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Endemic systemic mycoses are those caused by: | Dimorphic fungi. | Dermatophytes. | Hyaline fungi. | Pharmacology | Mucorales. | 27 | 2 | fafefd5c-536c-4c11-ae76-4ef0c2c6773a | 2023 |
Indicate which of the following microorganisms has intrinsic low-level resistance to vancomycin: | Abiotrophia defectiva. | Enterococcus casseliflavus. | Gemella haemolysans. | Pharmacology | Streptococcus gallolyticus. | 28 | 1 | 24e81fc7-4be3-4cdf-9519-1d5ca5e807fa | 2023 |
In the culture of a bronchial aspirate, after 24 hours of incubation at 37 °C, growth is observed in MacConkey agar. The colonies are oxidase positive and present a green pigment. What would be the presumptive identification? | Escherichia coli. | Staphylococcus aureus. | Acinetobacter baumannii. | Pharmacology | Pseudomonas aeruginosa. | 29 | 3 | 1af29e5d-a53e-4c59-a479-f525c2453a21 | 2023 |
What microorganism is the main causal agent of urinary tract infection in the general population? | Escherichia coli. | Staphylococcus saprophyticus. | Proteus mirabilis. | Pharmacology | Pseudomonas aeruginosa. | 30 | 2 | 45224639-6446-4eb3-b7e3-ae213b9a535a | 2023 |
Which of the following drugs is not used in the treatment of tuberculosis?: | Bedaquiline. | Amikacin. | Isoniazid. | Pharmacology | Vancomycin. | 31 | 3 | b63d28e0-5384-43d9-bc31-05a396e27609 | 2023 |
Indicate the incorrect relationship between antibiotic and mechanism of action: | Colistin - action on the lipopolysaccharide of the bacterial membrane. | Ciprofloxacin - inhibition of the synthesis of the bacterial wall. | Gentamicin - alteration of protein synthesis. | Pharmacology | Vancomycin - blocking of transglycosylation in the synthesis of peptidoglycan. | 32 | 1 | 25f01828-caaf-4f1a-9202-ce96b3e75192 | 2023 |
Which of the following antibiotics is not active against gram-positive bacteria?: | Linezolid. | Daptomycin. | Colistin. | Pharmacology | Dalbavancin. | 33 | 4 | 2134b4e4-f7eb-4814-88d0-c2dde2e8543e | 2023 |
In a Gram stain of a urethral exudate, intracellular gram-negative diplococci and a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes are observed. Which microorganism has a high degree of suspicion? | Chlamydia trachomatis. | Mycoplasma genitalium. | Haemophilus ducreyi. | Pharmacology | Neisseria gonorrhoeae. | 34 | 3 | a85eab79-2efd-41ce-a0fc-848c559c5939 | 2023 |
Which of the following antibiotics would be suitable for treating an infection caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae?: | Amoxicillin. | Ertapenem. | Aztreonam. | Pharmacology | Cefotaxime. | 35 | 1 | b769d9cf-b004-476e-954d-4cf6b7ce9361 | 2023 |
Which of the following is not a form of tularemia?: | Ulceroglandular disease. | Pulmonary disease. | Brill-Zinsser Disease. | Pharmacology | Oculoganglionic disease. | 36 | 4 | a7675211-9651-4fc4-ab35-1f510f87ee0f | 2023 |
Which of the following microorganisms is a strict human pathogen?: | Yersinia pestis. | Shigella dysenteriae. | Francisella tularensis. | Pharmacology | Campylobacter jejuni. | 37 | 1 | 4870e33b-c566-4501-990d-3513f5cf276a | 2023 |
Which parasite is predominantly distributed in the United States?: | Clonorchis sinensis. | Babesia microti. | Acanthotrema felis. | Pharmacology | Diphyllobothrium latum. | 38 | 1 | 0d8d1a1f-992c-4546-ba9f-eff6070cccb2 | 2023 |
What statement is true in relation to the biological cycle of Trichuris trichura? | After ingestion, the eggs hatch in the large intestine. | The embryonated eggs are excreted in the feces. | The adult worms live in the cecum. | Pharmacology | The larvae mature into adults and establish themselves in the small intestine. | 39 | 4 | b7a4bdd4-0120-444b-9096-9a03ed185a2e | 2023 |
A 5-year-old girl from Ecuador presents with epigastric pain, lack of appetite, and stunted growth. The parasitological exam of the stool reveals the presence of an oval egg measuring 45 x 38 µm, which contains a hexacanth embryo and 4 polar filaments between the two membranes. To which parasite does this description correspond to? | Hymenolepis nana. | Taenia saginata. | Dipylidium caninum. | Pharmacology | Hymenolepis diminuta. | 40 | 2 | 1406dfb1-8aff-4bdc-a8c6-bf9ee21ace49 | 2023 |
The mathematical approach of Arrhenius within the field of pharmaceutical development is used to estimate: | The actual solubility of a drug from its ideal solubility, according to the dissolution enthalpy values. | The degradation speed of a drug at different temperatures starting from the average kinetic temperature. | The solubility of a drug at different temperatures according to the values of fusion enthalpy. | Pharmacology | The dissolution rate of a drug at different temperatures, according to the melting enthalpy values. | 41 | 1 | ee931dbf-aac3-45ca-b1fc-20e611d760b9 | 2023 |
What is the purpose of the monocyte activation test (MAT)? | Detection, in vitro, of pyrogens in parenteral administration preparations. | Detection and quantification of gram-negative bacteria in parenteral administration preparations. | Detection of monocytes in parenteral administration preparations. | Pharmacology | Detection, in vivo, of pyrogens in parenteral administration preparations. | 42 | 2 | ff2c1e75-b25c-43d0-a1ae-fd0efb65b36c | 2023 |
