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Heparin is a glucosaminoglycan commonly used as an anticoagulant. It acts by binding to various plasma proteins, including antithrombin III. To which of the following amino acid residues is heparin most likely to bind?: | Serine. | Lysine. | Glutamic acid. | Pharmacology | Leucine. | 129 | 1 | a75beb4d-8454-4bde-852f-b843ca2b3bbb | 2024 |
Alan Turing is one of the most famous historical figures who died from cyanide ingestion. What was the main mechanism that caused his death?: | Blocking of the mitochondrial electron transport chain by potent inhibition of complex IV (cytochrome oxidase). | Decoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport, in such a way that O2 is consumed but ATP is not synthesized. | Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by irreversible blocking of the soluble subunit of the ATP synthase. | Pharmacology | Paralysis of the Krebs cycle due to the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase, preventing succinyl-CoA from being converted into succinate. | 130 | 2 | 5cf49a7f-4895-49e6-956c-b770f7036797 | 2024 |
A male patient has just been diagnosed with glycogen storage disease type 1 (Von Gierke's disease). Which of the following statements do you think is consistent with his diagnosis?: | It is expected that the patient's basal blood glucose levels will be very high due to the overactivation of glycogen phosphorylase they are experiencing. | It is quite likely that their offspring will present this same pathology, as it is dominantly linked to gender. | Even though it's called glycogenosis, the enzyme affected in this pathology acts on isolated units of glucose, in the form of a monosaccharide. | Pharmacology | Although practically any organ can be affected by this pathology, the main defect occurs at the muscular level. | 131 | 4 | 8110f435-fea8-4110-9438-9ecb6049050e | 2024 |
DNA synthesis is carried out in a semi-conservative manner during replication, and is characterized by: | Give rise to a DNA molecule by breaking the original strands that are rearranged in an interleaved way of new and old fragments. | Always carried out in the 3' → 5' direction in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. | Generate two DNA molecules, where each newly synthesized molecule is formed by two de novo chains. | Pharmacology | Generate two DNA molecules, each composed of a strand of the original DNA and a new complementary strand. | 133 | 3 | 3c7e0845-4072-473a-b5af-10a1462a5bdd | 2024 |
Changes in the coding DNA caused by non-silent substitutions, specifically by nonsense mutations: | Its effect is the appearance of a termination or stop codon and as a consequence, it causes the premature cessation of mRNA translation and a shortened, truncated protein is obtained. | They produce insertions or deletions of one or more base pairs that modify the reading frame of the protein. | They produce a new codon that codes for a different amino acid and alter the sequence of amino acids in the protein. | Pharmacology | They are not subject to evolutionary selection pressure nor do they influence susceptibility to diseases. | 134 | 2 | 5cded32c-822f-4738-bfb9-4d8ba1b02ee6 | 2024 |
The process of cutting and splicing RNA is a process: | That takes place at the 5' ends of the RNA chain, but not at the 3' ends. | Post-transcriptional maturation of the primary transcribed RNA from which introns are removed. | Exclusive to the processing of ribosomal RNA. | Pharmacology | In which the exons of the primary transcript are sequentially eliminated and the introns located on each side of the splice sites must join. | 135 | 1 | 6e1e8528-ab00-4620-b04e-05904d3c9fcb | 2024 |
In the molecular analysis of nucleic acid hybridization using the fluorescent in situ hybridization technique, the following can be combined: | Southern-blot and autoradiography. | Cell culture and microscopy. | RT-PCR and electrophoresis. | Pharmacology | PCR and sequencing. | 136 | 2 | 4b8b1098-4a12-467e-a270-0fd49d580405 | 2024 |
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a mechanism that repairs DNA damage, which consists of: | Repair of damage due to hydrolysis (deamination or base loss), oxidation by free oxygen radicals, alkylation, and non-bulky derivatives. | Correction of alterations that cause distortion in the double helix, and elimination of various voluminous damages. | Repair of physical DNA breakage that can occur due to exposure to ionizing radiation. | Pharmacology | Correction of errors made in replication or errors that prevent it. | 137 | 1 | 2bea6798-4ef7-46c1-b429-e92e1080b266 | 2024 |
Which of the following enzymes is not involved in the process of modifying the 5’ end of eukaryotic messenger RNA that occurs shortly after transcription begins?: | Guanilyltransferase. | Phosphatase. | Methylase. | Pharmacology | Topoisomerase. | 138 | 3 | d28c12bd-0bce-4520-ae9c-c3949a007f4e | 2024 |
The system that locifies incorrect pairings can identify which of the two DNA strands is the parental one, based on: | The length of each strand. | The G+C content in each strand. | The degree of methylation of each strand. | Pharmacology | The melting temperature of each strand. | 139 | 4 | d65b99ab-53bd-4042-aed0-c3e3f8d17050 | 2024 |
