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In gas chromatography, to achieve the separation of analytes with very different volatility, one should use: | A temperature gradient elution. | A gradient concentration elution. | An isothermal elution. | Pharmacology | An isocratic elution. | 136 | 2 | 3b9018bb-f887-4d81-bd49-42fbea2d3c5c | 2020 |
The alkaline error that a certain selective proton electrode presents at a pH >12 implies that: | The measured pH is always higher than the actual one. | The measured pH is always less than the actual one. | The concentration of protons found in the solution is less than the actual one. | Pharmacology | The measured pH may differ from the actual value, and could be higher or lower. | 137 | 1 | 7c7993f2-d9d7-47a6-b941-2cc4f5558485 | 2020 |
To minimize chemical interferences in flame atomic absorption spectrometry, one could: | Add chelating agents to promote atomization. | Lower the temperature of the flame. | Use hollow cathode lamps that avoid this type of interference. | Pharmacology | Use very high resolution monochromators to discriminate the interferences of the element to be determined. | 138 | 2 | a1387f33-0139-462b-9998-052157d2559f | 2020 |
Indicate which of the following answers, related to the absorption of electromagnetic radiation, is false: | The absorbance measured at a certain wavelength is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing substance. | The absorbance measured at a specific wavelength is directly proportional to the optical path. | Absorbance is the inverse of transmittance. | Pharmacology | The absorptivity or absorption coefficient is a constant characteristic of the wavelength. | 139 | 4 | 79471f9e-8c8e-453f-abfb-c39910d7e88e | 2020 |
In which of the following processes is the quantum spin number of an excited electron inverted, resulting in a change in the multiplicity of the molecule?: | Internal conversion. | Vibrational relaxation. | External conversion. | Pharmacology | Crossing between systems. | 140 | 3 | 491008bc-7daf-4d46-9167-a3314ccecb5e | 2020 |
In what type of liquid chromatography is there no chemical interaction between the solute and the stationary phase? | Reverse phase partition chromatography. | Normal phase partition chromatography. | Ion exchange chromatography. | Pharmacology | Size exclusion chromatography. | 141 | 3 | 450cdab1-12fb-4ad5-9ca1-8c938b34d9eb | 2020 |
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique with great potential that cannot be coupled with the following equipment/instrumental techniques: | Gas Chromatography (GC). | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). | Infrared absorption spectrometry (IR). | Pharmacology | Plasma Emission Spectrometry (ICP). | 142 | 4 | cfd29f4d-66cc-4a51-ad6b-cec7a9f27c41 | 2020 |
In a closed system consisted of a single component, in thermal and mechanical equilibrium, with P-V work only, what is the phase equilibrium condition? | The chemical potential of one of the phases must be maximum. | The chemical potential of one of the phases must be minimal. | The chemical potential should be zero in all phases. | Pharmacology | The chemical potential should be equal in each phase of the system. | 143 | 3 | 7d79c85d-a83a-4544-b551-114b419e34d8 | 2020 |
When forming an ideal solution from its components, at constant T and P, the volume of the mixture: | It is always zero. | It is always negative. | It can be positive or negative but never zero. | Pharmacology | It is always positive. | 144 | 2 | 510c9648-87a7-4690-bb3d-3899c75a3d12 | 2020 |
If the pressure remains constant and the temperature range is narrow, it can be stated that for an exothermic reaction, the equilibrium constant: | It is independent of temperature. | It only varies with temperature if the reaction is heterogeneous. | Decreases as the temperature increases. | Pharmacology | It increases as the temperature increases. | 145 | 4 | db733233-7587-4ab9-ab4f-2a9665a7fee0 | 2020 |
The units of the rate constant for a simple reaction: | They depend on the pressure of the reaction. | They depend on the temperature of the reaction. | They are the same for all reactions. | Pharmacology | They depend on the order of the reaction. | 146 | 3 | a958d930-7c24-4b56-a49f-6f617ee2fac3 | 2020 |
