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In the hepatic biosynthesis of palmitate in mammals: | The limiting stage of the pathway is catalyzed by the biotin-dependent acetyl Co-A carboxylase. | The following molecules are consumed: 7 malonyl-CoA + 1 acetyl-CoA + 7 ATP + 14 FADH2. | Two reduction reactions take place, catalyzed respectively by the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and the L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. | Pharmacology | During the action of fatty acid synthase, the formed intermediates remain covalently attached to the sulfhydryl group of coenzyme A. | 115 | 2 | 4738054d-7fa3-40be-8f23-8002d21dba32 | 2021 |
In the biosynthesis of cholesterol and the ketone bodies acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, it can be affirmed that: | The enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase participates in both pathways. | These are pathways that are activated when acetyl-CoA concentrations are low. | The formation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) is carried out in the cytosol during cholesterol biosynthesis and in the mitochondria during the synthesis of ketone bodies. | Pharmacology | The enzymes involved in ketogenesis and cholesterogenesis are located in the cytosol. | 116 | 4 | 29874998-0305-4a86-bfb0-6ff5b8740db9 | 2021 |
The open reading frame of a gene is: | The starting place of transcription. | The sequence of the proximal promoter. | The DNA sequence comprised between a start codon and a stop codon. | Pharmacology | The sequence of introns. | 117 | 4 | ff9e904c-b8f1-4b92-b5bf-a085daa8eba4 | 2021 |
The vectors with the greatest cloning capacity are: | Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs). | Plasmids. | Artificial bacterial chromosomes (BACs). | Pharmacology | Cosmids. | 118 | 2 | 8c91d9f0-7fac-4090-8874-2638302ada3d | 2021 |
The PCR (polymerase chain reaction) can be defined as: | Method of DNA cloning in a cellular system. | Technique for in vitro amplification of specific DNA sequences. | Oligonucleotide synthesis method. | Pharmacology | Enzyme-mediated amplification technique. | 119 | 1 | 30c188bb-d047-445e-be34-ab8ae06b858e | 2021 |
The unwinding and overwinding of DNA are controlled by enzymes: | Topoisomerases. | Helicases. | Telomerases. | Pharmacology | DNA ligases. | 120 | 2 | 6ee0fc2f-fc47-4f0b-bffd-4adfa795774d | 2021 |
As for the DNA repair by base excision, which statement is true?: | The DNA photolyase enzymes participate. | Apyrimidinic or apurinic sites are generated. | Thymine dimers participate. | Pharmacology | Requires blue light. | 121 | 1 | 87e03594-5a4f-41a1-beae-1aa4b5c82e00 | 2021 |
Regarding heterochromatin, which statement is false?: | The transcription of a eukaryotic gene is strongly repressed when its DNA is condensed into heterochromatin. | It is transcriptionally active. | It is in a more condensed state than the rest of the chromatin. | Pharmacology | It is associated with the centromeres. | 122 | 1 | 57cf3bbd-cae7-474c-996c-ed743b7b42ee | 2021 |
Among the following possible causes of hypercalcemia is not found: | Cancer. | Primary hyperparathyroidism. | Excess of vitamin D. | Pharmacology | Acute pancreatitis. | 123 | 3 | dbee8615-bead-4b74-a76f-5f714c2f4678 | 2021 |
Which of the following analytical parameters does not intervene in the calculation of the anion gap? | Bicarbonate. | Sodium. | Chloride. | Pharmacology | Lactate. | 124 | 3 | baabc0f8-b057-454f-b3b7-6435c726f7fc | 2021 |
Regarding the acute complications of diabetes mellitus (diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma), indicate the false answer: | One of the triggering factors in both can be an infection. | Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma is the most frequent acute complication in type 1 diabetics. | In diabetic ketoacidosis, there is an increase in the concentration of NADH, which promotes the production of beta-hydroxybutyrate. | Pharmacology | In nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, insulin production prevents ketosis. | 125 | 1 | b27af30f-55db-4b8d-99a4-06c7043b2758 | 2021 |
Which of the following apolipoproteins activates lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)?: | Apo AI. | Apo B100. | Apo CII. | Pharmacology | Apo E. | 126 | 2 | 9041c9a6-2042-4b1b-920a-b5ba6f3980ea | 2021 |
Which of the following plasma proteins is useful as a short-term nutritional marker?: | Haptoglobin. | Prealbumin. | Beta2 microglobulin. | Pharmacology | Albumin. | 127 | 1 | d131fe10-ed9c-4d67-8c68-6d999202907a | 2021 |
