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Which coagulation pathway begins with tissue thromboplastin? | Extrinsic pathway. | Intrinsic pathway. | Fibrinolysis. | Biology | Common pathway. | 39 | 2 | b82aa1fb-d123-4783-99f6-ddd7d4f8487f | 2022 |
The main mechanism by which heparin prevents blood coagulation is: | Inhibit the tissue factor. | Join with calcium. | Inhibit fibrinogen. | Biology | Activate antithrombin III. | 40 | 3 | 0a5c5ae9-85ac-444a-b08a-d08e2d259f09 | 2022 |
What type of neurons are the olfactory cells? | Pseudopolar. | They are not neurons. | Multipolar. | Biology | Bipolar. | 41 | 3 | 7fa4bd61-7e5e-4fd1-a005-9dfe9fe304a8 | 2022 |
Which taste sensation has the lowest threshold stimulation? | Bitter. | Sweet. | Acid. | Biology | Salty. | 42 | 2 | f951002b-079d-4587-b0a9-ca8e9318e2c7 | 2022 |
The exposure of rods to light determines the breakdown of rhodopsin and the subsequent decrease in the rod membrane's conductance for sodium ions in its external segment. This fact determines: | An action potential. | A depolarization. | A capacitive discharge. | Biology | A hyperpolarization. | 43 | 3 | 9ebf7029-fdc2-48c1-85fd-635bc53127f6 | 2022 |
Who is responsible for the mechanoelectrical transduction of sound waves? | The tectorial membrane. | The hammer. | The tympanic ramp. | Biology | The Corti organ. | 44 | 3 | 34ed04a2-1b03-4459-bad8-9bf741519d86 | 2022 |
What determines that the auditory system interprets a sound as intense? | An increase in the vibration of the tectorial membrane. | The inhibition of ciliated cells. | An increase in the vibration amplitude of the basilar membrane or of the region of the basilar membrane involved. | Biology | The stimulation of a small number of ciliated cells. | 45 | 4 | d8d8f6d6-3ffb-4b1a-b99b-0673cff1dc23 | 2022 |
In which phase of meiosis does oogenesis halt during fetal development until puberty? | Diplotene of meiosis II. | Diplotene of meiosis I. | Metaphase of meiosis II. | Biology | Metaphase of meiosis I. | 46 | 1 | 2fd12d43-f08a-4939-952a-4816c482ffd7 | 2022 |
What is the embryological origin of melanocytes? | The non-neural epidermal ectoderm. | The somatopleura. | The neural tube. | Biology | The neural crest. | 47 | 3 | 9a512c9b-9c40-4e0d-83a2-d640966cf0f5 | 2022 |
What is phocomelia?: | The fusion with shortening of the fingers of the hand and foot. | The partial or total absence of a limb. | Hands and feet connected to the trunk directly or through small and irregular bones. | Biology | The significant shortening of all the bones in the limb. | 48 | 4 | 322703f8-fdc2-4a06-ae7a-4ca38d89190d | 2022 |
Where do secondary ossification centers form? | In the epiphyses. | In the diaphyses. | In the flat bones. | Biology | In the growth cartilage. | 49 | 2 | 1661517d-1515-4822-b61a-b2b8582e3b37 | 2022 |
Which of the following statements defines the properties of the lipid rafts identified in the plasma membrane?: | They are defined by being highly soluble in non-ionic detergents. | They predominantly contain two species of lipids: cholesterol and sphingomyelin. | Despite having cell surface receptors, it has not been observed that they stabilize their interactions or facilitate signaling. | Biology | In their composition, they never contain glycolipids. | 50 | 1 | a620e47c-bb59-40f8-88a9-234378a62f24 | 2022 |
Which of the following functions is not associated with microtubules?: | Form part of the internal structure of the stereocilia (or microvilli) of the auditory cells of the inner ear. | Participate in the structural maintenance of axons. | Generate the mitotic spindle during cell division. | Biology | Form the internal structure of the cilia. | 51 | 2 | 4faeec60-82f0-4002-b4ae-814b66a73d94 | 2022 |
Which of the following components is specifically important in the hydration level of the extracellular matrix?: | Fibronectins and laminins. | Integrins. | Glycosaminoglycans. | Biology | Type IV collagen fibers. | 52 | 4 | a88e2525-3469-4337-a62b-e0e72c94850a | 2022 |
How do cyclins regulate the progression of the cell cycle? | Inducing the synthesis of receptors for growth factors. | Directly activating certain G proteins. | Increasing the production of DNA polymerases. | Biology | Activating protein kinases that are critical regulators of cell division. | 53 | 3 | cab4f3cb-12b6-4f38-acc2-775d5d050ae6 | 2022 |