Which of the following toxins can cause malignant pleural mesothelioma after occupational exposure?: | Asbestos. | Aluminum powder. | Coal powder. | Pharmacology | Arsenic. | 147 | 2 | 0a61360a-c3f1-4a35-b6c6-de4de7f75ffc | 2020 |
What is the correct answer regarding cardiotoxicity induced by an overdose of local anesthetics?: | Very high doses of local anesthetics induce vasoconstriction and hypertension. | Very high doses of local anesthetics decrease cardiac excitability by inhibiting sodium channels. | Very high doses of local anesthetics affect cardiac contractility by inhibiting calcium channels. | Pharmacology | Local anesthetics do not cause cardiotoxicity, even if very high doses are used. | 148 | 1 | ca857d89-f4ba-415b-8e0b-46a2b939cff1 | 2020 |
The cyclohexane molecule can adopt different conformations. Indicate which of the following is the most stable: | The chair-like conformation. | Boat-like configuration. | The envelope-type conformation. | Pharmacology | The twisted boat-like configuration. | 149 | 2 | 341859dc-6c16-45fd-a1d0-852dc4706015 | 2020 |
Which of the following definitions is correct to describe diastereomers?: | They are stereoisomers that have two or more chiral centers. | They are stereoisomers that are not mirror images. | These stereoisomers do not exhibit optical activity. | Pharmacology | These are stereoisomers that have equal specific rotations and opposite signs. | 150 | 1 | 97432e7f-72b8-4c41-a7cd-307d11dcc772 | 2020 |
Which of the following statements is applicable to the bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction, SN2?: | Tertiary halogenated derivatives are more reactive than primary ones. | Brominated aliphatic compounds are less reactive than their corresponding chlorinated derivatives. | It is a concerted process that takes place in a single stage. | Pharmacology | Protic solvents increase the reaction rate. | 151 | 4 | 5918bea3-32e2-432e-b28b-d5b9ba629e60 | 2020 |
According to Hückel's rule on aromaticity, which of the following compounds would be aromatic?: | Cyclooctatetraene. | Cyclobutadiene. | Cyclopentadiene. | Pharmacology | Pyridine. | 152 | 3 | 6b4885ee-88c7-45e0-afe7-33c5030b3ad7 | 2020 |
According to the Molecular Orbital Theory, the bond order of the N2 molecule is 3, while that of the 𝐍𝟐 + cation is 2.5. Which N-N bond distance will be greater? | The one of N2 +. | The one of N2. | With just that information, it cannot be said. | Pharmacology | They will be equal. | 153 | 2 | a4eabd18-cb32-492c-9e2c-ca363668f0e2 | 2020 |
Diamond, graphite, and fullerenes are examples of: | Isotopes. | Allotropes. | Compounds. | Pharmacology | Isomers. | 154 | 1 | f49be315-1634-4b08-a42b-50e3f121f1c0 | 2020 |
The electron configuration [Kr] 4d105s25p4 corresponds to an element: | Transition metal. | Representative. | Of internal transition. | Pharmacology | From block d. | 155 | 1 | 414dbe7d-40f4-479d-a337-250a74bb66fe | 2020 |
In which of the following molecules does the central atom present sp3 hybridization? | NH3. | CO2. | BF3. | Pharmacology | PF5. | 156 | 2 | 0cb9cb90-8e1c-4199-b8a5-c6cceac36a0c | 2020 |
Which of the following molecules has a dipole moment equal to zero?: | H2O. | CO2. | SO2. | Pharmacology | NH3. | 157 | 1 | 67c849e4-e457-41aa-afb7-95c12c2bba6f | 2020 |
Age is a variable: | Ordered categorical. | Binary categorical. | Continuous quantitative. | Pharmacology | Discrete quantitative. | 158 | 4 | 0dca1b2f-c847-4cca-8c88-0a521284642f | 2020 |
Indicate which of these indexes are coincident in the following series of numbers: 0, 1, 3, 4, 4, 5, 8, 9: | The mean and the mode. | The mean and the median. | The mean, the median and the mode. | Pharmacology | The median and the mode. | 159 | 3 | aa333517-5212-47aa-ada1-30515c9d54e7 | 2020 |
Which of the following indices represents the change of one magnitude per unit of change of another magnitude?: | Relative frequency. | Absolute frequency. | Rate. | Pharmacology | Odds Ratio. | 160 | 4 | f60c6e88-4299-464a-a6c8-d768ae888be3 | 2020 |
