translation
translation |
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{
"en": "Dharma",
"ja": "教義"
} |
{
"en": "Its main sutras (正依) are \"Kegon-kyo Sutra\"(Avatamska Sutra) and \"Hoke-kyo Sutra\" (Lotus Sutra) and minor sutras (傍依) are \"Muryoju-kyo Bussetsu Muryoju-kyo Sutra\"(Sutra of Infinite Life) and \"Kanmuryoju-kyo Sutra\" ('The Sutra of Visualization of the Buddha of Measureless Life,' meaning Amida) and \"Amida-kyo Sutra\" (Amida Sutra), and it preaches that reciting Buddhist invocation makes people reincarnated in Jodo, pure land, from the viewpoint that 'Buddhist invocation by one person equals Buddhist invocation to all people.'",
"ja": "『華厳経』・『法華経』を正依とし、『無量寿経仏説無量寿経』・『観無量寿経』・『阿弥陀経』を傍依として、「1人の念仏が万人の念仏に通じる」という立場から、口称の念仏で浄土に生まれると説く。"
} |
{
"en": "History",
"ja": "歴史"
} |
{
"en": "Yuzu Nenbutsu, which Ryonin began, was mainly temple solicitation and pilgrimage at first and developed from a collective motion having no organization as a Buddhism sect.",
"ja": "良忍が始めた融通念仏は当初は勧進行脚が主で、仏教宗派としての組織を持たず集団運動の中から発展したものであった。"
} |
{
"en": "Yuzu Nenbutsu became popular, such as in Dainenbutsu-ji Temple at Hirano (Osaka City) in Osaka and Seiryo-ji Temple and Mibu-dera Temple in Kyoto, and Dainenbutsu-kyogen Dainenbutsu Kyogen (Kyogen (farce played during a No play cycle) to teach Buddhism to the public) by Engaku Shonin, the restorer of Yuzu Nenbutsu, and has been transmitted at Mibu-dera Temple, Seiryo-ji Temple, Injo-ji Temple (Kyoto City) and Shinsen-en.",
"ja": "大阪の平野(大阪市)の大念仏寺をはじめ、京都の清凉寺や壬生寺などで融通念仏が盛んになり、壬生寺や清凉寺、引接寺(京都市)、神泉苑には融通念仏の中興者である円覚上人による大念仏狂言が伝えられている。"
} |
{
"en": "The 7th Homyo in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) was regarded as the restorer and established the system of Roku Betsuji (六別時制度) which selected the chief priest of Dainenbutsu-ji Temple.",
"ja": "南北朝時代(日本)の第七世法明が中興とされ、大念仏寺住職を選出する六別時制度を定めたとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "It began to have color as a sect around the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), but the tradition of Dainenbutsu-ji Temple was stopped several times and the temples of the Yuzu Nenbutsu sect became other sect's temples and lost traction.",
"ja": "戦国時代(日本)の頃から宗派としての色合いを帯びはじめたが、大念仏寺の法統が何度も絶え、融通念仏の寺も他宗派の寺院となり勢いは振るわなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "From 1688 to 1703, the Yukan of the 46th head priest of Dainenbutsu-ji Temple, who was regarded as a founder of the reemergence of Yuzu Nenbutsu, tried to revive Yuzu Nenbutsu by putting dharma in the statutory form by 'Yuzu enmonsho' (Outlines of the Yuzu-Nembutsu Theology), determining rules as a sect and providing dormitory, which led to the establishment of the Yuzu Nenbutsu sect.",
"ja": "元禄年間（1688～1703）に、融通念仏再興の祖とされる大念仏寺第46世の融観が融通念仏の復興に努め、「融通円門章」等により教義を明文化し、一宗としての制規を定め、学寮も設けるなかで融通念仏宗として整備されていった。"
} |
{
"en": "Since 'Yuzu enmonsho' was written in kanbun, classical Chinese, 'Yuzu nenbutsu shingesho' (document for understanding and mastering Yuzu nenbutsu), which was written in Japanese, were widespread in order to cover the negative effects of the former.",
"ja": "「融通円門章」は漢文体で難解なため、その弊を補うために和文形式で書かれた「融通念仏信解章」も広く普及した。"
