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For which disorder is the multicomponent program of emotive enactments recommended? | Social anxiety. | Panic disorder. | Specific phobias. | Psychology | Obsessive-compulsive disorder. | 185 | 4 | bcb7b465-dda5-4edb-a80b-a3a88144f88b | 2022 |
In relation to the unified protocol (UP) for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders by Barlow and collaborators (2018), indicate the false option: | It has not been adapted for children, but it has for adolescents. | One of the goals is to prevent emotional avoidance. | It is used both to intervene in the realm of emotional disorders and at a preventive level. | Psychology | Try to increase awareness about emotions. | 186 | 2 | 9370dcd0-8a9b-454a-bf1d-2250542e2a01 | 2022 |
Regarding the Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), indicate the false option: | It is considered a treatment based on behavior therapy. | It is an evidence-based treatment for minors with disruptive behavior problems. | It is an evidence-based treatment for minors with eating disorders. | Psychology | Includes strategies of positive contingent attention and effective discipline strategies. | 187 | 4 | 40c94045-b1f3-4762-a1de-3f7163f5e009 | 2022 |
Which of the following treatments is not part of the well-established or probably effective treatments for eating disorders?: | Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. | Individual cognitive-behavioral therapy. | Systemic family therapy. | Psychology | Behavioral family therapy. | 188 | 2 | 40ec6460-a075-41cc-aaca-750d47de7ee2 | 2022 |
What treatment is considered well established for nocturnal enuresis? | The alarm method. | Retention training. | The imipramine. | Psychology | Dry bed training. | 189 | 2 | 484d988a-ce62-4588-b0e9-985ee66136f0 | 2022 |
Childhood trauma can manifest in very different ways depending on age or gender. Which of the following statements is there evidence for?: | Both boys and girls may experience school maladjustment and socialization difficulties, tending, more often than adults, to blame themselves directly or indirectly for the traumatic event. | In general, boys find it easier to express their emotions than girls, with anxious symptoms predominating in boys, while depressive reactions are more common in girls. | Older children and prepubescents often express the symptoms of re-experiencing the traumatic event directly or symbolically through repetitive, anxious, and rigid games related to the trauma. | Psychology | In girls, behavioral disorders are more common, and in boys, depressive disorders, reckless behaviors, and irritability are more common. | 190 | 2 | 366d4536-3869-4186-a0aa-a694b9fa55e6 | 2022 |
Which of the following reasons justify the difficulties in identifying generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in childhood?: | For the diagnosis of GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder), according to DSM-5 criteria, only two out of the six possible symptoms are needed, and this leads to an overdiagnosis of the disorder. | The childhood form of GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder) is usually identified as anxious temperament or as a profile of early maturity, with children considered excessively scrupulous, responsible, and perfectionist. This can mask the disorder as these are qualities that please adults. | In children with GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder), concerns and worries often relate to the past, their health, and the well-being of their family, increasing the fear of being separated from their attachment figures. | Psychology | The anxious worry, a core aspect of GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder), is a cognitive process that always develops before the age of 8, and therefore, the child cannot clearly express it. | 191 | 1 | ee780de1-1211-450d-ba92-895322fa4645 | 2022 |
In regards to the differential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with other disorders, it is true that: | Tantrums in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and in people with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) differ in the antecedent stimulus, being more associated with unexpected changes in the case of ASD and with impulsivity and low control in the case of ADHD. | The presence of restrictive and repetitive behavioral patterns is present in the behavior of individuals with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) and individuals with social (pragmatic) communication disorder. | People with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and those with ASD perform rituals associated with avoidance behaviors that are often accompanied by a sense of pleasure. | Psychology | Mutism in people with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) and in people with selective mutism is caused by different preceding stimuli. It is associated with the avoidance of anxiety situations in the case of ASD and with social avoidance in the case of selective mutism. | 192 | 2 | 830ecba1-8a50-41ce-8eea-6386cf2bf74c | 2022 |
One of the psychological treatments to intervene in the aftermath of child sexual abuse is trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy. Which of the following would not be a phase of this therapy?: | Stabilization and skill development. | Debriefing. | Consolidation and closure. | Psychology | Reprocessing of trauma. | 193 | 1 | cd6bdd33-e432-4963-b2b5-430cf841a475 | 2022 |
Which of the following statements is false in relation to the best established psychological treatment for self-harming behaviors and suicidal ideation in adolescents in dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents?: | Includes phone support. | It aims to reduce self-destructive behaviors through the acquisition of new emotional regulation skills, tolerance to frustration, and the construction of a life worth living. | Work on restructuring the negative thoughts associated with self-harm. | Psychology | Weekly sessions of individual therapy with the adolescent, with family members, and group therapy are conducted. | 194 | 4 | 617cb9d3-33b7-4cd7-95f9-ad4efe5a0e28 | 2022 |
