It is in Heaven is more tragic and has a higher intensity of catharsis. But in the Time of your life, more emphasis is put on reflection rather than emotions. Design elements in The Time of Your Life The play was initially structured in difficult form and lasted for more than 3 hours which can be regarded as quite a long time in terms of current staging practices. The five acts of the play are set mostly in the waterfront bar in San Francisco. The characters constantly enter the bar and interact with Joe – this structural and technical element helps to maintain the same decorations during the play. Most time of the play is passed in a calm manner giving the audience possibility to reflect on philosophical and moral problems but of course with much emotional accompaniment. Some scenes of play can be described as falling out the central idea creating the impression of ‘lost quotation’ but in sum the positive element undervalues them showing great structural and expressive coherence of the play. The tension only appears in the end when a spiteful cop Blick makes trouble for Nick and Kitty Duval. Among decoration elements of the play, one should mention the upright piano and swinging door which serve the role of entrance and exit for the play’s characters. There are also other very interesting details: trophies, old photos, sailboats, various signed and framed dollar bills used as a souvenir for giving luck to their holders. In sum, it can be claimed that the play’s design elements create a gloomy atmosphere which is further mounted in the course of the play.
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Education and Information Concerning Healthy Eating Essay (Critical Writing) An article by David Zincenko titled ‘Don’t Blame the Eater’ takes an opinionated stance on the responsibility of fast-food companies in the promotion of products that target children and teenagers. These groups are especially vulnerable to the consumption of potentially dangerous or unhealthy products prevalent in fast-food industries due to the lack of sufficient warning labels and information. Zincenko (2002) makes the argument that government involvement is essential and mandatory in order to prevent hazardous risks, by either including proper labeling or another format of information delivery that will allow for educated decisions made by customers. Though such action has merit, it is unlikely to impact the health issues spurred by diet and potentially harmful products. This is largely for a number of reasons, including the demand-driven nature of fast-food economics, the influence of non-professional sources of information, and lack of initial education concerning the topic at an early stage by the government. The current fast-food industry is driven by the demand of customers and their preferences. There are a number of other factors that contribute to this, including location, pricing, and availability. Customers have much more access to health-conscious dietary information than ever before, yet they continue to create escalating demand for fast-food products. Special diets have a number of sources online, such as resources on vegan, clean eating, or other directions of healthy nutrition which are accessible to most. There is a variety and excess of information available on better nutrition, made available by the government, professionals, or other parties. However, the demand for the factors of fast-food products such as price, timeliness, and taste outweigh the concerns for health. As such, I mostly disagree with Zincenko’s solution. Though the resources available, especially on the web, are limitless and incredibly diverse, the quality of the information is also questionable. Even if customers turn to non-government sources if those are not available, it is not guaranteed that they will find adequate dietary and health information. In the case of Jordan Younger, a vegan who participated and promoted a very intensive diet of raw and minimal eating, the case for independently available resources resulted in a catastrophe (Wilson, 2017). Her excessively limited diet resulted in an eating disorder that adversely affected her health, and this diet was heavily recommended by her and others, with Younger even creating material that was for sale to encourage others to become part of what shifted from just a diet to a system belief. The health risks of such things are high, and as such, the government would not only have to promote their own dietary resources but combat misinformation. Zincenko’s argument does not address this potential risk of argument, and the case of Younger is worrying and not an adequate solution to dietary education in my opinion. Zincenko cites children and teenagers as being the most vulnerable and misinformed concerning health risks and fast food, which can be seen in real-world statistics. However, the government-backed increase in labeling may not be sufficient. To avoid being oblivious to health risks or relying on possible misinformation from non-professionals, government intervention should begin at an early stage. To truly change the attitudes of the youth towards healthy eating, programs concerning the topic of diet should be prevalent during school years and encourage students to investigate the compositions of their meals on their own without reliance on labeling or potential misinformation. As such, I only partially agree with Zincenko’s solution as it is not sufficient in addressing the issue of diet-induced health risks. Currently, no such programs are effective enough to curb health risks related to diet in both adults and children. However, the implementation of such campaigns is possible and needed more every year. While the market is demand-driven, it is essential to inform and create involvement in customers rather than simply satisfying those concerned with more accurate labeling. References Wilson, B. (2017). Why we fell for clean eating . The Guardian. Web. Zincenko, D. (2002). Don’t blame the eater. New York Times. Web.
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This misclassification will be prevented by putting in place proper internal control. All items should be classified by the supervisor and counterchecked before recording. At the end of the week, there should be a reconciliation of the records. This will ensure that there are no items, which are misclassified. The three invoices, which are not initialized by the controller, can be used to misappropriate the company’s funds. To avoid filing invoices that are not initialized by the controller, it should be a requirement that all invoices should be initialized before filing. To ensure that this is followed, the controller should check the invoice file from time to time to ensure that all the invoices are initialized. If an invoice is found in the file without initials, the clerk responsible for filing should be made answerable and proper disciplinary action should be taken to any officer who is found to have filed such document. The misstatement in this scenario is that a document has taken a long period before being recorded. The internal controller should ensure that all documents are filed and recorded within a reasonable time. Assuming Jay Klein is a large corporation and has large transactions meaning that all receiving reports should be recorded within 6 hours upon receipt. No officer should be allowed to exceed this period unless with a good reason and still it should not exceed 24 hours. If a period is exceeded then proper action should be taken. Any invoice that is paid twice shows the existence of fraud and misapplication of resources. To ensure that no invoice is paid twice, the internal controller should ensure that all payments are made against original invoices. A duplicate invoice will only be used when there is proof that the original has been misplaced. The customer will be required to send a statement showing the amount owed. To ensure that the checks amount tallies with the amount in the vendor’s invoice first, the controller should counter-check the amount paid against the amount is in the check issued by the payment office. If the amount does not tally, the internal controller should communicate with the clerk responsible for writing checks. This check should be canceled. This means that before a check is issued, the vendors‘ invoice to be paid should be approved. Failure to approve may lead to the misappropriation of the company’s resources. Cash disbursement journal entries dates should reconcile with the date of the check. The related monthly general ledger summary entries shall carry the date of the month summarized. Voiced checks should be taken to the accountant or financial controller for inspection, then filing numerically will follow. This file should be checked regularly to ensure all checks that are void are recorded. In this case, there will be no void check that will go missing without being discovered. If any, it means that the financial controller does not check the work of clerks. All vendor invoices should be initialized once they are received and the item invoiced are confirmed to be correct together with the delivery note. No invoice should be inconsistent with the delivery note. The supervisor shall compare the two copies to avoid discrepancies such as extension error; one should ensure that the same amount is recorded in the subsidiary accounts of the customer.