The sensitivity of a diagnostic test for a certain disease represents the conditional probability that: | The result is negative if the subject has the disease. | The result is positive if the subject has the disease. | The result is negative if the subject does not have the disease. | Pharmacology | The result is positive if the subject does not have the disease. | 161 | 1 | 1e521c15-ca75-49d7-bd41-bbe1a65f155c | 2020 |
Which of the following groups of compounds can produce a toxic pathology of the skin characterized by the affectation of the sebaceous glands?: | Oxidizing agents. | Metals. | Alcohols. | Pharmacology | Chlorinated hydrocarbons. | 162 | 3 | 1d5152a2-5d26-4b30-9e51-34877ac783f8 | 2020 |
A reaction to a medication that prolongs a patient's hospitalization is always considered: | Adverse event. | Unexpected adverse reaction. | Medication error. | Pharmacology | Severe adverse reaction. | 163 | 3 | 94a33567-5273-4b29-9bef-0759acc9bc00 | 2020 |
To conduct a clinical trial with drugs, a favorable report from the following is mandatory: | Clinical Research Ethics Committee (CEIC). | Ethics Committee for Research (ECR). | Care Ethics Committee of the center where it will be carried out (CEA). | Pharmacology | Ethics Committee for Drug Research (CEIm). | 164 | 3 | 52e47d39-9fca-47c7-aa1d-4ef315521894 | 2020 |
What is compassionate use of medications? | Use of medicines before their approval in Spain in patients suffering from a disease that cannot be satisfactorily treated with an approved medicine. This medicine must be subject to a marketing authorization application or clinical investigation. | Use of marketed drugs under conditions different from those authorized. | Use of drugs marketed in Spain for indications not included in the technical data sheet. | Pharmacology | Use of drugs authorized in other countries, but not authorized in Spain. | 165 | 2 | a3a95fb3-5f77-40f7-a1aa-9a0b645742c3 | 2020 |
Graft versus host disease begins when: | The mature T lymphocytes present in the graft sample react against the host's antigens. | The regulatory T lymphocytes present in the graft sample react against the host's antigens. | The mature T lymphocytes of the graft react against the antigens of the transplanted organ. | Pharmacology | The macrophages and neutrophils present in the graft sample react against the host's antigens. | 167 | 2 | be645989-2550-4153-b0dc-b353deb25254 | 2020 |
The adaptive response to intracellular bacteria mediated by CD4 T cells: | It is called Th17 and is induced by IL-17 and IFN-gamma. | It is referred to as Th1 and is induced by IL-12 and IFN-gamma. | It is called Th12 and is mediated by IL-12, IFN-gamma. | Pharmacology | It is called Th1 and is induced by IL-1 and IFN-gamma. | 168 | 1 | 44bf7507-4b7f-4c6a-b6e0-0d7a157a7646 | 2020 |
Where does the activation of T lymphocytes specific for an antigen occur? | In any place where they encounter the antigen. | In the lymph nodes through contact with dendritic cells. | At the site of infection upon coming into contact with the pathogen. | Pharmacology | In the thymus through clonal selection. | 169 | 1 | abd747e1-21ac-43d4-89a2-f152915e7c8d | 2020 |
What is the function of CD4+ Th17 lymphocytes? | Produce IL-1, IL-7 and induce an inflammatory response. | Produce IL-17 and induce an anti-inflammatory response. | Produce IL-17 and induce an inflammatory response. | Pharmacology | Produce IL-1, IL-7 and induce an anti-inflammatory response. | 170 | 4 | d773e7a9-7636-4102-be19-1bf9d922ec26 | 2020 |
What is the characteristic of memory T cells?: | They are quiescent and have increased reactivity to antigen exposure. | They are of constant proliferation without antigen and with increased reactivity to antigen exposure. | They are immortal and activate naive T cells to the replacement of the antigen. | Pharmacology | They are quiescent, with reduced reactivity to antigen exposure, and therefore responsible for autoimmunity. | 171 | 2 | 722f2258-f83d-4d6c-9943-4bb6eb4d6c63 | 2020 |
Indicate the incorrect answer about the antigen receptor of T lymphocytes or TCR: | The chains that make up the TCR can be: alpha-beta or gamma-delta and are always expressed accompanied by CD3. | The hypervariable regions of the TCR undergo the phenomenon of somatic hypermutation in the lymph node. | The TCR-alpha-beta is generated by the somatic recombination of the V, D, and J segments (beta chain) and the V and J segments (alpha chain). | Pharmacology | In the rearrangement of the TCR, the phenomenon of allelic exclusion occurs: the correct rearrangement of a parental gene blocks the rearrangement of the other. | 172 | 1 | 9e5523da-692f-4911-b860-b3ed546668db | 2020 |