What is not a metabolic consequence of deficiencies in mitochondrial beta oxidation of fatty acids?: | Hyperketonemia. | Lower ability to obtain energy. | Hypoglycemia. | Pharmacology | Hyperammonemia. | 128 | 2 | 3923a477-3d72-47a1-b23c-b3f712322590 | 2021 |
To achieve the maximum buffering capacity in a buffer, prepared by mixing a base and an acid at the same concentration in the correct proportion of both, the pKa of the acid should be: | ± 2 units of the desired pH value. | ± 1 unit from the desired pH value. | ± 4 units from the desired pH value. | Pharmacology | ± 3 units of the desired pH value. | 129 | 1 | 68244f2a-a734-4da1-a549-b472e0604581 | 2021 |
The ability of an analytical method to not undergo alterations when the experimental conditions in which it is developed slightly vary, is known as: | Precision. | Accuracy. | Robustness. | Pharmacology | Selectivity. | 130 | 4 | 0c6d7586-cf7b-4c4d-98db-39dd78b8436f | 2021 |
In redox assessments, if a visual indicator is used to detect the end point of the assessment, the normal potential of the indicator should be approximately equal to: | Normal potential of the redox pair of the analyte. | Potential of the equivalence point in titration. | Normal potential of the solvent in which the titration reaction takes place. | Pharmacology | Normal potential of the redox pair of the titrant. | 131 | 1 | 924e5c57-df7a-4447-8345-3a29093d0273 | 2021 |
In a complexometric evaluation in the presence of auxiliary complexing agent and at a certain pH, it holds that the conditional formation constant KF'' is: | Greater than the conditional formation constant KF'. | Greater than the absolute formation constant KF. | Less than the conditional formation constant KF'. | Pharmacology | The same as the conditional formation constant KF’. | 132 | 4 | 44a4ba43-dc22-4237-8428-61ed4064fad9 | 2021 |
The pH of a 0.1 M NaHCO3 solution compared to a 0.01 M NaHCO3 solution: | It is a smaller unit since the concentration of the salt is 10 times higher. | It is a larger unit since the concentration of the salt is 10 times greater. | The pH is the same for both solutions because they are sodium salts. | Pharmacology | The pH is the same for both solutions as it depends on the values of the constants Ka1 and Ka2. | 133 | 3 | 3d375bde-c910-4675-bb30-effe5a18b651 | 2021 |
For a first-order kinetic reaction, the Arrhenius equation (k= A·e(-Ea/RT)) states that: | The activation energy (Ea) is temperature dependent. | The pre-exponential factor (A) defines the frequency of effective collisions. | The kinetic constant (k) decreases as the activation energy (Ea) increases. | Pharmacology | The kinetic constant (k) decreases as the temperature increases. | 135 | 4 | 1ad019c7-9aee-44f5-9b21-0243b5562548 | 2021 |
The integrated Clausius-Clapeyron equation for liquid-vapor equilibrium, establishes that when the external pressure decreases: | The vaporization temperature decreases. | The vaporization temperature increases. | The enthalpy of vaporization decreases. | Pharmacology | The enthalpy of vaporization increases. | 136 | 2 | 1aa1d896-6b67-412d-93e8-9aad9c85eb8b | 2021 |
Henry's Law states that for an ideal diluted solution: | The solubility of a gas in a solution is inversely proportional to Henry's constant for that gas. | The solubility of a gas in a solution is proportional to the Henry's constant for that gas. | Henry's constant does not depend on the nature of the gas. | Pharmacology | By reducing the partial pressure of the gas, the solubility in the solution increases. | 137 | 2 | 94404bee-8d75-4337-b56e-ec62b78c963a | 2021 |
Chemically modified silica chromatographic columns, C18, are used in chromatography of: | Partition (distribution) in reverse phase. | Partition (distribution) in normal phase. | Size exclusion. | Pharmacology | Ion exchange. | 138 | 2 | b2ec3b76-c9dd-473e-8de4-536aff175dff | 2021 |
What effect is observed in the UV-Vis absorption spectrum when replacing the -C=C- grouping present in a compound with the conjugated -C=C-C=C- grouping? | Bathochromic shift and hypsochromic effect. | Bathochromic shift and hyperchromic effect. | Hypsochromic shift and hypochromic effect. | Pharmacology | Hypsochromic shift and hyperchromic effect. | 139 | 1 | 6cda12df-39b2-4752-85cf-8dd931c80375 | 2021 |
The convergence of the two factors specified below results in a clear increase in fluorescence intensity: | The increase in the viscosity of the solution and the presence of dissolved oxygen in the medium. | The decrease in the viscosity of the solution and the absence of dissolved oxygen in the medium. | The increase in the temperature of the solution and the presence of dissolved oxygen in the medium. | Pharmacology | The decrease in the temperature of the solution and the absence of dissolved oxygen in the medium. | 140 | 3 | 3bef08bd-69d6-411f-a1b3-c1968e187d04 | 2021 |
