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may-ohta
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kftt

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translation
{ "en": "There is a theory that Dainichinyorai (Makabirushanabutsu (Mahavairocana), mahaavairocana) originates from Ahura Mazda, the supreme god in Zoroastrianism.", "ja": "大日如来（摩訶毘盧遮那仏、マハー・ヴァイローチャナ）の成立の起源を、ゾロアスター教の善の最高神アフラ・マズダーに求める学説がある。" }
{ "en": "It is based on the attribution of the sun and wisdom and the belief of fire, but there is a large disparity in dharmas between Zoroastrianism and Mikkyo.", "ja": "太陽の属性と智の属性、火を信奉することを根拠としているが、ゾロアスター教と密教は教義に大きな差がある。" }
{ "en": "There is another theory that Ahura Mazda originates from Varuna, a god of contract in Mitanni and Hittite.", "ja": "そのアフラ・マズダーは、ミタンニ・ヒッタイトにおける契約の神ヴァルナを起源とする学説もある。" }
{ "en": "This theory assumes that Varuna was a pair of Mithra (a god of light) since ancient times and that he was Asura, but there is no other significant similarity.", "ja": "この説は昔からヴァルナが光明神ミスラとのセットであること、彼がアスラであることを前提としているが、それ以外には主だった類似性は見られない。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, there is the theory that Dainichinyorai originates from Virocana, the king of the Asura family in Indian mythology.", "ja": "また、大日如来をインド神話のアスラ神族の王ヴィローチャナに求める学説もある。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, the other theory considers it to be a unit of Dainichinyorai that developed from Vairocana, since the name is similar to Virocana, the hierarchy of the Kegon-kyo sutra.", "ja": "この名が華厳経の教主の毘盧遮那仏（ヴァイローチャナ）と類似することから、毘盧遮那仏から発展した大日如来とも同一視する学説もある。" }
{ "en": "It seems that the theory is based on the story of Chandogya Upanishad.", "ja": "その説は、チャーンドギヤ・ウパニシャッドの説話を根拠としているようだ。" }
{ "en": "However, in 'the Mahdbharata,' an epic poem of India, Virocana means the sun god but doesn't necessarily mean only King Asura.", "ja": "ただ、インドの叙事詩「マハーバーラタ」では、ヴィローチャナとは太陽神のことであり、必ずしもヴィローチャナという言葉がアスラ王のみを意味するわけではない。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, since Visnu as the sun god also has this synonym, it isn't considered to be the immediate origin.", "ja": "また、太陽神としてのヴィシュヌもこの異名を持つため、すぐさま起源とは言えない。" }
{ "en": "This theory that Dainichinyorai originates from King Asura and the supreme god of Zoroastrianism remains inconclusive.", "ja": "アスラ王やゾロアスター教の最高神を大日如来の起源とするこの説は、いまだに結論がついていない。" }
{ "en": "(In fact, the origins of the other gods are often invalid except for the similarities among names.)", "ja": "（実際、他の神々の起源も名の類似性以外に大きな根拠がないことが多い。）" }
{ "en": "Vajradhatu: On Bazara Dado Ban", "ja": "金剛界：オン・バザラ・ダド・バン" }
{ "en": "Garbhadhatu: On Abira Un Ken", "ja": "胎蔵界：オン・アビラ・ウン・ケン" }
{ "en": "The statue of Yokokura-ji Temple in Ibigawa-cho, Gifu (Kamakura period)", "ja": "岐阜・横蔵寺(揖斐川町)像、鎌倉時代。" }
{ "en": "The statue of the To-ji Lecture Hall in Kyoto. The present statue was revived during the Muromachi period.", "ja": "京都・東寺講堂像、現存像は室町時代の再興。" }
{ "en": "The statue of Enjo-ji Temple in Nara (late Heian period), made by Unkei", "ja": "奈良・円成寺像、平安時代末期、運慶作。" }
{ "en": "A national treasure", "ja": "国宝。" }
{ "en": "The statue in Toshodai-ji Temple, Nara (early Heian period)", "ja": "奈良・唐招提寺像、平安時代前期。" }
{ "en": "The statue of Kongobu-ji Temple in Wakayama (early Heian period); principal image of Buddha in the former west tower.", "ja": "和歌山・金剛峯寺像、平安時代前期、元西塔本尊。" }
{ "en": "\"Nyonin Kinsei (No Women Admitted)\" means forbiddance for women to enter shrines and temples, reijo (sacred ground), ceremonial sites and others, as well as the limitation to unobstructed cultivation and worship by men.", "ja": "女人禁制（にょにんきんせい）とは、女性に対して社寺や霊場、祭場などへの立入りを禁じ、男性主体の修行や参拝に限定する事。" }