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Religious Thinking in the Enlightenment Era Essay Introduction The Enlightenment was an important philosophical movement that dominated Europe in the eighteenth century. The movement was also known as the Age of Reason, and it completely shifted people’s understanding of nature and resulted in a rapid increase of knowledge in all spheres of human endeavor. However, a wide range of ideas associated with the movement was not supported and promulgated by all intellectuals of the century (Cole et al. 404). The aim of this paper is to explore the link between the Enlightenment project and the religious mode of thinking of the past. The paper will argue that although the Age of Reason was associated with the strengthening of faith in human reason, eighteenth-century intellectuals did not completely escape from the religious thinking of the previous centuries. Discussion The scientific revolution that emerged as a result of the intellectual efforts of distinguished thinkers such as David Hume and Isaac Newton helped to create a new approach to scientific inquiry (Cole et al. 404). This approach was at variance with traditional thought that favored superstition. Kant, who believed that the Enlightenment represented the disappearance of “humanity’s self-imposed immaturity” (qtd. in Cole et al. 404), also saw it as an escape from the intellectual authority of the Catholic Church. In an attempt to systemize human knowledge, great thinkers of the era developed the scientific method. The expansion of literacy that occurred simultaneously with the Age of Reason allowed the broad masses to discover works of Voltaire and Rousseau. Voltaire was a free thinker whose works were not constrained by religious and political dogmas of the time. The intellectual praised the weakening of British aristocracy and showed his respect for British scientists (Cole et al. 405). The man opposed religious bigotry and argued that fanaticism was linked to human misery. Montesquieu was another prominent thinker of the era who criticized monarchies and claimed that “the soul of a republic was virtue” (Cole et al. 405). The spirit of the century was captured in the Encyclopedia —a collective project that summarized contemporary knowledge. Diderot overviewed the publication of the work and promoted the application of science. The Encyclopedia was banned by government officials who believed that it thought to destroy religion (Cole et al. 407). Although France was an engine of intellectual progress in the Enlightenment era, Great Britain and Scotland also produced remarkable philosophers such as Edward Gibbon, David Hume, and Adam Smith. Secular ideas were prominent in works of a British literati, Mary Wollstonecraft. The woman believed in equality of relationships between the sexes, which represented a diversion from religious traditions of the past. Rousseau, on the other hand, claimed that women were radically different from men and, therefore, they should not engage in intellectual pursuits (Cole et al. 418). The intellectual’s reasoning was in line with that of religious authorities. During the Enlightenment era, the church wanted to stop the spread of humanitarianism and toleration—respect for human dignity—and wanted to maintain an old social order. Even though powerful intellectual elites opposed the persecution of religious minorities and rebelled against dogma, they were deists who believed in a “divine clockmaker” (Cole et al. 408). Moreover, thinkers such as Lessing, who considered Christianity to be superior to other religions, treated followers of Islam and Judaism with disdain. It means that ideas of the Age of Reason were not sufficient for a complete break with the religious thinking of the previous centuries. The discovery of the New World affected Enlightenment thinkers to a great degree. The importance of the event was underscored by Raynal, who argued that “everything changed, and will go on changing” (Cole et al. 411). The discovery also helped to permanently change Western identity, thereby diminishing the power of the church. The weakening of the church authority over the intellectual discourse of the century occurred with the help of the book trade. Cheap printing and distribution methods resulted in the emergence of daily newspapers in London (Cole et al. 416). Governments were not capable of censuring a flood of publications that swept across Europe. However, Russian, Prussian, and Austrian authorities were not so permissive of intellectual freedoms; therefore, the countries had much less subversive literature. The spread of revolutionary books in Europe led to the emergence of high culture. They educated aristocratic women that visited salons often engaged in intellectual discussions of politics and religion, thereby promoting critical thinking. According to Cole et al., the ability to speak and think freely without regard for religious dogma was “a point of pride” (417). Most importantly, the reading culture of the Enlightenment became a part of popular culture. Despite the fact that there was not primary schooling in most of Europe, the self-taught public enjoyed reading and discussing published materials. Conclusion The paper has explored the connection between the Age of Reason and the religious mode of thinking of the previous centuries. The paper has argued that although the Enlightenment was associated with the systematization of knowledge and strengthening of faith in human reason, eighteenth-century thinkers did not completely escape from the religious thinking of the past. Nonetheless, during the eighteenth century, the power of religious authorities was substantially diminished, which helped to advance human progress.
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What Happens on Twitter Stays on Twitter Essay The increased use of technology and the interference of social media in people’s daily lives changed some aspects of relationships between employers and employees. While the country actively promotes free speech rights, people face multiple challenges when their personal opinion could have a negative effect on someone’s interests and wealth. The article discusses why Twitter as a social media network and the content people publish there for private purposes pose a potential danger to the employer. One of the main ideas mentioned in the article explains why the private account of employees are now viewed as a threat by businesses and organizations. The article features an opinion from lawyer Rafael Gomes, who explains that employees reflect the inner values of the business that employs them. In my opinion, if association with the company is the sole reason for the employees’ dismissal, the problem could be solved by the company’s increased level of security and protection of employees’ data. Alternatively, the problem could be solved by improving the corporate culture and educating employees on offensive topics and adverse outcomes of relevant social issues, such as sexism and racism. On the other hand, I believe that the issue is connected with social media’s harmful and toxic environment and the newly developed cancel culture. For unknown reasons, the audience of social media often wants to diminish all privileges and achievements from a person who made an offensive comment or has a mindset that does not suit modern standards. Lately, the social media audience has judged many famous actors and singers for their comments and tweets from more than ten years ago. In my opinion, all social media accounts have plenty of compromising evidence or statements that the public could interpret in a wrong way. Therefore, I think that interference of social media in the professional aspect results from a much bigger problem of cancel culture. On the other hand, cancel culture resulted from increased amounts of personal information on social media. Thus, if companies and organizations do not want to carry the consequences of their employees’ actions on social media, they could develop comprehensive training on social media and privacy for employees. Creating such programs would allow employers to maintain employees’ social content and provide a legal chance to avoid public association with the employee in cases of issue.