The suppression, in certain cases, of the expression of one of the two alleles of a gene in homologous chromosomes (whether from the mother or father) is a phenomenon known as: | Genomic imprinting. | Genomic Aneuploidy. | Gene silencing. | Pharmacology | Genomic recombination. | 140 | 2 | 5dd7e9d3-ca0c-4b9f-a7bf-e8be54c651e4 | 2024 |
A restriction enzyme is one that can recognize a characteristic sequence of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. In relation to this, indicate the false answer from the following options: | Recombinant DNA is obtained through restriction enzymes. | Isoeschizomers are two enzymes with the same recognition sequence, although they may not cut at the same position. | It cuts the DNA at a specific point or target site, producing blunt and cohesive ends. | Pharmacology | The DNA cut is made through the breaking of phosphodiester bonds only in the single-strand chain. | 141 | 3 | 6df2d67b-3671-4187-9c81-50915bf98875 | 2024 |
The usefulness of reference values based on population for biomarkers can be evaluated by determining: | The bias or inaccuracy. | The value of the discriminant. | Intersubject biological variability. | Pharmacology | The index of biochemical individuality. | 142 | 3 | 299fd2c3-1aec-46fa-ae07-4367cb9da76c | 2024 |
For reliable quantification of lactate in plasma, in addition to an anticoagulant, what other additive should be present?: | Lithium Heparin. | An inert serum separator gel (SST). | Sodium fluoride. | Pharmacology | Pyruvate. | 143 | 4 | ffc86051-51f4-4a89-87ef-59c92747d12d | 2024 |
Which test allows the evaluation of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier? | The detection of oligoclonal IgG bands by isoelectric focusing. | The relationship of albumin concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid versus serum albumin. | The IgG index. | Pharmacology | The hydrostatic pressure after lumbar puncture. | 144 | 1 | 3ea07b6c-9eed-4f47-8fa5-14140e6c5641 | 2024 |
What is the delta fraction of bilirubin or biliprotein? | It is the current name for unconjugated bilirubin. | It is a polymer resulting from intermolecular bonds between mono and diconjugated bilirubin. | It is the immediate precursor of urobilinogen. | Pharmacology | It is the unconjugated bilirubin bound to albumin. | 145 | 3 | 14c82050-fcdd-41ee-821e-19f1bfc0cc83 | 2024 |
Which group of serum biochemical parameters is most affected by postural changes during sample collection?: | The major electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and chloride). | Serum proteins. | Glucose and other metabolic intermediaries. | Pharmacology | Creatinine and other nitrogenous waste products. | 146 | 1 | a9e0c829-6e05-40eb-808b-bf625a8a788a | 2024 |
What is the main use of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in colorectal cancer? | Definitive diagnosis. | Population screening. | Staging of the tumor. | Pharmacology | Monitoring of the clinical evolution. | 148 | 3 | 3a4eec33-5bc9-48db-9c8c-8db9f36c9515 | 2024 |
If a patient was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of your hospital with suspected septic shock, which of the following abnormalities would you not expect to find in their analysis? | Decrease in prealbumin. | Elevation of C-reactive protein. | Decrease in procalcitonin. | Pharmacology | Decrease in transferrin. | 149 | 4 | e7c87e3a-e6c7-44a8-b8ca-0d6139ed7db9 | 2024 |
Indicate the true statement in relation to prostate cancer: | The detection of an elevated Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is very specifically, but not sensitively, associated with a diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma. | The most common location for metastatic involvement is the bone, in these cases it is diagnostic help to find elevated levels of acid phosphatase and decreased levels of alkaline phosphatase. | The alpha-fetoprotein is a useful marker in monitoring the progression to metastatic disease in patients with prostate cancer. | Pharmacology | In patients undergoing treatment with 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, the absolute values of PSA are reduced, which can cause false negatives in the detection of adenocarcinoma if general PSA intervals are used as a reference. | 150 | 3 | 4f364c9c-7f90-47d5-8d74-f318b4110e7f | 2024 |
The quantification of the number of moles of analyte in a type of volumetry can be carried out electrochemically through Faraday's law of electrolysis using a specific electrochemical analytical technique. Which one is it?: | Amperometry. | Conductometry. | Potentiometry. | Pharmacology | Coulometry. | 151 | 3 | cddab47f-e79a-4dea-ab9c-afc0e6a09b40 | 2024 |
Which of the following compounds is a metallochromic indicator commonly used in complexometric titrations?: | Bromocresol Green. | Bromothymol blue. | Xylenol Orange. | Pharmacology | Methyl orange. | 152 | 4 | 5b9f1b9b-ff3c-4861-a2bb-2dba24199c8f | 2024 |