{ "en": "There is a temporary Nyonin Kinsei which considers particular period related with women's menses as a period of abstention, while there is a permanent Nyonin Kinsei which constantly prohibits women's entering in distinction from men.", "ja": "女性の月経に関係する特定の期間を忌みとする一時的な女人禁制と、女性を男性と区別して恒常的に立入りを禁ずる永続的な女人禁制がある。" }
{ "en": "Particularly, the barrier to regulate women's entry to sacred mountains is called the 'nyonin kekkai,' and the stones to show the borderline for women were placed at that border.", "ja": "特に、霊山における入山規制の結界を「女人結界」と言い、その境界には女人境界石が建てられていた。" }
{ "en": "However, for religious female believers Nyonin-do was built as a place where women could devote Buddhist invocations outside of the kekkai (border).", "ja": "しかし、信仰心の篤い女性信者のために、結界の外に女性が念仏に励む場所として女人堂が建てられた。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, the place which permits women to worship and practice unobstructed cultivation is called a 'nyonin koya.'", "ja": "また、女性の参拝・修行を許可した場所を「女人高野」という。" }
{ "en": "After the cultural enlightenment of the Meiji period, the stipulation of nyonin kekkai was released with regard to many sacred mountains.", "ja": "明治時代の文明開化以降、多くの山の女人結界が解除された。" }
{ "en": "Other places have also been released in recent years, in accordance with women's social progress and the discussion of 'nyonin kaikin (release for women) that followed.", "ja": "また近年、女性の社会進出と共に「女人解禁」が議論され、解禁された場所もある。" }
{ "en": "The places that keep the tradition of Nyonin Kinsei remain only in a small proportion.", "ja": "現在も女人禁制の伝統を守っているのは極一部である。" }
{ "en": "Nyonin kinsei, such as in regard to sacred mountains, are considered to be based mainly on Shugen-do's tradition.", "ja": "霊山などへの女人禁制は、主に修験道の伝統にもとづくとされている。" }
{ "en": "Because Shugen-do was established through the syncretization of Buddhism (mainly Mikkyo, or Esoteric Buddhism) with the ancient Japanese Shinto faith, Taoism from China and others, it is difficult to clearly discern why it prohibits women's entry to sacred mountains.", "ja": "修験道は仏教（主に密教）に、日本の古来の神道や大陸由来の道教などが習合して成立したものであるため、なぜ女性の入山を禁止しているのか？　その理由を明確に知ることは難しい。" }
{ "en": "The reason originated in Buddhist commandments", "ja": "仏教の戒律に由来する理由" }
{ "en": "In the original Buddhism, no commandments existed that prohibited entry by women with barriers at particular places.", "ja": "本来の仏教には、ある場所を結界して、女性の立ち入りを禁止する戒律は存在しない。" }
{ "en": "In Shobogenzo, written by Dogen, there is a criticism of nyonin kekkai in Japanese Buddhism as 'a laughing matter in Japan,' and Honen, Shinran and others were critical in their views of nyonin kekkai.", "ja": "道元の正法眼蔵にも、日本仏教の女人結界を「日本国にひとつのわらひごとあり」と批判している箇所があり、法然や親鸞なども女人結界には批判的である。" }
{ "en": "However, Buddhism considers human desires as bonno (earthly desires) and sees an ideal to control bonno by wisdom, so that it recommends the control of sexual desire, which is the most difficult human desire to overcome.", "ja": "ただし仏教は、人間の欲望を煩悩とみなし、智慧をもって煩悩を制御することを理想としており、人間の欲のうち、最も克服しがたい性欲を抑えることを薦めてもいる。" }