Which of these coupled techniques is the choice in the quantitative determination of metallic elements? | Infrared absorption spectrometry - mass spectrometry (IR-MS). | Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). | Atomic absorption spectrometry - mass spectrometry (AAS-MS). | Pharmacology | Inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) atomic emission spectrometry. | 141 | 3 | c44f4fbb-e82a-406d-a935-e281945b01c3 | 2021 |
Which of the following detectors is considered a universal detector in HPLC?: | Fluorescence detector. | Infrared detector. | Voltamperometric detector. | Pharmacology | Refractive Index Detector. | 142 | 3 | 55cf02ea-95e4-4153-827f-4603aafb5214 | 2021 |
Which of these potentials is directly proportional to the log ai, where ai is the activity of the analyte ion? | Liquid-junction potential. | Asymmetry potential. | Surface potential. | Pharmacology | Diffusion potential. | 143 | 4 | d0eb097b-bf41-4683-8ceb-37542cf435ef | 2021 |
In a mass spectrometer with a time-of-flight ion analyzer, the first ions to reach the detector are: | Those with higher mass. | Those of lesser mass. | Those with lower charge. | Pharmacology | Those with the highest load. | 144 | 1 | 220a292e-b22f-4426-9f67-5048ff10972c | 2021 |
Which of the following characteristics is unique to the graphite furnace as an atomizer compared to the flame?: | The sample is consumed continuously. | Does not allow the analysis of solid samples. | It is useful for microsamples. | Pharmacology | Requires a large amount of sample. | 145 | 4 | 724c74ee-f0fe-4ac5-8870-e9f9b051544a | 2021 |
Fluorescence is a luminescent process of photon emission that is characterized by bringing molecules to the excited state through energy: | Provided by heat. | Provided by electrical discharges. | Generated during the course of a chemical reaction. | Pharmacology | Provided by UV or visible photons. | 146 | 3 | 659f98f5-ea16-4ef8-b44c-b387d6142e39 | 2021 |
Which of the following symptoms of cardiotoxicity is not common after a cocaine overdose?: | Parasympathomimetic effects. | Myocardial infarction. | Arrhythmias. | Pharmacology | Myocardial ischemia. | 147 | 2 | eba01bc6-5d1b-48e1-8cef-803b8c24842b | 2021 |
What treatment is recommended for a patient poisoned by an organophosphorus insecticide? | Succinylcholine. | Morphine. | Acetylcholine. | Pharmacology | Atropine. | 148 | 3 | 18699468-b16a-446f-818c-f02f3cb37457 | 2021 |
Dimethylcyclohexane has three isomers with the methyl groups occupying the 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4- positions of the molecule. Which of the following isomers presents a more stable chair conformation? | Trans-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane. | Cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane. | Cis-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane. | Pharmacology | Trans-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane. | 149 | 2 | 15a0da80-b21c-40de-a35e-6ea550f5ed83 | 2021 |
Which of the following reactions is used for the synthesis of beta-hydroxycarbonyl compounds? | Michael reaction. | Aldol Reaction. | Cannizzaro Reaction. | Pharmacology | Claisen Reaction. | 150 | 1 | 795181df-a100-488d-9990-796ddcfc1513 | 2021 |
Which of the following molecules can have a meso stereoisomer?: | 2,3-dihydroxybutanoic acid. | 3-Amino-2-butanol. | 2,3-Pentanediol. | Pharmacology | 2,3-Butanediol. | 151 | 3 | cbd505cf-1b82-4262-b26b-f3993091557e | 2021 |
The Gabriel synthesis is used for the preparation of: | Amines. | Amides. | Amino Acids. | Pharmacology | Diazonium salts. | 152 | 2 | 330add47-1da3-4248-bcb9-16a3273497de | 2021 |
Which of the following is primarily an ionic compound?: | Boron trifluoride (BF3). | Carbon dioxide (CO2). | Hydrogen chloride (HCl). | Pharmacology | Calcium Fluoride (CaF2). | 153 | 3 | f81ff833-3f82-4420-8b9d-235a0e986d9d | 2021 |
If the electronic configuration of the Co3+ ion is [Ar]3d6, a low-spin octahedral complex of Co3+ will have the following number of unpaired electrons: | Three. | Six. | Four. | Pharmacology | None. | 154 | 3 | 4163d362-f7e6-474b-b31e-5538e60c114f | 2021 |
Indicate the correct statement: | The radius of an anion is larger than that of its neutral atom. | The radius of a cation is larger than that of its neutral atom. | Ions with the same charge have the same size. | Pharmacology | Isoelectronic ions have the same ionic radius. | 155 | 2 | ea05ba57-f658-4a68-a0fb-c2ed605ed398 | 2021 |