Which of the following associations between effector T lymphocytes, pathogen response, and effector mechanism is correct?: | TH2 lymphocytes --- allergen --- histamine release by mast cells. | T regulatory lymphocytes --- fungi --- release of antifungal peptides in the digestive tract. | TH17 Lymphocytes --- intracellular bacteria --- phagocytosis by dendritic cells. | Pharmacology | TH1 Lymphocytes --- extracellular bacteria --- - production of IFN-gamma for activation of NK cells. | 173 | 2 | 33310e30-aa92-491b-9a4d-f62578843887 | 2020 |
Indicate the incorrect statement regarding chemokines: | CXCL13 determines the entry of follicular helper T lymphocytes (THF) into lymphoid follicles. | CXCR5 directs the movement of B lymphocytes through the T zone to the lymphoid follicles of the lymph node. | CCR5 directs the migration of naive T lymphocytes in the paracortex of the lymph node. | Pharmacology | CXCL8 is a chemokine involved in the chemotaxis of neutrophils. | 174 | 4 | 5440ae64-5c9f-4481-9e0b-b842f8d31114 | 2020 |
What does a TCR recognize?: | An antigenic peptide associated with a presenting molecule. | An antigen in its native form. | Molecular patterns on the surface of bacteria. | Pharmacology | An antigen of any nature, as long as it is expressed on the membrane of the antigen presenting cells. | 175 | 2 | 01864017-21be-48e6-bdf5-9cc41ce2705a | 2020 |
Which of these laws best follow the frequency distribution of a rare characteristic (π<0.05) randomly obtained and with replacement in very large samples (n≥100)?: | The Poisson Law. | The hypergeometric law. | The Kruger law. | Pharmacology | Norman's law. | 176 | 2 | d025e130-048c-4fa8-91b7-6cc8d8ee5eac | 2020 |
Reactions in the germinal center: | They require the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages. | They occur in the absence of T lymphocytes. | They are required for the maturation of the affinity of humoral responses. | Pharmacology | They are necessary for the differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies. | 177 | 4 | 8b4fa762-c34e-4c01-bd74-4253202d3a80 | 2020 |
Which of the following non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli is oxidase negative?: | Acinetobacter baumanii. | Pseudomonas aeruginosa. | Moraxella catarrhalis. | Pharmacology | Burkholderia cepacia. | 178 | 2 | 59e02930-82a9-4ed3-8646-a8d4821e06f7 | 2020 |
Which of the following modifications in the steroid structure increases the anabolic activity of androgen receptor agonists?: | Substitution of C19 with an ethyl. | Substitution of C2 with an oxygen. | Introduction of a bulky substituent at the 7-alpha position. | Pharmacology | Introduction of a bulky substituent at the 11-beta position. | 179 | 1 | 8f6911d1-d748-49cb-ad89-5b65adeeafcb | 2020 |
A drug with a very high octanol-water partition coefficient: | It will tend to accumulate in the body's adipose tissue. | It will be evenly distributed in all tissues of the body. | It will tend to accumulate in the blood plasma. | Pharmacology | It will tend to accumulate in the body's aqueous tissue. | 180 | 2 | e412c0df-463f-4365-92bc-a99fe827b465 | 2020 |
Regarding diabetes mellitus, indicate the correct answer: | Type 1 diabetes mellitus comes with hyperinsulinemia. | Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with HLA DR3, DR4, DQA1 antigens. | In type 2 diabetes mellitus, ketoacidosis is the first clinical manifestation of the disease. | Pharmacology | Type 1 diabetes mellitus has a sudden onset. | 181 | 3 | 32fd297c-5f46-47f9-886f-a4da39e6b95d | 2020 |
The deficiency of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase results in an inhibition of: | The Cori cycle. | The urea cycle. | The cycle of tricarboxylic acids. | Pharmacology | The glucose-alanine cycle. | 182 | 1 | 0c3eeeb4-ca36-4d9e-b36f-6ff0c588a90c | 2020 |