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Ford Motor Company’s Labor Economics Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Union wage effects 2. Estimates of the union wage gap 3. Union wage gap against union wage gain 4. Unions and wage dispersion 5. The nonwage effects of unions 6. Unions, productivity and profits 7. Public sector unions 8. Works Cited Union wage effects Union wage premium is currently one of the most analyzed issues in labor economics. It is a ratio which compares the earnings of a nonunion worker member to a union worker. Union wage effect can be analyzed as the percentage by use of the wage gain of typical workers when they join a union. According to research findings, a union worker earns 15% more than a typical nonunion worker. At the Ford Motor company, the union wage effects have pushed the company to its financial limits. In 2007, the company added an additional $1,200 to every vehicle manufactured due to high wage demands. As a result, foreign vehicles gained market share by edging out the expensive Ford vehicles. Estimates of the union wage gap The union wage gap is a percentage of the wage differential between union jobs and nonunion jobs. It is countercyclical since it widens in times of high unemployment and narrows during economic expansions. Wage gap is calculated by comparing workers in both union and nonunion jobs having a similar economic and social background such as education, age, industry and region of employment. Research findings indicate that the union wage gap is slightly lower than nonunion wage gap at a difference of 15% to 25%. In 2008, Ford Motor Company and the workers union agreed to pay new employees $4.50 an hour. This value is much higher when compared to $1.50 per hour earned by the nonunionized workers at Ford’s plant in Mexico. Union wage gap against union wage gain Wage gain is the difference between the earnings of a unionized and a nonunionized worker with the same level of skills. This difference in the wage gap cannot be used to measure the union wage gain since a union worker earns 15% more than a nonunion worker. In the US, Ford pays its workers $8 more per hour than its nonunion counterparts located in other countries. Currently, Ford claims to be paying $58/hour while other automakers pay an average of $50 per hour. Unions and wage dispersion The difference in wages among workers at the same workplace level varies differently between unionized and nonunionized workers. Studies indicate that unionized workers are least affected by wage dispersion. Nonunionized workers face 25% higher wage dispersion in comparison to the unionized firms. Over the past years, Ford Motor Company nonunion employees earned less than their counterparts in foreign motor companies. As a result, foreign automakers are using the pay strategy to discourage its workers from joining unions. Foreign automakers believed that if nonunion worker earns more than union workers, then they will not join the unions. Apart from the little disparity in their wages, union workers are a uniform group in terms of their education level as well as other related job skills. This is because unions aim at collective bargaining and equity during negotiations which leads to a lack in wage setting depending on productivity of workers. The nonwage effects of unions The nonwage effect of unions proves through longitudinal analysis that the impacts of unions in nonwage activities are lower than in wage outcomes. However, as much as unions improve the wage structures for its members they affect other nonwage factors like job satisfaction and worker productivity. Research indicates that most union workers are dissatisfied with their jobs because of the job quality, industrial relation climate and wages offered by their firms. Most union workers believe their jobs offer little opportunities for promotion and are more complex than nonunion jobs. Unions, productivity and profits Unions have a massive influence on the general financial and productive effect of a firm. Firms cannot use theory only to predict the effects of unions since they are inadequate. This means that a firm using theory can either improve or destroy its general performance. It should be noted that factors uplifting or those that destroy productivity occur simultaneously hence; the net effect can only be attained via proper empirical investigation. Restructuring strategies introduced in 2006 by Ford Motor Company pushed its sales and increased profits in the year 2009 and 2010. This improvement is attributed to increased employee productivity since they wanted to show their commitment to the company. Workers who were not in the upper management positions also got a share of the profits thus enhancing their productivity. Public sector unions Public sector unions aim at pushing for the best interests of workers within government owned, supported or regulated organizations. Currently, public sector unions have more influential unions in the world compared to the private sector unions. As a result, the public sector unions have been criticized and branded “black holes” since their workers earn more than what they produce. This criticism led the conservatives to vouch for the downsizing of these unions claiming they were the cause of the large government deficits (DiLorenzo par. 15). In support of change, some Ford Motor Company workers argued that public unions need to improve their working standards by using innovative ways of service delivery. Failure to do this, taxpayers as well as consumers will turn elsewhere (“Welcome to the Real World” par. 11). Works Cited DiLorenzo, Thomas. The Political Economy of Government Employee Unions , 26 Feb 2011. Web. < https://www.lewrockwell.com/2011/02/thomas-dilorenzo/government-employee-unions/ > “Welcome to the Real World.” Public-Sector Unions. 2009. Web. < https://www.economist.com/united-states/2009/12/10/welcome-to-the-real-world >
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David Jones Company Analysis Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Asset Efficiency 3. Liquidity 4. Capital Structure 5. Repayment Ratios 6. Market Performance Ratios 7. Reference List Introduction Return on Equity remained constant in 2010. This can be attributed to the increase in profit and a corresponding proportional increase in the average equity. The Return on Assets improved from 16.9% in 2009 to 21.48% in 2010. It is evident from the figures that the increase in the Profit before Interest and Taxation was more than the increase in average assets. This is a sign that David Jones made better use of the assets at their disposal to earn a profit. The Gross Profit margin was better in 2010 than 2009 by 0.01%, an indicator of a slight improvement in the management of cost of goods sold. The Net Profit margin was higher in 2010 than in 2009 by 0.83%. This is as a result of better deals from suppliers and the increase in revenue. The major cause for the increase in revenue was the opening of the two new Bourke Street Malls. These malls offer clients a personalized shopping experience and have attracted the elite market. David Jones also refurbished their Kotara store in the Hunter region. This contributed to the increase in sales revenue (David Jones Company, 2010). Asset Efficiency The asset Efficiency ratio was better in 2010 than 2009 by 0.23 times. This was a result of the increase in sales revenue. The inventory turnover times reduced in 2010 to 136.9 times, from 169.27 times in 2009. This is an indicator of the slower movement of inventory (Kathleen, 2008). The Inventory days increased by 0.51 as expected. This could be attributed to the increase in the Inventory Turnover Times. The cause of this could have been the difficult macroeconomic conditions. The debtor’s turnover increased from 14times to 16 times. This shows that debtors paid their debts to David Jones better in 2010 than in 2009. As expected, the debtors’ days then decreased from 24 to 22. David Jones seems to have employed better credit screening and collection methods in 2010 (David Jones Company, 2009). Liquidity The 2010 current ratio was better than the 2009 ratio by 0.1. This shows a slight improvement in David Jones’ ability to meet their current liabilities on demand. However, the quick ratio shows a drastic decrease. This could be a result of the slow-moving inventory. The cash flow ratio improved to 0.65 from 0.62. This is a good sign as it indicates better cash management by the company. Lenders and Creditors would be pleased (Barrow, 2006). Capital Structure David Jones managed to reduce the debt in their capital structure as shown by the Debt to Equity ratio which dropped from 64% to 60%. The company prides itself on its low debt levels. This is also reflected in the Debt ratio which decreased to 37.7% from 39.1%. The