Which of the following is not a phase of Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT) (Therapy of rehearsal or review in imagination) for nightmares?: | With your eyes closed and relaxed, practice and mentally visualize a modified version of the nightmare. | The boy or girl completes the intervention diary. | Cognitive biases and biographical meanings about the content of nightmares are worked on, in imagination. | Psychology | The boy or girl remembers the nightmare from the night before and modifies its content as they wish. | 195 | 4 | eea18741-ebe7-4680-9fd9-661917b3b7c3 | 2022 |
Regarding post-traumatic stress in children under six years old, indicate the correct option: | Intrusive memories may not necessarily be distressing and can manifest through play. | Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cannot be diagnosed at that age. | When irritability and outbursts of rage are predominant, it should be diagnosed as oppositional defiant disorder. | Psychology | Scenes of violence seen only on television or in photographs are included as potentially traumatic events. | 196 | 2 | 196fab2e-6f8c-4f63-becb-fb56fa79e587 | 2022 |
The Coping Cat program is a treatment: | Aimed at preschool children with separation anxiety. | Highly structured for child anxiety. | Multicomponent for social anxiety. | Psychology | Indicated for depression in adolescents. | 197 | 1 | 063b26b1-2203-4cdf-a140-117a29a93cdf | 2022 |
Regarding the concept of setpoint, by Keesey (1980), indicate the false option: | The body tends to regulate itself to hinder a rapid and extreme weight gain. | The body tends to regulate itself to prevent excessive weight loss. | The setpoint is immovable. | Psychology | Allows some understanding of the floor effect and the ceiling effect in nutrition. | 198 | 4 | 94a90144-9b29-4e28-8474-72897f5c3a70 | 2022 |
In relation to Melzack and Wall's pain theory, known as the gate theory, indicate the false option: | The afferent neuronal activity of the peripheral nociceptors is modulated in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, which acts as a gate that either prevents or allows the passage of nervous impulses originating from the nociceptors and cortex. | Pain is seen as a complex phenomenon linked to tissue damage, emotional state, motivational and reinforcement aspects, as well as attentional factors. | Neither the beliefs of the subject nor previous experiences would affect the sensation of pain. | Psychology | The door can be closed or opened by descending messages from the brain, the so-called central control mechanism, so that emotional reactions such as anxiety, fear, or stress can exacerbate the sensation of pain. | 199 | 4 | c4c75801-b8c6-4e10-b377-2c7b2df9f67b | 2022 |
Overweight and obesity are important health risk factors that have been associated with various physical diseases. Indicate which of the following is not or is less associated with it: | Diabetes. | Hyperuricemia. | Hypertension. | Psychology | Respiratory and cardiovascular problems. | 200 | 1 | 2e972018-3184-48f2-b777-155b0500085b | 2022 |
Regarding the treatment of ADHD, indicate the correct option: | The WHO (2016) recommends referral to a specialist for pharmacological treatment (i.e. methylphenidate) if psychological and psychosocial treatments have failed and the child is over 12 years old. | The NICE guide (2018) recommends methylphenidate as a first-line pharmacological treatment for children over five years old and for adolescents. | While methylphenidate has shown effectiveness, lisdexamfetamine has clearly been more ineffective. | Psychology | Parent training and school behavior management programs appear to be effective; however, psychosocial treatment involving parents seems to improve externalizing symptoms more than internalizing ones. | 201 | 1 | ce468dd4-b1a8-4052-8184-7167848d917e | 2022 |
Indicate the correct statement regarding the functional consequences of bipolar II disorder (DSM-5): | Cognitive impairment in bipolar II disorder is less severe than in bipolar I disorder. | Functional recovery is usually not delayed in relation to the recovery from the symptoms of bipolar disorder. | Around 50%, once an episode is over, directly enters into another without inter-episodic recovery. | Psychology | In cognitive tests, patients with bipolar II disorder perform worse than healthy individuals, with the exception of memory and semantic fluidity tests. | 202 | 3 | c380611f-d303-442f-be35-823508cf5568 | 2022 |
Within the models of intelligence, which model posits that intelligence derives from the combination of content, operations, and products? | Sternberg's triarchic theory model. | Guilford's cubic model of intellect structure. | Carroll's Three-Stratum Model. | Psychology | Vernon's hierarchical model of intelligence. | 203 | 1 | 80fbca91-dac4-490a-8ea3-44d1df87c650 | 2022 |
In Stephen Haynes' functional analytic model for clinical case formulation, what does the diamond symbol represent? | Problem effect of another problem. | Causal or moderating variable. | Hypothetical causal variable. | Psychology | Non-modifiable original cause. | 204 | 3 | b6a5676d-ad17-4939-bbed-2b92f6b13da3 | 2022 |
Which of the following is a necessary condition for the application of a contingency management program through incentives for the treatment of drug addiction? | Evaluate the consumption pattern of all drugs, in addition to the main substance. | Frequently monitor the target behavior, usually the use of the primary drug. | Involve third parties, preferably family members, to manage the incentives. | Psychology | Rule out the existence of other associated disorders, in addition to drug addiction. | 205 | 1 | 2bb9cd4c-f99d-43ec-9630-d24eb33e97cb | 2022 |