Which of the following is a nonpolar molecule with polar bonds?: | PF3. | N2. | SO2. | Pharmacology | BF3. | 156 | 3 | 978e3c3e-614f-43ad-9031-181336bda721 | 2021 |
If two atomic orbitals s from two different atoms are combined (overlap), it will form: | A hybrid s2 orbital. | A molecular orbital σ (sigma) bonding and another anti-bonding. | A bonding molecular orbital sigma (σ) and another non-bonding one. | Pharmacology | A bonding molecular π (pi) orbital and another anti-bonding one. | 157 | 1 | 5f59d9b1-bad2-40a0-b9ff-420a6ae71b79 | 2021 |
In regards to a random variable x characteristic of a given population in which a sample of n subjects has been selected, it is called: | Statistic: any descriptive measure related to the variable x in the population. | Parameter: Any descriptive measure related to the variable x in the population. | Statistic: any non-descriptive measure related to the variable x in the sample. | Pharmacology | Parameter: any non-descriptive measurement related to the variable x in the sample. | 158 | 1 | 81bb46e6-2085-44a8-996a-41c56c0acecb | 2021 |
The positive predictive value of a diagnostic test for a disease depends on: | Of the specificity of the test, but not of its sensitivity nor the prevalence of the disease. | Of the sensitivity of the test, but not of its specificity nor the prevalence of the disease. | Both the sensitivity and specificity of the test as well as the prevalence of the disease. | Pharmacology | Of the sensitivity and specificity of the test, but not of the prevalence of the disease. | 159 | 4 | 00aac353-1eec-474e-8bec-1cfa7294f9d7 | 2021 |
The nationality of the patients included in a clinical trial is a variable: | Categorical with more than 2 categories. | Binary categorical. | Discrete quantitative. | Pharmacology | Ordinal categorical. | 160 | 2 | 5351752c-8e20-40dd-86b5-87b009d60539 | 2021 |
The α (alpha) value in a prediction interval of a proportion indicates the probability of: | Contain the sample proportions p. | Contain the proportion of the population π (pi). | Do not contain the sample proportions p. | Pharmacology | Do not contain the proportion of the population π (pi). | 161 | 4 | ed4a4bf7-50ab-417c-9312-b3c484dcc21e | 2021 |
What is the validity period of the first authorization of a medication? | 5 years. | 3 years. | Undefined. | Pharmacology | 10 years. | 162 | 2 | 34f15101-21d5-4c04-8169-de7ed7d075eb | 2021 |
The permanent body for communication and information of the various Health Services, both among them and with the State Administration, is: | The Interterritorial Council of the National Health System. | The Comprehensive Health Plan. | The Institute of Health Information. | Pharmacology | The Agency of Quality of the National Health System. | 163 | 2 | fc866fdd-8e9b-4f0a-a542-4e4e5b4aa2d8 | 2021 |
The TSI 001 code applies to the official prescriptions of the National Health System: | For users exempt from contribution. | For users with a reduced contribution of 10%. | For prescriptions of non-subsidized medications and health products. | Pharmacology | For users with a contribution of 40%. | 164 | 2 | f6ac3d72-e811-49c2-a08f-aaef098d020e | 2021 |
The technical responsibility for the acquisition of medications in hospitals corresponds to the Service of: | Hospital Pharmacy. | Clinical Pharmacology. | Hospital Pharmacy, in collaboration with Clinical Pharmacology. | Pharmacology | Supplies. | 165 | 2 | 070a6ba1-6c29-43f0-81fb-544690493b17 | 2021 |
Establishing a drug information service for all hospital staff, an in-hospital pharmacovigilance system, systematic studies of drug utilization, and activities of clinical pharmacokinetics, is the function of: | The Hospital Pharmacy Service. | The Clinical Pharmacology Service. | The Hospital Pharmacy Service in collaboration with the Clinical Pharmacology and other clinical services of the hospital. | Pharmacology | The direction of the hospital. | 166 | 4 | 4c7876f0-3cc3-465a-9daa-9fc2e26626c8 | 2021 |
What is an adjuvant in a vaccine? | A contamination of the antigen purification, without effect on the immune system. | An immune system activator to increase the efficacy of the vaccine. | A component of the vaccine to minimize harm to the patient. | Pharmacology | An antigen purity enhancer to increase the specificity of the vaccine. | 167 | 1 | 1d92d040-d2a6-4b19-b423-c05eb29cd6d1 | 2021 |