What procedures can be used to obtain water for injectable preparations in accordance with European regulations? | It can only be obtained through reverse osmosis with electro-deionization, from purified water, suitable for the manufacture of medicines. | It can only be obtained through distillation from purified water, suitable for the preparation of medicines. | It can be obtained through distillation or through an equivalent process such as reverse osmosis with electro-deionization. | Pharmacology | It can be obtained through heat sterilization from drinking water, suitable for human consumption, and subsequent sterile packaging. | 43 | 4 | d32ed8f9-5c6d-4fb8-b7ee-81501dcea8db | 2023 |
Which of the following parameters expresses the flowability of a powdery material according to the relationship between the packed and apparent densities?: | The Ostwald densification parameter. | The Hausner index. | The porosity index. | Pharmacology | The Heckel Densification Index. | 44 | 1 | f50fe7b2-9106-4636-8f92-1ba7d9b0aeb8 | 2023 |
What is the purpose of active drug delivery systems? | Direct the release of the drug in a specific location based on techniques that increase the residence time of the formulation through stabilization procedures such as pegylation. | Modulate the release speed of the drug based on pH changes or enzymatic environment, such as a tablet with an enteric coating. | Direct the release of the drug in a specific location based on binding to specific ligands. | Pharmacology | Direct the release of the drug in a specific organ based on micro or nano encapsulation techniques. | 45 | 4 | d6a0375d-66a6-4cde-b1cd-a7d05c65ff7a | 2023 |
Should non-pressurized liquid preparations for inhalation be sterile? | Only in preparations presented in single-dose devices, which are exempt from preservatives, or in multi-doses that do not contain preservative. | Only in those intended for surgical use or open wounds. | Yes. It is an indispensable requirement of pharmacopoeia for this type of formulations, unless the formulation has antimicrobial properties. | Pharmacology | There is no need in any case, since these preparations must include preservatives in their composition unless they have their own antimicrobial properties. | 46 | 2 | 52e8196a-87d7-457c-a41a-bcca6039c78d | 2023 |
The mechanism of pulverization by rubbing or friction gives rise to particles with a shape closer to the following: | Acicular. | Spherical. | Dendritic. | Pharmacology | Ellipsoid. | 47 | 1 | f877f323-3226-4cc8-8a1e-e4899307cef3 | 2023 |
The pulse pressure is a measure of: | The number of heartbeats per minute. | The sum of diastolic and systolic pressures. | The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures. | Pharmacology | The difference between arterial and venous pressure. | 48 | 4 | a00d861f-c689-40a0-bb4e-15bfd621e4a9 | 2023 |
The factors that determine the pressure of a dissolved gas in a liquid, such as, for example, alveolar air and blood, are related by one of the following laws: | Henry's Law. | Ohm's Law. | Laplace's Law. | Pharmacology | Fick's Law. | 49 | 2 | 2e2b052a-75a7-42c6-b6e7-71cd79a93aec | 2023 |
According to the classification of sensitivity of nerve fibers, those in group Ib are: | Fibers originating from the Golgi tendon organs. | Fibers originating from the annulospiral endings of the muscle spindles. | Fibers that conduct temperature, rough touch, and sensations of pain and stinging. | Pharmacology | Fibers originating from the tactile organs of the skin and from the bouquet-like terminations. | 50 | 2 | 69835159-60a7-41fb-8ad5-496b44a9a60b | 2023 |
What is the name of the groove or depression in the kidney through which the renal artery and veins, lymphatic vessels, innervation and ureter pass? | Renal pyramid. | Renal hilum. | Renal column. | Pharmacology | Renal pelvis. | 51 | 1 | 5d1aac1e-5afa-4274-8804-e739ddf458cf | 2023 |
The stretch receptors of the aortic arch and the carotid sinus: | They act as baroreceptors that affect the activity of the vasomotor and cardiac control center of the medulla oblongata. | They serve as baroreceptors that stimulate the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide. | They serve as baroreceptors that stimulate the secretion of renin, increasing the formation of angiotensin II. | Pharmacology | They serve as osmoreceptors that stimulate the release of ADH. | 52 | 2 | 057aff5b-d558-4fd6-bc1e-48912532f922 | 2023 |
Which of the following phenomena is associated with a shift to the right in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? | Decrease in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. | Decrease in pH. | Decrease in temperature. | Pharmacology | Decrease in CO2. | 53 | 1 | 6d3e9d56-26a0-4980-9538-bf9d3f270c84 | 2023 |
In which of the following cells is gastrin secretion produced?: | I cells of the duodenum and jejunum. | S cells of the duodenum. | K cells of the duodenum and jejunum. | Pharmacology | G cells of the antrum. | 54 | 3 | 48ee9cd4-a103-42df-9030-74a9dbe5e8c6 | 2023 |
Which of the following substances causes an increase in glomerular filtration?: | Adrenaline. | Norepinephrine. | Prostaglandin E2. | Pharmacology | Endothelin. | 55 | 4 | 065a2f6f-63c5-42c8-bf47-6d805387857e | 2023 |
The epithelium observed in Barrett's esophagus is: | Stratified squamous. | Simple columnar. | Simple scaly. | Pharmacology | Stratified columnar. | 56 | 1 | 3454a946-4382-47a2-9f61-445eafc4d5cd | 2023 |