slight change in the capital structure is evident in the equity ratio which increased from 60% to 62%. The company raised additional equity to replace the debt paid off in the capital structure (Magal & Word, 2009). Repayment Ratios Two ratios were computed for this section. The debt coverage ratio decreased slightly by 0.03. This was due to a less than proportional increase in net cash flow from operating activities. However, the interest coverage ratio showed a positive change by 2.15. This is an indicator that David Jones can be able to pay interest 2.15 more times than in 2009. This could also be a result of the decrease in debt (Hooks, 2010). Market Performance Ratios The Earnings per Share and Dividend Per-share remained unchanged in the two years under study. However, the operating cash flow per share reduced from 0.42 to 0.39. The Price Earnings ratio improved slightly from 14.44 to 14.15 despite the bad publicity the company received with the dismissing of the previous CEO. The company has done slightly better in 2010 than 2009 according to these ratios. Reference List Barrow, C. J. (2006). Environmental Management for Sustainable Development (Routledge Environmental Management). Toronto: Routledge. David Jones Company. (2009). Annual Report. Sydney: David Jones. David Jones Company. (2010). Annual Report 2010. Sydney: David Jones. Hooks, K. L. (2010). Auditing and Assurance Services: Understanding the Integrated Audit. Chicago: Wiley. Kathleen, B. H. (2008). From Analyst to Leader: Elevating the Role of the Business Analyst Management Concepts. New York: Free Press Magal, S. R., & Word, J. (2009). Essentials of Business Processes and Information Systems. Toronto: Wiley.
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Confidentiality in Group Therapy Essay Confidentiality is an integral part of any form of therapy; including individual and group therapies. The patient should be assured of the confidentially of the information at the beginning of the section. The assurance enables the patient to feel free and protected from embarrassment and ridicule in case the information given is leaked out. Therapies use the tool of talking as a remedy to various problems that have faced us or are currently facing us; a problem talked about is a problem half solved. In group therapy people talk about the many issues that have landed them into the present situation; many people are involved in addition to the therapist. All that is discussed should be left in the counseling room; anyone who discusses it with outsiders risks explanation from the healing process. In group therapy, there are several issues that the therapist should advise the patient to disclose to the group as crime, sexual abuse, and other more personal or private information that is referred to as privileged information which cannot even be disclosed to courts by the therapists. If disclosed to the group one may risk exposure and face consequences either by the legal system or avenging people in the group or outside. These two forms of information are given to therapists; privileged and confidential. The latter is given to the therapist and the group in the assurance that it will not be let out of the bag for affects one’s emotional and mental health. The jeopardy mainly referred to in psychoanalysis is that of “life-change”; one psychological and emotional fitness affects how he or she takes action, acts in response, and how other people (particularly people who are close to that person) perceive their actions and react to them. Thus, as a child gets mature, he can disturb the fragile stability he might have with other people. Our associates and relatives are used to us acting in definite ways. Amend that, and you risk altering all of your relations. While an absolute repair rarely happens, it is best to be alert. Exceptions to confidentiality There are three exceptions where confidentiality can be breached legally: 1. If the therapist feels that the information given could potentially harm the individual or the society. This can be in cases of frustrated people who feel the solution cannot be achieved hence are suicidal or want to commit homicide as a perceived way of liberation. 2. In cases where the patient is mentality seek and infer to have an obsession with activities directed to harming the children; pedophiles sexually or otherwise. 3. Despite the responsibility to protect the confidentiality of the patient’s information, sometimes the therapist may be obliged by law or self-conscience to disclose it to as in court proceedings. The information given could consist of prior unpunished severe crimes that if gone unpunished may recur; as serial killers or pathological sexual abusers. In the above cases, the therapist will feel obliged to disclose the patient information to the relevant authorities or take upon himself or herself measures to curb harm to the mentioned parties. The latter is risky for it might implicate the specialist in crimes or setups.
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Culture in the Medical Field Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Culture in the Medical Field 3. Conclusion 4. Reference Introduction Culture is a crucial aspect of many individuals. It has an influence on their day to day activities and their interactions. Culture results in the development of various biases, especially in the medical field. This means that the treatment options and strategies expected by a patient vary based on their culture. When it comes to the provision of healthcare, there are various psychosocial aspects that influence how the patient is treated. These factors are majorly cultural and determine the decisions made by the patient’s doctor. Culture in the Medical Field In any hospital situation, both the doctor and the patient bring into the situation an exchange of a number of cultural factors. These factors may be of relevance to the treatment the patient needs and the expected outcomes. When there are cultural differences, the decisions by the doctor can be influenced by cultural assumptions and biases which are present, but the doctor is not consciously aware of them (Meredith, 2011). There are various beliefs and behaviors characterized by films that are different from my own. Most of these differences are cultural in nature and have a role to play when it comes to interaction with patients. Patients are influenced by culture highly, and this determines how they undergo treatment (Meredith, 2011). For instance, in the film Greys Anatomy, the beliefs of the patient are different from my own as she is dependent upon a religious leader before any treatment can be done on her. Furthermore, she is willing to risk her ability to walk and undergo pain for the sake of cultural beliefs. In comparison to my own beliefs, the patient’s cultural beliefs are varied from my own. If the patient was my client, I would have to agree with their wishes. The effectiveness of the treatment of a patient is sometimes dependent on the psychology of the patient. For instance, the patient would only be comfortable if a religious ritual is conducted on her before treatment. This would also ensure a quick recovery and play a vital role during the healing process. In any clinical situation, it would be appropriate to ask questions that are not stereotypical in nature. Thus, generalizations should not be made of what is expected of a particular culture, but rather the patient is considered unique and not entirely influenced by culture (Meredith, 2011). For instance, the patient can be asked if they are in need of a religious leader before undergoing treatment. Through this, it would be easy to avoid biases. It is a reality that the elderly are mistreated in our society. This can be seen on the basis that most of these elderly individuals have families who are not interested in taking care of them. As a result, they are placed in special institutions made for the elderly. Moreover, some of them live in tower blocks and bingo halls, placed there by their families who no longer wish to be responsible for them. Most of the elderly are left in seclusion, some of whom stay in the same place for long periods of time. For instance, one of the participants in the video shows a placard detailing that she has not left her flat in three years. Thus, our healthcare system is not effectively looking after the elderly. They are people and deserve equal treatment to ensure they have a full filing period during the last days of their lives. Conclusion In conclusion, people tend to form feelings and beliefs based on biases they have towards different cultures (Meredith, 2011). Thus, it becomes necessary to be aware of the different cultures and appreciate them. Reference Meredith. E. D. (2011). Psychosocial Aspects of Health Care, 3rd edition. Ohio: Prentice Hall.