Which circulating blood cells differentiate into macrophages in tissues? | Monocytes. | Neutrophils. | Circulating myeloid progenitor cells. | Pharmacology | Immature macrophages. | 168 | 2 | ace5de09-5150-4a28-bce8-19050ae90da5 | 2021 |
Where does the activation of T lymphocytes specific for an antigen occur? | In any place where they encounter the antigen. | In the lymph nodes, through contact with dendritic cells. | At the site of infection, when coming into contact with the pathogen. | Pharmacology | In any place where you find an immature dendritic cell. | 169 | 1 | 4b06905c-3f5a-4645-8e89-b8695825042f | 2021 |
Multivalent antigens of microbial origin can activate B lymphocytes through the receptor of: | B lymphocyte (BCR) and signals provided by the union of microbial products to pattern recognition receptors, but without the help of the T lymphocyte. | B lymphocyte (BCR) signals provided by the binding of microbial products to pattern recognition receptors and with the essential help of T lymphocytes. | B lymphocyte (BCR) and cytokines provided by helper CD8+ T lymphocytes. | Pharmacology | T lymphocyte (TCR) and signals provided by the binding of microbial products to pattern recognition receptors. | 170 | 2 | 9fe1f7eb-bdcf-4d56-8351-18a276ea8b49 | 2021 |
B cells are activated and differentiate into plasma cells that secrete high affinity antibodies in: | The lymph nodes. | The thymus. | The moment when the antigen binds to the TCR and receives stimulation from a dendritic cell. | Pharmacology | The bone marrow. | 171 | 2 | 0b08bff1-2aa8-4d2e-84ae-625aed1227b3 | 2021 |
T lymphocytes with alpha/beta TCR, CD4+ or CD8+ predominate in the periphery, but there are other subpopulations. What are the TCRs and the main ligands of these subpopulations? | Cells: T CD4+ regulatory - TCRalpha/beta. Non-peptide and MHC-unrestricted ligands. | Cells: T CD8+ - TCRalpha/beta. Ligands: peptides presented by MHC-II. | Cells: NKT - TCRalpha/beta. Ligands: lipids presented by CD1. | Pharmacology | Cells: T gamma-delta - TCRgamma/delta. Ligands: hydrophobic peptides presented by MHC-II. | 172 | 4 | ba57bfa1-da37-4290-8a5e-398bc0dcb6af | 2021 |
Opsonization refers to: | The fixation of complement proteins and/or antibodies on the surface of particulate antigens to facilitate their phagocytosis. | The mechanism of natural immunity for pathogen lysis mediated by lysozyme. | The interaction of antibodies with Fc receptors expressed in phagocytic cells (ADCC), which facilitate phagocytosis. | Pharmacology | The fixation of cytokines on the surface of particulate antigens, which facilitate their phagocytosis. | 173 | 2 | b77c7545-e9c7-455c-87cd-c10ce6216ac5 | 2021 |
Which of the following relationships between molecules and function is incorrect?: | TCR-CD8 - peptide/MHC I, first activation signal of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. | TCR-CD4 - peptide/MHC II, first activation signal of helper T lymphocytes. | CD40 - CD40L, second activation signal of B lymphocytes. | Pharmacology | CTLA4 - CD80/86, second activation signal of helper T lymphocytes. | 174 | 3 | 4d07f29f-68e1-4f31-ae7d-a9123c1f2894 | 2021 |
The general processing of exogenous antigens occurs: | Through all the nucleated cells of the organism. | After the presentation by the APCs. | In the form of peptides by proteolytic enzymes of the cytosol. | Pharmacology | In the endosomal compartments with low pH. | 175 | 3 | a8fa3912-439d-4aae-8f53-79eddd919e57 | 2021 |
The susceptibility to developing an allergic reaction can be inherited due to a genetic predisposition that favors the production of IgE antibodies. However, the antigen to which an individual is allergic is not inherited. Which of the following statements better explains this apparent contradiction?: | The MHC molecules, which present the allergen to the B cells, are inherited. | The repertoire of B lymphocytes from the progenitor is not inherited; the rearrangement of the BCR is random and independent of the antigen. | In response to the allergen, atopic individuals produce more IL-4, which induces the isotype switch to IgE. | Pharmacology | The repertoire of B lymphocytes in atopic individuals is skewed and therefore there will always be specific IgEs for the allergen. | 176 | 4 | 27bf36d1-401d-4ec4-88ae-cfc697888351 | 2021 |
Indicate which of these statements is not true regarding the Spearman correlation coefficient: | It is used to compare quantitative variables. | It is used to verify linear relationships. | It is calculated from orderings of values. | Pharmacology | It is greatly affected by values that are abnormally far from the central values. | 177 | 3 | 579a72ff-99ce-404f-a1c8-9c765e3f136b | 2021 |