{ "en": "Accordingly, in the commandments for priests there are strict restrictions for activities that could stimulate sexual desires such as the prohibition of sexual intercourse (fuin-kai), that of masturbation (koshutsusho-kai), that of contact with women (shoku-nyonin-kai), that of using evil-minded words (sogo-kai), that of urging sexual intercourse as a memorial service (tanshinsaku-kuyo-kai), that of staying alone with a woman (byosho-fujo-kai), and that of doing what which incurs a doubt about their relationship at the time of being alone with a woman (rosho-fujo-kai).", "ja": "そのため出家者の戒律には、性行為の禁止（不淫戒）、自慰行為の禁止（故出精戒）、異性と接触することの禁止（触女人戒）、猥褻な言葉を使うことの禁止（麁語戒）、供養として性交を迫ることの禁止（嘆身索供養戒）、異性と二人きりになることを禁止（屏所不定戒）、異性と二人でいる時に関係を疑われる行動することを禁止（露処不定戒）など、性欲を刺激する可能性のある行為に関しては厳しい制限がある。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, the mountaineering ascetic, who is a practitioner of austerities as half priest and half layman, also needs to keep at least fuin-kai during unobstructed cultivation (one of the hassai-kai, or eight precepts).", "ja": "また修験者は、半僧半俗の修行者であるが、その場合でも、修行中は少なくとも不淫戒を守る必要がある（八斎戒の一つ）。" }
{ "en": "Incidentally, lay people are also prohibited from indecent sexual acts (such as premarital intercourse, extramarital affair, adultery, indecent assault, bestiality and rape) as fujain-kai (no sexual misconduct) (one of the five commandments).", "ja": "ちなみに在家信徒も、淫らな性行為（婚前性交渉、浮気、不倫や強制猥褻、獣姦、強姦など）は不邪淫戒として禁じられている（五戒の一つ）。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, it is recommended that lay people keep fuin-kai only during the period in which they devote unobstructed cultivation, such as in Zen seated meditation and Buddhist invocation.", "ja": "また在家者も座禅や念仏などの修行に打ち込む期間だけは不淫戒を守ることが薦められる。" }
{ "en": "It seems that in order to achieve those goals, women were removed from the places of unobstructed cultivation by men in Shugen-do.", "ja": "それらの目的を達成するために、修験道では、男性の修行場から女性を排除したものと思われる。" }
{ "en": "On the contrary, nunneries (facilities for priestesses) were originally specified as facilities attached to temples with a resident priest (facilities for priests) (for the purpose of protecting the priestess from sexual violence) so that it was difficult to remove men on a strict basis.", "ja": "逆に尼寺（女性出家者の施設）は（女性出家者を性暴力などの被害から守る理由で）もともと僧寺（男性出家者の施設）に付属する施設と規定されており、そのため男性を厳格には排除しづらかった。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, in Buddhism it was originally prohibited for priests or priestess (except Buddha) to make a member of the opposite sex enter the Buddhist priesthood as a disciple (in order to avoid the ruination of the priest who would have his mistress around him as a disciple).", "ja": "また、仏教では、本来（破戒僧が自分の愛人を出家させて身辺に置くことを防ぐため）仏陀を除く出家者は異性の出家者を弟子として得度することは禁じられている。" }
{ "en": "(Only a priest can make a man enter the Buddhist priesthood, and only Ama (nun) can make a woman enter the Buddhist priesthood.)", "ja": "（僧を得度できるのは僧のみ。尼を得度できるのは尼のみ）" }
{ "en": "The facility necessary for entering Buddhist priesthood is called the kaidan (Buddhist ordination platform).", "ja": "弟子の得度に必要な施設を戒壇という。" }
{ "en": "The person who entered priesthood for the first time in Japan was an ama, but from the Nara period to the Kamakura period when the placement of a kaidan needed permission from the Imperial Court, all kaidans such as those at Todai-ji Temple and Enryaku-ji Temple were subject to male priests so that it is believed the difficulty of women's jikai (handing down the precepts) and tokudo (entry to the Buddhist priesthood) were related to nyonin kinsei.", "ja": "そもそも日本で最初の出家者は尼であったが、その戒壇の設置に朝廷の許可が必要であった奈良時代以降、鎌倉時代くらいまで、戒壇の設置を許された東大寺や延暦寺などの戒壇が全て男性僧侶を対象としており、女性（尼）の授戒得度が困難であった点との関連も考えられている。" }
{ "en": "However, Buddhist commandments are different among priests, practitioners of austerities and lay people as mentioned above, and there are differences among sects in the contents of commandments as well as their interpretations and severity.", "ja": "ただ仏教の戒律は、上記のように出家者、修行者、在家で求められる戒律がそれぞれ異なり、戒律の内容や解釈、厳格さも各宗派で異同がある。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, some nunneries adopt the policy of 'no men admitted' and some temples in mountain areas do not adopt nyonin kinsei.", "ja": "そのため尼寺でも「男子禁制」の寺院が存在していたり、山岳部にあっても女人禁制が取られていない寺院も存在していたりする。" }