What characteristics does the apoptosis process present? | It is induced by the activation of caspases, always produced by the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c. | It is generally caused by the same factors that induce necrosis. | It is characterized by the presence of phosphatidylserine on the outer face of the plasma membrane. | Biology | It produces a reversible degradation of the nuclear lamina by phosphorylation. | 54 | 4 | 923ff10e-89ab-409a-a1ad-ec5e0dd5958d | 2022 |
Which of the following proteins is involved in the adherens junctions of cells?: | Catenins. | Titin. | Troponin. | Biology | Connexin. | 55 | 2 | a21457fb-c793-4736-9246-ae659cb87f9d | 2022 |
For an enzyme to be incorporated into the lysosomes, it must: | Focus on the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. | To be labeled with glucose-6-phosphate. | Be marked with mannose-6-phosphate. | Biology | Have an acid group. | 56 | 4 | 74faee80-575e-4a3c-89d3-38d724e88faa | 2022 |
Which protein determines the precise length of actin filaments in the sarcomere? | Titin. | Troponin. | Nebulin. | Biology | Tropomyosin. | 57 | 4 | 914ae5ee-8672-41f7-99e6-8d8517a2489b | 2022 |
Which function is not specific to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?: | Lipid synthesis. | Synthesis of steroid hormones. | Proteolysis. | Biology | Detoxification. | 58 | 4 | 016d65db-4ab8-420f-a33c-1689c1f52fe3 | 2022 |
G protein-coupled receptors: | They are signal transducers that activate, among other routes, metabolic pathways. | They are intracellular receptors that activate kinases. | They act as ion exchangers. | Biology | They participate in passive transport. | 59 | 2 | 833f7e1a-6750-4371-b7ab-c817dfd60a49 | 2022 |
The classification of a stratified epithelium as flat, cubical, or cylindrical is determined by the shape of the: | Intermediate cells. | Basal cells. | Most frequent cells. | Biology | Superficial cells. | 60 | 3 | 09de69e5-eff4-46a2-8e22-d3a79c905626 | 2022 |
The loose connective tissue is specific to: | The tendons. | The ligaments. | The cornea. | Biology | The lamina propria of the mucous membranes. | 61 | 3 | 720ebf6b-9965-426b-9fea-165bc8928d39 | 2022 |
Which of the following organs has a cortex with follicles and a medulla with large blood vessels?: | Adenohypophysis. | Spleen. | Ovary. | Biology | Liver. | 62 | 4 | 00737a98-d8c4-471a-b58a-d081f6186010 | 2022 |
The pulmonary alveoli must be kept dilated to allow gas exchange. This physical condition can only occur if: | The muscle tissue keeps the alveoli expanded. | Pulmonary surfactant is produced. | The elastic fibers regulate the tension of the alveolar wall. | Biology | The cartilage keeps the alveolus dilated. | 64 | 1 | 48382558-f3c3-445c-b8ea-2e2e6cec8d17 | 2022 |
In the gastric mucosa, Paneth cells have the mission of: | Produce hydrochloric acid. | Produce and secrete antimicrobial proteins. | Secrete mucus for the protection of the gastric wall. | Biology | Produce endocrine and paracrine hormones. | 65 | 1 | bee9fb00-b511-4fbf-8157-9cc33abc0d87 | 2022 |
In the cell nucleus, darker and irregular areas can be distinguished, which are electron-dense under the electron microscope, and clear areas (not dense). These latter correspond to: | A staining artifact. | Inactive or non-transcriptional chromatin. | Active chromatin or heterochromatin. | Biology | The regions that contain genes that are transcribed (euchromatin). | 66 | 3 | 6a26a844-1bba-471b-8458-bd970753cddd | 2022 |
Where does the fusion of the sperm and the egg, also known as fertilization, occur? | In the ampulla of the oviduct. | In the isthmus of the oviduct. | In the infundibulum of the oviduct. | Biology | In the intramural region of the oviduct. | 67 | 2 | 7f757882-dbdf-4516-b800-01f371364c5a | 2022 |
What characterizes pseudostratified columnar epithelium? | All of its cells reach the surface of the epithelium. | It is composed of several cellular layers. | The size of the cell is always the same. | Biology | All their cells rest on the basal membrane. | 68 | 3 | d4290ac2-dfd0-4043-8441-26d12bba514f | 2022 |
