question
stringlengths 7
1.06k
| op2
stringlengths 2
358
| op1
stringlengths 2
370
| op4
stringlengths 2
399
| category
stringclasses 6
values | op3
stringlengths 2
355
| exam_id
int64 1
210
| cop
int64 0
4
| unique_id
stringlengths 36
36
| year
stringclasses 5
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A drug whose elimination kinetics is of first order, reaches a steady-state plasma concentration of 40 mg/L when administered at an infusion rate of 10 mg/h to a certain patient. What will be the equilibrium concentration reached if it is administered at a rate of 40 mg/h to that same patient? | 40 mg/L. | 10 mg/L. | 160 mg/L. | Pharmacology | 80 mg/L. | 120 | 4 | 16ef882d-c6a1-4ff8-a61c-4b0a77496efd | 2022 |
Which of these medications can be subject to a biowaiver? | Transdermal patches of a class III antiparkinsonian from the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. | Sublingual tablets of a class III coronary vasodilator from the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. | Immediate release tablets of a Class I antihypertensive from the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. | Pharmacology | Extended release tablets of a class I antipsychotic from the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. | 121 | 4 | e3ce5e5c-3e26-4c53-8127-c25fd10fb467 | 2022 |
In eukaryotes, the biosynthesis of non-nitrogenous phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol, is carried out by the condensation of: | Diacylglycerol and inositol. | CDP-diacilglycerol and inositol. | CDP-diacylglycerol and inositol-phosphate. | Pharmacology | Diacylglycerol and CDP-inositol. | 122 | 1 | 5bcb9973-0bb7-4683-8ed2-1a69bab68e63 | 2022 |
It is correct in relation to the β-oxidation and lipogenesis of palmitic acid (16:0): | The malonyl-CoA synthesized by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, acts as an inhibitor of β-oxidation. | In β-oxidation, the intermediates are attached to ACP, whereas the intermediates of lipogenesis are attached to CoA. | In both metabolic pathways, the last reaction is catalyzed by palmitoyl thioesterase. | Pharmacology | The β-ketoacyl reductase consumes NADH, while the 3-L-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase consumes NADPH. | 123 | 2 | 55436b27-79cf-4400-9c48-e78d9c042a92 | 2022 |
The use of pyruvate as a gluconeogenic substrate is favored when, in the mitochondria, due to the effect of acetyl-CoA, it occurs: | The inhibition of hexokinase and the activation of malate dehydrogenase. | The activation of pyruvate kinase and the inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. | The activation of lactate dehydrogenase and the inhibition of glucose 6-phosphatase. | Pharmacology | The inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the activation of pyruvate carboxylase. | 124 | 3 | e877a23f-8c43-440d-a685-8c5ab44a47c5 | 2022 |
The enzyme complexes of pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, have in common that: | In the presence of a high [NADH] / [NAD+] ratio, its catalytic activity is enhanced. | They catalyze a dehydrogenation reaction of the substrate and the formation of an Acetyl-CoA molecule. | To complete the reaction they catalyze, they need the participation of thiamine pyrophosphate, lipoate, coenzyme A, FAD, and NAD+. | Pharmacology | They catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of the substrate, through an exergonic reaction that generates an ATP molecule. | 125 | 4 | 7ac9de23-a291-485f-aaf9-1030491683bf | 2022 |
Indicate which of the following associations between coenzyme and the reaction in which they participate is correct: | Thiamine pyrophosphate - Acyl group transfer reactions. | Coenzyme A - Alkylation reactions. | Pyridoxal phosphate — Aldehyde group transfer reactions. | Pharmacology | Biocytin - Carboxylation reactions. | 126 | 3 | de6aff6d-398a-4d1c-98ac-da9896004e10 | 2022 |
In eukaryotes, the reaction of glycine with succinyl-CoA that leads to the synthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid, constitutes the first reaction of the biosynthesis of: | The gangliosides. | The prostaglandins. | The Plasmalogens. | Pharmacology | The porphyrins. | 127 | 3 | 0e8f66b2-2814-406c-8a74-1f8d149feb8d | 2022 |
In an enzymatically catalyzed reaction, the presence of a competitive inhibitor: | After joining the active center of the enzyme, it modifies the KM of the reaction (apparent KM) in the following way: Apparent KM = α KM. | It interacts with the active center of the enzyme, resulting in a decrease of the Vmax of the reaction. | It interacts indistinctly with the free enzyme or with the enzyme-substrate complex, resulting in the reduction of the Vmax and the KM of the reaction. | Pharmacology | It does not modify the interaction between the enzyme and the substrate, but when the inhibitor binds to the enzyme-substrate complex, it distorts the active center, preventing the transformation of the substrate. | 128 | 2 | 53cfc1ee-a99a-4df9-a24d-48c84b3ef850 | 2022 |