{ "en": "The reason for the uncleanliness of blood in Shinto", "ja": "神道の血穢による理由" }
{ "en": "In Shinto, the blood that is separated and flows from the body of a living thing is considered to be unclean.", "ja": "神道においては、生物の身体から離れて、流出した血液は血の穢れとみなされる。" }
{ "en": "(This is the concept of considering a part of the body, meaning what is separated from the body, as unclean, which is also perceived in regard to the hair, nails and released bodily fluids; and similar ideas exist in other religions and myths.)", "ja": "（これは身体の一部が身体から分離したものとケガレとみなす考え方で、頭髪や爪、排泄物などにも同様な観念がみられる、また他の宗教や神話にも類似した観念が存在する）" }
{ "en": "For this reason there has, since ancient times, been a taboo that prohibits women in menstruation and puerperal period from entering sacred places (such as shrines) and touching sacred things (such as a mikoshi, or a sacred palanquin).", "ja": "そのため、生理中の女性や産褥中の女性が、神聖とされる場所（神社の境内など）に入ることや、神聖な物（御輿など）に接触することを禁止するタブーが古来よりある。" }
{ "en": "Originally, not only women but also men bloodied due to injuries were prohibited from entering sacred places, while hunting and other activities in sacred places were prohibited for the same reason; however, it seems that based on a characteristic of male chauvinist thinking in the feudal era, only the uncleanliness of blood during menstruation and puerperal period had been emphasized and used as the reason for the removal of women from sacred places.", "ja": "本来は、女性だけでなく、生傷を負って流血している男性が神域に入ることや、神域での狩猟なども同様な理由で禁止されているのだが、封建時代の男尊女卑の風潮から、女性を神域から排除する理由として生理や産褥の血の穢れのみが強調され、使われはじめたと思われる。" }
{ "en": "The faith in divine power such as in Taoism and Mikkyo", "ja": "道教や密教などの神通力信仰" }
{ "en": "There is a theory that this is due to the expectation of power in Buddhism and divine power by incantation and prayer against priests, mainly as influenced by Taoism and Mikkyo in ancient Japan.", "ja": "一説には古代日本においては、おもに道教や密教の影響で、僧侶に対し加持祈祷による法力、神通力が期待されていたためとする説もある。" }
{ "en": "It was thought that the thorough sila (morality) was necessary in order to keep the power of Buddhism, which was needed for priest's prayer.", "ja": "僧侶が祈祷に必要な法力を維持するためには持戒の徹底が必要であると考られていた。" }
{ "en": "Among the stories in which Sennin, a wizard, loses divine power due to his sexual desire, the story of Kume-no-sennin in \"Konjaku Monogatari (Tales of Times Now Past)\" is famous.", "ja": "性欲を起こすと仙人が神通力を失う話としては、今昔物語にある久米仙人の話が有名である。" }
{ "en": "According to that story, he was attracted by young woman's white shins who was washing clothes on the shore of Kume-gawa River, lost divine power, fell down from heaven and married with that woman.", "ja": "久米川の辺で洗濯する若い女性の白い脛（はぎ）に見惚れて、神通力を失い、墜落し、その女性を妻としたという。" }
{ "en": "The syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism in medieval times", "ja": "中世における神仏習合" }