The thoracic duct drains the lymph into: | The left subclavian vein. | The right juxtaglomerular vein. | The prefrontal lymphatic artery. | Pharmacology | The subarachnoid artery. | 57 | 2 | f58e9ae5-b256-4778-bbfe-1de2c9302c29 | 2023 |
The accessory organs of male reproduction derive from: | The Mullerian ducts (paramesonephric). | The Wolffian ducts (mesonephric). | The antimullerian ducts (paramesonephric). | Pharmacology | The seminiferous ducts (paramesenteric). | 58 | 1 | dd363ead-81e6-4af1-8345-6eefabca4505 | 2023 |
The synthesis and release of aldosterone occur: | In the suprarenal glomerular area and they are regulated by angiotensin II. | In the suprarenal glomerular area and are regulated by angiotensin I. | In the fasciculated zone of the adrenal gland and they are regulated by angiotensin I. | Pharmacology | In the fasciculated zone of the adrenal gland, they are regulated by angiotensin II. | 59 | 2 | f03ce34a-7cf5-4eea-8441-578ee79e3833 | 2023 |
What is the correct order of maturation of the myeloid lineage? | Promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, rod. | Promyelocyte, metamyelocyte, myelocyte, rod. | Metamyelocyte, promyelocyte, myelocyte, rod. | Pharmacology | Myelocyte, promyelocyte, metamyelocyte, band cell. | 60 | 2 | 2e3551fd-86af-4cec-9444-c8ed1736bbad | 2023 |
What hematological condition is characterized by a high number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin levels within or very close to the normal range, and a low mean corpuscular volume (MCV)? | Polycythemia vera. | Sickle Cell Disease. | Iron deficiency anemia. | Pharmacology | Minor thalassemia. | 61 | 3 | 72b10dba-49bb-4779-86c6-a8652b3972d9 | 2023 |
The presence in peripheral blood of an abnormally high number of small lymphocytes with "tortoise shell" or "grumelée" chromatin is typical of the following lymphoid neoplasm: | Mantle cell lymphoma. | Burkitt's lymphoma-leukemia. | B-prolymphocytic Leukemia. | Pharmacology | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | 62 | 3 | eda7c026-861b-4fb8-8fa2-f4e9c3186d47 | 2023 |
The red blood cells that present irregular shapes, with elongated spikes distributed asymmetrically on the surface, and that appear in patients with severe liver disease are called: | Sickle cells. | Echinocytes. | Acanthocytes. | Pharmacology | Schistocytes. | 63 | 4 | dc88d12b-8346-4072-a123-2fada5ce12ba | 2023 |
Indicate the correct answer regarding the impact of preanalytical interferences on the results of coagulation tests: | The release of cytoplasmic molecules and membrane molecules can activate coagulation and platelets, causing a bias in the analysis results due to early activation of coagulation or consumption of coagulation factors. | When free hemoglobin exists after centrifugation, the baseline detected by the analyzer is altered, due to the decrease in absorbance of the same at the wavelengths used in coagulometric methods. | Although the interference due to hyperbilirubinemia is due to spectral overlap, in the case of hypertriglyceridemia, the turbidity of the sample does not affect the light dispersion. | Pharmacology | The hemolysis of the sample is rarely due to problems in the collection of samples. | 64 | 2 | 13ba2321-7977-4e25-92d8-e8f7fd150632 | 2023 |
Indicate the true statement for tricholeukemia or classic hairy cell leukemia: | It is common in children. | It is a neoplasia of T lymphocytes. | The cells exhibit a highly basophilic cytoplasm. | Pharmacology | Suffers from monocytopenia. | 65 | 3 | 5c7a42c3-c186-4d13-8f8f-0395f41c5b93 | 2023 |
In which of the following hematological entities will we find macrothrombocytes?: | Megaloblastic anemia. | MYH9-associated thrombocytopenia. | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | Pharmacology | Aplastic Anemia. | 66 | 1 | 391213cb-44eb-4c82-bf24-1e7db5ddb2d5 | 2023 |
A first degree heart block is characterized because: | It is essential to treat it with verapamil, the antiarrhythmic of choice in these cases. | The PR interval of the electrocardiogram is prolonged. | The P wave of the electrocardiogram only occasionally is followed by a QRS complex. | Pharmacology | The T wave of the electrocardiogram is inverted. | 67 | 1 | 8723ea3b-13d6-46b5-b5f1-7c694855397c | 2023 |
Indicate the correct statement in relation to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) of the exudative or wet type: | It starts by accumulation of extracellular deposits called drusen. | The only available alternative to treat it is the use of vitamins C, E, and zinc to delay its onset. | Endothelial vascular growth factors (VEGF) play a central role in their development. | Pharmacology | It is a typical disease of young people, between 20 and 30 years old. | 68 | 4 | 0db34a78-bf2d-4002-9bd1-5d612982e65a | 2023 |
Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the different types of shock?: | After a massive hemorrhage, we are most likely facing a distributive shock. | In refractory septic shock, using vasopressin for its V1 receptor agonist action could be a suitable option. | In a cardiogenic shock, there are no manifestations of tissue ischemia, such as an increase in blood lactate, unlike the rest of the subtypes. | Pharmacology | Norepinephrine is frequently used in shock states to increase the heart rate. | 69 | 1 | e4813cca-b126-402b-be85-961c347dfdf5 | 2023 |