Uncoupling agents, such as 2,4-dinitrophenol, prevent the synthesis of ATP because: | They interact with cytochrome A, of complex IV (cytochrome C oxidase) of the respiratory chain, blocking the flow of electrons and the reduction of mitochondrial O2. | They introduce H+ into the mitochondrial matrix, dissipating the electrochemical gradient generated by the electron transport chain. | They introduce electrons into the mitochondrial matrix, which produce the partial reduction of mitochondrial O2 and the synthesis of the superoxide radical. | Pharmacology | They interact with the Fo subunit of ATP synthase, preventing the formation of the phosphoanhydride bond between ADP and Pi. | 129 | 1 | d8c1cc20-725b-4069-902f-14792a5bcbd9 | 2022 |
Ketogenic amino acids are characterized because their hydrocarbon chain degrades to: | Propionyl-CoA. | Glutamate. | Acetyl-CoA. | Pharmacology | Succinyl-CoA. | 130 | 4 | fc2bda08-a44d-4694-9b44-c93db5f94fd9 | 2022 |
Which three enzymes catalyze irreversible reactions of muscular glycolysis? | Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 and pyruvate kinase. | Aldolase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase. | Glucokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase. | Pharmacology | Phosphoglycerate kinase, enolase, and pyruvate kinase. | 131 | 2 | 5d587a45-ffd7-4b29-b21f-a3938104ec65 | 2022 |
The hemoglobin molecule in which the ferrous ion (Fe2+) is oxidized to ferric (Fe3+) is called: | Hemoglobin S. | Oxyhemoglobin. | Reduced hemoglobin. | Pharmacology | Methemoglobin. | 132 | 3 | 6f715e4e-29b2-4e97-983e-b952b486d191 | 2022 |
What is the metabolic function of fermentation? | Generate waste products that can be eliminated. | Consume CO2. | Obtain oxidized NAD+. | Pharmacology | Convert sugars into acetate and its derivative compounds. | 133 | 4 | 778b7c4e-3e80-4ddb-9b8d-cafe83805946 | 2022 |
The chylomicrons transport lipids from: | The intestine towards the peripheral tissues. | The liver towards the peripheral tissues. | Peripheral tissues towards the liver. | Pharmacology | The intestine towards the liver. | 134 | 2 | 76a91aed-6c01-4c15-98d4-8dd97bb396b3 | 2022 |
It is possible to selectively investigate the maternal lineage through markers in the: | Centromere. | Pseudogene. | Transfer RNA. | Pharmacology | Mitochondrial DNA. | 135 | 3 | 699bf049-f1c3-4ed1-9c12-1abfa4c717d3 | 2022 |
What is the nucleotide sequence that is present in the gene, but not in the mature messenger RNA? | Promoter. | Exon. | Intensifier. | Pharmacology | Intron. | 136 | 3 | d88666f8-3858-4541-90a1-8f8bf5f99f8c | 2022 |
Regarding helicases, which statement is true?: | They separate the two strands of nucleic acid utilizing the energy from ATP. | They are proteins that cause alterations in the quaternary structure of RNA. | Its fundamental role is to bind the DNA. | Pharmacology | They bind to single-strand DNA. | 137 | 2 | 10dbf002-854f-4242-a2d6-4170d1de5981 | 2022 |
A transposon or transposable genetic element is: | A segment of DNA that has undergone a mutation due to a shift. | A T4 plasmid. | A DNA sequence capable of replicating and inserting a copy into a different location of the genome. | Pharmacology | A slightly modified cosmid. | 138 | 4 | 97380bcd-13fe-4995-a084-1ba46bdd8f30 | 2022 |
The formation of a disulfide bond between polypeptide chains is an example of structure: | Secondary. | Primary. | Quaternary. | Pharmacology | Tertiary. | 139 | 3 | a47c9e84-3929-4fe0-b690-6dfe46f02ced | 2022 |
Nonsense mutations in the coding DNA are substitutions that: | They modify the specificity of the affected codon to another amino acid. | They cause a shift in the reading frame of the protein. | They change one amino acid for another chemically similar one. | Pharmacology | They introduce termination codons in genes. | 140 | 3 | 1e390d90-2eaa-44c2-8a1c-85fb72176977 | 2022 |
In relation to truncated genes, which answer is correct?: | These are genes that show little homology in the DNA sequence. | They are incomplete copies of the gene, due to loss of a region located at one of the ends (5' or 3'). | They are grouped genes. | Pharmacology | They are the repetitive regions of the genes. | 141 | 1 | 0b6d3675-0883-4a1e-b6ec-4b96ec7a9cfd | 2022 |
In the process of synthesizing a recombinant DNA molecule: | Plasmids, phages, and yeast chromosomes can be used as cloning vectors. | The joining of two or more enzyme fragments is required. | Recombinant DNA is synonymous with complementary DNA. | Pharmacology | The cloning vector can be either a DNA molecule or an RNA molecule. | 142 | 2 | f3203cea-d069-452b-b1cc-8ddb3bbe6a29 | 2022 |