{ "en": "It is thought that different views on the taboos of Buddhism, Shinto and Taoism as above were syncretized in medieval times, and that the basic idea of present Nyonin Kinsei and Nyonin Kekkai was established led by mountain temples and Shugen-do around the Kamakura period.", "ja": "上記の仏教と神道、道教などの異なるタブー観が、中世に習合し、山岳の寺院、修験道などを中心として、鎌倉時代ごろに今の女人禁制、女人結界のベースとなる観念が成立したものと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, since the Kamakura period more and more of the literature distorted and cited a description in consciousness-only theory of ' 女人地獄使。能断仏種子。外面似菩薩。内心如夜叉 (Women are messengers from hell. They can cut Buddha's seeds. Their outside faces resemble Bosatsu. Their minds are like Yasha (devil))' (there is a superstition adapted from the Kegon-kyo Sutra) and another description in the Hoke-kyo Sutra of ' 又女人身。猶有女人五障説 (There exist women. There is a theory that women are five obstacles)' as 'Because women are unclean, they can neither become Buddha nor be relieved,' apart from the original meanings or contexts.", "ja": "また、唯識論で説かれた「女人地獄使。能断仏種子。外面似菩薩。内心如夜叉」（華厳経を出典とする俗説あり）や法華経の「又女人身。猶有女人五障説」を、その本来の意味や文脈から離れ、「女性は穢れているので成仏できない、救われない」という意味に曲げて解釈し、引用する仏教文献も鎌倉時代ごろから増えてくる。" }
{ "en": "(No such meaning is found in the originals.)", "ja": "（原典にそういう意味はない）" }
{ "en": "For these reasons nyonin kinsei is sometimes interpreted as being based on the philosophy regarding women in Kamakura Buddhism.", "ja": "これらをもって、女人禁制は鎌倉仏教の女性観に基づくと説明されることがある。" }
{ "en": "However, it should be noted that there were founders of sects in the Kamakura period, such as Honen and Dogen, who were critical of nyonin kinsei.", "ja": "ただし上記のように法然や道元のような鎌倉時代の宗祖たちには、女人禁制に批判的であった人物がいたことにも留意したい。" }
{ "en": "Other factors contributing to the origin of nyonin kinsei", "ja": "その他に、女人禁制の由来と思われる理由" }
{ "en": "Additionally, there is an opinion that it is because the place of unobstructed cultivation in Shugen-do was in a severe, trackless mountain area.", "ja": "また修験道の修行地が人跡未踏の厳しい山岳地帯であったためとの見方がある。" }
{ "en": "Alpine climbing accidents are not rare, even today.", "ja": "今でも登山者の遭難事故は珍しいことではない。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, in ancient times mountain areas were thought to be dangerous places where the evil spirits of the mountains and rivers lived.", "ja": "まして古代においては山は魑魅魍魎が住む危険な場所と考えられていた。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, mountain areas were places that women, who could give birth, did not or must not approach in order to ensure their safety.", "ja": "そのため子供を産む女性は安全のため近づかない、近づいてはならない場所であったとする。" }
{ "en": "On the contrary, because mountain areas were such places, practitioners of austerity chose them as places of severe unobstructed cultivation where men could not be caught up in thoughts of women.", "ja": "逆にそういう場所だからこそ、修験者は異性に煩わされない厳しい修行の場として、山岳を選んだというもの。" }
{ "en": "Once the mountain path had come to be maintained well in accordance with civilization, religious women began to climb the mountains, relying on the mountaineering ascetic; this confounded the mountaineering ascetics, who then determined the borderlines of taboo by putting barrier stones and built women's halls for prayer and preaching.", "ja": "文明が進んで、山道などが整備されると、信心深い女性が逆に修験者を頼って登山してくるようになり、困った修験者たちが結界石を置いてタブーの範囲を決め、その外側に女人堂を置いて祈祷や説法を行なったのだとする。" }
{ "en": "Kunio YANAGIDA, a scholar of folklore, paid attention to the barrier stone called Uba-ishi at the start of a trail up Mt. Iwaki-san (or Ubasute-yama), a mountain where old women would be abandoned, and in \"Imo-no-chikara\" and \"Bikuni-ishi\" introduced a legend that a woman who crossed over the barrier stone would change into a stone.", "ja": "民俗学者の柳田国男は姥捨山・岩木山の登山口にも姥石という結界石があるのに着目し、結界を越えた女性が石に化したという伝説を『妹の力』『比丘尼石』のなかで紹介している。" }