The non-reactive observational data considered as behavior products include: | The interactions. | The attributes. | The behaviors. | Psychology | The measure of erosion. | 206 | 3 | d7b4d63b-0461-480c-a88e-07f3b96f8955 | 2022 |
For post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents, the treatment with the most empirical support is: | Relaxation. | Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy. | Self-control techniques. | Psychology | The EMDR. | 207 | 1 | 8acef25c-bba1-4594-8a6c-ceccb229cc3e | 2022 |
Which of the following statements is a characteristic of the random block design?: | It allows for reducing the heterogeneity of the experimental units and, therefore, increasing the power of the F test used for analyzing the treatment effect. | The interaction between the manipulated variable and the blocking variable is assumed. | It uses a statistical control strategy called blocking technique. | Psychology | The blocking variable should not be correlated with the dependent variable. | 208 | 2 | 078c83ff-18b8-42ad-81c0-ad0f88a3f04a | 2022 |
According to Higgins' self-discrepancy theory, the differences between the actual self-concept and the obligated/responsible self-concept fundamentally cause: | Despondency. | Depression. | Disappointment. | Psychology | Anxiety. | 209 | 3 | eaa6dcab-8856-47fb-8cd0-45dc1bb75251 | 2022 |
In regards to the Panum's fusional area and its relationship with the horopter in depth visual perception, where is the size of the Panum's fusional area smallest? | In the environment of the fixation point. | In the visual periphery. | In the temporal hemiretina. | Psychology | In the nasal hemiretina. | 210 | 2 | f1ca9d0d-7d21-44c1-81a4-5bcbbef5ca71 | 2022 |
Considering the characteristics of the covariance design, indicate the incorrect statement: | This refers to a design in which an experimental control procedure is used on the disturbing variable or covariate. | The analysis associated with this design is the analysis of covariance, which combines the advantages of variance analysis and regression analysis. | This design is used in quasi-experimental methodology with the purpose of controlling selection bias. | Psychology | It is a design that allows reducing the error variance and increasing the statistical power. | 1 | 2 | 24aa9754-6acd-45f7-abf6-6e573b3b8eae | 2021 |
In the field of statistical data analysis, regarding the effect size, indicate the incorrect statement: | The Cohen's d test involves calculating the standardized difference between measurements. | In a variance analysis, obtaining a statistically significant F value always corresponds to a significant effect. | The effect size between more than two means can be calculated using the f statistic. | Psychology | To estimate the proportion of explained variance, it is discouraged to use eta-squared because it is a biased estimator of the effect size. | 2 | 1 | 41c39e91-16fa-4b67-842e-324597fc73ac | 2021 |
Within the framework of the analysis of variance with more than one factor, indicate the incorrect statement: | A simple effect consists of the effect of factor A when only a single level of the other factor B is taken into account. | The study of the moderating effect of a third variable, in the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable, can be analyzed through the interaction effect between said third variable and the independent factor or variable. | The analysis of simple effects should not be used to interpret a statistically significant interaction. | Psychology | When a statistically significant interaction effect is obtained, interpreting the main effects involved in that interaction constitutes an interpretation error. | 3 | 4 | 4865614a-afd2-4022-acd4-24d584299d16 | 2021 |
Regarding the strategies for selecting a sample for a study, point out the incorrect statement: | The sample size can be defined by responding to the objective that the sample is representative of the reference population and/or by attending to a priori power studies. | In stratified random sampling, restrictions are established on the completely random selection of the sample. | Random cluster sampling implies that, instead of individual elements from the population, sets of elements are used which can be considered to constitute a broader unit. | Psychology | In stratified random sampling, the procedure of uniform allocation implies that the sizes of the strata are proportional to the population sizes. | 4 | 3 | ec808e69-51e6-4edd-9c3b-e73215eaeaa9 | 2021 |
The aim of the random block design is not: | Control a disturbing variable through a stratification procedure. | Use a complete randomization process. | Increase the homogeneity in each experimental condition. | Psychology | Reduce the error variance and, therefore, increase the statistical power. | 5 | 1 | 023eb5c6-8962-4820-b1ff-3c04bd978ec9 | 2021 |
Which of the following tests is used to verify the assumption of sphericity in the analysis of variance of repeated measures?: | Levene. | Shaphiro-Wilks. | Mauchly. | Psychology | Mantel-Haenszel. | 6 | 4 | 7b937a90-9d95-4a68-ac92-c51d8bdb3003 | 2021 |
The information function of the test in Item Response Theory (IRT) plays a role "equivalent" to that which it plays in Classical Test Theory (CTT): | The validity coefficient. | The difficulty index. | The reliability coefficient. | Psychology | The discrimination index. | 7 | 4 | d3bc80fd-6ca9-49a9-ac3e-b0dc17c0c47e | 2021 |