AG is an 82-year-old woman, with a history of poorly controlled high blood pressure despite receiving treatment with Ramipril 5 mg every 24 hours, insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus being monitored by endocrinology, and a recent diagnosis of barely symptomatic atrial fibrillation. What would be the most appropriate approach to this recent diagnosis? | Given the patient's age, the most recommended approach would be a conservative strategy where no drugs are used, prioritizing stress control and lifestyle modification, to improve the trigger factors of atrial fibrillation. | Carry out a rhythm control with drugs that slow down the passage of the cardiac impulse from the atria to the ventricles and a frequency control with drugs that aim to revert the rhythm to a sinus rhythm. | It is essential to observe the size of the P waves on the electrocardiogram before deciding what to do. | Pharmacology | The patient apparently meets the criteria to start anticoagulant treatment as one of the first steps to take. | 70 | 3 | fab6a06e-f85f-4cd5-8551-01bea406e5ae | 2023 |
Regarding the transient ischemic attack (TIA), it is true that: | When diagnosed, it is necessary to start a triple antiplatelet therapy, as it has been shown to reduce the risk of subsequent stroke development. | This refers to an ischemic injury less than 24 hours old, detected radiologically (in CT or MRI), without clinical signs, which goes unnoticed by patients. | Fugax amaurosis may occur, which consists of transient loss of vision. | Pharmacology | The most influential risk factor for its development is having LDL values above the reference values on a sustained basis. | 71 | 4 | f6d44565-7f35-4ad8-9a3c-3e6049b394a7 | 2023 |
Which of the following disorders has an autosomal dominant hereditary origin?: | Malignant hyperthermia. | Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. | Botulism. | Pharmacology | Myasthenia Gravis. | 72 | 2 | c7a6973f-d99d-4fad-acfa-84ef84eca73e | 2023 |
Regarding the formation of kidney stones: | The appearance of calcium oxalate stones is usually accompanied by high levels of citrate in urine. | 80% of the stones found are composed of uric acid. | Before starting treatment for leukemia, it is important to acidify the urine to prevent the formation of uric acid stones. | Pharmacology | The calculations of ammonium and magnesium phosphate are typical of people with alkaline urine due to certain urinary tract infections. | 73 | 3 | 9aee7e07-cf64-486b-b3ae-83c566c61b9f | 2023 |
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: | It is diagnosed in most patients in childhood. | It is an obstructive lung disease. | It can manifest as a result of the use of PD-1 antagonist drugs. | Pharmacology | At present, there is no curative pharmacological treatment. | 74 | 3 | 1b16b033-dce9-407e-999f-9ea2e14f442b | 2023 |
Regarding diseases related to myelin, indicate the correct statement: | Hyponatremia should be corrected quickly, as increases less than 8 mmoles/L of daily sodium can lead to osmotic demyelination syndrome. | The anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibodies are pathognomonic of multiple sclerosis. | Currently, there are more drugs available to treat forms of primary progressive multiple sclerosis than relapsing-remitting forms. | Pharmacology | Blocking the complement pathway or the interleukin 6 signaling are useful strategies for treating neuromyelitis optica. | 75 | 3 | 914ac151-a423-4512-9aab-f9ae0382e031 | 2023 |
Which of the following interleukins (IL) is associated with the pathogenesis of asthma and, therefore, is a therapeutic target in its treatment?: | IL-5. | IL-1. | IL-17. | Pharmacology | IL-6. | 76 | 2 | 4acdd91e-6b51-477e-9b8d-c2fab677641e | 2023 |
BT is an older patient who has type 2 diabetes mellitus and is being treated with metformin and dapagliflozin, but she is not very adherent. Which of the following complications would we not expect to find in her?: | State of plasma hyperosmolarity, metabolic acidosis, and increased levels of ketone bodies. | Malignant external otitis that presents with otalgia and otorrhea. | Macular edema with reduction in visual acuity. | Pharmacology | Symmetrical distal polyneuropathy. | 77 | 2 | 6399803b-7036-45c0-ba02-e4c64d103a0c | 2023 |
Regarding digestive hemorrhages, indicate the correct statement: | Hematemesis is typical of upper digestive tract hemorrhages, and melena is typical of lower digestive tract hemorrhages. | A decrease in heart rate, a reduction in blood pressure, and a drop in hemoglobin are expected. | The elevation of urea nitrogen in the blood is characteristic of colon hemorrhages due to the absorption of plasma proteins from the bleeding. | Pharmacology | Hematochezia can occur in both upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding, although it is more common in the latter. | 78 | 3 | 3ba4d428-30a6-4325-8f35-82abe6a19376 | 2023 |
MS is a 28-year-old woman who comes to the consultation with multiple mouth ulcers, significant fatigue, facial erythema, and joint pain. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is therefore suspected. Which of the following approaches is correct?: | The use of anti-interleukin 2 antibodies in these patients improves symptoms. | If in an analysis the anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies were to come out positive, the suspicion of SLE would be confirmed.