{ "en": "It was thought that the area beyond the barrier stone or border stone was the other world (the other world over the mountain) and that a religious person could gain a superpower by doing unobstructed cultivation in a kind of other, cloistered world.", "ja": "結界石・境界石の向こうは他界（他界山上他界）であり、宗教者は俗世から離れた一種の他界で修行を積むことによって、この世ならぬ力を獲得すると考えられた。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, there is a theory that it was caused by avoiding the jealousy of female gods because the mountain god Iwanaga-hime had, since ancient times, been considered to be a female.", "ja": "また、古来、山神、イワナガヒメが女神であることから、女神の嫉妬を避ける為との説もある。" }
{ "en": "For example, in the legend of Tono three mountains, which are seen in \"Tono Monogatari (Tale of Tono),\" each of three female gods lived in Mt. Hayachine-san and Mt. Rokkoshi-san, and they had kept nyonin kinsei for a long time.", "ja": "たとえば『遠野物語』に登場する遠野三山伝説では、早池峰山・六角牛山にそれぞれ3人の女神が住んだ山とされ、長らく女人禁制であった。" }
{ "en": "It could be thought that this was a taboo myth in order that women would not approach dangerous mountains.", "ja": "これは女性を危険な山に近づせないためのタブー神話であるとも考えられる。" }
{ "en": "However, Tagiri-bime, a god of Munakata-taisha Shrine Okitsunomiya on Oki-no-shima Island, which today keeps nyonin kinsei, is also a female god so that the myth that female gods were jealous and abhorred women might be established differently.", "ja": "しかし現在でも女人禁制である沖の島の宗像大社沖津宮の祭神、タギリビメも女神であることから、女神は嫉妬ぶかく、女性を忌むという神話も、別に成立していたのかもしれない。" }
{ "en": "According to the other theory, there is an explanation that women have difficulty practicing severe unobstructed cultivation because 'women tend to be psychic,' like priestesses and Itako (people who can communicate with the dead).", "ja": "また別の説では巫女やイタコといった「女性には霊がつきやすい」から荒修行が女性には困難であるという説明づけもされることがある。" }
{ "en": "As the reasons for Nyonin Kinsei, there exist various origins and theories as mentioned above.", "ja": "女人禁制の理由については、上記のようなさまざまな由来や学説が唱えられている。" }
{ "en": "In each place, each origin has been transmitted.", "ja": "各々の場所には各々の由来が伝えられている。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, there is a case that these were combined and changed over a period of history so that it is said to be difficult to reach general ideas from any one originating point.", "ja": "またそれらが歴史的な過程で絡み合い変容していく場合もあり、どれか一つをもって一般論を導き出すのは、困難といえる。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, it could be thought that the time when nyonin kinsei was adopted in festivals was the Edo period or after Meiji period when male chauvinism became widespread, and in \"Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters)\" there is a description that women would join in festivals.", "ja": "なお、祭りに女人禁制が取り入れられたのは、男尊女卑が広く浸透したとされる江戸時代ないし明治時代以降のことと考えられ、『古事記』には祭りに女性が参加していた記述が見られる。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, in ancient Japan women were believed to be sacred persons who were generally haunted spirits, so that women were thought to have many qualifications for being enshrined as god, as represented by Himiko.", "ja": "また古代の日本では、女性は神聖な者で神霊が女性に憑依すると広く信じられており、卑弥呼に代表されるように神を祭る資格の多くは、女性にあると考えられていた。" }
{ "en": "For example, in Okinawa, where Shinto is said to remain in its original form, women were called 'kaminchu' (men were called uminchu) and no men were admitted in the place where Shinto priest (such as Noro) would perform religious services, as opposed to nyonin kinsei.", "ja": "一例として神道の祖形を留めているといわれる沖縄では女性は「神人（かみんちゅ）」と呼ばれ（男性は「海人（うみんちゅ）」、ノロなどの神職が祭祀を行う場では女人禁制とは逆の男子禁制が敷かれていた。" }
{ "en": "A trace of this custom remains today.", "ja": "現在でも風習の名残は残っている。" }
{ "en": "On November 3, 2005, the members of 'a project to climb Mt. Omine-san,' which was set up by dissenters against the nyonin kinsei of Mt. Omine-san, visited the spot in order to climb Mt. Omine-san, and requested the release to the temple's side by submitting a questionnaire, but it ended in failure.", "ja": "2005年11月3日、大峰山の女人禁制に反対する人々が結成した「大峰山に登ろうプロジェクト」（以下、プロジェクト）のメンバーが、大峯山登山のために現地を訪れ、寺院側に質問書を提出し、解禁を求めたが不調に終わった。" }