Which of the following statements about brucellosis is correct?: | It is an endemic disease in the Mediterranean basin. | It is also known as Carrion's disease. | It is a disease exclusively found in humans. | Pharmacology | The treatment of choice is doxycycline combined with rifampicin for at least 2 weeks. | 178 | 2 | 8475acb8-1d79-469e-ab57-ee34fdfa8bd1 | 2021 |
Metronidazole is a derivative of nitroimidazole that is used as an antiparasitic and against anaerobic bacteria and whose mechanism of action, once inside the bacterial cell, is based on: | Its oxidation and formation of electrophilic species, which act on the DNA. | Its reduction and the subsequent formation of free radicals, which act on the DNA. | The inhibition of aromatase. | Pharmacology | Its action as a DNA intercalator. | 179 | 1 | 16f437a0-3be4-41d1-bc47-a30ae58b6b28 | 2021 |
Which drug can be combined with cyclophosphamide to reduce its renal toxicity and why? | Aliskiren, for inhibiting the formation of a toxic metabolite. | Propranolol, for reducing blood pressure. | Probenecid, because it blocks the renal secretion of the drug. | Pharmacology | Sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate, as it is a nucleophile. | 180 | 3 | ca80c8a2-d3f0-4f54-bae1-efff5ca17b86 | 2021 |
A drug with low intestinal permeability and with a solubility such that the maximum unit dose is completely dissolved in 200 mL of different buffered aqueous solutions with a pH between 1 and 7.5, to which class of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) does it belong? | Class II. | Class I. | Class IV. | Pharmacology | Class III. | 181 | 3 | 2385b373-68ce-4258-a6b3-26e56331f139 | 2021 |
What characterizes secondary active transport? | That takes advantage of the energy released in the hydrolysis of the ATP molecule to transport another molecule or ion against the concentration gradient. | That utilizes the energy released by the transport of an ion along the concentration gradient to transport another molecule or ion against the concentration gradient. | That it does not require energy as it takes advantage of the diffusion of molecules in hydrophobic molecular environments. | Pharmacology | That takes advantage of the concentration gradient in such a way that it always acts in favor of it. | 182 | 1 | 0ec9b6ee-bbd3-4762-9018-6739195c7015 | 2021 |
Which of the following drugs prevents the formation of thrombi by inhibiting Factor Xa?: | Prasugrel. | Tirofiban. | Apixaban. | Pharmacology | Protamine sulfate. | 183 | 4 | 3c710741-270e-40bf-b750-2d98912856dd | 2021 |
Indicate the correct relationship between active ingredient/pharmacological activity: | Cathinone/nicotinic receptor agonist. | Ephedrine/muscarinic blocker. | Physostigmine/cholinesterase inhibitor. | Pharmacology | Pilocarpine/alpha-2 adrenergic receptor blocker. | 184 | 4 | cbbbe6c6-f57f-4d29-98a2-613b67edd04a | 2021 |
Indicate the correct answer regarding the group of toxins known as "polychlorinated biphenyls": | They act as estrogen disruptors. | They are pollutants with little persistence in the environment. | The effects of these compounds on the thyroid gland are not known. | Pharmacology | Mostly they are substances of natural origin. | 185 | 2 | 4935daca-fce6-4ffe-b2bd-b99862fba2db | 2021 |
What is the general chemical structure of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors? | 3,5-Dihydroxyacids. | Propargylamines. | 5-Nitroimidazoles. | Pharmacology | Nitrocatechols. | 1 | 3 | dd5c1858-5ca1-45ed-bf16-d2663603d9f7 | 2020 |
Vildagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitor used in the treatment of Type II diabetes. What is the fragment responsible for its covalent binding to the target? | Diphenylpropylamine. | Cyanopyrrolidine. | Sulfonylurea. | Pharmacology | Tryptamine. | 2 | 1 | 274fdf2b-4d35-4fb6-9a96-b37e92f504b3 | 2020 |
Which group is responsible for the loss of activity of natural tetracyclines, both in acidic and basic medium? | The carbonyl groups at positions 1 and 11. | The hydroxyl group in position 6. | The fragments of beta-hydroxycarbonyl. | Pharmacology | The amide group at position 2. | 3 | 1 | 54ed4f90-9d98-498c-be00-cd688fbd6657 | 2020 |
In the bioactivation of cyclophosphamide, a metabolite responsible for the main side effect of this drug, hemorrhagic cystitis, is produced. What is this metabolite? | Ethanol. | Formaldehyde. | Acrolein. | Pharmacology | Sodium Acetate. | 4 | 4 | 03cc1c11-62cd-45d7-9da8-ac50e4a4d61c | 2020 |