| An expected characteristic in this patient would be the detection of low levels of complement factors. | Pharmacology | Behçet's syndrome is a specific form of SLE predominantly affecting the kidneys. | 79 | 4 | 5d94e760-4e63-485b-9408-860b099eb0ea | 2023 |
Regarding antidepressants, which drug and mechanism of action association is incorrect?: | Venlafaxine - Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). | Trazodone - Antagonist of the 5-HT2 receptor. | Bupropion - Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). | Pharmacology | Escitalopram - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). | 80 | 4 | 79b05824-92c5-460b-a509-0628b17c2732 | 2023 |
Which of the following drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis can cause facial flushing at the start of treatment?: | Teriflunomide. | Dimethyl fumarate. | Alemtuzumab. | Pharmacology | Natalizumab. | 81 | 1 | ff2f970e-968f-4eab-a79b-371c564a922d | 2023 |
Pramipexole is used for the treatment of: | Parkinson's Disease. | Myasthenia gravis. | Alzheimer's Disease. | Pharmacology | Multiple sclerosis. | 82 | 2 | 487d639e-0646-49d4-8ae2-3a54955fcc4a | 2023 |
Which of the following drugs is used as a hypnotic, for its sedative properties and low risk of dependence, in elderly people? | Diazepam. | Trazodone. | Duloxetine. | Pharmacology | Bupropion. | 83 | 1 | 49cdbbe9-fabe-4052-aabe-f157df594545 | 2023 |
Which of the following monoclonal antibodies is used for migraine prophylaxis?: | Vedolizumab. | Belimumab. | Evolocumab. | Pharmacology | Galcanezumab. | 84 | 3 | 240b1495-191c-4d6a-a4a7-6aa0af178ba9 | 2023 |
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?: | The prolonged use of inhaled corticosteroids has been associated with oropharyngeal candidiasis and loss of bone density. | The most common side effect of anticholinergic muscarinic agonists is dry mouth. | The main role of inhaled corticosteroids is to be used as acute treatment for exacerbations. | Pharmacology | The continued use of oral corticosteroids is recommended due to their good safety profile. | 85 | 2 | 138a4071-3659-405f-9d4d-d2bf60fee8fc | 2023 |
The case of a patient with chronic kidney disease on peritoneal dialysis and treatment with erythropoiesis stimulating agents is presented. Which of the following statements is correct?: | Peritoneal dialysis is accompanied by various metabolic complications such as hypoproteinemia. | It is not important to know the iron reserves in the bone marrow to ensure an adequate response to treatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, as these work independently of the amount of iron in the body. | When we use erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, we aim to achieve very rapid increases in hemoglobin, above 3 g/dL per month. | Pharmacology | One of the frequent complications of dialysis is hypoglycemia. | 86 | 2 | 6dd24536-1c9f-42dd-a96b-1db4d950acd6 | 2023 |
Which of the following vaccines is formulated with attenuated agents?: | Yellow fever vaccine. | Hepatitis B vaccine. | Human papillomavirus vaccine. | Pharmacology | Rabies vaccine. | 87 | 2 | 9d0b50a3-7a42-43c2-9cd6-a5d129155723 | 2023 |
Which of the following statements referring to the management of constipation is false?: | Naloxegol is indicated for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation. | Sodium phosphate preparations are the treatment of choice in elderly patients or those with kidney failure. | Long-term use of lubricant and emollient laxatives may cause malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins. | Pharmacology | The laxatives that form the stool can cause abdominal distention and flatulence. | 88 | 1 | 769fe02e-9770-42b6-a357-f98496cffdc9 | 2023 |
Some drugs are characterized by having the ability to produce adverse anticholinergic effects, especially in elderly patients. Which of the following groups of drugs does not show a high anticholinergic potency?: | 1st generation antihistamines (doxylamine). | Tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline). | Antimigraine Drugs (Sumatriptan). | Pharmacology | Urinary antispasmodics (tolterodine). | 89 | 4 | aab9bc5b-70b9-4ee5-bb29-6677cd64cd84 | 2023 |
A patient with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma, with bone and liver metastases is presented. In the biomarker study of a biopsied lung sample, the following result is obtained: mutated EGFR (Ex19Del), negative HER2, native BRAF, negative ALK rearrangement, negative ROS 1 fusion, negative PDL-1, what would be the appropriate treatment? | Crizotinib. | Lapatinib. | Dabrafenib. | Pharmacology | Osimertinib. | 90 | 3 | 9e20254e-7f8d-4b70-9fdc-6d7f3d122b7c | 2023 |
Patient with AIDS being treated with darunavir/cobicistat who is admitted to the hospital. We are asked a question about the appropriate hypnotic/anxiolytic to treat the insomnia they are suffering from, accompanied by anxiety, among those available in the hospital. What is the correct answer?: | Midazolam. | Lorazepam. | Triazolam. | Pharmacology | Diazepam. | 91 | 1 | 78b17ab4-439e-470a-8777-066f4c042e01 | 2023 |
Which of the following statements is correct regarding cancer treatment?: | Hypotension is a very common adverse effect of bevacizumab and other antiangiogenic drugs. | Severe immune-mediated effects produced by immunotherapy can be treated with corticosteroids. | Immunotherapies with different targets (PD-1 and CTLA-4) should not be combined in cancer treatment. | Pharmacology | Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody directed at the CD33 antigen. | 92 | 1 | aa42a1af-7551-44ff-b342-0965f14e325d | 2023 |