In the context of data analysis, point out the incorrect statement: | The Tukey HSD procedure is a process aimed at making comparisons between pairs of means, when these comparisons are simple and are formulated post hoc. | If multiple simultaneous or independent contrasts are performed in a study, the Type I error rate increases relative to the proposed nominal level. | When intending to compare a control group against the rest of the experimental conditions, the most suitable test to control the type I error is the Newman-Keuls test. | Psychology | The Bonferroni correction is the most appropriate method for controlling the Type I error rate by family of comparisons, when intending to analyze a subset of all possible comparisons, and these are formulated a priori. | 8 | 4 | 1b96328e-ac82-4555-aba8-7edf2ed61f9e | 2021 |
In the process of satisfying biological needs, the physiological system responsible for interrupting homeostasis, once the body has reached equilibrium in the altered function, is called: | Differential feedback or back action. | Feedback or resolution feedback. | Active feedback or feedback loop. | Psychology | Negative feedback or feedback loop. | 9 | 3 | 507506f1-42a1-4178-b3d4-c4388a14028e | 2021 |
In the study of processing ambiguous pronominal anaphora, at what point has it been established (Geinsbacher, 1989) that anaphoric resolution occurs? | At the moment when the end of the sentence is processed and the sentence components are integrated. | At the same moment that the resolution of the repeating anaphora occurs. | At a variable moment after recognizing the pronominal element and depending on the strategy decided by the subject. | Psychology | Immediately after the recognition of the anaphoric pronoun occurs. | 10 | 2 | be45f0b1-f24d-4e6c-8481-0d0b40383c85 | 2021 |
What is true according to Donald Broadbent's (1958) rigid filter model? | The filter is the mechanism that determines which information will be temporarily stored in the S system. | All the information stored in the S system is what manages to pass through the filter and reach long-term memory. | Only the information that passes the filter is processed by the limited capacity channel, and this is the information that becomes conscious to the subject. | Psychology | The filter acts late, once all the information has been processed in parallel in the limited capacity channel. | 11 | 4 | ae847f49-cddb-4a14-b3a5-37ba94391b21 | 2021 |
What consequence does electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle cause? | Muscle paralysis, preventing any motor response related to emotional expression. | In humans, generally positive feelings. | Indifference towards external stimuli. | Psychology | Fight-or-flight aversive responses. | 12 | 1 | cee50ba1-f377-4d2c-9103-af826ee43683 | 2021 |
In the tracking task (also called "shadowing") devised by Cherry (1953), two messages were presented dichotically, i.e., one for each ear/channel, and participants had to repeat aloud the message from the attended ear/channel. When asked about the memory of the ignored (unattended) message, what did the participants remember having detected? | A change in the speaker's voice from masculine to feminine or vice versa. | A change of language. | The repetition of the recording. | Psychology | A change in the meaning of the message. | 13 | 2 | 08d144c9-5098-48a2-9015-bd6955233450 | 2021 |
Regarding extinction, indicate the correct answer: | It involves learning something new (absence of CS-US association) that overlaps with what was learned before. | Extinction produces more reactions of frustration if a partial reinforcement program is active, rather than a continuous one, before the extinction procedure is introduced. | Extinction always works well in behavioral therapy situations where problematic behavior is acquired through conditioning. | Psychology | It occurs much better (faster extinction of conditioned behavior) when acquisition is with partial reinforcement than when it is with continuous reinforcement. | 14 | 2 | 5b8db17a-37fb-4234-99af-69c49a362602 | 2021 |
Which of the following terms can be used to refer to the tendency to attribute the cause of other people's behavior to relatively stable personality traits?: | Availability bias. | Belief in a just world. | False consensus effect. | Psychology | Correspondence Bias. | 15 | 3 | e072f2d5-1f4a-4294-bebc-35ff21ebaf42 | 2021 |
What are the three dimensions considered in Weiner's Attribution Theory? | Locus of causality, stability and controllability. | Consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus. | Representativeness, accessibility, and anchoring. | Psychology | Hedonic relevance, personalism, and social desirability. | 16 | 2 | 1dd4b5db-ac75-4140-be23-fc1e1faabca9 | 2021 |
Which of the following is not one of the dimensions considered in Fiedler's Contingency Theory of Leadership? | Clarity of the task structure. | Quality of leader-member relationships. | Previous level of group cohesion. | Psychology | Leader's power. | 17 | 4 | cbcec369-085a-4469-b988-540f735078ec | 2021 |
What psychosocial process contributes to explaining the emergence of negative stereotypes towards minority groups? | Illusory correlation. | Subtyping. | Mere exposure. | Psychology | Dual identity. | 18 | 2 | cb348795-eb47-43a9-8188-9a1002b188d5 | 2021 |
What is the name of the persuasive tactic that involves securing acceptance of a request and then revealing that it has hidden additional costs? | Foot-in-the-door tactic. | Door-in-the-face tactic. | Ingratiation tactic. | Psychology | Low Ball Tactic. | 19 | 3 | df9136f4-4c94-413e-a62c-d61ed00283f3 | 2021 |
When the child is not capable of solving a particular problem independently, but can do so with the help and motivation of adults or more capable peers, we can affirm that this problem: | It does not correspond to the developmental stage the child is in. | Shows a dependent style of thinking. | It needs to be assimilated, more than accommodated, by the child. | Psychology | It is within the child's zone of proximal development. | 20 | 3 | a0580632-4d8f-4402-b3c1-4576b8c38c12 | 2021 |