Being ci and zi, respectively, the concentration and the charge of the ions present in a solution, the ionic strength (I) of said solution is calculated as: | 𝐼 _x0001_ _x0007_ _x0004_ ∑_x0002_𝑐_x0003_ _x0004_ _x0005_ 𝑧_x0003__x0006_. | 𝐼 _x0001_ ∑_x0002_𝑐_x0003_ _x0004_ _x0005_ 𝑧_x0003__x0006_. | 𝐼 _x0001_ _x0007_ _x0004_ ∑_x0002_𝑐_x0003_ _x0005_ 𝑧_x0003_ _x0004__x0006_. | Pharmacology | 𝐼 _x0001_ ∑_x0002_𝑐_x0003_ _x0005_ 𝑧_x0003_ _x0004__x0006_. | 153 | 4 | 0a258f9c-8bb7-4394-8227-9bbff8a2a1f6 | 2024 |
Taking into account that the pKa values of carbonic acid are: pKa1 (H2CO3) = 6.35; pKa2 (HCO3-) = 10.33, what can be stated about the pH of a 0.01 M solution of sodium monohydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate)? | It is between 3.0 and 5.0. | It is less than 3.0. | It is greater than 10.0. | Pharmacology | It is between 6.0 and 10.0. | 154 | 3 | c0678a0d-2e7d-4073-90ff-360bcd783378 | 2024 |
Considering that the formation constants of metal-EDTA are: log Kf (HgY2-) = 21.7; log Kf (MgY2-) = 8.79, indicate the correct statement regarding a complexometric titration of a Hg2+ solution using the displacement titration procedure: | An excess of Mg2+ is added as a displacing reagent. | An excess of EDTA is added as a displacing reagent. | The EDTA released in the displacement reaction is evaluated with magnesium. | Pharmacology | The magnesium released in the displacement reaction is evaluated with EDTA. | 155 | 3 | 5368eeb9-3a82-4b1a-9a20-a1c2bbf1040d | 2024 |
Which of these detectors used in liquid chromatography measures a characteristic property of the solute eluted from the column? | Scattered light after evaporation. | Conductimetric. | Refractometric. | Pharmacology | Fluorimetric. | 158 | 3 | 5b7f607e-9e27-4e28-abb8-755de7a41785 | 2024 |
The photometric valuation of compound X with titrating agent V is conducted to produce product P according to the reaction X+V⥂P. When the absorption is plotted against the volume of titrant added, the absorption remains constant until the equivalence point, beginning to increase with a constant slope from then on. Which of the following statements is true?: | The only absorbent species is the analyte. | The only absorbent species is the titrant. | Both the analyte and the titrant are absorbing species. | Pharmacology | Both the analyte and the product are absorbing species. | 159 | 1 | 155987fe-ac9a-45f2-b0b1-0ab14f657a4c | 2024 |
The absorption of infrared radiation causes energy changes in the molecule that lead to: | Electrical and electronic changes. | Electronic changes only. | Vibrational and rotational changes. | Pharmacology | Only vibrational changes. | 160 | 4 | b28f4827-510b-4c38-9cfb-8fd15564a46f | 2024 |
When comparing the chemical structures of biphenyl and fluorene, one can expect that the fluorescence emission: | Be greater in the case of biphenyl due to the presence of two benzene rings. | Be higher in the case of fluorene because it is a rigid and aromatic structure. | It may be higher in the case of fluorene because the energy of the second excited singlet state is greater than in biphenyl. | Pharmacology | Be greater in the case of biphenyl because the energy of the second excited singlet state is higher than in fluorene. | 161 | 1 | 053bec09-e6c8-464a-89b5-d9be35392233 | 2024 |
In the analytical determination of atomic elements through plasma atomic emission spectrometry, good resolution of the spectral lines is achieved due to: | That with plasma, work is done in an inert atmosphere. | The high temperatures achieved in the heart of the plasma. | The high resolution of the double filter selectors that the equipment possess. | Pharmacology | The high resolution of the double diffraction grating selectors that the equipment possesses. | 162 | 3 | 4d39c890-85a8-4e16-8814-dfe6dfd879b7 | 2024 |
The Kovats retention index is used in chromatography of: | Liquids and allows the identification of solutes from the chromatograms. | Liquids and allows quantifying solutes from the chromatograms. | Gases and allows identifying solutes from the chromatograms. | Pharmacology | Gases and allows quantification of solutes from the chromatograms. | 163 | 4 | f6e62f60-2b40-4966-9bd7-1d90b78b17eb | 2024 |
When chemical ionization is used, in the mass spectrum of an organic compound with a molecular mass of 226, the peak of the molecular ion will appear at a mass/charge ratio (m/z) value of: | 227, due to the acceptance of an electron by the analyte in ionization. | 225, due to the loss of an electron from the analyte in the ionization. | 227, due to the transfer of a proton to the analyte in ionization. | Pharmacology | 226, due to the transfer of a proton to the analyte during ionization. | 164 | 4 | e6a9bb5b-c08d-4fb5-b2f9-0cc0efbce24b | 2024 |
The separation of two solutes by liquid chromatography (HPLC) is being carried out using reverse-phase elution on an octadecylsilane (C18) column and a mobile phase of methanol:water 70:30. After modifying the composition of the mobile phase to methanol:water 50:50, what behavior should be expected? | An increase in the retention time of the two solutes. | A reduction in the retention time of the two solutes. | No chromatographic parameter is modified. | Pharmacology | A decrease in the width of the peaks. | 165 | 2 | 448da394-705a-4787-8cd7-a30551f3c7d3 | 2024 |