Indicate the correct association in relation to the infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): | Combinations with tenofovir disoproxil - Osteomalacia. | Esophageal Candidiasis - Stage 1 of HIV infection (CDC). | HIV RNA at <50 copies/mL - High risk of opportunistic diseases. | Pharmacology | Combinations with enfuvirtide - Treatment for HIV-2 infection. | 93 | 2 | 7f088d39-d8ad-472c-8ef4-a1565a21e044 | 2023 |
Which of the following answers is correct regarding allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS)?: | Liver dysfunction favors its triggering. | The symptoms occur after 3-5 days from the start of treatment. | It is quite common and benign, generally resolved by reducing the dose of allopurinol. | Pharmacology | The prevalence is higher in patients of Korean or Thai descent compared to Caucasian patients. | 94 | 3 | 0a03e648-8098-4896-9148-d72dc10486ce | 2023 |
Indicate the incorrect answer about long-acting insulin preparations: | Glargine insulin is formulated at a basic pH to maintain solubility. | The affinity of detemir insulin is 4-5 times lower than that of soluble insulin, which is why it is formulated at a higher concentration. | In NPH insulin, the dose regulates the action profile; smaller doses result in lower, earlier peaks, and a short-duration action. | Pharmacology | In the case of degludec insulin, the monomers are constantly released into the systemic circulation and its duration of action is over 42 hours. | 95 | 2 | 637f366a-0d4a-4917-830d-e881adfbf05a | 2023 |
Which of the following statements about repaglinide is correct? | There is no risk of hypoglycemia if, once the medication is taken, food is delayed or omitted. | It has a slow onset of action with a peak concentration and maximum effect approximately 3 hours after ingestion. | It contains sulfur in its structure, so it cannot be used in type 2 diabetics with an allergy to sulfonylureas. | Pharmacology | It can be used in patients with kidney failure and advanced age. | 96 | 3 | e11cec1e-a0fa-4faf-a871-48c8338874d3 | 2023 |
Regarding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), select the correct option: | The RAPG-agonist complex interacts directly with clathrin before internalization. | The β-arrestins form complexes with phosphorylated RAPG. | The β-arrestin-RAPG complexes are systematically degraded. | Pharmacology | The GPCR (G-Protein Coupled Receptors) occupied by an agonist bind to G proteins only when they have been previously phosphorylated by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK). | 97 | 1 | 073e5c30-c0b4-4025-ba25-99baf1081459 | 2023 |
Regarding drugs that behave as competitive antagonists, indicate the correct option: | In its presence, it reduces the maximum effect of the pure agonists of the same receptor. | In its presence, the effective concentration 50 (EC50) of the pure agonists of the same receptor decreases. | They reduce the potency, but not the efficacy, of pure agonists of the same receptor. | Pharmacology | They reduce the efficacy, but not the potency, of pure agonists of the same receptor. | 98 | 4 | 2f52ab1c-bfcd-4174-8547-1bc6ac2af690 | 2023 |
Regarding anakinra, indicate the correct option: | It inhibits the binding of CD80 to the CD28 receptor in T lymphocytes. | It is a fusion protein composed of the p75 receptor of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the Fc portion of human IgG1. | It is a recombinant interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor that inhibits the binding of IL-1α to its receptor. | Pharmacology | It is a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor that inhibits the binding of TNFα to its receptor. | 99 | 4 | c3a0238b-a721-4de7-9ae1-375e128eeba0 | 2023 |
Indicate the correct option in relation to tramadol: | Its opioid agonist action is primarily due to one of its metabolites. | It is an opioid devoid of risk of tolerance and dependency. | It is preferably used as a cough suppressant. | Pharmacology | It is as effective as morphine for the treatment of severe pain. | 100 | 2 | 88f9c794-edac-455e-ae75-00c515195236 | 2023 |
The Kd (dissociation constant) of a drug: | It corresponds to the concentration of the drug that occupies half of the existing receptors in the system under study. | It coincides with the EC50 (effective concentration 50) of said drug. | It depends on the effectiveness of the drug. | Pharmacology | It is independent of the drug's affinity for its receptor. | 101 | 2 | d6998362-14b9-4251-b0af-10e14414e98e | 2023 |
Indicate the correct answer about the drugs from the thiourea group, used in thyroid diseases: | Their mechanism of action involves the inhibition of the thyroid peroxidase enzyme, thereby reducing the iodination of thyroglobulin residues. | They are synthetic analogs of thyroxine (T4). | They are only used in cases of severe hypothyroidism due to their high potency. | Pharmacology | They have a cytotoxic action on the cells of the thyroid follicles. | 102 | 2 | d1871688-f3ea-4fab-b8bf-e99775d95978 | 2023 |
The pharmaceutical form and particle size influence the drug absorption process when it is administered orally, by conditioning: | The elimination of the active ingredient. | The disintegration. | Renal excretion. | Pharmacology | The volume of distribution. | 103 | 1 | db7ea9fc-ef2e-4ab5-96e7-6d3bd2c630f8 | 2023 |
Which of the following is a phase I metabolic reaction?: | Glucuronidation. | Desulfurization. | Decarboxylation. | Pharmacology | Acetylation. | 104 | 1 | c98f4a5d-594b-4175-8240-afa6030e1a4c | 2023 |