Which drugs are used in the treatment of both HIV and hepatitis B? | Lamivudine and darunavir. | Lamivudine and tenofovir. | Tenofovir and darunavir. | Pharmacology | Telbivudine and darunavir. | 183 | 1 | f636414e-2001-4b29-87bd-4b8751c5756d | 2020 |
What is the mechanism of action of rivaroxaban? | It is an activator of human tissue plasminogen. | It is a direct inhibitor of thrombin. | It is a direct inhibitor of activated factor X (Xa). | Pharmacology | It is an inhibitor of vitamin K synthesis. | 184 | 4 | f2477129-8627-4b5d-a98f-7c014dd6667f | 2020 |
Which drug is used in breast cancer for its anti-HER2 action?: | Lapatinib. | Imatinib. | Vemurafenib. | Pharmacology | Crizotinib. | 185 | 2 | 56b3d616-b049-4afc-a9c6-0e730755f4a3 | 2020 |
Regarding the chemical structure of hormones, which of the following hormones is an amine?: | Growth Hormone (GH). | Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). | Prolactin. | Biology | Triiodothyronine (T3). | 1 | 3 | 54061103-a110-400a-a805-119285d8b5a6 | 2024 |
The estrogens: | They reduce the deposition of fat in the breasts. | They stimulate the osteoclasts. | They stimulate the growth of the endometrium. | Biology | Plasma levels of LDL increase. | 2 | 4 | b6b851a8-3faf-4270-b851-596b79131e86 | 2024 |
In what situation is filtration reduced in blood capillaries? | When the oncotic pressure of the plasma increases. | When the capillary hydrostatic pressure increases. | When the arteriolar diameter increases. | Biology | When the net filtration pressure increases. | 3 | 2 | 2812a4a6-b734-41e0-83f2-2709b9400872 | 2024 |
In the process of normal respiration, the changes in the various pressures that cause the inflow and outflow of air are essential. In this regard, the alveolar pressure must be higher than the atmospheric one. | At the beginning of inspiration. | At the end of the inspiration. | At the end of expiration. | Biology | In the middle phase of exhalation. | 4 | 3 | 9f8c7ec5-2cd2-471b-9ec9-14b156c6d14d | 2024 |
The cortisol: | Increases the use of glucose. | Activates the inflammatory response. | Increases lipolysis. | Biology | Reduces gluconeogenesis. | 5 | 4 | c421184e-36fb-4441-b636-e2c4d80fc4de | 2024 |
The adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary secretes: | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). | Oxytocin. | Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). | Biology | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). | 6 | 4 | 61d1a6e2-a5e3-4353-bef3-34b355146c2b | 2024 |
Which of these factors inhibits the secretion of prolactin? | Dopamine. | Sleep. | Stress. | Biology | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). | 7 | 2 | 9c009a3e-6403-4db6-9c8c-8d4e2fb1db22 | 2024 |
Which of these factors stimulates the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?: | Ethanol. | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP). | Decrease in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid. | Biology | Decrease in the volume of extracellular fluid. | 8 | 3 | 65a3adca-a007-4515-b72c-9abc70c1acb9 | 2024 |
A decrease in the concentration of plasma calcium ion (Ca2+) induces: | The increase of the hormone calcitonin. | The decrease in the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). | The increase in bone resorption. | Biology | The decrease in phosphate excretion. | 9 | 4 | 4140d172-8053-442a-ab6d-050ba9b407b6 | 2024 |
Which of the following factors decreases metabolic activity?: | The dream. | The growth hormone. | Testosterone. | Biology | The intake of food. | 10 | 2 | 13cecccc-aa3a-4d54-ac5f-b875b0859586 | 2024 |
The pacemaker activity of the cardiac sinoatrial node: | It is insensitive to vagal stimulation. | It depends on a spontaneous depolarizing current. | It is due to the inactivation of voltage-dependent sodium channels. | Biology | It is characterized by having a delay of 0.13 seconds. | 11 | 1 | fadf9f55-d103-4e76-a691-5577d76b85a3 | 2024 |
The cardiac output is equal: | To the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume. | To the product of heart rate and blood pressure. | To the product of the heart rate by the systolic ejection volume. | Biology | The difference between the systolic volume at rest and the systolic volume during exercise. | 12 | 4 | 94afa1a5-64e0-44be-a3d6-d5b67fca95e9 | 2024 |