Considering the van Deemter equation, the effectiveness of the chromatographic separation: | It increases as the particle size increases because this parameter affects term B. | It increases as the particle size decreases because this parameter affects term B. | It increases as the particle size increases because this parameter affects term A. | Pharmacology | It increases as the particle size decreases because this parameter affects term A. | 166 | 3 | 23e14ff3-8172-419e-aa1a-c557218a06b3 | 2024 |
The half-life in a 0 order reaction is: | Independent of the initial concentration of reactant [A0] and inversely proportional to the kinetic constant of the reaction (k). | Proportional to the kinetic constant of the reaction (k) and inversely proportional to the initial concentration of reactant [A0]. | Inversely proportional to the reaction's kinetic constant (k) and independent of the initial concentration of reactant [A0]. | Pharmacology | Proportional to the initial concentration of reactant [A0] and inversely proportional to the kinetic constant of the reaction (k). | 167 | 3 | 070914e0-1757-4977-8913-e220ac3c83a4 | 2024 |
The time required for the diffusion of an active ingredient through a membrane to reach a steady state is proportional: | Squared to the average width of the membrane <h2> and inversely proportional to the diffusion coefficient (D). | To the average width of the membrane <h> and the diffusion coefficient (D). | The average width of the membrane <h> is inversely proportional to the square of the diffusion coefficient (D2). | Pharmacology | To the square of the average width of the membrane <h2> and to the diffusion coefficient (D). | 168 | 2 | d8af0bf5-76f1-429b-bfc4-3352256e237d | 2024 |
A diluted solution of a non-volatile active ingredient in a solvent results in: | An increase in the freezing temperature of the solution. | An increase in the vapor pressure of the solvent. | The emergence of colligative properties, which depend on the nature of the solvent. | Pharmacology | A decrease in the chemical potential of the solvent. | 169 | 3 | 26b74994-9871-4dcb-a402-c237cde625e7 | 2024 |
In case of suspected intoxication by oxidizing compounds, what type of biochemical test can be useful to confirm the diagnosis? | Methemoglobin. | Cholinesterase. | Serum osmolarity. | Pharmacology | Glucose. | 170 | 2 | 607d97e4-05e6-4dc5-a342-9549ecca7666 | 2024 |
What is the correct answer regarding ciguatera poisoning?: | It causes amnesic poisoning after the ingestion of mussels. | It occurs when humans consume large fish that have accumulated the toxin. | It is a toxin produced by corals that causes obstruction in the respiratory tract. | Pharmacology | It causes paralysis after the sting of some species of poisonous octopuses. | 171 | 1 | e1051dec-febd-4980-8044-68a04a1402e4 | 2024 |
In which toxic syndrome would a patient with central nervous system depression, bradypnea, and miosis be classified? | Cholinergic. | Anticholinergic. | Opioid. | Pharmacology | Hypnotic-sedative. | 172 | 4 | 72f8b673-22ca-4e1b-a468-b728cfc18e94 | 2024 |
In Toxicology, what is known as the "no observable adverse effect level" or NOAEL? | It is the dosage below which a certain toxic effect will not occur. | It is a measure of acute toxicity of a chemical agent in which lethality is expected. | It is the part of the dose-response curve that has a steeper slope. | Pharmacology | It is the region of the dose-response curve where the effects are not measurable. | 173 | 3 | 80e17c38-fe1f-4a09-b1e0-d1eec4c0ff3b | 2024 |
The concomitant administration of escitalopram with the following drugs increases the likelihood of serotonin syndrome, except for one. Which is the exception?: | Dexchlorpheniramine. | Monoamine oxidase inhibitors. | Dextromethorphan. | Pharmacology | Trazodone. | 174 | 2 | f200ec03-b2f0-4269-bbb1-2d352325eed1 | 2024 |
Which of the following carbonyl compounds cannot have a tautomer?: | Phenylmethylketone (acetophenone). | Cyclohexanone. | Diphenylketone. | Pharmacology | 2-Pentanone. | 176 | 4 | ed72a631-8bf8-4ac7-90f7-50f3c7a4b0c3 | 2024 |
Which of the following derivatives of benzoic acid has the lowest pKa value?: | Para-nitrobenzoic acid. | Ortho-methylbenzoic acid. | Para-chlorobenzoic acid. | Pharmacology | Meta-methoxybenzoic Acid. | 177 | 2 | 7fc54393-b2df-46b7-88b2-7c29e7558554 | 2024 |
The Fischer indole synthesis is the key stage in the preparation of some drugs. Which of the following is a suitable starting compound for this reaction?: | A derivative of 2-phenylethylamine. | An aniline derivative. | A phenylhydrazine derivative. | Pharmacology | A pyrrole derivative. | 178 | 4 | f8107200-8b10-4afc-aea9-77bc745f8e13 | 2024 |
In the radioactive carbon dating technique, 𝟔𝐂 𝟏𝟒 decays to give 𝟕𝐍 𝟏𝟒, emitting a particle: | Positive beta. | Negative Beta. | Gamma. | Pharmacology | Alpha. | 179 | 1 | 07ac59dd-4d18-4b96-8a58-f5d0fead8bcf | 2024 |
One of the therapies for heavy metal poisoning is chelation therapy. The agents used for this purpose are: | Polydentate Ligands. | Ambident ligands. | Monodentate ligands. | Pharmacology | Linear ligands. | 181 | 2 | 451edc79-d576-4280-b255-81546f08feb6 | 2024 |