What type of drug is used to reduce the peripheral side effects of levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease? | Non-ergot dopamine agonists. | Cholinergic antagonists. | Peripheral inhibitors of LAAD (Laminoacidaromatic-decarboxylase). | Pharmacology | MAO-B inhibitors (monoamine oxidase-B). | 105 | 4 | f76f010b-a083-4331-a23b-ca3d2bb40f42 | 2023 |
Which of the following statements regarding drugs belonging to the bisphosphonate group is correct?: | Alendronic acid is the most potent bisphosphonate of all available. | Its long-term use is associated with atypical femur fractures, something that does not happen with denosumab. | Its mechanism of action is based on bone formation. | Pharmacology | They have poor oral absorption, so it is recommended to administer them on an empty stomach. | 106 | 3 | 19d64a90-d43c-4338-bb89-2c2c6748a25d | 2023 |
Regarding lamotrigine, indicate the incorrect option: | It is indicated for the treatment of bipolar disorder, but only for the prevention of depressive episodes. | Among others, it blocks metabotropic glutamate receptors. | It is an antiepileptic that presents less evidence of teratogenicity than others such as valproate. | Pharmacology | Its spectrum of action is broad, and it can be used in both partial and generalized seizures. | 107 | 1 | 04c73864-10fe-492f-b502-428412ed7019 | 2023 |
In relation to the use of β-blockers in the treatment of ischemic heart disease, indicate the correct option: | They are indicated for monotherapy in the treatment of vasospastic angina (resting angina). | The abrupt discontinuation of a treatment with β-blockers may increase the risk of sudden death. | Beta-blockers are very useful in diabetic patients as they improve their glucose control. | Pharmacology | In ischemic myocardium, β-blockers increase the oxygen supply, but have no net effect on its consumption. | 108 | 1 | 8e073f20-96d6-42c1-adb9-441eaf8f9d1c | 2023 |
Regarding Glycyrrhiza glabra, indicate which of the following statements is false: | The drug is made up of the root. | Contains glycyrrhizin, a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponoside. | It has mineralocorticoid action. | Pharmacology | Among its active ingredients are other saponins, such as liquiritoside. | 109 | 3 | 382633a8-4c71-439f-8b12-554ca1e85de9 | 2023 |
Which of the following statements is correct?: | O-heterosides and Cheterosides with an emodin anthrone structure are obtained from the bark of Rhamnus purshianus. | From the fruit of Pygeum africanum, an aqueous extract is obtained that is used in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia. | The oil obtained from the seeds of Oenothera biennis primarily contains triglycerides formed by saturated fatty acids. | Pharmacology | Oleuropeoside is one of the fatty acids present in olive oil. | 110 | 2 | 14985bd6-b728-49f5-ae2e-d3fc2747dc10 | 2023 |
Indicate which of the following expressions is the correct one: | The rhizome of Centella asiatica contains asiaticoside, a pentacyclic triterpenic saponin. | Coumarins are considered phenolic derivatives that biogenetically originate from the shikimic acid pathway. | The d-tubocurarine acts as an antagonist of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors in the motor end plate. | Pharmacology | Salicoside is extracted from the leaves of Salix alba. | 111 | 1 | fe6983d0-00f1-4b9d-8820-ab69d87c50aa | 2023 |
For which of the following drugs would it not be clinically interesting to perform a pharmacogenetic test that measured the activity of an enzyme responsible for its metabolism?: | Aripiprazole. | Etanercept. | 5-Fluorouracil. | Pharmacology | Tacrolimus. | 112 | 1 | 66340569-8e89-4180-b0c3-e181584a6f27 | 2023 |
In which of the following drug administration routes is the type of layer that regulates absorption considered subcellular? | Oral. | Extravascular parenteral. | Percutaneous. | Pharmacology | Transpulmonary. | 113 | 1 | db372f61-b1f3-4434-87db-2df45a4e6877 | 2023 |
A suspension of a drug that undergoes hydrolysis in an acidic medium has just been prepared in the hospital pharmacy. Which of the following administration methods will have a higher bioavailability?: | Through the physiological oral route. | Through a nasojejunal tube. | Through a nasogastric tube. | Pharmacology | Via a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). | 114 | 1 | ecff0d68-031f-46bd-9dbd-c9ca040abbd7 | 2023 |
Which of the following statements concerning the activity of P-glycoprotein and the absorption process is correct?: | It is considered a passive transport, as its activity is ATP-independent. | Amiodarone acts at the level of the intestinal P-glycoprotein, hindering the absorption of drugs that are substrates of it. | Dabigatran is an example of a drug that requires a dose reduction when administered with P-glycoprotein inhibitors. | Pharmacology | In humans, it is primarily found at the level of the gastrointestinal tract, although it is also present in other places, such as the hematotesticular barrier. However, the blood-brain barrier lacks it. | 115 | 4 | a108de41-ca98-44ad-bd44-0c12284e930e | 2023 |
A patient with COVID-19 arrives at the emergency room, and is prescribed nilmatrevir/ritonavir. The patient is also taking ibrutinib chronically to treat his chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a drug metabolized at the hepatic level. What could we expect in this patient regarding his treatment? | Although the elimination of ibrutinib is mainly hepatic, the blocking of the active renal transporters caused by ritonavir could lead to changes in the plasma levels of ibrutinib, increasing them. | The strong induction of cytochromes caused by ritonavir could lead to a decrease in plasma levels of ibrutinib, reducing its efficacy. | Being a 5-day treatment, it can be considered that the use of drugs that inhibit or induce metabolism over such short periods of time will not modify the plasma levels of other drugs. | Pharmacology | Ritonavir is a significant inhibitor of cytochrome 3A, thus increasing the levels of ibrutinib, and possibly its toxicity. | 116 | 3 | a114740f-ad8d-4a57-bb80-149138fc45ef | 2023 |