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Carper’s Patterns of Knowing Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Practice Situation 3. Nursing Concern 4. Applying Carper’s Patterns of Knowing 5. Personal Reflection 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Carper’s Patterns of Knowing has become a powerful model for guiding practitioners to develop superior concepts for addressing their patients’ health needs. It supports the role of continuous learning in delivering superior nursing philosophies. This paper uses Carper’s model to describe a specific practice situation in which I felt underprepared. Practice Situation The selected situation occurred when I was summoned to work in a team focusing on the health needs of a patient aged 16 years. The child was suffering from depression. The purpose of the established team was to offer evidence-based and holistic care to the patient. Personally, I felt unprepared since I had always embraced the power of a primary nursing care or model. This approach occurs when a specific nurse provides care to a single patient. Nursing Concern As described earlier, I used to believe that a patient-nurse relationship was the best model for recording positive results. The presence of different professionals made me uncontrollable and incapable of providing meaningful support to the targeted individual. I also lacked adequate skills that could empower me to function optimally in a team. The rationale behind this argument is that I always prefer a direct conversation or interaction with every patient. I establish positive relationships with individuals in order to record positive results. Applying Carper’s Patterns of Knowing Carper’s model presents four areas that practitioners should take seriously. This approach can empower them to develop superior ideas for meeting their patients’ health needs. The first one is that of esthetics. The underlying reason for the above situation was the fact that I had failed to embrace the team nursing model. This experience encouraged me to focus on superior concepts and practices for delivering desirable results. The personal element examines one’s feelings about a specific situation (Walji-Jivraj & Schwind, 2017). After being part of the established team, I realized that there was a need for me to embrace emerging models and make them part of my philosophy. This was the case since nurses should provide exemplary services to patients facing numerous health challenges. I thought that it was necessary to transform my care delivery models. The area of ethics examines personal beliefs. My actions during the first session were ineffective. However, I attended every meeting to offer evidence-based ideas or inputs. The personal belief that impacted such actions was the desire to pursue these principles: autonomy, justice, and altruism. Finally, the empirical element revolves around the existence of knowledge to support the identified issue (Walji-Jivraj & Schwind, 2017). Numerous theories of care delivery support the power of team nursing. Consequently, my group transformed the patient’s experiences within a week. Personal Reflection Several insights were gained after going throughout the situation. The first one was that I identified the benefits of the team nursing care model. The concept of multidisciplinary teams also emerged since different professionals were involved, including nurses, clinical officers, counselors, relatives, dieticians, and physicians (Hooper, 2016). This intentional reflective practice can add professional knowledge in my future roles as an advanced practice nurse. I will always engage in continuous reflection in an attempt to identify areas that require improvement. I will revisit my philosophy periodically and acquire new competencies for addressing patients’ needs. Conclusion The above discussion has indicated that the selected situation transformed my goals and competencies as a caregiver. I realized that nurses could apply different theoretical models in different situations to improve patents’ experiences. I will, therefore, embrace these ideas and make them part of my nursing philosophy. Practitioners should consider the identified model to support more patients. References Hooper, V. D. (2016). The Institute of Medicine report on the future of nursing: Where are we 5 years later? Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 31 (5), 367-369. Web. Walji-Jivraj, N., & Schwind, J. K. (2017). Nurses’ experience of creating an artistic instrument as a form of professional development: An arts-informed narrative inquiry. International Practice Development Journal, 7 (1), 1-18. Web.
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Joseph Haydn’s Contract with the Esterhazy Court Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction In 1761, the contract determining Joseph Haydn’s responsibilities of the Vice-Kapellmeister at the Esterhazy Court was written, and it explained the main duties to perform by the composer. The document allows understanding the role of composers working at courts in the eighteenth century in comparison to the composers’ rights in the nineteenth century. Main body The main points that attract the readers’ attention are the fact that Haydn was treated as a servant, his behavior was highly regulated, he was responsible for mentoring other musicians, and he had no right to publish his works as they were the property of Prince Paul. Thus, according to the document, Haydn was equal to a “house staff member” (“Haydn’s Employment Contract” 2). Moreover, he was expected to become “an example for the other musicians” and “conduct himself in an exemplary fashion” (“Haydn’s Employment Contract” 2). In addition, the composer needed to ask Prince each morning about his desire to listen to a concert to be ready to perform at any time, and the composer wrote only the music commanded by Prince. Thus, Haydn was responsible for organizing musicians, monitoring their playing, as well as for resolving problems. Most importantly, performing as the Vice-Kapellmeister and composing music pieces, Haydn did not have a right to communicate them “to any other party,” and he could not write works that were not commanded by Prince Paul or were commanded by any other person (“Haydn’s Employment Contract” 2). From this point, it is possible to state that the work of a composer in the eighteenth century was not viewed as art. While discussing Haydn’s contract in the context of time, it is important to note that the role of a composer at the court was not discussed as unique in comparison to the roles of any other servants. From this perspective, it is necessary to explore the evolution of the attitudes to composers and music pieces from the eighteenth century to the nineteenth century. Moreover, the document explains the limited number of published scores because the music belonged to Prince according to the contract. Conclusion Joseph Haydn’s contract for work at the Esterhazy Court is a distinctive document that needs to be preserved because it explains the authorities’ attitudes to the music and composers in the eighteenth century. In addition, the document provides the background and framework to understand under what circumstances composers created their music masterpieces and for what purpose. Works Cited Haydn’s Employment Contract from the Archives of the Esterházy Court . 2010. Web.