The mismatch repair mechanism corrects DNA errors introduced by: | Deamination. | Ultraviolet light. | Non-homologous recombination. | Pharmacology | DNA Replication. | 143 | 3 | 52a86e72-198f-48e7-bf18-6d9b108df669 | 2022 |
Which of the following biological magnitudes does not see its concentration modified with intense exercise?: | Lactate dehydrogenase. | Creatine kinase. | Alanine aminotransferase. | Pharmacology | White blood cells. | 144 | 4 | 8dddc662-a217-4d59-87e0-bbd789a5ac11 | 2022 |
Indicate the incorrect answer in relation to trace elements: | Iodine deficiency causes hyperthyroidism. | A common technique for its quantification is atomic absorption spectrometry. | Zinc deficiency causes immunological alterations, skin lesions, and alopecia. | Pharmacology | For the determinations of iron, zinc, and manganese, hemolyzed samples should be avoided. | 145 | 2 | 47ac74f3-dffb-44d2-8347-fc4e1d384ab6 | 2022 |
Indicate the incorrect answer: | In the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, hyponatremia occurs. | In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, there is a hypovolemic hypernatremia. | In acute renal failure, hypokalemia occurs. | Pharmacology | One cause of hypokalemia is hyperaldosteronism. | 146 | 4 | ba6b7252-cbd7-4ce8-95ba-f95fae6d85b3 | 2022 |
Which of the following biochemical markers is not of bone formation?: | Osteocalcin. | Bone alkaline phosphatase. | Type 1 collagen propeptide. | Pharmacology | Pyridoline. | 147 | 3 | 45cc0b7c-fd1c-4171-9335-47a6d11018e9 | 2022 |
Which of the following hormones is not counter-regulatory to insulin?: | Cortisol. | Adrenaline. | Thyrotropin. | Pharmacology | Placental lactogen. | 148 | 4 | cc66b6ca-04b3-41aa-858b-d9d135e2d9e7 | 2022 |
Which of the following apolipoproteins has a structure similar to plasminogen but without its enzymatic activity?: | Apo E. | Apo(a). | Apo CII. | Pharmacology | Apo AI. | 149 | 1 | 7c31ae12-a4fa-43f2-8f8b-a32c1ba781b3 | 2022 |
Which of the following volumetric analyses is associated with the use of conditional formation constants? | Precipitation. | Acid-base. | Complex formation. | Pharmacology | Redox (oxidation-reduction). | 150 | 4 | 25f92340-c9e6-48ac-a57c-0ec4a81e2b20 | 2022 |
What is the composition of the Jones reductor used in redox titrations? | Sodium thiosulfate. | Ammonium ferrous sulfate. | Amalgamated Zinc. | Pharmacology | Silver chloride. | 151 | 4 | 362885fe-48d7-467e-a1e8-00aa116fc4b3 | 2022 |
With what primary standard would the standardization of a potassium permanganate solution be carried out, for use in redox titrations? | Ammonium nitrate and cerium (IV). | Sodium oxalate. | Ethylenediamine sulfate. | Pharmacology | Sodium bismuthate. | 152 | 1 | fc3ae902-de15-4958-92e7-d1a1ef93b672 | 2022 |
The pH of a 0.01 M solution of sodium dihydrogen phosphate [pKa1 (H3PO4) = 2.15; pKa2 (H3PO4) = 7.21; pKa3 (H3PO4) = 12.33]: | It is between 3.0 and 7.0. | It is less than 3.0. | It is greater than 9.0. | Pharmacology | It is between 7.0 and 9.0. | 153 | 2 | b9b8aa62-9743-4d38-8ac7-f3eafd31f853 | 2022 |
The sensitivity of an analytical method is evaluated based on: | The relative error of the measurement. | The coefficient of variation of a series of measurements. | The ordinate at the origin of the calibration line. | Pharmacology | The slope of the calibration line. | 154 | 3 | d08ec306-08bf-4edb-ba91-404ccfee0435 | 2022 |
In the determination of Fe(II) with potassium dichromate as a titrating reagent, the following is used to detect the end point of the titration: | An electrochemical cell composed of a Fe indicating electrode and a reference electrode. | The murexide indicator, as it possesses redox properties. | The starch paste because it binds to the titrating reagent indicating the endpoint. | Pharmacology | An electrochemical cell formed by a Pt indicator electrode and a reference electrode. | 155 | 3 | 7f78e874-d7ce-4de6-b7e2-bbb0f5b6611b | 2022 |
The use of halogenated solvents, such as dichloromethane, to dissolve a fluorescent compound results in: | A decrease in the fluorescence signal, because it increases the likelihood of a crossover occurring between systems. | An increase in the fluorescence signal, because it increases the probability of a crossover occurring between systems. | A decrease in the fluorescence signal, because it increases the probability of vibrational relaxation. | Pharmacology | An increase in the fluorescence signal, because it increases the probability of external conversion. | 156 | 2 | c0e460d3-5ab7-4167-9d59-596b3c00dee7 | 2022 |
According to the Van Deemter equation, the equivalent height of the theoretical plate increases when: | Decreases the internal diameter of the column. | Increase the particle diameter of the stationary phase. | Increases the diffusion coefficient of the solute in the stationary phase. | Pharmacology | Decreases the thickness of the liquid coating in the stationary phase. | 157 | 1 | 95e133ed-351c-4d1b-a286-6fe4ed5554e2 | 2022 |