What type of kinetic process do glomerular filtration and passive tubular reabsorption typically conform to? | Both to zero order kinetic processes. | Both to first order kinetic processes. | Glomerular filtration with zero order kinetics and passive tubular reabsorption with first order kinetics. | Pharmacology | Glomerular filtration follows first-order kinetics and tubular reabsorption follows zero-order kinetics. | 117 | 1 | f7db5308-6a64-4f24-b03b-508c49cb4ba8 | 2023 |
In the pharmacokinetic model-dependent analysis of plasma level curves - time after extravasal administration, the calculation of the latency period is carried out from: | The initial phase of the plasma levels - time curve. | The terminal linear phase of the semilogarithmic representation of plasma levels - time. | The time at which the intersection of the extrapolated semilogarithmic lines occurs with the ordinate axis corresponding to the absorption and elimination phases. | Pharmacology | The slope of the terminal linear phase of the plasma levels - time curve. | 118 | 4 | dbca54a0-b1b0-4536-a13c-abc1a9a1c5fe | 2023 |
Which of the following is a characteristic of non-linear pharmacokinetics?: | The pharmacokinetic parameters remain constant and independent of the administered dose and time. | The pharmacokinetic parameters do not remain constant and independent of the administered dose and time. | All processes that the drug undergoes in the body conform to first-order kinetics. | Pharmacology | The principle of superposition of plasma levels - time curves at different doses is met. | 119 | 1 | c7cde56a-d765-4a49-80ae-f059f438902c | 2023 |
Regarding the pharmacokinetics of digoxin, we can affirm that: | Some drugs, such as quinidine and verapamil, decrease serum digoxin concentrations by increasing renal elimination. | The bioavailability of the tablets is close to 100%. | The main route of elimination of digoxin is through kidney glomerular filtration processes. | Pharmacology | It has a distribution volume of approximately 0.1 L/Kg due to its high binding to plasma proteins. | 120 | 4 | 26bc4848-c575-4164-be44-36c09f49c1f7 | 2023 |
In extravascular administration, the phenomenon known as flip-flop occurs when: | The elimination process is faster than the absorption process. | The absorption process is faster than the elimination process. | The release process of the drug from the dosage form limits its absorption. | Pharmacology | The absorption process occurs at the same rate as the elimination process. | 121 | 2 | 80fed9be-ed1d-46bd-bc3d-2589fa549cc3 | 2023 |
Which of the following statements is false regarding the bolus dose of a drug administered intravenously?: | When the administration interval is equal to the drug's half-life, a shock dose of twice the maintenance dose would achieve a state of equilibrium. | The shock dose necessary to reach the target plasma concentration is determined by the volume of distribution. | It is a dosing strategy established for many drugs with a high elimination half-life. | Pharmacology | The shock dose is independent of the target plasma concentration, depending only on its elimination. | 122 | 3 | 8447af13-06f4-4e8f-801f-0be65d5f1159 | 2023 |
The AMP-dependent protein kinase, or AMP kinase, is one of the main regulators of metabolic homeostasis. In its active form, this enzyme produces: | The hepatic inhibition of lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis. | The inhibition of glycolysis and muscle glycogenolysis. | The activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and the consequent stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. | Pharmacology | The activation of fatty acid synthesis in adipocytes. | 123 | 2 | 79db4d3c-62ea-4933-839f-abfa6b8d51ae | 2023 |
Indicate which of these stages of the Krebs cycle is subject to allosteric regulation: | Citrate - Isocitrate. | Isocitrate - α-ketoglutarate. | Fumarate - malate. | Pharmacology | Succinyl-CoA - succinate. | 124 | 1 | 39c7c78f-425c-4d47-912e-4989984ffa8d | 2023 |
Which of the following functions is not performed by a derivative of isoprene?: | Induce the inflammatory response and fever. | Regulate the metabolism of calcium. | Increase the reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium. | Pharmacology | Stimulate the proliferation of the endometrial mucosa of the uterus. | 125 | 2 | 20093c4b-9c7c-4eec-9626-bbe1078d9242 | 2023 |
Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is correct?: | Calcium (Ca2+) is a potent inhibitor of the cycle, acting on isocitrate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. | It is a reversible cycle, which can operate in both directions. | The cycle catalyzes the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to CO2, generating NADH+H+, FADH2, and GTP, although the enzyme fumarase does not participate in the production of any of these mentioned molecules. | Pharmacology | The succinyl-CoA synthetase, anchored in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is part of the complex II of the electron transport chain. | 126 | 4 | 3a909ba4-0529-49f4-827a-a195d29e28e3 | 2023 |
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