Which of the following molecules is not linear? | CO2. | SO2. | NO. | Pharmacology | HCN. | 182 | 1 | bf3e836a-c340-4f55-b5d3-19adf4f53f54 | 2024 |
What is the interquartile range corresponding to the following series of numbers: 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 9, 9, 9, and 16? | 7. | 1. | 16. | Pharmacology | 9. | 183 | 2 | e4d69358-fb64-4a81-9c0e-a83f8940880a | 2024 |
Which of the following methods is not suitable for assessing the agreement of the quantitative results obtained by two specific diagnostic tests?: | Intraclass correlation coefficient. | Bland-Altman plot. | Pearson correlation coefficient. | Pharmacology | Lin's Concordance Coefficient. | 184 | 4 | d1ab19d8-12ee-4d25-9162-e9af2e134c35 | 2024 |
Which of these statistical indices is (are) represented in a box plot?: | The quartile variation coefficient. | The arithmetic mean and the standard deviation. | The mode and the range. | Pharmacology | The median and the P25 and P75 percentiles. | 185 | 3 | d8753b51-502e-4f0a-a003-6bfa2999c40c | 2024 |
The risk function in a survival analysis is: | An absolute frequency. | An odds ratio. | An incidence rate. | Pharmacology | A relative frequency. | 186 | 4 | 2b9cb67b-2970-47cc-a4dd-054e44a0fda2 | 2024 |
In a validation study of a diagnostic test, a value of 0.50 is obtained for the area under the ROC curve. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this test?: | It has a moderate discrimination capacity. | It has excellent discriminatory ability. | It does not have the ability to discriminate. | Pharmacology | It has a poor discrimination capacity. | 187 | 4 | d55ff573-9695-4bae-a432-6c4055a7e7ea | 2024 |
The Kruskal-Wallis statistical test is a test: | Nonparametric comparison of quantitative variables. | Parametric comparison of quantitative variables. | Non-parametric comparison of qualitative variables. | Pharmacology | Parametric comparison of qualitative variables. | 188 | 2 | 20cb0510-82cd-461b-90f7-865860233b95 | 2024 |
Indicate the correct answer in relation to phase II clinical trials: | They are performed on a moderate number of patients and their goal is to establish a test of whether the treatment is effective, while side effects are evaluated, appropriate doses are sought, and the necessary duration of the treatment is determined. | They are conducted on a small number of healthy volunteers, with the aim of knowing the range of doses and how the medication behaves in the body: absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. | These are confirmatory efficacy trials that are conducted on several thousand patients, distributed into groups depending on whether they are exposed to the new medication or to a medication already known to treat that disease (or to a placebo) in order to obtain definitive evidence or proof about its efficacy and safety. | Pharmacology | These are studies that involve a small number of animals and can be carried out both under laboratory conditions and in vitro. | 189 | 2 | c0c2aeca-511d-4b7a-890a-9110c4b47bc9 | 2024 |
Which of the following is not a health product?: | Nitrous oxide. | Computer programs specifically intended for medical purposes. | Disinfectants for health products. | Pharmacology | Reagents for the determination of glucose in blood. | 191 | 2 | 654f2223-833a-4e3c-a894-4019fda66ff6 | 2024 |
What is the validity period of the first authorization of a medication? | 5 years. | 3 years. | Indefinite. | Pharmacology | 10 years. | 192 | 2 | 63f37e5d-95bf-4836-9af5-4c529b62e3e9 | 2024 |
For which of the following substances is the prescription and dispensation, according to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, carried out on the corresponding medical prescription, without the need for the official narcotic prescription? | Oxycodone, 40 mg tablets. | Pethidine, 50 mg/mL ampoules. | Fentanyl, 600 mcg sublingual tablets. | Pharmacology | Codeine, 28.7 mg tablets. | 193 | 3 | 283fdf51-6d04-4b7a-be14-6b08728b9359 | 2024 |
Which of the following statements in relation to NK cells is true?: | They are cells of the adaptive immunity. | Its function depends on the balance in the expression of activating and inhibiting receptors. | Its main function is the production of type 1 interferons. | Pharmacology | Unlike other types of lymphocytes, they do not have cytotoxic secretory granules. | 194 | 1 | 292f23db-cb0d-41e8-a9b9-8cbba3462365 | 2024 |
The proteins of the complement system act in a cascade to eliminate pathogens and induce inflammation. How do the different pathways of this system act? | The alternative pathway is linked to specific immunity. | The lectin pathway is activated by an antibody-dependent mechanism. | The classic pathway is independent of antibody-antigen interactions. | Pharmacology | The lectin pathway only differs from the classic one in the initial stages. | 195 | 3 | 5fc6f071-e1a8-486e-9016-64f95476c651 | 2024 |
Which of the following receptors of the innate response do not induce phagocytosis?: | Mannose receptors. | Toll-like receptors. | Scavenger receptors. | Pharmacology | Complement receptors. | 196 | 1 | d3248312-91fa-404e-9a33-0c77da438438 | 2024 |