Which of the ionization systems in mass spectrometry uses reactive gaseous ions to achieve the production of ions? | Bombardment by fast atoms. | Bombardment by electron impact. | Chemical Ionization. | Pharmacology | MALDI (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization). | 158 | 4 | 4a429d09-0581-49c0-ba5f-0f632ff28fc3 | 2022 |
Which of the following wave parameters of an electromagnetic radiation always remains constant, regardless of the medium of propagation? | Speed. | Frequency. | Wavelength. | Pharmacology | Wavenumber. | 159 | 1 | 79a4ca2a-d579-419b-af16-5094f83cea0c | 2022 |
The inductive coupling source in atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), also known as the torch, is composed of: | Three concentric tubes through which argon currents flow. | A tube through which a stream of argon flows. | Three concentric tubes through which air-hydrogen currents flow. | Pharmacology | A tube through which a stream of air-hydrogen flows. | 160 | 2 | eaaac4f4-1436-41d9-aba8-0ce3769ae458 | 2022 |
An increase in temperature results in a broadening of the spectral lines in atomic spectrometry: | Through natural widening and Doppler effect. | By Doppler effect and by pressure. | Due to natural expansion and the Planck effect. | Pharmacology | By Planck effect and by pressure. | 161 | 1 | 177ec83a-3dfc-44f0-b9ed-1e338d7915f5 | 2022 |
A photometric assessment was carried out at a wavelength where neither the analyte nor the reaction product absorb, and only the titrant absorbs. Under these conditions, the absorbance: | It only grows after the equivalence point. | It constantly grows from the beginning to the end of the assessment. | Does not change after the equivalence point. | Pharmacology | It only grows before the equivalence point. | 162 | 2 | 14834ce9-867f-410e-8685-82927e07d8f9 | 2022 |
In an infrared (IR) spectrometer, the molecular chlorine (Cl2): | It generates an absorption band in the region of 2500 cm-1 which corresponds to the bending vibration. | It generates an absorption band in the region of 1500 cm-1 that corresponds to the tension vibration. | Absorption is not observed in the IR region because this molecule lacks a permanent dipole moment. | Pharmacology | It generates an absorption band in the region of 4000 cm-1. | 163 | 4 | 3009b362-7aa4-4d0e-8986-f56737d6db73 | 2022 |
In gas chromatography, elution with a temperature ramp or gradient is the most suitable option for the resolution of analytes. | Volatile substances with very similar boiling points. | Volatile substances with very different boiling points. | Volatile and non-volatile with very similar boiling points. | Pharmacology | Volatile and non-volatile substances with very different boiling points. | 164 | 1 | dcef3636-5bab-4261-8c8a-65767c41d6d3 | 2022 |
Which of the following detectors for liquid chromatography is incompatible with the gradient elution method?: | Fluorescence. | Absorbance. | Refractive index. | Pharmacology | Electrochemical. | 165 | 4 | 45e385f0-e8e7-473e-ad14-af7069815e37 | 2022 |
If a non-volatile, charge-free solute is added to a pure liquid solvent, forming an ideal solution: | A variation occurs in the vapor pressure of the solution that depends on the nature of the solute. | The vapor pressure of the solution does not change since the solute is not volatile. | There is an increase in the vapor pressure of the solution due to the increase in concentration. | Pharmacology | A decrease in the vapor pressure of the solution occurs that does not depend on the nature of the solute. | 166 | 3 | c75ff314-7eba-463a-ad5d-aace88cb65bc | 2022 |
Dilute solutions were prepared in the same solvent of the following non-volatile substances: glucose (C6H12O6), sucrose (C12H22O4), maltotriose (C18H32O16), and glycerol (C3H8O3). The concentration expressed in g/L is the same for all of them. Which one has the lowest freezing point? | Sucrose. | Glucose. | Glycerol. | Pharmacology | Maltotriose. | 167 | 4 | 1602a854-2dbb-4d15-a871-d6fed08cb349 | 2022 |
In a constant temperature experiment of a drug's stability in solution, it is observed that the time required for the drug concentration to be half of the initial (t1/2) is proportional to the initial concentration of this [A0] and inversely proportional to twice the kinetic constant (2k), that is, t1/2=[A0]/(2k). It can be deduced that the kinetics of the process is: | First order. | Zero order. | Of third order. | Pharmacology | Of second order. | 168 | 1 | f9755c87-14a1-4223-abdc-40a140c8edba | 2022 |
The internal energy (∆U) of a process that occurs at constant volume in a closed system is: | ∆U=qv+w. | ∆U=0. | ∆U=∆H. | Pharmacology | ∆U=qv. | 169 | 3 | 08924b66-0532-4a15-85fa-c223f962d209 | 2022 |