In the cardiac cycle, the pressure in the left ventricle is higher than the aortic pressure during the phase: | Isovolumetric relaxation. | Isovolumetric contraction. | Rapid ventricular filling. | Biology | Rapid ventricular ejection. | 13 | 3 | d059b3e2-a7fc-4be0-84f9-91aaf8e6e8c5 | 2024 |
In which of the following segments of the circulatory system is the blood flow velocity lowest?: | Arterioles. | Large caliber arteries. | Capillaries. | Biology | Large caliber veins. | 14 | 4 | 164fc285-d03b-486e-8dcb-63243408cb3d | 2024 |
Which nerve carries baroreceptor information from the carotid sinus to the central nervous system? | Phrenic. | Vagus. | Hypoglossal. | Biology | Glossopharyngeal. | 15 | 3 | 3b38f519-5704-4ba3-9f9d-c9ee3963520d | 2024 |
The seminal fluid or seminal plasma: | It has a pH of 4.0. | Contains spermatozoa. | It forms in the seminiferous tubules. | Biology | Contains fructose. | 16 | 3 | d64f320a-1eb3-4637-a855-cda2c34b3bc1 | 2024 |
Sertoli cells synthesize: | Androgen binding proteins. | Testosterone. | Cholesterol. | Biology | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). | 17 | 2 | 5e82fba0-79ed-4589-b4ec-304f05ac0b64 | 2024 |
After menopause, plasma levels of: increase. | Progestogens. | Estrogens. | Gonadotropins. | Biology | Inhibins. | 18 | 4 | 481341a1-b9be-451d-8b86-af2e92d2f031 | 2024 |
The activins: | They inhibit the secretion of luteotropic hormone (LH). | They stimulate the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). | They are ovarian steroids. | Biology | They inhibit the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GhRH). | 19 | 1 | 84621729-5cac-4c63-92b7-1711d67e7c5a | 2024 |
During childbirth, the prostaglandins: | They uncouple the myometrial gap junctions. | They are secreted by the corpus luteum. | They stimulate myometrial contraction. | Biology | They inhibit the effects of oxytocin. | 20 | 4 | 90f26b1e-5798-4ca3-93b7-bd7b6912a998 | 2024 |
Which of the following mediators reduce food intake by inducing satiety?: | Orexins A and B (hypocretins). | CART (cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript) and α-MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone). | Agouti-related protein (AgRP) and endocannabinoids. | Biology | Endorphins. | 21 | 1 | 3820c06d-3b2a-4c85-b69d-d7cbf46dd080 | 2024 |
We can affirm the following about the complex migratory motors: | They start in the small intestine with digestion and continue to the large intestine. | They are segmental contractions from the esophagus to the rectum caused by ingestion. | They occur in the stomach every 9-10 minutes while it is full. | Biology | They are stimulated by motilin. | 22 | 3 | afcccf21-0c16-4289-b7da-5c8628871bb8 | 2024 |
Regarding salivary secretion and its regulation: | The kallikrein has vasoconstrictor effects. | The optimum pH of saliva for the digestive action of ptyalin is 8 or higher. | Bradykinin is a vasodilator substance. | Biology | The ductal epithelium of the salivary glands absorbs bicarbonate ions. | 23 | 4 | 94952764-4bbe-4a19-be12-79f17a4bc715 | 2024 |
The secretion of hydrochloric acid is inhibited by: | Acetylcholine. | Sympathetic stimulation. | Histamine. | Biology | Gastrin. | 24 | 1 | 14905b6d-23b4-4c3f-98ca-b1b24988b414 | 2024 |
Which substance uses the same sodium-dependent cotransporter (SGLT1) as glucose in its intestinal absorption in the apical membrane?: | Galactose. | Glutamine. | Fructose. | Biology | Sucrose. | 25 | 2 | 0ab5fc59-1f06-4722-a347-2be76e058fcf | 2024 |
In relation to the self-regulation of renal blood flow, it is TRUE that: | The renal blood flow is constant regardless of the functioning of the circulatory system. | When the blood pressure has values between 90 and 180 mm Hg, the renal blood flow is maintained within physiological limits. | The hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries is independent of the values of arterial tension. | Biology | Any blood pressure value ensures renal blood flow. | 26 | 1 | 3d1ed9b0-4a81-494d-a89c-83ac6950bc0f | 2024 |