What function do the goblet cells of the intestine have? | They produce mucinogen, as a precursor of components of mucus, with a protective action. | They are involved in intestinal regeneration. | They produce a bactericidal action protein called lysozyme. | Biology | They increase the surface area for intestinal absorption. | 69 | 2 | 6b855a24-5e70-41db-bfac-914113f3f35f | 2022 |
Which reticular epithelial cells make up the Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus? | Type III cells. | Type I cells. | Type VI cells. | Biology | Type V cells. | 70 | 4 | f31ec8a2-dc5b-4f28-918d-5ad575646c2e | 2022 |
Which immune system cells are directly affected by DiGeorge syndrome? | Langerhans cells. | Macrophages. | Keratinocytes. | Biology | T lymphocytes. | 71 | 3 | a5a461a7-919a-4319-b65e-f38ae2dfe1cd | 2022 |
A 52-year-old man who receives radiotherapy and cytotoxic drugs for cancer treatment suffers significant damage to the bone marrow. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur?: | Decrease in the production of B lymphocytes but not T lymphocytes. | Normal production of all blood cells due to compensatory extramedullary hematopoiesis. | Reduction in the production of B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and red blood cells. | Biology | Decrease in the production of neutrophils and monocytes but not of B lymphocytes. | 72 | 4 | d06329ae-dcbe-4069-9b0c-823556cc7bb8 | 2022 |
Through what pathway does microbial DNA stimulate innate immune responses? | Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) of the plasma membrane that leads to the activation of the complement. | TLR9 of the plasma membrane that leads to the activation of NF-κB. | The C-reactive protein in the blood (CRP) leads to the activation of the complement system. | Biology | Cytosolic receptors of cyclic dinucleotides and STING leading to the activation of interferon regulatory factors (IRF). | 73 | 3 | 46bda1d7-e995-4f56-9352-1aa0315d2d82 | 2022 |
The maturation of antibody affinity means that: | The affinity is higher in primary responses than in secondary ones. | Mutations appear in the DNA that encode the constant regions of the immunoglobulins. | The affinity increases with antigenic stimulation. | Biology | When a B lymphocyte is stimulated, it can express the second parental allele of the immunoglobulin gene. | 74 | 4 | 7b649209-cdb1-48db-89b9-5d56839a7cc9 | 2022 |
In the immune response against viruses: | Only the humoral response is activated. | The cytotoxic CD8- CTL lymphocytes are essential. | Only Th2 lymphocytes respond. | Biology | They cannot be recognized by dendritic cells. | 75 | 1 | 7ad23b12-9778-4047-bb68-caa6824e8eb7 | 2022 |
Which resident cell in tissues is of myeloid lineage? | Eosinophil. | Plasma cell. | Monocytes. | Biology | Macrophage. | 76 | 3 | aa6c9abf-d23c-44bb-a75b-28c0a30d15a9 | 2022 |
Which complement molecule triggers the classical pathway? | C1q. | C3a. | C1s. | Biology | C5a. | 77 | 2 | 0091fa76-ba80-469d-8dbf-327556cec749 | 2022 |
Which immunoglobulin is capable of crossing the placenta?: | IgE. | IgA. | IgD. | Biology | IgG. | 78 | 3 | e6387f60-01d2-44b6-b972-3cd2ac6d882b | 2022 |
In which process does the C5b complement molecule participate? | Chemotaxis. | Release of inflammatory substances. | Lysis of bacterial membranes. | Biology | Cellular proliferation. | 79 | 4 | ef85e114-da1f-43d5-9a43-0390ba830f44 | 2022 |
Which of the following immune-based diseases is associated with an immediate or type I hypersensitivity reaction?: | Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. | Hay Fever. | Nickel contact dermatitis. | Biology | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. | 81 | 1 | 9614a373-8733-4285-b60e-2717fdf02555 | 2022 |
Which of the following preformed mediators from mast cells that are released in a type I hypersensitivity reaction can be quantified in serum and is routinely used in the diagnosis of anaphylaxis?: | β-glucosaminidase. | Histamine. | Tryptase. | Biology | Proteoglycans (heparin). | 82 | 4 | 62d0fa91-e1f7-4fcb-b4aa-d003dd4a20ed | 2022 |