The ideal diluted dissolution model, Henry's law, applied to the solubility of gases in liquid solvents indicates that: | The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to Henry's constant, KH. | The solubility of a gas in a liquid is inversely proportional to Henry's constant, KH. | The solubility of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure above the solution. | Pharmacology | The solubility of a gas in a liquid does not depend on pressure, it is constant. | 170 | 1 | f425a0b4-2056-4598-887f-81f6b226d106 | 2022 |
What is the correct statement regarding the risk of severe liver damage following an overdose of paracetamol? | Increases in patients with induction of cytochrome P450. | Increases in patients with excess sulfation enzymes. | Increases in patients with induction of glucuronidation enzymes. | Pharmacology | Decreases in patients with glutathione deficiency. | 171 | 2 | 91b67682-0f77-4442-89c7-6b303908d21b | 2022 |
What type of neurons are affected by the compound 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, known as MPTP? | Glutamatergic neurons. | Dopaminergic neurons. | Cholinergic neurons. | Pharmacology | Serotonergic neurons. | 172 | 1 | b01420c2-210b-4844-8350-da441a403190 | 2022 |
Which of the following substituted cyclohexanes has a greater preference for positioning the substituent in the equatorial position in the chair conformation?: | Tert-butylcyclohexane. | Methylcyclohexane. | Hydroxycyclohexane. | Pharmacology | Chlorocyclohexane. | 173 | 2 | ffa0c21f-1c90-4f4f-8f9b-6af8babdc683 | 2022 |
The formation of carbocations as reaction intermediates occurs in reactions of: | Nucleophilic addition to ketones. | Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution on halogenated derivatives. | Electrophilic addition to alkenes. | Pharmacology | Michael addition. | 174 | 4 | ab86155d-5223-42ac-88ac-2de6732b395c | 2022 |
Indicate which of the following amines would be the most basic: | 4-Methylaniline. | Aniline. | Methylamine. | Pharmacology | N,N-Diethylamine. | 175 | 3 | e6ef91e4-e673-4a58-8542-4e08fcdc175c | 2022 |
For the synthesis of the amino acid alanine, in its racemic form, through a reductive amination process, which of the indicated acids should be used as the starting material?: | 2-Chloropropionic acid. | 2-Oxopropanoic acid. | 2-oxobutanoic acid. | Pharmacology | 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid. | 176 | 1 | bc1732de-b3b1-4244-96da-769a56eef5a9 | 2022 |
Which of the following alcohols is more acidic?: | 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol. | Ethanol. | p-Aminophenol. | Pharmacology | p-Chlorophenol. | 177 | 3 | c7c99a48-e7dc-44df-b0c1-6b7908cd689e | 2022 |
Which compound has the highest lattice energy? | MgO. | MgF2. | NaF. | Pharmacology | Na2O. | 178 | 2 | 8bde2952-67cd-48e7-9d81-45f76620d626 | 2022 |
In metals, the electrical conductivity: | Decreases as the temperature increases. | Increases as the temperature increases. | It does not depend on the number of valence electrons. | Pharmacology | It is independent of the temperature. | 179 | 2 | 19df614f-69e6-4e2a-8d4c-6768f6e9991f | 2022 |
Which of the following proposals orders the orbital functions according to their shielding ability?: | 3s < 3p <3d. | 1s < 2s < 3s. | 3s > 3p > 3d. | Pharmacology | 3s = 3p = 3d. | 180 | 4 | ac1cf110-dca1-40a2-ab99-2b613e6fb6ea | 2022 |
The molecular structure of xenon tetrafluoride (XeF4) is square planar, what hybridization scheme is consistent with this geometry? | sp3. | sp3d. | sp3d2. | Pharmacology | sp. | 181 | 4 | 13f26253-7073-4541-a3ea-8335185ade15 | 2022 |
The stem and leaf diagram is a: | Distribution of means and medians obtained from different sample sizes. | Botanical classification. | Distribution of frequency of categorical data. | Pharmacology | Distribution of frequencies of a quantitative variable. | 183 | 3 | 2b7b6baa-1da3-4491-a466-41fc5d7cc27b | 2022 |
In a platykurtic distribution of values of a quantitative variable, the values: | They accumulate in queues as compared to a normal distribution. | They are distributed according to the Normal Law. | They are always distributed asymmetrically. | Pharmacology | They accumulate in the center of the distribution compared to a normal distribution. | 184 | 2 | 769134f0-ef76-445a-81bd-ebdf473a2961 | 2022 |
Indicate which of the following statements about dispersion in a data series is true: | The standard deviation is the average of the differences between each value of the variable and the arithmetic mean of the distribution of values. | The variance is the square root of the standard deviation. | The variance is the average of the sum of squares of the differences between each value of the variable and the arithmetic mean of the distribution of values. | Pharmacology | The variance is the average of the differences between each value of the variable and the arithmetic mean of the distribution of values. | 185 | 4 | 661addab-c860-4747-8a63-ddf9b2325265 | 2022 |