} |
{
"en": "Character",
"ja": "特徴"
} |
{
"en": "The greatest characteristic of Yuzu Nenbutsu is that it put higher value on Invocation of the Buddha's Name than Kanso Nenbustu (Buddha ideation through chanting and visualization), so that the Yuzu Nenbutsu sect makes reciting Buddhism invocation (Yuzu Nenbutsu), which was preached by Ryonin and expects Jikkai (ten spiritual realms) Ichinen (a single repetition of a prayer) and rebirth in Jodo of Jita Yuzu (自他融通, literally, Yuzu Nenbutsu for oneself and others), ten times toward the west every morning as a daily duty.",
"ja": "融通念仏の最大の特徴は、観想念仏から称名念仏の重要視に変えた事であり、融通念仏宗では、毎朝西方に向かって良忍の説いた十界一念・自他融通の浄土往生を期する念仏（融通念仏）を十唱することなどを日課とする。"
} |
{
"en": "It was the pioneering work of Senshu Nenbutsu (the Single-Minded Recitation of the Nenbutsu) and transmitted the purer Jodo-kyo Buddhism of the Tendai sect, so that it can be said to have the advanced form and content of the later Jodo and Jodo Shinshu sects.",
"ja": "専修念仏の先駆であり、より純粋な天台系の浄土教仏教を伝えており、その後の浄土宗や浄土真宗の先行的形態と内容を持つともいえる。"
} |
{
"en": "Fugen Bosatsu, samanta bhadra in Sanskrit, is a venerable Bosatsu entity and is Bodhisattva, which is worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism.",
"ja": "普賢菩薩（ふげんぼさつ）、サンスクリットサマンタ・バドラ(samantabhadra)は、大乗仏教における崇拝の対象である菩薩の一尊。"
} |
{
"en": "Sanma yagyo (characteristic things of the Buddha) is a sword and Gokosho (A short club with five prongs at each end, usually made of gilt bronze).",
"ja": "三昧耶形は剣、五鈷杵。"
} |
{
"en": "Shushi (Mikkyo, Esoteric Buddhism) is aM and huuM.",
"ja": "種子(密教)（種字）はアン(aM)、ウーン(huuM)。"
} |
{
"en": "The Sanskrit name samanta bhadra means 'far and widewise man' and that he is a wise man who appears in the far and wide world and relieves people with Buddha's mercy and intelligence.",
"ja": "梵名のサマンタ・バドラとは「普く賢い者」の意味であり、彼が世界にあまねく現れ仏の慈悲と理知を顕して人々を救う賢者である事を意味する。"
} |
{
"en": "In addition, since it is seen in Hoke-kyo Sutra which preaches Nyonin Jobutsu (Attainment of Buddhahood by women), it has been especially worshipped by women.",
"ja": "また、女人成仏を説く法華経に登場することから、特に女性の信仰を集めた。"
} |
{
"en": "In Mikkyo it is regarded as a symbol of aspiration for Buddhahood (a mind to seek enlightenment through mastering the truth) and seen as the same entity as Kongosatta which has the same character.",
"ja": "密教では菩提心(真理を究めて悟りを求めようという心)の象徴とされ、同じ性格を持つ金剛薩埵と同一視される。"
} |
{
"en": "For this reason, Fugen Bosatsu is often called Kongoshu Bosatsu, another name for Kongosatta, as well.",
"ja": "そのため普賢菩薩はしばしば金剛薩埵の別名でもある金剛手菩薩(こんごうしゅぼさつ)とも呼ばれる。"
} |
{
"en": "Mt. Gabi (Emeishan) in Sichuan Province, China are regarded as Reijo, sacred ground, of the Fugen Bosatsu and statues are placed as Kyoji, attendant figures, of Shakanyorai with Monju Bosatsu (Manjusri).",
"ja": "中国・四川省の峨眉山が普賢菩薩の霊場とされ、文殊菩薩とともに釈迦如来の脇侍を勤める。"
} |
{
"en": "(See Shaka sanzon, Shaka triad.)",
"ja": "（参照：釈迦三尊）"
} |
{
"en": "As an individual Buddha, the most common figure is expressed as a figure which joins its hands in prayer in the lotus position on a white elephant that has six ivory tusks and has Rengeza (padmasana, Lotus base) on the back.",