Which of the following diseases is not considered a primary immunodeficiency associated with a monogenic defect that affects T lymphocytes?: | Immune Dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, and Enteropathy X-linked Syndrome (IPEX). | Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS). | Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID). | Biology | Job Syndrome or Hyper IgE Syndrome. | 83 | 4 | adac9733-b703-4347-affe-078d118a39df | 2022 |
Which of the following cytokines produced by cells of the innate immune system has been implicated in the initiation of the antiviral response against SARS CoV 2?: | IL25. | IL10. | IL33. | Biology | Type I IFNs. | 84 | 3 | 42a09503-5386-4073-ab88-41f54a03bdaf | 2022 |
The characteristic cytokines produced by TH1 subgroup CD4+ T lymphocytes are: | IL-17 and TGF-beta. | IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. | IFN-gamma and IL-2. | Biology | IL-17 and IL-22. | 85 | 4 | 1d2f9479-d55e-4c9b-83d5-75ebb49cca27 | 2022 |
The binding to the antigen by antibody molecules is primarily a function: | Linked to the constant segments. | From the hypervariable regions VH and VL. | Of the mature G isotype. | Biology | Constitutive of the VC and VFab regions. | 86 | 1 | cf6b7b96-dc25-4b86-bb70-52aef4cfdf51 | 2022 |
it is not a primary immunodeficiency: | Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome. | X-linked agammaglobulinemia. | Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. | Biology | Chronic granulomatous disease. | 88 | 4 | 3089e642-2a65-4898-bc68-2c84e273f8fa | 2022 |
What is a key cytokine for the development of B cells in the bone marrow?: | IL-7. | IL-4. | IL-12. | Biology | IL-10. | 89 | 2 | 6ba837eb-cc25-422c-bea2-cd18f95be844 | 2022 |
Which cell derives from lymphoid progenitors?: | Basophil. | Natural killer cell. | Macrophage. | Biology | Mast cell. | 90 | 1 | 10f316d8-9a84-4e6f-8652-1b8c5bc0dff6 | 2022 |
How can a tumor cell evade immune recognition? | Increasing its expression of MHC I. | Phagocytizing T lymphocytes. | Secreting suppressor proteins such as TGF-β (transforming growth factor β). | Biology | Reducing its expression of PD-L1 (ligand 1 of the programmed death protein). | 91 | 4 | 1f5cf3cc-fbce-45f8-97d6-50cbb3b33835 | 2022 |
All of the following elements are part of the barriers against microorganisms of the epithelia and mucosa, except: | The lysozyme in tears and saliva. | The sebum from the sebaceous glands. | The antimicrobial peptides secreted by the epithelial cells. | Biology | The basic pH of the skin. | 93 | 3 | 86754778-e160-46dd-8508-723d6be0c99f | 2022 |
What is the set of cells and molecules that best adapts to the immune response pattern against viruses? | Interferons α and β, neutrophils, TH1 lymphocytes, and type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC-3). | Interferon γ, neutrophils, TH1 lymphocytes and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC-2). | Interferons α and β, natural killer cells, T-CD8+ lymphocytes, TH1 lymphocytes and type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC-1). | Biology | Interferons α and β, eosinophils, TCD8+ lymphocytes, and type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC-3). | 94 | 4 | c14af4b3-6389-4507-aba3-baee567b51ba | 2022 |
To compare a DNA sequence of interest with those recorded in databases, the following bioinformatic tool is used: | OMIM. | BLAST. | ENCODE. | Biology | PUBMED. | 96 | 1 | 46911283-8069-4ece-9455-fd5371281436 | 2022 |
If a gene is located at 17q21 it means that: | It is located on chromosome 17 and 21. | It is located on the long arm of chromosome 17. | It is located on the short arm of chromosome 17. | Biology | It is located on the long arm of chromosome 21. | 97 | 1 | a82c6d5e-bb05-4cc8-b443-76e9455fe583 | 2022 |
The antisense strand of DNA refers to: | The template DNA strand in replication. | The DNA template strand in transcription. | The coding DNA strand in transcription. | Biology | The newly synthesized, discontinuous chain of DNA in replication. | 98 | 1 | b4e688d2-5ba4-43f3-b83f-62c61d8b24dc | 2022 |
Which of the following mutations would decrease the transcription rate of a gene?: | A mutation in the ATG/AUG codon. | A mutation in the promoter. | A mutation in a coding exon. | Biology | A mutation at a splicing site. | 99 | 1 | e82ec8ca-bc38-4c25-a4ad-573387581884 | 2022 |