Indicate which of the following statements about percentiles is true: | The quartiles are each of the 4 values of a variable that divide the ordered sample into 4 groups of equal size. | These are not measures of position. | The quartiles are each of the 4 values of a variable that divide the ordered sample into 3 groups of equal size. | Pharmacology | The quartiles are each of the 3 values of a variable that divide the ordered sample into 4 groups of equal size. | 186 | 3 | 8b185d76-6568-4a3a-9835-cf2e3435482e | 2022 |
Which of the following is not an example of a risk sharing agreement? | The pharmacy of a hospital negotiates a 40% discount on the price of posaconazole from a certain laboratory. | The price at which a hospital pharmacy acquires romiplostim decreases by 20% if the annual purchase exceeds 1,000 units. | The price paid to a laboratory for the purchase of somatropin varies depending on the height the patient grows in a certain period of time. | Pharmacology | A laboratory finances the treatment from the tenth cycle of chemotherapy with its new monoclonal antibody for breast cancer. | 187 | 2 | 27943c1b-136a-4ab6-af92-38b8745fddce | 2022 |
Which of the following active ingredients does not have a biosimilar?: | Erlotinib. | Filgrastim. | Enoxaparin. | Pharmacology | Glargine Insulin. | 188 | 2 | 1abc1cfc-5aa0-4e8e-a012-5b546e8a39b9 | 2022 |
What is true regarding the Official Nomenclature of Pharmaceutical Provision?: | It is the Database of the Ministry of Health regarding pharmaceutical provision in the National Health System. | It is the entity responsible for assigning each active ingredient its Spanish Common Name (DOE). | It is a department of the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS) responsible for the evaluation of generic medicines. | Pharmacology | It is the committee responsible for accepting or denying the brand name as the denomination of the medication. | 189 | 2 | 5ad8af34-e769-4f9d-843b-63057440af23 | 2022 |
The design and execution of a multicenter clinical trial is complex and requires the participation of multiple stakeholders. Which of the following statements is correct?: | The principal investigator is the individual, company, institution or organization responsible for initiating, managing and arranging the financing of a clinical trial. | The monitor cannot be part of the research team. | The monitor is the person in charge of conducting the clinical trial at a clinical trial center. | Pharmacology | The investigator's manual is the document where the objectives, design, methodology, statistical considerations, and organization of a clinical trial are described. | 190 | 1 | db0b7968-84b3-4027-ade1-5e1171cddf9b | 2022 |
Which of the following options is incorrect in relation to the so-called advanced therapy medicinal products? | An advanced therapy medication, not industrially manufactured and produced in a hospital institution, can be exported to other hospitals that request it without the need for new authorizations. | This denomination includes gene therapy drugs, somatic cell therapy drugs, tissue engineering drugs or products, and combined advanced therapy drugs. | The T cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T) is an example of an advanced therapy medicinal product. | Pharmacology | An implant tissue that has not been substantially manipulated and is going to be used with the same essential function in the donor and recipient would not be considered an advanced therapy despite using cells. | 191 | 2 | a7b18964-2b47-40aa-b2c5-39556597bf29 | 2022 |
The recognition of self antigens is synonymous with autoimmune disease. Indicate whether this statement is true or false: | True, because our repertoire of T and B lymphocytes is self-reactive and this is the only factor associated with autoimmunity. | False, because the autoimmune disease only triggers if antigens from pathogens that mimic self-antigens are recognized. | True, because autoimmunity is always triggered whenever there is recognition of autoantigens. | Pharmacology | False, because the recognition occurs to maintain the pool of T or B lymphocytes and additional factors are required to break tolerance. | 192 | 3 | 74eceb42-b2e9-4cbd-b9b0-a625d53a0859 | 2022 |
Which molecules will be involved in the processing and presentation of antigens from a pathogen that enters the antigen-presenting cell via the endocytic route to induce a good immune response? | Class II MHC, calreticulin, ERP57, CLIP. | Invariant chain, HLA-DM, TAP. | CLIP, HLA-DM, HLA-DQ. | Pharmacology | CD4, invariant chain, tapasin, calnexin, HLA-DR. | 193 | 4 | e1f35d27-9a5e-4c62-9116-e5f84071bab5 | 2022 |