The laboratory procedure, proposed by Mary Ainsworth, that is often used to assess the quality of attachment shown by children is called: | Emotional experiment. | Visual abyss. | Systematic observation of the emotional bond. | Psychology | Strange situation. | 21 | 3 | fa43aeac-484e-4d87-9fee-e12faa2644dc | 2021 |
Postformal thinking, a style of thought that some young people and adults are capable of achieving, presents the following characteristic among its features: | Correct and strict application of the laws of scientific thinking and logic. | Ability to combine contradictory elements into a global whole. | Ability to make quick decisions guided by intuition. | Psychology | Ability to solve combinatorial problems. | 22 | 1 | 960d4c73-006e-490c-80fc-e78069d48bfd | 2021 |
Upon reaching old age, one of the challenges that arise is to make sense of what has already been lived, and to accept the finitude of life and death. Erikson referred to this challenge as: | Wisdom. | Generativity. | Transcendence. | Psychology | Integrity. | 23 | 3 | 9d5a9499-5a7b-4cc8-9b4e-cc333c72e2d7 | 2021 |
Parkinson's disease results from a degenerative process of the dopaminergic neurons of the pathway: | Mesocortical. | Tuberoinfundibular. | Nigrostriatal. | Psychology | Mesolimbic. | 24 | 4 | 8da1c6cd-9961-48a0-9cd6-7dea3dfba2df | 2021 |
Which part of the cerebral cortex seems to be involved in the action of weighing the potential benefits over the costs of making a risk investment? | Medial Prefrontal. | Dorsolateral Prefrontal. | Nucleus accumbens. | Psychology | Anterior cingulate. | 25 | 2 | 79d281cd-f792-4a7b-bdcd-37e41444e546 | 2021 |
Damage to the V5 area or the medio-temporal region of the visual cortex produces: | Deuteranopsia or the ability to see only colors resulting from the combination of blue and red. | Cinetopsia or motion blindness. | Protanopia or ability to see only colors resulting from the combination of green and blue. | Psychology | Acromatopsia or color blindness. | 26 | 1 | 4f2e34bc-c4ac-40c9-94d0-484b35f41f37 | 2021 |
The brain regions involved in "first impressions" or judgments that one makes of others within seconds are: | The medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. | The temporoparietal junction and the thalamus. | The insula and the anterior cingulate cortex. | Psychology | The posterior cingulate cortex and the amygdala. | 27 | 3 | aa5c5218-9824-44fb-bc8e-d648c5d1d8cc | 2021 |
Current models of attentional control postulate that in order to attend and respond to a stimulus that appears in the visual field, the following must be activated: | The parahippocampal and perirhinal cortices. | The inferior colliculi and the cortical association areas. | The frontal eye fields and the parietal lobes. | Psychology | The anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. | 28 | 4 | cbe4d091-1340-4b05-80c8-9d51dbe68221 | 2021 |
Galantamine is a drug that is administered to delay memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. What is its mechanism of action?: | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition. | Inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO). | Antagonism of dopamine D2 receptors. | Psychology | Inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. | 29 | 3 | 7d2fc68f-8113-4a6b-899c-378bec16d9c4 | 2021 |
According to Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis, which of the following brain structures contributes to the emotional modulation of decision-making processes?: | Dorsolateral striatum. | Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. | Ventromedial prefrontal cortex. | Psychology | Preoptic area of the hypothalamus. | 30 | 4 | 2feaa6c2-ac6f-425d-8ab2-8287826a590e | 2021 |
Which technique allows for better visualization of anomalies in the integrity of the white matter, as well as the disconnection of frontoparietal and frontotemporal regions in schizophrenic patients? | Functional magnetic resonance. | Diffusion tensor. | Magnetoencephalography. | Psychology | Positron Emission Tomography. | 31 | 1 | f40e47d2-5a55-4e51-99a5-bafb60baf3b5 | 2021 |
When we squeeze a finger hard in order to alleviate pain after receiving a blow with a hammer, we are shutting the door to pain, even if we are not aware of it. Through which fibers does this inhibitory stimulation that we inflict on ourselves reach the brain? | Large A-delta fibers. | Large A-beta fibers. | Small A-beta fibers. | Psychology | Small A-delta fibers. | 32 | 1 | ed801868-98bb-4d83-a723-88ff9914d6c0 | 2021 |
What has the Neuromatrix Theory of Pain been proposed to explain? | The dirty pain. | The placebo effect in pain. | The phantom limb. | Psychology | The clean pain. | 33 | 4 | f4d8d015-31f4-43cb-b71d-b76ebd3da47d | 2021 |
Reactive Attachment Disorder, in which category is it located in the DSM-5? | Destructive disorders, impulse control and behavior. | Neurodevelopmental Disorders. | Disorders related to trauma and stress factors. | Psychology | Anxiety disorders. | 34 | 4 | d3ddcb97-5e2a-4e67-b45d-f5839930b15e | 2021 |
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of children with disinhibited social engagement disorder? | They exhibit episodes of irritability. | They rarely seek comfort or allow themselves to be comforted when they feel discomfort. | Positive affect is limited. | Psychology | They rarely or never turn to the adult caregiver after a risky outing. | 35 | 3 | 747960be-2bea-4f89-b402-966171b6c142 | 2021 |
Regarding the intellectual disability disorder (DSM-5), the following can be stated: | The prevalence of severe intellectual disability is approximately 6 per 10,000. | It has a global prevalence in the general population of approximately 1%. | In general, intellectual disability is progressive, except in cases where it is associated with syndromes such as Rett syndrome or San Filippo syndrome, where we find very stable patterns. | Psychology | In general, women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with mild intellectual disability. | 36 | 1 | 5baca176-71c4-4bb7-b678-ae3d4c03254a | 2021 |