Regarding the renal management of sodium, indicate the statement that you consider TRUE: | Aldosterone regulates the reabsorption of sodium in the nephrons. | The reabsorption of sodium in the nephrons is done by exchanging it for potassium. | The reabsorption of sodium is constant throughout the entire nephron. | Biology | The reabsorption of sodium is regulated exclusively in the proximal tubule. | 27 | 2 | 40e216ef-ad5c-4dd8-900a-dfcafb09b32f | 2024 |
In relation to the concentration of solutes in different tubular segments of the nephron, it is TRUE that: | The concentration of calcium increases in the distal tubule through secretion under the influence of parathyroid hormone (PTH). | The concentration of glucose, proteins, and amino acids decreases in the proximal tubule. | The concentration of sodium and potassium in the proximal tubule is regulated by aldosterone. | Biology | The concentration of sodium, potassium, and chlorine is virtually undetectable in the Henle's loop. | 28 | 1 | a87ffa9a-5b5b-4a35-b4a6-2d002cd833d2 | 2024 |
Regarding the tubulo-glomerular feedback or glomerulo-tubular balance, indicate the statement that you consider false: | The macula densa is the sensor of this physiological response. | It is a mechanism to regulate the glomerular filtration rate based on signals coming from the renal tubules. | It implies that an increase in the tubular flow rate causes a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. | Biology | This implies that an increase in the glomerular filtration rate causes a decrease in tubular reabsorption. | 29 | 3 | b6bb24f2-9376-45b7-8dc3-91a6d68ca72f | 2024 |
In relation to the so-called countercurrent multiplier mechanism present in the nephrons, it is TRUE that: | The ascending branch of the Henle's loop actively transports water to the renal medullary interstitium. | The osmolarity of the human renal medulla can reach 3,000 mOsm/L. | The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the excretion of water in the proximal tubule. | Biology | The descending limb of the Henle's loop is very permeable to water. | 30 | 3 | d0c8d6e6-7df9-4fce-b406-f298b10187b6 | 2024 |
The intrinsic pathway of coagulation begins with the factor: | X. | IX. | XII. | Biology | XI. | 31 | 4 | e2926d4b-cd8e-4f59-b032-8849d61f7b7e | 2024 |
The iron transport protein in plasma is the: | Ferritin. | Apoferritin. | Hemosiderin. | Biology | Transferrin. | 32 | 3 | 759e7460-33e0-465e-929f-4c8a0abb4fe7 | 2024 |
Only one blood type contains anti-A and anti-B agglutinins: | A. | 0. | AB. | Biology | B. | 33 | 1 | ae92345f-ca82-4004-a40c-192610bb3b14 | 2024 |
The production of thymidine phosphate in hematopoiesis depends on: | Castle factor and vitamin B12. | Erythropoietin. | Vitamin B12 and folic acid. | Biology | Vitamin B6 and ferritin. | 34 | 4 | cc52cb20-615f-4137-9579-715bc46f0249 | 2024 |
In relation to the tissue PO2, only one of the following statements is true: | It depends on the transport of O2 and its usage rate by the tissues. | It depends exclusively on the transport of O2. | It self-regulates according to its concentration. | Biology | It is not related to the metabolic rate of the tissue. | 35 | 2 | 6bc84a27-272a-41ce-9a2c-40d3770d39a2 | 2024 |
It is called "expiratory reserve volume": | To the volume of air that remains in the lungs after the most forced expiration. | To the maximum additional volume of air that can be exhaled through a forced exhalation after the end of a normal tidal volume exhalation. | To the residual volume plus the tidal volume. | Biology | To the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled in each normal breath. | 36 | 1 | 64950c0e-927c-452e-9bb3-07aa7a6e5c5e | 2024 |
We define physiological dead space as: | The tidal volume minus the alveolar volume. | The volume of gas that fills the conducting airways. | The perfusion volume minus the tidal volume. | Biology | The total volume of gas in each breath that does not participate in the gas exchange. | 37 | 3 | b265ff88-8f9e-4e6b-ab4c-454fae92f34c | 2024 |
The Hering-Breuer reflex is triggered by mechanoreceptors located in: | The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. | The lungs. | Cerebral arteries. | Biology | The heart. | 38 | 1 | 7e34cfb1-6c09-4754-b216-0315541c6e41 | 2024 |