In which of the following situations would the classical pathway of the Complement System not be activated to induce inflammation?: | Gram-negative bacteria recognized by IgA. | Gram positive bacteria recognized by IgM. | Gram-negative bacteria opsonized by C-reactive protein. | Pharmacology | Gram positive bacteria opsonized with IgG. | 195 | 2 | 8ba1c260-e88c-4031-bdf5-48c3e4dae104 | 2022 |
Which statement is a characteristic of memory T cells?: | They are quiescent, with increased reactivity to antigen exposure and therefore responsible for autoimmunity. | They are of constant proliferation without antigen and of increased reactivity to antigen exposure. | They are immortal and activate naive T cells through the secretion of cytokines. | Pharmacology | They are quiescent and have increased reactivity to antigen exposure. | 196 | 3 | 11f818f8-0e10-47bf-b2cd-92939d36b22a | 2022 |
Which circulating blood cells differentiate into macrophages in the tissues? | Immature macrophages. | Neutrophils. | Circulating myeloid progenitor cells. | Pharmacology | Monocytes. | 197 | 3 | 97dc97bb-86e6-4d25-af9c-56116b1727f3 | 2022 |
What is the main function of the thymus? | It is the organ where memory lymphocytes reside until senescence. | It is the organ where senescent T lymphocytes go to die. | It is the organ where the maturation of T lymphocytes occurs. | Pharmacology | It is the organ where the activation of T lymphocytes specific to an antigen is induced. | 198 | 4 | 048bc7d8-8384-4edb-8c4d-94fa23932579 | 2022 |
The functions of dendritic cells during an infection are: | Migrate from the infection site to the lymph node to produce anti-inflammatory cytokines to activate T lymphocytes. | Phagocytize microbes and eradicate them, secrete inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-1) to promote local inflammation. | Present antigens to the T lymphocytes at the site of infection. | Pharmacology | Transport antigens from the site of infection to the lymph node to present them to the T lymphocytes. | 199 | 3 | de0592fc-e2e0-486b-8bab-ecc62185604b | 2022 |
What is the function of CD4+ Th17 lymphocytes? | Produce IL-1, IL-7 and induce an anti-inflammatory response. | Produce IL-1, IL-7 and induce an inflammatory response. | Produce IL-17 and induce an anti-inflammatory response. | Pharmacology | Produce IL-17 and induce an inflammatory response. | 200 | 3 | bfca53a1-7910-4630-afa1-b503f9df37a4 | 2022 |
Of the following fundamental structures, which one would you select to design an anxiolytic agent? | Dibenzo[b,f]azepine. | Phenothiazine. | 1,4-benzodiazepine. | Pharmacology | 1,2-benzodiazepine. | 201 | 4 | 364bdb33-f812-4501-998e-3fbb85c61553 | 2022 |
Which of the following statements about Listeria monocytogenes is incorrect?: | Forms catalase and CAMP positive colonies. | It is a gram-positive bacillus. | It has intrinsic resistance to ceftriaxone. | Pharmacology | It does not grow in blood cultures. | 202 | 3 | 1f336b42-80a8-43e4-a3b3-e4b7f1e5961e | 2022 |
The afferent pathway of the photomotor reflex begins in the retinal photoreceptors and continues through the fibers of the optic nerve to the pretectum, where they make synapses with neurons, which then connect with a nucleus called: | Edinger-Westphal Nucleus. | Geniculate nucleus. | Deiters' Nucleus. | Pharmacology | Budge's ciliospinal nucleus. | 203 | 2 | e9881bc7-d97c-4df5-bbb7-081083e28912 | 2022 |
A 70-year-old patient, during a surgical procedure, is being treated with unfractionated heparin. 7 days after the start of treatment, she presents with a platelet count of 87,000/µL (200,000 platelets/µL at the start). What measure should be taken?: | Switch to low molecular weight heparin. | Administer protamine sulfate. | Stop the heparin and administer fondaparinux. | Pharmacology | Administer a platelet concentrate. | 204 | 4 | 2d5b42e7-0116-4d96-948c-cf5c7e3f83f2 | 2022 |
Which of the following statements about vancomycin is incorrect?: | It is used orally in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections caused by Clostridioides difficile. | It is an antibiotic from the group of lipopeptides, similar to teicoplanin. | Its mechanism of action is to inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. | Pharmacology | It produces adverse effects such as rashes, ototoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. | 205 | 1 | cc52169d-46a9-4a1e-9398-9365ae0c30d0 | 2022 |
Indicate, from the following NSAIDs, the drug that shows greater selectivity for COX-2: | Ibuprofen. | Acetylsalicylic acid. | Diclofenac. | Pharmacology | Naproxen. | 206 | 4 | 06cfe3e6-2977-40e3-a92d-62d2737ce1f7 | 2022 |
In which of these administration routes is there a greater loss due to hepatic metabolism?: | Percutaneous. | Transpulmonary. | Rectal. | Pharmacology | Oral. | 207 | 3 | 8d07676d-1743-440c-b7b4-2286996e42fb | 2022 |