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Health Disparities and Improvement After Policies Essay Background Health data is used in many countries to allocate scarce resources, distribute funds to health care organizations, regulate patient flow, as well as inform and enhance decision making and patient care outcomes (Lucyk, Lu, Sajobi, & Quan, 2015). As such, it is important to collect high-quality data using valid and reliable techniques to ensure that the decisions made reflect the true picture on the ground (Deering, 2013; Schoenman, Sulton, Kintala, Love, & Maw, 2005). This paper uses two real life events to not only discuss how health data is collected and submitted to relevant authorities, but also to make several recommendations on how the status quo could be improved to achieve better outcomes. Description of the Events The first event relates to data that was collected to show disparities in health insurance after Obamacare was signed into law. The news article demonstrates that most of uninsured Americans reside in the South and the Southwest (Republican-leaning states), and are generally poor as demonstrated by the socioeconomic indicators used. The news article also shows that obtaining health insurance is still seen as a major hurdle for many Americans due to low incomes and decisions made by local politicians to abstain from Medicaid expansion (Bui & Sanger-Katz, 2015). In the second event, an independent global health research organization known as the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) used data from two studies to report how child and maternal deaths have declined in most counties after the implementation of United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals (Murray, Wang, & Kassebaum, 2016). How Information was Gathered and Submitted In the first event, the newspaper enrolled the services of two organizations to collect self-report data from participants through the use of questionnaires administered in the form of a survey. Information in the second event was gathered through synthesizing the findings of two studies that were published in the Lancet scholarly journal. It not clear how the information from the two events was submitted to relevant authorities, though it is apparent that data from the two events could be used by federal health agencies to inform policies on health insurance and child and maternal health. However, due to their presence as news items that can be accessed through online protocols, it is argued that the information was reported through electronic means. Proposals for Improving the Status Quo Although available literature shows that self-report is one of the mostly used techniques of collecting health data (Pyone et al., 2015), it is often faced with problems of validation and variation in the timeliness of data. In the first event, for example, it is evident that one organization used census data that was not current to project uninsured patterns. This problem can be solved by using up-to-date measures and tools in collecting health information from the field. It is however difficult to use contemporary measures as most organizations prefer to use census reports due to their high validity (Lucyk et al., 2015). Another proposal relating to the second event is to ensure that primary health data is corrected from the field so that the findings of the two studies used can be compared against objective data. However, it is often difficult for organizations to collect new health data from the field due to financial constraints, time considerations, and lack of capacity (Lucyk et al., 2015). The last proposal relates to ensuring that proper reporting mechanisms are implemented to ensure that such information and data become useful to relevant agencies and stakeholders. However, it is clear that most organizations do not invest in proper reporting mechanisms for health data due to lack of awareness on the importance of such data. References Bui, Q., & Sanger-Katz, M. (2015, October 30). We mapped the uninsured. You’ll notice a pattern. New York Times . Web. Deering, M.J. (2013). Issue brief: Patient-generated health data and health IT . Web. Lucyk, K., Lu, M., Sajobi, T., & Quan, H. (2015). Administrative health data in Canada: Lessons from History. BMC Medical Informatics & Decision Making, 15 (1), 1-6. Murray, C.J.L., Wang, H., & Kassebaum, N. (2016). Sharp decline in maternal and child death globally, new data show . Web. Pyone, T., Dickinson, F., Kerr, R., Baschi-Pinto, C., Mathai, M., & van den Broek, N. (2015). Data collection tools for maternal and child health in humanitarian emergencies: A systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 93 (9), 648-658. Schoenman, J.A., Sulton, J.P., Kintala, S., Love, D., & Maw, R. (2005). The value of hospital discharge databases . Web.
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Representation of People of Color in Film and Television Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. History and Development of the Disparity 3. Analysis of Disparity 4. Solution 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction Movies and television are often a refuge and a reflection of the unfolding life. They can also play a massive role in shaping and strengthening cultural beliefs and perceptions about race internationally. Numerous entertainment companies strive to be inclusive, while others strongly reject portraying black people in their shows. Commonly, people of color are represented as dim-witted, fierce, or evil characters who bring destruction. Additionally, they are either antagonists or play background roles such as a waiter, maid, and others. Let’s take a moment to understand how this inequality has developed. History and Development of the Disparity Throughout history, individuals have been watching TV and movie about various people represented in different contexts. However, the lives of people of color have never been represented truthfully without imposing any racial stereotypes and perpetuating the supremacy of the white race. Initially, the black characters were introduced into literature, where they were portrayed as gullible, white-loving, but furious humans. The first blacks appeared in Uncle Tom’s Ca bin and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (“ Edward Said – Framed”). The totality of all these characteristics demonstrated how blacks are different from the whites, hiding racism and projecting the latter’s superiority. The West misrepresented Eastern residents and claimed them to be totally different from the white population. In 1978, Edward Said, in his book Orientalism analyzed why people of color were referred to as thieves, exotic, and perverse (“ Edward Said – Framed”). The ideology of the 19th century presumed that the West would conquer and control the East. It was the primary cause of disparity between races on TV and in movies (“ Edward Said – Framed”). These projections from the past still affect the modern film industry because they are expected to be visible (Akbar). Now that the recent history of this disparity is clear, it is indispensable to understand precisely what representation looks like in publishing and why it is currently not enough. Analysis of Disparity Society depends on the information on the Internet, which is dubious because it misrepresents people, particularly those of color. The publishing industry was exposed to inequality to the same extent as movies and television (Ho). The books are immensely powerful in shaping one’s cultural outlook; hence, they are forced to increase inclusivity among their staff first. Currently, there is approximately 70% white personnel in the publishing production (Watson 3). With the surge of the Black Lives Matter movement, there has been a significant rise in the number of accounts written by blacks and about them (Watson). In addition, the authors tend to hide their character’s race so as not to inflict any hatred upon them, which proves that there are still many biases to overcome. As it was identified, the inequality in the area roots deeply in the past. Despite attempts to attract the black community into the industry, stereotypes still restrict the group from fully expressing their true selves (Ho). By now, it is clear that there is a severe problem and that despite the efforts being made to diversify publishing, the industry is still heavily biased. Decisive action is needed to eliminate this inequality and spread awareness among the population. Solution The first step towards eliminating the disparity in books, films, and television is to spread awareness. Fixing and ignoring biases is no longer a valid strategy, whereas educating is the primary driver of change. What is more, it is vital to hire more people of color to diversify the workforce (Watson, 2021). This strategy will help alleviate the pressure and reduce the superiority of whites since all people are born equal. By choosing black characters as protagonists, the authors may help the audience to understand what it feels like to be oppressed by society just for skin color. This initiative will reveal the live on the other side and teach people to be tolerant. The other contribution would be setting the benchmarks meaning that any organization should hire a certain number of people belonging to the black race. Having courageous conversations is vital in order to sustain the climate of trust and suggest new ideas towards expanding the worldview by eliminating racial disparities (Martin 13). In general, the publishing industry should promote blacks’ narratives to demonstrate their point of view and reduce the level of inequality. Conclusion In conclusion, we need to celebrate diversity in stories since all people are born equal. Although a person cannot rewrite history or even change the way some people think in the present, he can begin to actively contribute to making life a little better for those who need it. Creating opportunities for those who have historically been denied is not charity but justice, and perhaps this is the most definite step forward to ensure progress. These initiatives can be implemented by individuals who seek to provide qualified minority job candidates with employment opportunities and can also be implemented on a larger scale through scholarships and other large-scale efforts. Racial equality will not be achieved comprehensively in a matter of days, months, or even years – the process takes time, but in the end, it is worth all the effort. Works Cited “Edward Said – Framed: The Politics of Stereotypes in News.” YouTube, uploaded by Al Jazeera English, Web. Akbar, Arifa. “Diversity in Publishing – Still Hideously Middle-Class and White?” The Guardian, Web. Ho, Rosemary. “The History of Publishing Is a History of Racial Inequality.” The Nation , Web. Martin, Rachel. “4 Ways We Can Support Racial Equality as Publishers.” Elsevier, Web. Watson, Amy. “Publishing Industry Diversity in The U.S. – Statistics & Facts.” Statista , Web.