The minute respiratory volume is equal to: | The tidal volume multiplied by the respiratory rate per minute. | The tidal volume multiplied by the lung capacity per minute. | The total lung capacity multiplied by the residual volume per minute. | Biology | The inspiratory capacity multiplied by the respiratory frequency per minute. | 39 | 2 | 054bd2cf-13d5-4a27-a092-334295553f10 | 2024 |
Which of the following is the direct stimulus for the neurons of the chemosensitive area of the bulbar zone regulating respiration?: | Proton concentration. | PO2. | Concentration of HCO3-. | Biology | PCO2. | 40 | 2 | d6f68bbf-7348-4086-8711-a8caf61f316b | 2024 |
The cells that form the optic nerves derive from the neuroectoderm of the: | Diencephalon. | Metencephalon. | Telencephalon. | Biology | Myelencephalon. | 41 | 2 | baabcb1b-39a0-452d-adca-e8e80bb81f61 | 2024 |
What is the unique property that distinguishes stem cells from cellular progenitors? | Its multipotentiality. | Its unlimited self-renewal capacity. | Its high rate of proliferation. | Biology | Its clonogenicity. | 42 | 1 | effed3e0-e643-405b-a0a1-51b5edef5410 | 2024 |
The Notch/Delta/Jagged molecular pathway receives and transduces signals of nature in cells: | Paracrine. | Autocrine. | Endocrine. | Biology | Juxtacrine. | 43 | 3 | cc15732d-f0a8-4e63-a405-8c96016745e2 | 2024 |
In which region of the embryo do definitive intraembryonic hematopoietic stem cells appear?: | In the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region. | In the posterior intestine. | In the endocardium. | Biology | In the cardinal veins. | 44 | 2 | 838dc2ed-cfe4-42ad-9a83-dbd203b5cc88 | 2024 |
Where are the stem cells and progenitors of keratinocytes found?: | In the epidermal stratum corneum. | In the basal epidermal layer. | In the dermis. | Biology | In the granular epidermal layer. | 45 | 1 | 2c34eaea-cdb6-428a-8bdd-b03ff318c80a | 2024 |
What determines the movement of a charged solute through a biomembrane? | The electrostatic potential exclusively. | The electrochemical gradient. | The concentration of specific transporters for that solute in the membrane. | Biology | The concentration gradient exclusively. | 46 | 1 | edf03b5d-47f7-46de-a0da-c22e6a9374ea | 2024 |
Which compartment of mitochondria is chemically equivalent to the cytosol in terms of the small molecules and ions it contains? | The inner membrane. | The mitochondrial matrix. | All compartments show a very specialized content through selective transport. | Biology | The intermembrane space. | 47 | 3 | 2a96a29d-3c0c-454b-b8f3-95e68627b612 | 2024 |
What type of vesicle mediates transport between the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes? | COPII-coated vesicles (COP, an acronym for "coat protein"). | Coatamer-coated vesicles. | Clathrin-coated vesicles. | Biology | COPI-coated vesicles (COP, acronym for "coat protein"). | 48 | 4 | 67b97e05-f110-405d-a5d2-1367ae3820f3 | 2024 |
According to Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory, under which of the following experimental conditions will ATP synthesis be catalyzed?: | Coupling a proton gradient generator system to the activity of ATP synthase and in the presence of ADP and inorganic phosphate. | Expressing a carrier protein in the mitochondrial inner membrane that allows the movement of protons in favor of the gradient. | In the absence of the proteins of the electron transport chain, overexpressing ATP synthase and providing an excess of ADP and inorganic phosphate. | Biology | Adding uncoupling agents of the proton gradient to the mitochondria, such as DNP. | 49 | 2 | 2148b4e2-2ea0-47c9-a40a-4928f7f921f9 | 2024 |
Through which receptor does adrenaline promote the degradation of glycogen in skeletal muscle? | A receptor with tyrosine kinase activity. | A G protein-coupled receptor. | An intracellular receptor. | Biology | A receptor with serine-threonine kinase activity. | 50 | 1 | b32365ee-67b8-4874-b433-47cbb2b2ee04 | 2024 |
Regarding the Na+/K+ pump of animal eukaryotic cells: | Transports Na+ into the cytosol. | Contributes to regulating the osmolarity (or tonicity) of the cytosol. | It is a Ca2+ dependent ATPase. | Biology | The transport of Na+ and K+ is in favor of the gradient. | 51 | 1 | 15a587e0-0105-4d21-92c3-577d8421f987 | 2024 |
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