The antimalarial agent cycloguanil is administered as cycloguanil pamoate. What is the purpose of forming this salt? | Promote storage in fatty tissues and slow release into the bloodstream. | Increase its aqueous solubility for its intravenous administration. | Decrease its aqueous solubility so that it acts at the intestinal level. | Pharmacology | Facilitate the drug metabolism by the parasite. | 5 | 2 | fdc97a9f-9a45-48f7-adf2-68fa2ee45044 | 2020 |
Which part of the indinavir structure is responsible for its activity as an HIV protease inhibitor? | The hydroxyethylene fragment. | The pyridine ring. | The bulky indane over an amide bond. | Pharmacology | The tertiary amine of the piperidine ring. | 6 | 2 | 033e9fe5-2c9d-470c-ad39-447c1e91c15d | 2020 |
Loperamide is an antidiarrheal drug that was designed with the aim of turning the side effect of constipation from a family of compounds, into its main action. To which family does loperamide belong? | Sartans. | Tricyclic antidepressants. | Opioids. | Pharmacology | Benzodiazepines. | 7 | 4 | c46ed7c3-8e92-4e47-ad20-83e1ddd5a7ad | 2020 |
Which of the following individual modifications to the structure of hydrocortisone does not lead to an increase in its anti-inflammatory activity?: | Introduction of a fluorine atom in the alpha 6 position. | Introduction of a methyl group at the 6 alpha position. | Introduction of an additional double bond between carbons 1 and 2. | Pharmacology | Removal of the hydroxyl from the 21st position. | 8 | 3 | 60f21bff-b640-4718-831c-076208a726d6 | 2020 |
Many drugs and their phase I metabolites are eliminated conjugated with glucuronic acid. Which of the following statements referring to this transformation is false?: | The reaction takes place with electrophilic substrates. | It is catalyzed by a transferase. | The formation of the glucuronide occurs with the inversion of the configuration of the anomeric carbon of the sugar. | Pharmacology | Glucuronic acid intervenes activated with a uridine-diphosphate substituent. | 9 | 2 | 1891dba7-2f49-4d3b-8596-2ba89ab80fd6 | 2020 |
Atenolol, an aryloxypropanolamine, is a second-generation beta-blocker that demonstrates cardioselectivity. What is this due to?: | To the configuration of the stereocenter, which is "S". | To the formation of a rigid structure by intramolecular hydrogen bonding that better binds to the receptor. | To the substituent in the "para" position of the aromatic ring, capable of forming a hydrogen bond with the receptor. | Pharmacology | In the absence of the two hydroxyls of the catechol. | 10 | 4 | 67fde95c-7c64-492f-98cd-ae151b265632 | 2020 |
Betanecol is an acetylcholine analog that has a carbamate group in its structure instead of an ester. What consequence does this substitution have? | The carbamate group can establish a hydrogen bond with the receptor, but the ester group cannot. | The carbamate group is more lipophilic than the ester group and promotes absorption. | The carbamate group hydrolyzes more quickly than the ester and its action is shorter. | Pharmacology | The carbamate group improves oral stability since the ester hydrolyzes rapidly. | 11 | 3 | 87c60616-0eb3-4324-bef3-9c7e40852e12 | 2020 |
What effect does the introduction of a hydroxyl group at position 3 of benzodiazepines have? | Facilitates its binding to the target. | It makes them prodrugs. | Increases the binding to plasma proteins. | Pharmacology | Promotes rapid elimination. | 12 | 3 | e2361e2f-5998-47f7-be2a-de2429df7124 | 2020 |
What property does the introduction of an alkyloxyimino group in the alpha position of the acylamino substituent at the 7th position of the ring confer to cefuroxime? | Greater stability against acids. | Greater stability against beta-lactamases. | Better ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. | Pharmacology | Increase in activity. | 13 | 1 | 6ca027fa-9527-40b0-a301-9a620c4a5f9d | 2020 |
Which of the following Candida species often presents resistance to the 3 available groups of antifungal drugs (echinocandins, azoles, and polyenes)?: | Candida auris. | Candida albicans. | Candida parapsilosis. | Pharmacology | Candida krusei. | 14 | 2 | aaa4ae97-8130-49f2-985c-029c78d5e400 | 2020 |
Which species of Aspergillus shows primary resistance to amphotericin B? | A. terreus. | A. fumigatus. | A. versicolor. | Pharmacology | A. niger. | 15 | 2 | fbcdd2b2-0534-4043-a4e7-d7f164dc36d9 | 2020 |
Which antifungal would you use for the treatment of a mucormycosis? | Itraconazole. | Fluconazole. | Posaconazole. | Pharmacology | Voriconazole. | 16 | 4 | 5f791600-c1b3-4db4-8d10-ad73faaa4c7b | 2020 |