In the maturation of B lymphocytes, the following can be distinguished: | The antigen-dependent phase, which takes place in the bone marrow, and allows the isotype switch. | The antigen-independent stage, which takes place in the lymph node, and promotes clonal expansion. | The antigen-dependent stage, which takes place in the thymus, and involves the clonality of lymphocytes. | Pharmacology | The antigen-independent phase, which takes place in the bone marrow, and the antigen-dependent one in the secondary lymphoid organs. | 197 | 3 | 89d59da1-940d-470d-90d6-afa075a546a3 | 2024 |
Indicate which of the statements about antigen recognition by the TCR is correct (APC: antigen presenting cell): | The affinity of the TCR for the peptide-MHC complex is not sufficient to activate a naïve T lymphocyte, and for this reason, accessory interactions between the APC and the T lymphocyte are needed. | The TCR is arranged on the peptide-MHC complex, such that the CDR1 regions interact with the central part of the peptide and the CDR2 regions interact with the alpha helices of the MHC. | The CD4 coreceptor, which interacts with a polymorphic domain of the class II MHC molecule, stabilizes the TCR-peptide/MHC interaction. | Pharmacology | The coreceptors that accompany the TCR, CD4 or CD8, are composed of alpha chains; CD4 is monomeric but CD8 can form alpha/alpha homodimers. | 198 | 2 | 7846e9a7-d3ab-40de-8b1f-1f89c0fd1bdc | 2024 |
Indicate the incorrect relationship between chemokine and function: | CXCL5 directs the movement of B lymphocytes through the paracortex to the follicles. | CXCL13 contributes to the entry of follicular helper T lymphocytes (THF) into the lymphoid follicles. | CCR7 participates in the migration of T and B lymphocytes to the paracortex of the lymph node. | Pharmacology | CXCL8 is a chemokine involved in the chemotaxis of neutrophils. | 199 | 2 | e1566d11-6b45-4031-96d5-60ac30a4ca44 | 2024 |
The pharmacological component of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) known as imiquimod, is used topically in dermatology to treat genital warts and superficial basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Which Toll-like receptors (TLR) does it act on?: | TLR1 and TLR5. | TLR2 and TLR4. | TLR9. | Pharmacology | TLR7 and TLR8. | 200 | 3 | fa5683a7-15d8-4b5d-9d45-093fd9407acd | 2024 |
Regarding rheumatoid arthritis: | The joints most commonly affected in these patients are the sacroiliac joints. | One of the main cytokines involved in its pathogenesis is Il-23, so there are drugs that act on it indicated for this pathology. | It is indifferent for the prognosis of the disease to start using DMDs (disease modifying drugs) early or when it is more developed, as they are capable of reversing joint damage. | Pharmacology | To diagnose rheumatoid arthritis, it is not always necessary to detect the presence of the Rheumatoid Factor antibody in the individual. | 201 | 3 | 90824480-c2eb-4058-8522-c2e1389f89de | 2024 |
Which of the following answers is false regarding cadmium poisoning?: | The excretion of cadmium is very slow, so its half-life can be up to years. | One of the symptoms of poisoning is the presence of proteinuria. | It can be treated with chelating drugs such as Na2-Ca edetate after exposure to cadmium. | Pharmacology | The primary target organ of chronic cadmium poisoning through ingestion is the stomach. | 202 | 3 | 64e511ca-3c45-4e90-971f-51bfa57d4036 | 2024 |
Which of the following amino acids would be capable of forming a covalent bond with an enzyme inhibitor?: | Serine. | Phenylalanine. | Alanine. | Pharmacology | Valine. | 203 | 2 | cf95f9a5-be49-495e-b2b8-f782ffe78be0 | 2024 |
Which of the following drugs for the prophylaxis or treatment of migraines specifically binds to the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor as an antagonist?: | Sumatriptan. | Botulinum toxin. | Topiramate. | Pharmacology | Erenumab. | 204 | 3 | 4d8389d9-ccd7-4680-a25d-e7ddd463acb6 | 2024 |
The tiny bones of the middle ear cavity are arranged forming a bridge in the tympanic cavity from the tympanic membrane: | To the cochlear duct. | To the endolymphatic duct. | To the oval window. | Pharmacology | To the helicotrema. | 205 | 4 | 843ac4e8-1d8a-4e72-a731-fbe73b05fb07 | 2024 |
Which of the following hormones crosses the plasma membrane and has its receptors in the nucleus?: | Prostaglandin E. | Somatostatin. | Nitric oxide. | Pharmacology | Thyroxine. | 206 | 3 | 480c1982-2854-4db0-b5bb-39110e1e8d16 | 2024 |
What is the correct association between hormone and the area of the adrenal cortex where it is synthesized? | Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) - striated zone. | Aldosterone - fasciculated zone. | Desoxycorticosterone - glomerular zone. | Pharmacology | Cortisol - reticular zone. | 207 | 4 | 5da969f6-3727-4af2-bd13-4aac1632bda6 | 2024 |
What happens when the prevalence of a disease detected by a diagnostic test with certain sensitivity and specificity values increases? | That reduce the absolute value of false negatives. | That the positive predictive value of the test decreases. | The predictive values of the test are not affected. | Pharmacology | That the negative predictive value of the test decreases. | 208 | 3 | 4227e0e7-4568-4b1b-8b69-33a75b0b2fd8 | 2024 |