The transcription factors are: | Regulatory DNA sequences that bind to RNApol II. | Regulatory proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences. | Regulatory proteins that acetylate histones. | Biology | Regulatory proteins that bind to the initiation codon (ATG/AUG) of a gene. | 100 | 1 | 1985bcba-6e45-4943-b8a4-33fe3e64f4d9 | 2022 |
The incorrect answer regarding the use of SYBR-green is: | The SYBR-green molecules bind to specific DNA sequences. | The SYBR-green molecules bind to double-strand DNA molecules, in the minor groove. | It would not be advisable to use SYBR-green in a detection assay of a DNA virus in human serum by RT-PCR. | Biology | Only DNA molecules that have SYBR-green attached emit fluorescence. | 101 | 2 | 487f0b78-8b1b-40fb-babb-564896a4adad | 2022 |
Regarding molecular hybridization techniques, indicate which of the following statements is correct: | The Southern blot technique is similar to the Northern blot, but in Southern, RNA molecules are transferred to the solid support. | In the Northern blot technique, the DNA molecules being studied are transferred to a solid support, and the sequences of interest are detected with marked oligonucleotide-specific probes. | The first hybridization technique that was developed was Northern blot, and it is named in honor of the researcher who described it in 1975. | Biology | The Western blot (or immunoblot) technique involves the separation and transfer of proteins to a solid support, detecting them with specific antibodies. | 102 | 3 | 145c97a3-8767-4b3d-a639-d3e7a0158a2f | 2022 |
What is the probability of developing a disease caused by a mutation in the mitochondrial genome for the male children of a couple consisting of a healthy woman and a man affected by said disease? | 50%. | 100%. | 0%. | Biology | 25%. | 103 | 4 | e3dd25b6-78a7-41de-ad26-4f313cc245ef | 2022 |
When the phenotype of a heterozygote is quantitatively intermediate between that of the two homozygotes, we are faced with a case of inheritance: | Codominant. | With incomplete dominance. | Epigenetics. | Biology | Epistatic. | 104 | 1 | c10a2515-b13d-4814-bdef-b9785cd5200f | 2022 |
The carrier of a chromosome with an inversion presents: | Greater expression of the genes of the homologous chromosome. | Higher risk of producing unbalanced gametes. | Lower VDJ recombination rates. | Biology | Higher risk of mitotic failure. | 105 | 1 | 529b0e3c-019b-41b7-9c9c-eff0987f281c | 2022 |
How is it possible that different triplets of nucleotides in mRNA translate into the same amino acid? | Because a single transfer RNA can recognize different triplets. | Because each triplet is recognized by a different transfer RNA. | Because the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are not very specific. | Biology | Because the same transfer RNA can carry different amino acids. | 106 | 2 | 545bfd18-0597-4e62-877a-1f62fb4fd474 | 2022 |
Type I topoisomerases differ from Type II in that: | They cut a single strand of the double-stranded DNA. | They cut both strands of the double-stranded DNA. | They join fragments of a strand of the double helix of DNA. | Biology | They join both strands of the double DNA chain. | 107 | 2 | 306fc8e3-5f7c-4ca6-af4c-2f315487e04a | 2022 |
A metacentric chromosome is one whose centromere is located: | Equidistant from the ends. | At the end of the chromosome. | Outside of the chromatid. | Biology | Closer to one end than the other. | 108 | 2 | a305b52d-dd27-4607-a9a4-35b9405a199f | 2022 |
Where are the primers synthesized on the lagging strand located? | In several places within an Okazaki fragment. | At the start of each Okazaki fragment. | Only at the 5' end of the recently synthesized chain. | Biology | Only at the 3' end of the recently synthesized chain. | 109 | 1 | d0383a4b-5455-4c07-9778-feca6421783f | 2022 |
In Escherichia coli, the sigma factor of the RNA polymerase participates in: | The catalytic activity of the RNA polymerase. | The binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter. | The termination of transcription. | Biology | Elongation during transcription. | 110 | 1 | d2fb9b83-17bb-4ce4-b7f8-2e952418432f | 2022 |