Which of the following plasma proteins is usually not observed in the serum protein profile?: | Haptoglobin. | Prealbumin. | Retinol binding protein. | Pharmacology | Ferroxidase. | 208 | 1 | 16f3b06c-2eeb-43af-a2f1-9561abc07298 | 2022 |
A mass spectrum is the representation of the relative abundance of ions against: | Mass of the ions. | Charge of the ions. | Charge/mass ratio of ions. | Pharmacology | Mass/charge ratio of the ions. | 209 | 3 | 46148587-7afe-4c22-865d-c14af7372a89 | 2022 |
What antidote is indicated for an overdose of anticoagulants like warfarin? | Flumazenil. | Idarucizumab. | Vitamin K. | Pharmacology | Andexanet. | 210 | 4 | adbed735-b538-4129-8602-e5a313340487 | 2022 |
The orthopramides are a group of antipsychotics that are structurally characterized by being: | Benzoates with a methoxy group in ortho position. | Benzamides with a methoxy group in ortho position. | Benzoates with an amino group in ortho position. | Pharmacology | Benzamides with an ortho amino group. | 1 | 1 | 7889a4f8-266a-4128-8e17-5ae0707bdf56 | 2021 |
Molecules that have similar physical and chemical properties and produce similar physiological effects are called: | Conformational Isomers. | Structural Isomers. | Enantiomers. | Pharmacology | Bioisosteres. | 2 | 3 | cb7227d5-c161-4b0c-9d97-95ba44fc3042 | 2021 |
What is the reactive species that is formed during the bioactivation process of the antitumor drug dacarbazine (triazenoimidazole derivative)?: | Aziridinium cation. | Hydroxyl radical. | An imino group. | Pharmacology | Methyldiazonium cation. | 3 | 3 | b02a0307-8b32-4647-8970-1c7592fa5347 | 2021 |
What is suxamethonium (succinylcholine) in relation to decamethonium? | A soft analog. | A prodrug. | A more lipophilic analog. | Pharmacology | A competitive antagonist. | 4 | 2 | 040cf63a-230b-49b6-87d5-701db082e01f | 2021 |
Captopril, the first marketed inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), has a thiol group (mercapto). Why has this group not been retained in subsequently designed analogues? | A carboxylic group interacts better with the zinc cation of the metalloenzyme. | It is not important for the activity of captopril. | Because the organoleptic properties of the analogues are improved. | Pharmacology | Its presence is associated with side effects, such as the occurrence of skin rashes. | 5 | 3 | 4a7b4fb5-6b29-42a6-a373-8d019169b52b | 2021 |
Benzyl chloroformate, also known as benzyl chlorocarbamate (Cl-Cbz), is a reagent widely used in peptide synthesis. What is its purpose?: | Protect a carboxylic group. | Protect an amino group. | Couple an amino group with a carboxylic group. | Pharmacology | Activate a carboxylic group. | 6 | 1 | 44b93e69-c9af-4681-80cf-7e472adab1b9 | 2021 |
Indicate the correct answer in relation to aryloxypropanolamines that act selectively on beta-1 adrenergic receptors: | The aryl group must be a condensed cycle to establish a strong hydrophobic interaction with the target. | They have a small substituent on the nitrogen. | The amine must be tertiary. | Pharmacology | They present a substituent in the para position of the aromatic ring, which establishes an additional hydrogen bond with the target. | 7 | 3 | 6a9414ba-b0d1-4a94-abd4-6724b81becb3 | 2021 |
What structural requirement must be present in testosterone derivatives for them to be active orally? | A fluorine atom at the alpha 9 position. | An ester group in the 17 beta position. | A heteroatom at position 2. | Pharmacology | A substituent at the 17 alpha position. | 8 | 3 | 69e26d87-638d-47e6-bc00-693df53c21a3 | 2021 |
Which of the following structure-activity relationships is not correct for morphine? | The N-phenethylnormorphine has a more potent analgesic action than morphine. | The presence of a cyclopropylmethyl group on the nitrogen leads to compounds with partial agonist activity. | The reduction of the double bond decreases the analgesic activity. | Pharmacology | The alkylation of the phenolic hydroxyl reduces the analgesic activity. | 9 | 4 | 961fc5d9-34e2-4cde-a828-371e0ce614cb | 2021 |
Which of the following compounds can be considered a prodrug?: | Tolazamide. | Omeprazole. | Salbutamol. | Pharmacology | Fentanyl. | 10 | 1 | 4ba9210f-d1bd-4876-a478-926a2e05d50c | 2021 |
What is the role of the cyano group in cimetidine? | It hinders its first pass hepatic metabolism. | It reduces the basicity of the guanidine fragment, facilitating the passage of the drug through membranes. | Increases its affinity for transport proteins, aiding in its passage through membranes. | Pharmacology | Contributes to the electron-accepting nature of the side chain compared to the imidazole ring. | 11 | 1 | e0f71f50-dfe7-42c8-bf11-d50dd5376f4f | 2021 |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.