{ "en": "As a result, both sides agreed to have a chance to talk another day and broke up, but immediately after that the three women of the project stubbornly climbed the mountain in order to assert their view of the problem.", "ja": "その結果改めて話し合いの場を設けることで合意して両者解散したが、その直後に問題提起の為としてプロジェクトの女性メンバー3人が登山を強行した。" }
{ "en": "Against this action, criticism came from the temple's side, local people in opposition and portions of the mass media.", "ja": "この行為に対し寺院側、反対派地元住民、およびいくつかの報道機関が批判を行った。" }
{ "en": "While there is an opinion that \"praises\" the activity of the project side (it is a gesture of agreement with male chauvinism and an evil custom that is opposed to the principle of gender equality), there is another opinion that nyonin kinsei should be maintained firmly (it succeeds the religious and traditional culture that is rooted in Japan and does not promote discrimination such as male chauvinism so that the enforcement of mounting climbing is a hasty and foolish action that violates Japanese culture).", "ja": "プロジェクト側の行動を賞賛する意見（男尊女卑を肯定する象徴であり、男女共同参画理念に反する悪習である）もある一方、女人禁制は堅持すべきとする意見（日本に根付いた宗教・伝統文化を継承するものであり、男尊女卑などの差別を推進する意図のものではなく、強行登山は日本文化を冒涜する軽率な愚行である）もある。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, there is an opinion that criticizes the project side from the standpoint of the freedom of religion (even if a certain faith or custom seems to be superstitious in the context of modern values, it is not good to carelessly and forcibly abandon it so high-handedly, but instead one should wait for the believers to reform voluntarily).", "ja": "また信教の自由の立場からプロジェクト側を批判する意見（ある信仰や風習が近代的な価値観から見て迷信的に見えたとしても、高圧的かつ軽率にそれを捨てさせる態度はよくない。信仰している人たちの自発的な改革を待つべき）もある。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, some intellectuals criticize the project side because they do not act to require abolishment or amendment against the festivals and places in which traditionally no men are admitted, as a contrary practice in Japan (such as Utaki (Okinawa)).", "ja": "また日本には逆に男子禁制の風習がある祭礼や場所（御嶽(沖縄)など）があるが、それについて廃止・修正する行動がなされていない事に関して、プロジェクト側を批判する識者もある。" }
{ "en": "Lineage of Buddhism and Shugen-do in mountains", "ja": "仏教・山岳修験道系" }
{ "en": "Mt. Fuji (but released from the latter part of the Edo period)", "ja": "富士山-但し江戸時代後期より解禁。" }
{ "en": "Mt. Tate-yama (released in 1872)", "ja": "立山-但し明治5年より解禁。" }
{ "en": "Mt. Hakusan (same as above)", "ja": "白山-上に同じ。" }
{ "en": "Mt. Hiei-zan (same as above)", "ja": "比叡山-上に同じ。" }
{ "en": "Mt. Koya (Koyasan) released in 1904", "ja": "高野山-但し明治37年より解禁。" }
{ "en": "The three mountains of Dewa Sanzan (released in 1997)", "ja": "出羽三山平成9年より解禁。" }
{ "en": "However, there is a different period of unobstructed cultivation between men and women.", "ja": "ただし男女別の修行期間がある。" }
{ "en": "Mt. Ishizuchi-yama, Mt. Ishizuchi-san (Ehime Prefecture) (currently nyonin kinsei only on the starting day of the climbing season which is July 1st.)", "ja": "石鎚山（愛媛県）-現在はお山開きの7月1日のみ女人禁制。" }
{ "en": "Mt. Omine-san (Nara Prefecture) (nyonin kinsei in all mountain areas, with a large sign posted at the start of the route to the climb)", "ja": "大峰山（奈良県）-山体全域が対象で、登山道には大きな看板が立つ。" }
{ "en": "There is a protest movement.", "ja": "反対運動あり。" }
{ "en": "Mt. Ushiro-yama (Dosen-ji Temple) (Okayama Prefecture) (except for the route of the climb to the top)", "ja": "後山（道仙寺）（岡山県）-但し、山頂へ向かう登山道は除く。" }