During translation, wobble rules allow: | That the genetic code overlaps. | That the genetic code is not degenerate. | That the third base has flexibility in its pairing. | Biology | That the tRNA only pairs with a codon. | 111 | 4 | 5304cbaa-041d-4a12-946f-a30cf6b4b964 | 2022 |
Ras proteins are activated when: | They release GTP. | Bind GTP. | They are acetylated. | Biology | They bind GDP. | 112 | 1 | de19ce6d-a783-4b22-adf9-b989baf0af9e | 2022 |
It is a disease with autosomal recessive inheritance: | Huntington's chorea. | Familial Hypercholesterolemia. | Cystic Fibrosis. | Biology | Marfan Syndrome. | 113 | 4 | a4eba1a4-cf35-43c8-bc93-c8aec589995a | 2022 |
The dihybrid phenotypic ratio in simple recessive epistasis is: | 12:3:1. | 9:7. | 9:3:4. | Biology | 13:3. | 114 | 4 | cac92756-d794-41ad-93b2-cc72152b7e73 | 2022 |
Which of the following techniques diagnoses Angelman Syndrome?: | Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with telomeric probe. | Conventional Cytogenetics (G-banding karyotype). | Sanger Sequencing. | Biology | Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with locus-specific probe. | 115 | 3 | c957ab70-c7ab-41c4-98e3-a3767ac8e7e1 | 2022 |
How many pairs of metacentric chromosomes are there in the human karyotype? | 8. | 6. | 2. | Biology | 4. | 116 | 3 | cee68849-9421-42a8-bf5e-cb17f7be2454 | 2022 |
It is a genetic disease caused by trinucleotide repeat expansion: | Friedreich's Ataxia. | Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. | Gaucher's Disease. | Biology | Noonan Syndrome. | 117 | 2 | f77e9553-cd7a-49eb-acba-db9fd24ce474 | 2022 |
What numerical value does heritability (h2) reach in a population where all variance of a quantitative trait is environmental and not genetic? | One (1). | Negative one (-1). | Zero (0). | Biology | Infinite. | 118 | 4 | eef5bec9-d13f-4ab2-bcc8-ff144393db3b | 2022 |
Nucleosomes are composed of: | Three dimers of histones H2A-H2B and a tetramer of histones H3-H4. | Two dimers of histones H2A-H2B and two dimers of histones H3-H4. | Two dimers of histones H2A-H2B and one dimer of histones H3-H4. | Biology | A dimer of H2A-H2B histones and a dimer of H3-H4 histones. | 119 | 1 | 265da464-255c-47ba-b21a-b725f05edb8d | 2022 |
To introduce a gene into a target cell, there are different delivery methods, both physical and chemical. In the descriptions indicated below, point out which one is a chemical method: | Electroporation and nucleofection are based on the use of an electric pulse to open transient pores in the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane, respectively. | In hydrodynamic delivery, the increase in hydrostatic pressure will expand the cellular pores, allowing for delivery. | Lipid-based delivery systems are very widespread, and include different types of particles. | Biology | Microinjection with a needle is a method applied to normal-sized cells. | 120 | 4 | 25689ad4-b16d-4c0c-9f93-665391ea01ca | 2022 |
To extract the genomic DNA from a specific tissue, all methods include some basic stages. In this context, which of the following statements is not correct?: | During DNA extraction, it is not necessary to inactivate intracellular nucleases, since DNA is protected inside the nucleus. | The first stage consists of cell lysis, which involves the breakdown of the cell membrane to release cellular components. | The last step consists of the purification and concentration of nucleic acids. | Biology | After cellular lysis, it is necessary to proceed with the separation of DNA from the rest of the cellular components. | 121 | 2 | c0b3f3be-894b-4b0f-8a8f-e152f58299f8 | 2022 |
Short tandem repeats of 10 to 100 nucleotides throughout the eukaryotic genome are known as: | Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs). | Open Reading Frame (Open Reading Frame). | Short Interspersed Element (SINES). | Biology | Long Interspersed Element (LINES). | 122 | 2 | 9530e485-b641-48b4-a5b3-f95a695a9fe0 | 2022 |
The metaphase is a part of mitosis in which: | Synthesizes DNA. | Gives the interval between two divisions. | The centromeres are arranged on the metaphase plate. | Biology | Decomposes the nuclear envelope. | 123 | 4 | e7d1b0c6-87a5-435f-9c20-4948591204e9 | 2022 |
The translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12) is associated with: | Wilms' Tumor. | Ewing's Sarcoma. | Neuroblastoma. | Biology | Retinoblastoma. | 124 | 1 | 895cb5cf-21eb-4958-8a13-56f0a5854613 | 2022 |
In a box plot ("Box-plot" or "Box and Whisker plot") that we use to describe a set of quantitative values, the values that delimit the central box are: | The limits of the confidence interval for the mean at 95%. | The median and the 95th percentile. | The first and third quartile. | Biology | The mean plus/minus the interquartile range. | 125 | 4 | c4b2c0e2-c25b-4fd1-9116-89250301f7a7 | 2022 |
As a result of a hypothesis contrast to test the null hypothesis H0, a p-value (or P-value) of 0.025 is obtained. Therefore: | H0 is rejected at significance levels of 0.05 and 0.01. | H0 is accepted at the significance level of 0.05 and is rejected at 0.01. | H0 is accepted at significance levels 0.05 and 0.01. | Biology | H0 is rejected at the significance level of 0.05 and accepted at 0.01. | 126 | 3 | 4b96a65e-1c52-4424-9c84-d5307996512c | 2022 |
To determine whether a treatment is effective, quantitative data has been collected from a group of individuals before and after applying said treatment. Assuming a sufficiently large sample size, the appropriate test that we must apply is: | T-test for difference of means with unknown and different variances. | T-test for difference of means with unknown but equal variances. | Shapiro-Wilk Test. | Biology | T-test for paired samples. | 128 | 3 | 109bd54c-e4b4-4e5e-8e83-917f2d9c70ca | 2022 |
A 2x3 contingency table has been constructed by cross-referencing the Vaccination variable (Yes/No) with the severity of an ailment (Asymptomatic, Mild, Severe). To determine if there is a lack of association (or homogeneity) between both variables, the following is used: | The chi-square test with 4 degrees of freedom. | The chi-square test with 2 degrees of freedom. | The Wilcoxon rank-sum test with its normal approximation. | Biology | The F-test with 2 and 3 degrees of freedom. | 129 | 1 | 46b1269f-1dc1-4739-8b0c-7948fbd136a6 | 2022 |
In relation to the inactivation of the X chromosome in women, it is false that: | The inactivated X chromosome is silenced by a "long non coding (lnc)" RNA. | The pattern of X chromosome inactivation occurs randomly, between the maternal or paternal X chromosome, throughout embryonic development and is set a few days before birth. | The XIST gene is expressed in the X chromosome that is going to be inactivated. | Biology | A critical gene for the inactivation of the X chromosome is the XIST gene. | 130 | 1 | a33cac1e-041a-418e-b03c-383cc9377f4d | 2022 |
The alpha subunit of thyrotropin (TSH) is useful in the diagnosis of: | Hypothyroidism. | Hyperthyroidism. | Subclinical hypothyroidism. | Biology | Pituitary tumors. | 131 | 3 | 32c9a454-accf-4249-8866-38e2dadf1cd3 | 2022 |
Characteristics of diabetic nephropathy include: | A decrease in the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (<6%). | An increase in the excretion of albumin (> 30 mg/day). | A decrease in circulating LDL cholesterol levels (< 80mg/dL). | Biology | An increase in glomerular filtration (>120 mL/min/1.73 m2). | 133 | 1 | c481ebba-d6ed-4b4e-92db-331814a4dac9 | 2022 |
The main apolipoprotein present in LDL-cholesterol particles is the: | 2 E. | 1 C. | B-100. | Biology | B-48. | 134 | 4 | f5534a5b-24a5-40df-b283-e1d4e39625db | 2022 |
Based on their electrophoretic mobility in serum, HDL cholesterol particles migrate in the fraction: | Alpha. | Pre-Beta. | Origin. | Biology | Beta. | 135 | 2 | b0ace0d2-90df-4474-927b-b98765aa6898 | 2022 |
One of the following markers is not of bone formation: | Bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase. | Osteocalcin. | Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). | Biology | Carboxyterminal propeptide of procollagen I (PICP). | 138 | 4 | 45db473b-34c3-4f1f-ae58-bfaa5fb9009f | 2022 |
The most common cause of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is: | Neonatal jaundice. | Gilbert's Syndrome. | Hemolysis of any etiology. | Biology | Chronic liver disease. | 140 | 2 | d99ae1e1-dc71-459f-8d9e-a1e901cbcd68 | 2022 |