In relation to the treatment of childhood enuresis: | The incorporation of the alarm in dry bed training aims to wake up the child so that the association between the distension of the sphincter and awakening (classical conditioning) can occur. | The effectiveness of training in voluntary urine retention is limited. Approximately only 20% of children treated with this method manage to overcome their bedwetting problem. | The application of the post-training supervision phase corresponding to dry bed training should be extended until the success criterion of 7 consecutive nights without incontinence is achieved. In dry bed training, liquid intake is reduced during the afternoon and night. | Psychology | The dry bed training includes urinary alarm, wake-up training, and fluid intake, but it does not incorporate retention training. | 37 | 1 | 8f3a18df-1430-45b5-b456-791d24b5a99d | 2021 |
For which childhood problem is the Coping Cat treatment program indicated? | Anxiety. | Depression. | Hyperactivity. | Psychology | Obsessive-compulsive disorder. | 38 | 2 | 2a4109f7-d626-4afa-92b1-75042fc4ca82 | 2021 |
The treatment of choice for treating tics is: | Habit reversal training. | Massive practice. | Reinforced practice. | Psychology | Stimulus control. | 40 | 2 | a8bd5390-1c23-4fea-bbeb-bd8f9decd700 | 2021 |
How is the fading out of a token economy achieved? | Increasing the number of tokens given for each behavior. | Eliminating the social reinforcement that accompanies the delivery of the tokens. | Increasing the time between the delivery of tokens and the possibility of exchanging them for reinforcers. | Psychology | Reducing the number of tokens needed to earn reinforcers. | 41 | 4 | 4e5c4c33-aae6-4529-9724-0d3870ebb8ed | 2021 |
The use of punishment as a common tool by some parents to reduce troublesome behaviors in children (shouting, tantrums, etc.) tends to perpetuate, among other reasons, through a mechanism of: | Positive reinforcement of parents' behavior in the short term cessation of the child's annoying behavior. | Overcorrection. | Extinction. | Psychology | Negative reinforcement of the parents' behavior by ending the child's annoying behavior in the short term. | 42 | 3 | 2f8f1f91-f0cf-4f0f-997f-067a89f63a5c | 2021 |
Regarding the social communication disorder, select the correct option: | It is associated with a deficit in the pragmatics of language. | It is a specification within the autism spectrum disorders in the diagnostic classification system ICD 10. | The fundamental symptomatology refers to an inhibition in anxious oral expression in social contexts. | Psychology | The diagnosis can only be made from the age of 12 years old. | 43 | 2 | 591a2559-dcfb-40bf-83f8-48ea222f8a8f | 2021 |
Which author is associated with the so-called "autistic triad" and the idea of a continuum or "autistic spectrum": | Leo Kanner. | Michael Rutter. | Uta Frith. | Psychology | Lorna Wing. | 44 | 3 | 40bbb22c-5c75-4afc-a5de-0c031000917a | 2021 |
What is the usual evolutionary sequence of bladder and bowel control acquisition? | Nocturnal fecal continence, daytime fecal continence, daytime urinary continence, and finally, nocturnal urinary continence. | Daytime fecal continence, nighttime fecal continence, nighttime urinary continence, and finally, daytime urinary continence. | Daytime fecal continence, nighttime fecal continence, daytime urinary continence, and finally, nighttime urinary continence. | Psychology | Nocturnal fecal continence, daytime fecal continence, nocturnal urinary continence, and finally, daytime urinary continence. | 45 | 2 | bf7016d1-844a-401f-ae49-a299229e1733 | 2021 |
Which temperamental characteristics, understood as "negative emotionality", are most associated with depression? | Low activity, high escape, high emotionality, low rhythmicity, and high inhibition. | Low activity, low avoidance, low emotionality, low rhythmicity and high inhibition. | Low activity, high avoidance, low emotionality, high rhythmicity, and high inhibition. | Psychology | Low activity, low avoidance, high emotionality, high rhythmicity, and high inhibition. | 46 | 2 | a0165b93-15ba-41c4-a148-45eab138f12d | 2021 |
Indicate the correct statement about schizophrenia in the child-youth stage: | The degree of persistence of hallucinations is associated with a lower risk of presenting delusional ideation in the following two years. | The delusions of school-age children tend to be simple and systematized. | If the symptoms appear before the ages of 12-13, the onset of symptoms tends to be insidious. | Psychology | Auditory hallucinations are uncommon. | 47 | 4 | 5f238dba-79f1-4051-9212-b4c84ac73be0 | 2021 |
What term is used to describe the pseudoperception that occurs in semi-conscious states between sleep and wakefulness? | Hallucinogenic images. | Hypnagogic and hypnopompic images. | Sleepy images. | Psychology | Parasitic images. | 48 | 1 | 8e5f25af-8f97-475a-8925-d02393b7108e | 2021 |
Which of the following is not a symptom associated with generalized anxiety disorder: | Unsatisfactory sleep. | Frequent headaches. | Ease of becoming fatigued. | Psychology | Lack of concentration. | 49 | 1 | efd585ae-5b98-494e-8403-822f6e18e460 | 2021 |
What phenomenon does a person experience who, very focused on their thoughts, presents a low level of attention for all stimuli that are not related to these thoughts? | Distraction. | Aprosexia. | Temporal gap. | Psychology | Mental absence. | 50 | 3 | 33636bdf-afca-4132-b434-9535446b4d3c | 2021 |