What is the first-line treatment for syphilis? | Ceftriaxone. | Penicillin G. | Doxycycline. | Pharmacology | Azithromycin. | 209 | 1 | d486bbce-c660-4605-84e0-235248aa4bdf | 2024 |
Voriconazole has activity: | Fungicide against Candida spp. | Fungistatic against filamentous fungi. | Fungicide against Aspergillus spp. | Pharmacology | Fungicide against Cryptococcus neoformans. | 210 | 4 | 748f6490-5ab6-491d-9a15-187476a64d35 | 2024 |
Saquinavir and ritonavir are drugs used in the treatment of AIDS that are also an example of rational design based on structure. Which of the following statements correctly describes these compounds?: | They are analogues of nucleic acids and act as competitive inhibitors of reverse transcriptase. | They are peptidomimetics designed to inhibit the HIV protease and act as analogs of the transition state. | They are compounds that contain a deoxyribose system in their structure, designed to act as inhibitors of an HIV protease. | Pharmacology | They are peptidomimetics designed to inhibit HIV integrase and act as reversible inhibitors. | 1 | 1 | ec0ea1c3-602a-4bf0-a310-2e9b53cfb936 | 2023 |
Penicillins have a bicyclic structure that contains a β-lactam which is essential for their antibacterial activity. This bicyclic system: | It mimics the glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic and N-acetylglucosamine, thus preventing the synthesis of the peptidoglycan present in the bacterial cell wall. | It confers a high tension that makes it difficult for it to be opened by bacterial β-lactamases, thus giving it resistance to these enzymes. | It can be bioisosterically modified, replacing the nitrogen with an oxygen and leading to a β-lactone that is chemically and enzymatically more stable. | Pharmacology | It mimics the D-Ala-D-Ala dimer present in the peptidoglycan, irreversibly inhibiting the transpeptidase. | 2 | 3 | 4773dff4-88ee-449a-b873-bf9f5b2ee6bb | 2023 |
The β-blockers were designed to act as antagonists to the β-1 receptors of the heart. Structurally, they are aryloxypropanolamines and their cardiac selectivity is achieved: | Introducing a moderately bulky group (isopropyl) into the amino group. | Introducing a small group (H, methyl) into the amino group. | Epimerizing the hydroxyl group. | Pharmacology | Removing the catechol group and replacing it with a more voluminous aryl. | 3 | 2 | 148fb6c1-16de-4464-9cf2-9ab00853c965 | 2023 |
The quinoline system is part of the structure of many drugs. Its synthesis can be carried out by the Skraup method, which involves causing derivatives of: to react. | Pyridine with diethyl malonate in basic medium. | Aniline with sulfuric acid and glycerin in the presence of nitrobenzene. | Aniline with propanol under conditions of aromatic nucleophilic substitution. | Pharmacology | Phenylpropylamine under cyclization conditions. | 4 | 1 | 3bf1525d-9938-40a9-aed6-078c8381b4d4 | 2023 |
Which of the following NMDA glutamic acid channel antagonists is also an antiviral agent?: | Amantadine. | Ketamine. | Dextromethorphan. | Pharmacology | Ganciclovir. | 5 | 2 | e2a40fc4-e9ab-4b7c-8460-f5abf7e5d2fc | 2023 |
What is the name used to describe the drugs that retain the opioid activity of morphine and lack the epoxy ring and the C ring of it? | Phenylpiperidines. | Morphinans. | Benzomorphans. | Pharmacology | Anilinopiperidines. | 6 | 4 | 56b4e650-ee6b-43b8-aca6-1119cd3a5744 | 2023 |
In the design of statins, which fragment of the structure is considered essential to carry out the inhibitory activity of the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme? | The fragment of β-hydroxy-δ-lactone or its corresponding dihydroxy acid. | The decalin fragment. | The isopropyl group. | Pharmacology | The halogenated aromatic ring. | 7 | 2 | fdd0a499-9636-4d25-b814-d6b3e71c2f15 | 2023 |
Which of the following equations defines the partition coefficient (P) of a drug, [drug] being the concentration of said drug in the indicated solvent? | P = Log[drug]water. | P = [drug]water /[drug]octanol. | P = Log[drug]octanol. | Pharmacology | P = [drug]octanol / [drug]water. | 8 | 3 | 7d88ec14-be6d-43fb-96cf-84bdeede9eb1 | 2023 |
What type of reactive intermediate is formed in the oxidative metabolism of aromatic rings and is responsible for their toxicity? | 1,2-Diol. | Quinone. | Hydroxyl radical. | Pharmacology | Epoxide. | 9 | 3 | 0804384e-27d3-47c0-855c-d9ff876da390 | 2023 |
The methodology used to prepare, in a unique and efficient process, a mixture or collection of structurally related compounds, is called: | Combinatorial Chemistry. | Supramolecular Chemistry. | Sustainable chemistry. | Pharmacology | Divergent chemistry. | 10 | 2 | ff67ffde-f81a-4d73-a805-ac05cf953702 | 2023 |
What is the fundamental role of the methoxy group at position 4 of the pyridine ring of omeprazole? | Decrease its lipophilicity to reduce its absorption. | Increase its metabolic stability. | Increase its lipophilia to promote its absorption. | Pharmacology | Increase the nucleophilicity of pyridinic nitrogen for its bioactivation. | 11 | 3 | e316f8a1-824c-40f8-ba44-b88eabf454c0 | 2023 |