"ja": "独尊としては、蓮華座を乗せた六牙の白象に結跏趺坐して合掌する姿で描かれるのが、最も一般的である。"
} |
{
"en": "In Mikkyo it is expressed as a figure which has a lotus stem on which a treasure sword is placed in the left hand and a figure which has gokorei (a five-pronged bell) in the left hand and Gokosho in the right hand in the same way as Kongosatta, and figures which have nyoi (an implement carried by Buddhist priests at a ceremony or during formal preaching), lotus flower and scriptures as well.",
"ja": "密教では、左手に宝剣を立てた蓮茎を持る姿や、金剛薩たと全く同じ左手に五鈷鈴、右手に五鈷杵を執る姿で表される他、如意や蓮華、経典を手に持つ作例も見られる。"
} |
{
"en": "In Japan from the middle of the Heian period, it was worshipped mainly by noble women in accordance with the prevalence of Hoke-kyo Sutra, which preaches women's relief.",
"ja": "日本では平安中期以降、女性の救済を説く法華経の普及によって、主に貴婦人たちからの信仰を集めた。"
} |
{
"en": "In Japan there are many pictures and statues, such as the wooden statue (national treasure) of Fine Arts in the latter part of Heian period at The Okura Shukokan Museum.",
"ja": "日本では絵画・彫像とも作例が多く、彫像の作例としては、大倉集古館の平安時代後期の木像（国宝）などがある。"
} |
{
"en": "Fugen Enmei Bosatsu,' has venerable status and was more strongly influenced by Mikkyo, and is regarded as a strong venerable entity with 22 hands and many examples of this work have been made in Japan.",
"ja": "より密教的な姿として「普賢延命菩薩」という尊格があり、22手を持つ強力な尊とされ、日本でも作例は少なくない。"
} |
{
"en": "Concerning pictures, the picture of Fugen Bosatsu on an elephant in Tokyo National Museum (national treasure, the latter part of the Heian period) is a representative work.",
"ja": "絵画作品としては東京国立博物館の普賢菩薩騎象像（国宝、平安時代後期）が代表的な作例である。"
} |
{
"en": "The book of Bujo-ji Temple in Tottori Prefecture (national treasure) and the book of Nara National Museum (important cultural property) and others are known as representative works.",
"ja": "他に鳥取県豊乗寺（ぶじょうじ）本（国宝）、奈良国立博物館本（重要文化財）などが代表作として知られる。"
} |
{
"en": "It is said that the kenzoku of Fugen Bosatsu is ju-rasetsunyo, or ten demonesses, and that sometimes Kishimo-jin, a mother of the Ju-rasetsunyos, is placed as kenzoku.",
"ja": "普賢菩薩の眷属は十羅刹女とされ、また時として十羅刹女たちの母鬼子母神も眷属とされる。"
} |
{
"en": "At an early date, Ju-rasetsunyo put employed Tang dynasty Chinese costumes, but there are also many works of Ju-rasetsunyo using Japanese costumes influenced by Japanese culture.",
"ja": "初期の十羅刹女は唐装束であるが、国風の影響を受けた和装の羅刹女の作例も多い。"
} |
{
"en": "This is because Fugen Bosatsu and Ju-rasetsunyo swear 'to guard people who defend Hoke-kyo Sutra' together in Hoke-kyo Sutra, and it became the reason for women's belief that these goddess's stay close to Fugen Bosatsu.",
"ja": "これは、法華経において普賢菩薩と十羅刹女が共に「法華経を護持する者を守る」と誓っていることによるが、これらの女神がそばにいることも、女性からの信仰を厚くする一因となった。"
} |
{
"en": "In addition, in the novel \"Feng-Shen-Yen-I\" (Popular Account of the Promotion to Divinity), the Sennin (wizards) named Fugen Shinjin and Monju Koho Tenson appeared and later came to believe in Buddhism, and subsequently became Fugen Bosatsu and Monji Bosatsu, respectively.",
"ja": "なお、小説『封神演義』には普賢真人、文殊広法天尊という仙人が登場しており、この作品では、彼等が後に仏門に帰依しそれぞれ普賢菩薩、文殊菩薩となったとされている。"
} |
{
"en": "On Sanmaya Sabaton.",
"ja": "オン・サンマヤ・サトバン"
} |
{