In the early detection, evaluation, and diagnosis of neurocognitive disorders: | Currently, according to the criteria established in the DSM-5 and by the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA), the exploration of biochemical markers is fundamental to enable the diagnosis of major neurocognitive disorder and minor neurocognitive disorder. | Changes in episodic memory are one of the first markers to become abnormal in the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's type dementia. | The functional assessment of basic, instrumental, and advanced daily life activities allows for the differential diagnosis between depressive disorder with cognitive impairment and dementia. | Psychology | The Spanish version of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS-2) has not proven to be an optimal instrument for the detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the clinical setting, and the use of the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination is preferred due to its higher sensitivity in people with MCI. | 51 | 1 | 0a74b348-e5c1-48ab-b14a-3896a25ff566 | 2021 |
In relation to Alzheimer's type dementia (ATD), it is correct to affirm that: | The DTA is the prototype of subcortical dementia. | People with early onset Alzheimer's Disease often present anterograde amnesia and as the lesions in the neocortex progress, they manifest difficulties associated with retrograde amnesia. | Approximately ¼ of the cases have an origin determined by a certain gene (PSEN1). | Psychology | Unlike DTA, whose most significant deficit is associated with executive functions, vascular dementia usually presents greater impairment of episodic memory. | 52 | 1 | 3b76f231-8270-420c-a87a-c6890192ad07 | 2021 |
Within the neurodegenerative types of dementia, regarding frontotemporal dementia (FTD), which of these statements is correct?: | For the diagnosis of FTD (Frontotemporal Dementia), the presence of abnormal substances such as neurofibrillary tangles, Pick bodies, or Tau protein must be ruled out. | DFT usually appears late, starting from the age of 75. | At the clinical level, FTD (Frontotemporal Dementia) can manifest itself through changes in behavior and language impairment, distinguishing a behavioral variant and three syndromes or variants of primary progressive aphasia. | Psychology | DFT encompasses a group of very rare and homogeneous dementias with a known etiology in approximately 75% of the cases. | 53 | 4 | 4e9ff55b-674c-404d-a3f3-10d15207d75b | 2021 |
Regarding the intervention in dementia, indicate the incorrect answer: | The use of antipsychotics in patients with dementia is more frequent than desired as the benefits found are modest and the adverse effects are very notable. | Pharmacological intervention in the more advanced stages of the disease focuses on the administration of glutamate antagonist drugs (memantine). | Group-based cognitive stimulation therapies and multicomponent programs have shown to improve cognitive function, social interaction, and quality of life. | Psychology | The use of antipsychotic drugs is especially indicated in patients with Lewy body dementia (LBD). | 55 | 3 | 01d431e9-6d30-4187-ad76-b060c796a236 | 2021 |
The diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS) is made based on: | Multiple Sleep Latency Test. | Nocturnal polysomnography. | Actigraphy of the sleep-wake rhythm. | Psychology | Central and peripheral thermometry. | 57 | 1 | b3014c81-55c6-43cd-b52c-58272dbbbb06 | 2021 |
The disorder of REM sleep behavior in its typical chronic form, primarily affects: | Adolescents between 12 and 18 years old. | Children between 2 and 6 years old. | People over 50-60 years old. | Psychology | People between 30 and 40 years old. | 58 | 4 | 35127ad6-6b97-4afe-925e-c84a6555a505 | 2021 |
In the advanced phase syndrome, the treatment of phototherapy: | It is effective if done right after the midday meal. | It is effective if done at dawn. | It is not a recommended treatment. | Psychology | It is effective if done at sunset. | 59 | 3 | 29aa4315-d5f0-4557-acea-3f655e33dd94 | 2021 |
Within the dimensional model of personality disorders (DMS-5), pathological traits are organized into five major domains. Indicate the correct answer: | Antagonism, inhibition, neuroticism, psychoticism, and detachment. | Antagonism, intimacy, negative affect, psychoticism, and detachment. | Antagonism, disinhibition, negative affect, psychoticism, and detachment. | Psychology | Self-direction, disinhibition, negative affect, psychoticism, and detachment. | 60 | 4 | 69f8d2ca-d936-45ac-b264-dbf71084b37e | 2021 |
The dimensional model of personality disorders proposed by the DSM-5 (Section III), excludes, among others: | To the borderline personality disorder. | To the Avoidant Personality Disorder. | To the schizoid personality disorder. | Psychology | To the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. | 62 | 4 | 0f112b6f-d7e0-4f7e-aa8d-24abcae659da | 2021 |
The distal tremor of the hands is a characteristic symptom of withdrawal syndrome from: | The antiepileptic drugs. | Alcohol. | Inhalants. | Psychology | Cocaine. | 63 | 1 | 6964fcea-06b1-4ecf-930f-c214d7c20348 | 2021 |
When there is a high consumption of caffeine, such as one gram per day, the following may occur: | Muscle spasms, wandering or rambling thoughts and speech, tachycardia or cardiac arrhythmia, periods of indefatigability and psychomotor agitation. | Grand mal seizure and respiratory failure. | Hand tremors, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, hallucinations and transient illusions, psychomotor agitation and anxiety. | Psychology | Uncontrollable muscle contractions, cramps, chills alternating with sweating, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and sleep disturbances. | 64 | 2 | 0aa135e5-3e8e-49cc-910e-b22e4f3186d9 | 2021 |
An artist or scientist has an idea that they consider to be their own and original, but in reality, they had previously read it in a book. What is this phenomenon called?: | Reduplicative paramnesia. | Cryptomnesia. | Ecmnesia. | Psychology | Experience of transience. | 65 | 1 | 73603137-3e13-4a76-98fe-d7fda88bddf3 | 2021 |