Atracurium is a synthetic neuromuscular blocker analog of tubocurarine that is quickly deactivated in the blood (pH= 7.4) by a reaction of: | Demethylation of the quaternary ammonium salt. | Hydrolysis of a carbamate group. | Hofmann Elimination. | Pharmacology | Oxidation of the nitrogenous heterocycle. | 12 | 4 | ae34c9a3-9232-43f4-a22d-8fbb3f3c1eac | 2023 |
Which of the following fragments should be present in the structure of nicotinic antagonists? | A quaternary nitrogen atom, an oxygenated function, and two apolar groups close to the latter. | Two remnants of acetylcholine located at a certain distance from each other. | A quaternary nitrogen and aromatic rings with electron acceptor groups. | Pharmacology | Two charged nitrogen atoms connected by a spacer, so that they are located at a certain distance from each other. | 13 | 3 | 1cdc56d2-7715-4a68-b4a1-5d476e4eac06 | 2023 |
What is the consequence of introducing an ethynyl group at the 17-α position of estradiol? | Prolongs the activity of the drug by inhibiting its metabolism. | It increases selectivity by facilitating the binding to the α receptor and preventing interaction with the β receptor. | Changes the drug's activity from agonist to antagonist. | Pharmacology | It increases the binding to the receptor by increasing the acidity of the OH group at the 17-β position. | 14 | 2 | 02d0dcef-f1bd-41be-880b-cb724917bc81 | 2023 |
Which part of the erythromycin structure is responsible for its chemical instability? | The rest of the amino sugar. | The β-hydroxycarbonyl fragment. | The two fragments of γ-hydroxycarbonyl. | Pharmacology | The lactone group. | 15 | 4 | 480aa735-28a5-4fbd-98a9-86447e8e06e3 | 2023 |
Oripavines are rigid analogs of morphine. They are obtained from the alkaloid thebaine, taking advantage of the presence in its structure of a system of two conjugated double bonds, through the following reaction: | Ring expansion. | [4+2] Cycloaddition. | Ring contraction. | Pharmacology | [3+2] Cycloaddition. | 16 | 1 | 30948d88-b61e-4777-8195-ad91e8f67057 | 2023 |
In drug design, what is the consequence of substituting an ester function with a carbamate group? | A decrease in the half-life. | An increase in lipophilicity and, therefore, better absorption. | An increase in steric hindrance. | Pharmacology | An increase in metabolic stability. | 17 | 3 | d875e7fb-40bf-48ad-b01e-ac8d6807601e | 2023 |
What structural characteristic is common in DNA intercalating agents? | An aziridine ring. | A peptide chain. | A fragment of β-hydroxycarbonyl. | Pharmacology | A flat system of aromatic or heteroaromatic rings. | 18 | 3 | 4ce5676a-b4f1-498c-bb6f-f508e79b3a04 | 2023 |
What is the correct answer regarding the microorganism Hafnia alvei? | It is a non-fermenting gram-negative bacillus. | It is an enterobacterium. | It is an intracellular bacteria. | Pharmacology | It is a spirochete. | 19 | 1 | 0f688fa8-acb1-4e2c-836d-604f6afc11ef | 2023 |
Which is the incorrect response regarding the mumps virus?: | The only host is the human being. | It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family. | It is a single-stranded RNA virus with icosahedral symmetry. | Pharmacology | It can cause epididymo-orchitis. | 20 | 4 | 9c9f5e99-2091-4167-ab72-18c0383c3b78 | 2023 |
Why is the microbiological isolation of Francisella tularensis difficult? | It requires culture mediums enriched with cysteine and a prolonged incubation. | It only grows in anaerobiosis after a prolonged incubation. | It requires cellular culture systems and a prolonged incubation. | Pharmacology | It requires culture mediums enriched with charcoal and a prolonged incubation. | 22 | 2 | 52b3bf47-93d4-439f-bc86-dc0e77c92b69 | 2023 |
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the Bartonella genus?: | Bartonella bacilliformis is responsible for Carrion's disease. | They are small coccobacilli or gram-negative bacilli with demanding growth requirements. | Bartonella henselae is transmitted through sand flies. | Pharmacology | Bartonella quintana is transmitted from person to person through lice. | 23 | 4 | d0da155c-22ba-457a-bb62-e514c83fa506 | 2023 |
Indicate which of the following statements about Campylobacter jejuni is incorrect: | Much of the infections it causes are related to the consumption of chicken. | It is a curved gram-negative bacillus. | It is resistant to macrolides. | Pharmacology | For its isolation from feces, incubation with a microaerophilic atmosphere is required. | 24 | 4 | 88b95739-e043-424e-9c75-f0323a2cab09 | 2023 |
Which of the following microorganisms is Gram-positive?: | Bordetella pertussis. | Listeria monocytogenes. | Helicobacter pylori. | Pharmacology | Francisella tularensis. | 25 | 1 | 2dfc5eba-e312-4255-8df8-c195b41a95d1 | 2023 |
Indicate the correct answer about the Mycobacterium genus: | Mycobacterium kansasii is a non-chromogenic mycobacterium. | Mycobacterium chelonae is a slow-growing mycobacterium. | Mycobacterium bovis is sensitive to pyrazinamide. | Pharmacology | Mycobacterium tuberculosis tests positive for the niacin test. | 26 | 3 | ec8a1535-f461-413d-9f39-d8fc73107312 | 2023 |
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