Epigenetics is defined as: | All molecular pathways that affect the regulation of genes, through heritable or non-heritable modifications, that do not change the DNA sequence. | All the nucleotide variants acquired by an individual after birth. | They are the DNA methylation processes after cellular differentiation. | Biology | All molecular mechanisms that affect histones or the structure of chromatin. | 141 | 2 | 967e865f-5dac-4169-b8e4-b36d4d312fb5 | 2022 |
Regarding the concept of hereditary autosomal recessive disease: | The individual inherits two abnormal alleles at a given genetic locus, receiving a mutant allele from each carrier parent; the gene causing the disease is on one of the sex chromosomes. | The individual inherits two abnormal alleles at a given genetic locus, by receiving a mutant allele from each carrier parent; the gene causing the disease is on one of the autosomes and not on the sex chromosomes. | It is a disease that affects the chromosomes due to an aberrant meiosis during the formation of the ovum or spermatozoon. | Biology | It is a disease that, being recessive, remains hidden in the genome and is only transmitted to the grandchildren. | 142 | 1 | 7c573194-3483-4ad8-924d-b6120c90f5e4 | 2022 |
The fetal DNA that circulates in the plasma of the pregnant woman: | Fetal DNA only circulates in the pregnant woman when there is fetal or placental distress. | Represents all the plasmatic DNA that is extracted from maternal blood. | It is a small percentage compared to the DNA that circulates in the maternal plasma. | Biology | Its study is useful only in disorders that affect the Y chromosome, to avoid confusing it with maternal DNA. | 143 | 4 | 01e6d084-05c3-4c4d-b69d-2e38ba9c56d1 | 2022 |
Regarding the non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of the fetal RHD gene in the plasma of a pregnant woman with RhD negative antigen: | Most of the time when the mother does not express the RhD antigen, it is due to loss of the encoding material for this protein. Therefore, detecting exons of this gene in maternal plasma implies a high possibility that the fetus is RhD positive. | It cannot be done, given that the mother with RhD negative has not lost the gene, but instead has placed it in an antiparallel manner in her DNA and, although it is not transcribed, the DNA circulates in her plasma. | Since there is no treatment or preventive measure to prevent the mother's immunization, it has no diagnostic utility. | Biology | It has no clinical utility because the mother will never become immunized against a membrane protein of her fetus. | 144 | 2 | e5d1fd6d-b5a0-4f27-bb33-a3d9e6ed59ff | 2022 |
Pharmacogenetics: | It refers to genetic studies aimed at designing new viral-based drugs that can be used against cancer. | It refers to genetically designed drugs created in laboratories to be used as gene therapy drugs. | It can predict and/or explain how people respond to drugs, and it is a prominent component of personalized and precision medicine. | Biology | It exclusively studies the viruses that cause cancer in order to block them before they infect humans. | 145 | 4 | 11255972-5b5c-4bbd-a767-11741f48093c | 2022 |
Cystatin C: | Its serum concentration is inversely correlated with the glomerular filtration rate. | It is a glycosylated protein of high molecular weight that forms a tetramer with four subunits of 128 kDa. | It is associated with cystinuria in the newborn. | Biology | It is used as a marker of bone remodeling. | 146 | 2 | 7f07efcf-a206-4720-8ed3-71809a05589a | 2022 |
In relation to the analysis of synovial fluid: | The crystals of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate are needle-shaped and have negative birefringence. | In chondrocalcinosis, we find monosodium urate crystals. | In the drop, calcium oxalate crystals are observed. | Biology | The non-pathological synovial fluid can contain up to 200 leukocytes/µL. | 147 | 3 | ca529c96-efcd-47f8-a6b5-6a0bd0761118 | 2022 |
The following analytes behave as acute phase reactants except: | IgM. | Interleukin-6. | Procalcitonin. | Biology | Ceruloplasmin. | 148 | 2 | e27c2c2e-d91d-45f3-bef0-53487e790771 | 2022 |
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