To which of the following types of perceptual deceptions do eidetic images belong to?: | Afterimages. | Consecutive images. | Mnemonic images. | Psychology | Hallucinoid images. | 66 | 4 | 1c50b3fa-b3bc-4e86-b4c0-e4ff84db9273 | 2021 |
What is the inability to recognize familiar faces called? | Anosognosia. | Astereognosis. | Prosopagnosia. | Psychology | Topoagnosia. | 67 | 4 | 900209a4-9601-4e30-9be6-31a87a3aec01 | 2021 |
What experience does the term pareidolia refer to? | To an experience in which the patient is unable to establish the connections that usually exist between two or more perceptions of different sensory modalities. | To a rare anomalous experience that sometimes appears in organic states and in schizophrenia. | To an illusory experience in which the person incorrectly identifies an ambiguous stimulus. | Psychology | To an experience in which the individual provides organization and meaning to an ambiguous or unstructured stimulus. | 68 | 3 | 3c496f93-f5a8-41d7-acd3-7bbb1ce8d9d5 | 2021 |
Which statement is true regarding negative symptoms in the schizophrenia spectrum?: | Secondary negative symptoms would be intrinsic to schizophrenia, while primary negative symptoms would be due to other causes. | Negative symptoms have a higher inter-judge reliability rate and diagnostic accuracy than positive symptoms. | Trait anhedonia appears to be a risk or vulnerability factor for psychosis. | Psychology | The presence of primary and stable negative symptoms for at least six months is referred to as the deficit syndrome. | 69 | 4 | d7f127cf-2b76-46be-8864-9d69ff6a4c32 | 2021 |
From a biochemical point of view, depressions are classified into: | Noradrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic and of non-biological nature. | Adrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic and of non-biological nature. | Adrenergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic and of non-biological nature. | Psychology | Adrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and of non-biological nature. | 70 | 2 | add46f1b-8af5-4db7-b066-121487b397a7 | 2021 |
According to Bowlby's conceptualization, what characterizes introjective depression? | The excessive level of self-criticism and the high achievement goals. | Excessive dependence on others. | Internalized anger. | Psychology | Excessive sensitivity to loss. | 71 | 2 | eb6375ba-645b-4181-94f1-65877e960268 | 2021 |
Which of the following models on panic disorder incorporates both the catastrophic interpretation of physical sensations as well as the perception of self-efficacy over panic?: | Barlow's integrative model (2003). | Barlow's comprehensive model (1988). | The integrative cognitive model of Rush, Shaw, and Emery (2006). | Psychology | The integrated cognitive model by Casey, Oei and Newcombe (2004) | 72 | 3 | 5d2ff4ce-8e3a-4207-beb7-ad7ec186edb8 | 2021 |
What diagnosis is appropriate for an individual who is worried about flaws they perceive in the appearance of another person? | Delightful disorder. | Obsessive-compulsive disorder. | Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. | Psychology | Body Dysmorphic Disorder by proxy. | 73 | 3 | ec0f6535-2fbf-4cc7-9fe5-704feb35b834 | 2021 |
To which type of disorder does the recurring behavior of pulling out pubic or perirectal hair with repeated attempts to stop it more appropriately belong to? | Obsessive-compulsive disorder. | Hair-pulling disorder. | Delusional disorder. | Psychology | Unspecified Paraphilia. | 74 | 1 | 3bd51013-53c5-47c4-8933-d1938113c159 | 2021 |
What thought disorder occurs when a person interrupts their speech before their idea has been completed, and may not remember what they were saying? : | Blockage. | Derailment. | Paralysis of thought. | Psychology | Increased speech latency. | 75 | 2 | 9ec679fb-7cf7-4727-85b6-0dcab16f427f | 2021 |
In recent years, new opioids have emerged, such as oxycodone and fentanils. Regarding this, the following can be stated: | Fentanyl is derived from thebaine. | Oxycodone produces less dependence than fentanyl. | The very common digestive symptoms of oxycodone are dysphagia, gastritis, and mouth ulcers. | Psychology | Fentanyl is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine. | 76 | 3 | d7bae2a3-c366-4e05-8c2c-7b983565bb5a | 2021 |
One of the classic organic theories (H. Jackson) of the hallucinatory phenomenon maintains that it derives from: | An increasing number of cortical neurons, the abundance of senile plaques, neurofibrillary degeneration, and the increasing accumulation of lipofuscin. | Release of nervous activity in primary sensory cortical areas, due to a loss of inhibition of cortical or subcortical association areas damaged by various pathological processes. | An excessive production of dopamine by the neurons that transmit it, a deficit in the amount of dopamine at the synaptic junction, and a functional hyperactivity of the receptor neurons. | Psychology | Increased noradrenergic activity, possibly due to the existence of hyperactivity in the locus coeruleus, the main origin of noradrenergic neurons in the central nervous system. | 78 | 1 | c337b381-45a5-4861-aa13-047a9cb49816 | 2021 |
Regarding the course of anorexia nervosa (AN), indicate the correct answer: | People with AN have a fluctuating or chronic course, but they do not fully recover after a single episode. | There is a higher risk of depressive and bipolar disorders among first-degree relatives of people with AN. | The brain anomalies (detected with functional imaging) clearly respond to alterations associated with malnutrition, but they are not primary anomalies associated with the disorder. | Psychology | The crude mortality rate (CMR) for AN is approximately 10% per decade. | 79 | 1 | 68695b21-f4eb-463b-b649-c0de6c773b0e | 2021 |
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