"en": "Kyoto Gozan Temples refers the status of a Buddhist temple, and to the system of state-sponsored temples of the Zen sect (Rinzai sect) in Kyoto among the Five Mountain System.",
"ja": "京都五山（きょうとござん）とは、五山の制のうち京都の禅宗（臨済宗）の寺格、官寺制度である。"
} |
{
"en": "Since around the end of the Kamakura Period, the Hojo clan introduced the Five Mountain System and selected Kamakura Five Mountain after the example of the Southern Sungs.",
"ja": "鎌倉時代末期頃から北条氏は南宋にならい五山制度を導入し鎌倉五山を選定した。"
} |
{
"en": "In the latter part of the Kamakura Period, the Emperor Godaigo started an anti-Shogunate movement and when the Kenmu Restoration by the Emperor Godaigo began after the fall of the Shogunate, the Five Mountain System was reformed to meet with Kyoto.",
"ja": "鎌倉時代後期に後醍醐天皇は討幕運動を起し、幕府滅亡後に後醍醐による建武の新政が開始されると五山も京都本位に改められた。"
} |
{
"en": "During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), after Takauji ASHIKAGA left the Kenmu Government, Five Mountain was newly selected from temples in Kyoto mainly by Soseki MUSO, whom the Ashikaga Shogunate family trusted, because Takauji and his brother Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA trusted the Zen sect.",
"ja": "足利尊氏が建武政権から離れて南北朝時代(日本)となると、尊氏や弟の足利直義などは禅宗を信仰したため、五山も足利将軍家が帰依していた夢窓疎石が中心となって京都の寺院から新たに制定された。"
} |
{
"en": "Although there were several changes of selection, in 1386 the third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA determined it as follows after construction of Shokoku-ji Temple, and took over the power of appointing chief priests by the system of Sorokushi (僧録司) and therefore controlled temples, which added a religious aspect to the prestige of the Shogunate.",
"ja": "数回の選定変更があったが、室町時代の1386年（至徳(日本)3）には3代将軍の足利義満が相国寺を創建した後に以下のように改め、僧録司制なども定めて住職の任命権などを掌握し、寺社の統制を行い幕府権威に宗教的側面を付加させた。"
} |
{
"en": "The priests of Five Mountain, such as Myoha SHUNOKU and Shushin GIDO, were familiar with Chinese culture and played roles as diplomatic counselors when Yoshimitsu carried out trade between the Ming Dynasty and Japan (licensed trade).",
"ja": "春屋妙葩や義堂周信らの五山僧は中国文化に通じ、また義満が日明貿易(勘合貿易)を行う際には外交顧問的役割も果たした。"
} |
{
"en": "Nanzen-ji Temple - Bekkaku (exceptional)",
"ja": "南禅寺 - 別格"
} |
{
"en": "Tenryu-ji Temple - the first grade*",
"ja": "天龍寺 - 第一位※"
} |
{
"en": "Shokoku-ji Temple - the second grade*",
"ja": "相国寺 - 第二位※"
} |
{
"en": "Kennin-ji Temple - the third grade",
"ja": "建仁寺 - 第三位"
} |
{
"en": "Tofuku-ji Temple - the fourth grade",
"ja": "東福寺 - 第四位"
} |
{
"en": "Manju-ji Temple - the fifth grade",
"ja": "万寿寺 - 第五位"
} |
{
"en": "*Moreover, in accordance with Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's wish, Shokoku-ji Temple was changed to the first grade and Tenryu-ji Temple was changed to the second grade on April 27, 1401, but after Yoshimitsu's death they were reverted back to the former grades on April 11, 1410.",
"ja": "※…なお、足利義満の意向により、応永8年3月5日(旧暦)に相国寺を第一位、天龍寺を第二位とする順位変更が行われたが、義満没後の応永17年2月28日(旧暦)に元に戻された。"
} |
{
"en": "Sessai TAIGEN or Sufu TAIGEN (1496 - November 23,1555) was a vassal of the Imagawa clan.",
"ja": "太原雪斎／太原崇孚（たいげんせっさい／たいげんすうふ、明応5年（1496年）-弘治(日本)元年10月10日(旧暦)（1555年11月23日））は今川氏の家臣。"
} |
{
"en": "The posthumous name was Sufu.",
"ja": "諱は崇孚。"