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Sustainable Organizations and Human Factor Essay In the realm of the 21 st century global economy, sustainability is considered one of the essential principles that any organization must be based on. However, maintaining a consistent balance in the use of the resources available, the relationships between the staff members and the communication with customers, partners and competitors creates a rather stressful environment, where the possibility of a mistake is increased considerably. In his study, Pfeffer (2010) questions the possibility of maintaining sustainability in the environment where the human factor persists. The research results show that the human factor does affect the sustainability of an enterprise in a rather negative way, leading to the threat of developing such problems as inequality, poor job design and the resulting increase in stress rates among the staff, a conflict between the personal and professional life of the staff (e.g., a number of employees have to choose between earning more and spending more time with their families), etc. In order to solve the issue and provide a strategy for creating sustainable environment within an organization, Pfeffer advises to incorporate the visibility of outcomes and design a strong ideology in order to create a sustainable environment, where the staff could feel secure and motivated for fulfilling their potential and carrying out their duties. Pfeffer’s article has a lot of strong aspects, especially concerning the overview of the dependent and independent variables. The author did an extremely good job by outlining the key factors affecting the staff’s performance, motivation and, therefore, the overall sustainability rates within an organization. Pfeffer evaluates every single element that has the least bit of influence on the staff and the efficacy of their performance, therefore, allowing the researcher to identify the strategies for enhancing the effects of positive factors and isolating the organization from the negative ones. Finally, the fact that Pfeffer drives graphic examples in order to prove the point, mentioning such well-known companies as BP, Costco, Wal-Mart, etc., and, therefore, allowing the readers to have a clear perspective of what the author is trying to convey, is a major advantage of the article. The study has certain problems, however. While the motivation issue as one of the key elements contributing to the organization’s sustainability has been touched upon, the choice of a proper leadership strategy, which is an essential factor in motivating the staff, has been omitted. The mentioning of the qualities that a leader must possess in order to be able to reduce possibility of a mistake caused by the human factor might have led to the discussion of the concept of transformative leadership, thus, providing the reader with clear directions regarding the most efficient method of managing a company. The idea of integrating the human factor into the analysis of organizational performance is, in fact, not new (Aguinis & Kraiger, 2009), and neither is the introduction of corporate social responsibility into the organizational behavior framework as the key tool for maintaining the sustainability of an enterprise (Damanpour, Walker & Avellaneda, 2009). However, unlike other researchers, Pfeffer ties the concept of sustainability and social responsibility together, therefore, suggesting an efficient and elegant solution to the problem. Moreover, Pfeffer’s study seems to be the only one that mentions the employees’ personal life as one of the key factors in their performance quality. Pfeffer’s article is a solid research with a decent strategy to address the issue of poor performance. Reference List Aguinis, H. & Kraiger, K. (2009). Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society . Annual Review of Psychology, 60 , 451–474. Damanpour, F., Walker, R. M. & Avellaneda, C. N. (2009). Combinative effects of innovation types and organizational performance: A longitudinal study of service organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 64 (4), 650–675. Pfeffer, J. (2010). Building sustainable organizations: The human factor. Academy of Management Perspectives, 24 (1), 34–45.
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The main character in the 2006 movie “In Between Days” is a young girl from Korea who has moved to North America. The name of the protagonist is Aimie. Two characters should be described from the other 2002 movie — “Public Enemy”. Kang Chul-Joong is a policeman who plays the role of an anti-hero and confronts Cho Kyu-hwan, a killer and psychopath, who is a reputable manager at the same time. All of these characters are described with the help of so-called “social masks”. They depict the Korean value system as well. Thus, Aimie seems to be a self-centered girl. However, her friendship with Tran, who is also an immigrant, demonstrates that she can be different ( In Between Days ). The story of Aimie shows the importance of social connections for Korean people and the value of communication. The social mask of Kang is that of the unpredictable cop who can break the law for making a profit. Despite such a style of behavior, Kang has a developed sense of justice. He is ready to do everything possible to find the psychopathic killer. Such depiction of Kang may be regarded as a manifestation of Korean society’s aim to implement the priority of human rights and the significance of human life. On the contrary, Cho is a good-looking manager with an excellent reputation. His social mask is used to hide his true self. What is the importance of the idea of “throwness” in both movies? The concept of “throwness” is used to describe the experience when the person has to live in a new environment. This idea aims to describe new feelings, impressions, and adaptation processes. This concept may be observed in both movies. In “In Between Days”, Aimie lives in an extremely new society. She knows nothing about the new worlds and needs help to become an open and happy person. Her relations with Tran saves her from loneliness. The Korean value system pays particular attention to the role of the family. That is why the story of Aimie describes the difficult experience of almost all migrants. In the second film, the detective Kang is not placed in the other location physically. He happens to see Cho in a dark alley trying to hide a weapon used for murdering his parents ( Public Enemy ). Kang is not sure that it is Cho, but he has been thrown into a new situation and should find a way out. In the film, one may observe the way Kang understands his mission and demands justice. What is the main difference between the central ideas in the two movies? First of all, movies are very different in terms of the presentation of genres. Both films are dramas. However, “Public Enemy” is full of action while “In Between Days” does not have this feature at all. Second, movies differ in their angle of depicting the Korean value system. “In Between Days” demonstrates the importance of keeping in touch with family (Aimie’s letter to her father). “Public Enemy” demonstrates a usual life from the other perspective. The film reveals the controversy and role of justice in South Korea. Sometimes it is not clear whether Kang is right, but his ambitions and intentions seem to be stronger than him. Works Cited In Between Days . Ex. Prod. Bradley Rust Gray. South Korea: Soandbrad. 2006. DVD. Public Enemy . Ex. Prod. Kang Woo-suk. South Korea: Cinema Service. 2002. DVD.