Indicate the correct answer about Bordetella pertussis: | The infection that most commonly causes is osteomyelitis. | It is the causal agent of diphtheria. | It produces various virulence factors, such as pertussis toxin, dermonecrotic toxin, or tracheal cytotoxin. | Pharmacology | The treatment of choice for the infections it causes is a cephalosporin. | 17 | 4 | ccb5f7ae-f82b-4251-a813-57145426cbcd | 2020 |
Which microorganism causes typhoid fever?: | Salmonella serotype Typhi. | Rickettsia typhi. | Shigella dysenteriae. | Pharmacology | Rickettsia prowazekii. | 18 | 2 | e501cbd7-8690-410d-920f-855b7fd77c8a | 2020 |
The Lady Windermere syndrome refers to an infection of the middle lobe of the lung and the lingula caused by the following microorganism: | Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. | Mycobacterium avium complex. | Mycobacterium kansasii. | Pharmacology | Mycobacterium xenopi. | 19 | 1 | 95198de9-e0b1-4ce0-bc7c-8693bee93124 | 2020 |
What is the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of Listeria meningitis? | Ceftriaxone. | Ampicillin. | Phosphomycin. | Pharmacology | Cefepime. | 20 | 1 | 42734c4d-b01a-44ad-887b-d87394c9b71f | 2020 |
Which of the following options is false in relation to Nocardia?: | In the Gram stain, branched gram-negative bacilli are observed. | It is partially acid-alcohol resistant. | Sulfonamides are the antibiotics of choice in the treatment of nocardiosis. | Pharmacology | It can cause lung, skin, or central nervous system disease. | 21 | 2 | 72f55d55-7249-4963-b8ee-cb9c45c018aa | 2020 |
Indicate the false option regarding Legionella: | The detection of the antigen in urine for the diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia presents a specificity greater than 95%. | The infection is acquired by inhaling aerosols of contaminated water. | Levofloxacin and azithromycin are drugs of choice for the treatment of severe disease in immunocompromised patients. | Pharmacology | Legionella pneumophila serogroup 2 causes more than 95% of cases of community-acquired legionellosis. | 22 | 3 | acbaa395-3e1c-4444-aff4-9e9981b91693 | 2020 |
Which of the following relationships between microorganism and infection is false?: | Escherichia coli O157:H7 - Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. | Mycobacterium ulcerans - Buruli ulcer. | Clostridium botulinum - Gas gangrene. | Pharmacology | Yersinia pestis - Bubonic plague. | 23 | 4 | 9902ed0b-3238-4697-87f0-624b5fd10903 | 2020 |
Which of the following immunodeficiencies is associated with a higher predisposition to disseminated infections by Neisseria species?: | C2 Complement Deficiency. | IgA Deficiency. | Deficiency of complement C6, C7, C8 or C9. | Pharmacology | DiGeorge Syndrome. | 24 | 4 | d6031085-4768-4690-adb8-aef7d4cddda0 | 2020 |
Which of the following vaccines contains capsular polysaccharides?: | Vaccine against Clostridium tetani. | Triple Bacterial Vaccine (DTP). | Vaccine against Vibrio cholerae. | Pharmacology | Vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae B. | 25 | 3 | 70ea4e3f-ac82-40b0-8da1-784182181b77 | 2020 |
Which of the following toxins from Staphylococcus aureus belongs to a class of polypeptides known as superantigens?: | TSST-1 (Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1). | Panton-Valentine Leukocidin. | Exfoliative Toxin B. | Pharmacology | Alpha toxin. | 26 | 2 | 0ee255f9-f24e-4725-a548-ad66688ffdce | 2020 |
Which of the following streptococci is beta hemolytic?: | Streptococcus pneumoniae. | Streptococcus pyogenes. | Streptococcus mutans. | Pharmacology | Streptococcus sobrinus. | 27 | 1 | eb8be346-9f61-43d6-bd30-61612a7bd17b | 2020 |
Which of the following bacteria give a positive result in the CAMP test?: | Streptococcus pyogenes and Listeria monocytogenes. | Streptococcus agalactiae and Listeria monocytogenes. | Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae. | Pharmacology | Streptococcus agalactiae and Haemophilus influenzae. | 28 | 1 | 2007ad59-08b9-40db-ab42-c28ac666d73b | 2020 |
Which of the following parasites does not have a cosmopolitan distribution?: | Clonorchis sinensis. | Acanthamoeba castellanii. | Leishmania infantum. | Pharmacology | Dicrocoelium dendriticum. | 29 | 2 | bd394168-e8df-4156-bd91-b2850073cf75 | 2020 |
What is the correct tandem in relation to the parasite and the location of the organism from where it is possible to recover it?: | Taenia saginata - central nervous system. | Dientamoeba fragilis - liver. | Paragonimus westermani - bone marrow. | Pharmacology | Taenia solium - muscle. | 30 | 3 | 9c70636f-9821-4198-bf02-af3fa1ee4ab2 | 2020 |
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