} |
{
"en": "He was a son of Masamori IHARA (Saemon-no-jo (third-ranked officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards)) and his mother was a daughter of Masanobu OKITSU.",
"ja": "庵原政盛（左衛門尉）の子、母は興津正信の娘。"
} |
{
"en": "The Ihara clan on the paternal side ruled around Ihara of Suruga Province (present Shizuoka City, Shizuoka Prefecture).",
"ja": "父方の庵原氏は駿河国庵原（現在の静岡県静岡市）周辺を治める一族。"
} |
{
"en": "The Okitsu clan on the maternal side grasped marine transport, based on Yokoyama-jo Castle, and also headed the pirates (navy).",
"ja": "母方の興津氏は横山城を本拠に海運を掌握し海賊（水軍）も率いていた。"
} |
{
"en": "Both clans were senior vassals of the Imagawa clan.",
"ja": "両家とも今川氏の重臣。"
} |
{
"en": "Biography",
"ja": "生涯"
} |
{
"en": "At first, he identified himself as Shogiku KYUEI and practiced ascetic training at Zentoku-ji Temple in Suruga, and later at Kennin-ji Temple of the Kyoto Gozan (Five Great zen Temples of Kyoto).",
"ja": "はじめは九英承菊（きゅうえいしょうぎく）と名乗って、駿河の善得寺、後に京都五山の建仁寺で修行をしていた。"
} |
{
"en": "He was said to be a promising brilliant person at around this time.",
"ja": "この頃から秀才として、将来を嘱望されていたと言われる。"
} |
{
"en": "He was asked to serve the Imagawa clan by his master, Ujichika IMAGAWA, who heard this reputation, and was appointed to educate his fifth son, Hogiku-maru (later Yoshimoto IMAGAWA).",
"ja": "この噂を聞いた主君の今川氏親から帰国して今川氏に仕えるよう要請され、氏親の五男・方菊丸（のちの今川義元）の教育係に任じられた。"
} |
{
"en": "According to one estimate, he refused this request twice.",
"ja": "一説にはこの要請を二度までも断ったと伝えられる。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1530 Hogiku-maru had a Tokudo ceremony (entering Buddhist priesthood) by Ryusu JOAN, his master at the Kennin-ji Temple and changed his name to Shoho.",
"ja": "享禄3年（1530年）、建仁寺の師である常庵龍崇によって方菊丸が得度の儀式（薙髪染衣）を行い、承芳と名を改める。"
} |
{
"en": "The two moved to Kennin-ji Temple for more ascetic training from Zentoku-ji Temple, and later moved to Myoshin-ji Temple.",
"ja": "二人はさらなる修行のため善得寺から建仁寺へ、さらに妙心寺へと移った。"
} |
{
"en": "Around this time Shoho was given Dogo (a pseudonym as a priest) 'Baigaku' and identified himself as Shogiku BAIGAKU and later changed his name to Sufu TAIGEN (Sessai).",
"ja": "この頃に承芳は道号「梅岳（栴岳とも）」を与えられ梅岳承菊と名乗り、承菊はそののちに太原崇孚（雪斎）に改めたとされている。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1535 he went back to Suruga in order to participate in the sixth anniversary of the death of Shoshun KINKEI who was a chief priest of Zentoku-ji Temple, and entered Zentoku-ji Temple again.",
"ja": "天文(元号)4年（1535年）、善得寺の住持であった琴渓承舜（きんけいしょうしゅん）の七回忌法要のため駿河に戻り、再び善得寺に入る。"
} |
{
"en": "In the following year, 1536, Ujiteru IMAGAWA, who succeeded Ujichika, died.",
"ja": "翌、天文5年（1536年）に、氏親の後を継いでいた今川氏輝が死去。"
} |
{
"en": "A succession race between Shoho BAIGAKU and his half brother Etan GENKO, among the Imagawa clan, occurred (Hanakura War).",
"ja": "梅岳承芳と異母兄の玄広恵探による、今川氏内部の後継者争いが起こる（花倉の乱）。"
} |
{
"en": "Sessai supported Shoho BAIGAKU with Jukei-ni, and achieved his succession to the clan and exclaustration.",
"ja": "雪斎は寿桂尼とともに梅岳承芳を支持し、彼の家督相続と還俗を実現させた。"
} |
{
"en": "By that achievement, Yoshimoto IMAGAWA put strong faith in Sessai and gave him the supreme post of politics and military affairs.",