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Introduction 2. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 3. Concepts to Make The Organization More Effective 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction The government spends billions of dollars on development every year, and thus, it needs a high-level action plan for the successful completion of public projects. The schema provides a clear direction and mandate for the execution of sustainable procurement and an outstanding framework for creating a comprehensible and well-coordinated approach, especially to development projects. An executive-level action plan is based on a desk study and findings of a status assessment report, social readiness for the mission, sustainable public procurement prioritization report, legal reviews, and feedback from the appropriate technical consultants. The essay examines the relationships between the elements of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) to explain how organizations can use the concept to increase effectiveness. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) The execution of one activity in the WBS leads to another. The structure starts with the identification of the problem or opportunity, which guides the program manager to the development of an achievable objective. The project leader creates the infrastructure needed to design and start up the mission. Three important factors considered during the initial stage include time, cost, and specification (Feldman, 2017). The project must have a tentative timeline indicating when particular elements, such as prototypes and progress reports, must be delivered. The projected cost of the initiative is also determined to avoid budgetary problems after commencement. Refining the scope of work is also essential at this level. Deliverables, at this level, include a project proposal or a business plan that defines the nature of the problem, goals, and objectives of the project (Lenzen et al., 2017). Next, the project manager leads the team in identifying project initiatives, constructing a workflow, preparing a project proposal, and approximating the resource requirements (Zecheru & Olaru, 2016). Project execution involves the selection of a dynamic team and the allocation of the necessary resources for the project. Figure 1: Work breakdown structure The step goes together with project monitoring and control in line with the plan. In case the project does not meet the anticipated results, project planning is started again to brainstorm new ideas and seek alternative implementation strategies (Lenzen et al., 2017). The last step of the WBS is project close-out and evaluation, which involves creating a rollout plan before compiling a final report. Concepts to Make The Organization More Effective The concepts presented in the above action plan can be effectively integrated into an implementation strategy for the realization of a successful project by adhering to numerous fundamental steps. From a program manager’s perspective, the holistic integration is critical for ensuring that all the project activities progress collectively, considering any dynamics that can arise in due course (Lenzen et al., 2017). Thus, the organization should develop a project charter, scope statement, and plan to direct, manage, monitor, and control any unforeseen changes. The program manager should also define the scope and time of the overall activity. Government contracting projects need to have elaborate parameters, which must be broken down and managed using a WBS (Q Visible, 2012). They should also have a definite schedule, showing the start and end of the planned development. Since projects consume resources, there is a need to manage the investment to create value by ensuring that the resulting benefits exceed the amount spent. Conclusion An executive action plan is an inevitable tool for defining the integration of processes, project scope, time and cost management, maintenance of quality throughout its lifecycle, staffing, and management of risks in line with government procurement and acquisition policies. Project managers need to use this schema to increase effectiveness, ensure professionally responsible and sustainable procurement and emphasize the government’s role to lead by example. References Feldman, S. W. (2017). does government contracting have a remedies problem-a response to Eric M. Singer, competitive public contracts. Nev. LJF , 2 , 13. Lenzen, S. A., Daniëls, R., van Bokhoven, M. A., van der Weijden, T., & Beurskens, A. (2017). Disentangling self-management goal setting and action planning: A scoping review. PloS one , 12 (11), e0188822. Q Visible. (2012). Project network diagrams – project management . YouTube. Zecheru, V., & Olaru, B. G. (2016). Work breakdown structure (WBS) in project management. Review of International Comparative Management/Revista de Management Comparat International , 17 (1), 61-69.
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Nursing Theory Guiding Clinical Practice Essay Clinical practice will be guided by the Transcultural Nursing Theory created by Madeleine Leininger. Otherwise known as the theory of culture care, this philosophy highlights the unique needs of different cultures and urges nurses to understand and respect people’s beliefs and values (Busher Betancourt, 2016). The theory was developed in the 1950s, but the book containing all basic principles of the ideology was published only in 1995 (Abitz, 2016). According to Leininger, transcultural nursing is a segment of the nursing profession which pays attention to the cultures’ view of healing practices to provide each patient with appropriate help (Lopes Campelo et al., 2018). The theory views human beings as caring and compassionate toward the needs of others. Furthermore, professional nursing goes beyond simple care for patients, offering support to families, communities, and cultures. The transcultural theory allows nurses to understand when patient behaviors and values need to be respected, accommodated, or repatterned. During this course, my primary goal is to understand the specificities of women’s health issues. Between week 1 and week 3, I will aim to assess and diagnose various health conditions related to women’s health. During weeks 4,5, and 6, I will concentrate on women’s reproductive and sexual health. My objectives will be to educate women on various methods of birth control, including abstinence, medication, and devices. I will provide birth control to women and ensure that their needs are acknowledged. Moreover, I will investigate the impact of women’s health issues in the care of non-pregnant women. Between weeks 7 and 9, the main objective will be to evaluate and treat conditions related to women’s health, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs). I will perform pap smears and similar diagnostic tests to support health promotion. Finally, the main goal of week 10 will be to improve my application and understanding of terms, concepts, and principles related to women’s health. References Abitz, T. L. (2016). Cultural congruence and infusion nursing practice. Journal of Infusion Nursing, 39(2), 75-79. Busher Betancourt, D. A. (2016). Madeleine Leininger and the transcultural theory of nursing. The Downtown Review, 2(1), 1. Lopes Campelo, C., de Sousa, A., de Maria, S., Carvalho Silva, L. D., Dias, R. S., Ribeiro Azevedo, P.,… de Souza Paiva, S. (2018). Patient safety culture and the cultural nursing care. Journal of Nursing UFPE, 12(9), 2500-2506.
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