"ja": "その功績により、当主となった今川義元は雪斎を厚く信頼し、政治・軍事における最高顧問として重用する。"
} |
{
"en": "While Sessai had religious influence as a chief priest of Sunpu Rinzai-ji Temple (Shizuoka City), he was also called 'administrative ruler' or 'general' of the Imagawa clan and supported Yoshimoto with impressive ability in politics, military affairs and foreign policy.",
"ja": "雪斎は駿府臨済寺(静岡市)の住持として宗教的な影響力を持ちながら、今川氏の「執政」・「軍師」とも呼ばれ、政治・軍事・外交に秀でた手腕で義元を補佐した。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1537 he struck an alliance of marriage with the Takeda clan.",
"ja": "天文6年（1537年）、武田氏と婚姻同盟を締結。"
} |
{
"en": "He held talks with the Gohojo clan in Sunto.",
"ja": "駿東における後北条氏との折衝。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1547 he captured Tahara-jo Castle in Mikawa Province.",
"ja": "天文16年（1547年）の田原城(三河国)攻略。"
} |
{
"en": "At the Battle of Azuki-zaka slope with the Oda clan in 1548, he had an advantage as a commander in chief.",
"ja": "天文17年（1548年）の小豆坂の戦いでも総大将として織田氏との争いを優位に進める。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1549 he attacked Ansho-jo Castle and captured Nobuhiro ODA (half brother of Nobunaga ODA) and returned Takechiyo MATSUDAIRA, a hostage of the Oda clan, back to the Imagawa clan side.",
"ja": "天文18年（1549年）には安祥城を攻めて織田信広（織田信長の庶兄）を捕らえ、この時織田氏に奪われていた人質の松平竹千代（のちの徳川家康）を今川氏のもとへと取り戻している。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1553 he established 21 articles of Imagawa Kana Mokuroku Tsuika (expanding on the Imagawa family rules), which is bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) of the Imagawa territory.",
"ja": "天文22年（1553年）、今川氏の分国法である今川仮名目録追加21箇条の制定。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1554 he made efforts for Suruga Province to form a tripartite alliance with the Takeda clan of Kai Province and the Gohojo clan of Sagami Province.",
"ja": "天文23年（1554年）武田氏・後北条氏との甲相駿三国同盟の締結に尽力する。"
} |
{
"en": "In addition to these, Sessai contributed greatly to the height of prosperity of the Imagawa clan by controlling temples and religions, mainly those of the Rinzai sect, and implementing commercial policy to protect local merchants in the Imagawa territory.",
"ja": "この他、雪斎は臨済宗を中心とした領内における寺社・宗教の統制や、在来商人を保護する商業政策なども行ない、今川氏の最盛期に大きく貢献した。"
} |
{
"en": "Moreover, he was also a well-educated person and wrote \"Rekidaijoryaku\" (a book about chinese history).",
"ja": "また、豊かな教養人でもあり、『歴代序略』という著書を残している。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1555 he died at Chokei-ji Temple in Suruga Province.",
"ja": "弘治(日本)元年（1555年）、駿河長慶寺にて没。"
} |
{
"en": "He was at the age of 60 years.",
"ja": "享年60。"
} |
{
"en": "Others",
"ja": "その他"
} |
{
"en": "It is said that he also acted as guardian of Ujizane IMAGAWA, the legitimate son of Yoshimoto IMAGAWA, and Motoyasu MATSUDAIRA (Ieyasu TOKUGAWA), a hostage of the Imagawa clan at that time, but it was during the same period as Sessai left Suruga (during negotiations with the Takeda and Gohojo clans and expedition to Mikawa Province) so it is unknown whether he in fact influenced both persons or not.",
"ja": "今川義元の嫡男である今川氏真や、当時今川氏の人質であった松平元康（徳川家康）の後見も務めたとも言われるが、雪斎が駿府から離れていた期間（武田氏、後北条氏との交渉や三河への遠征など）とも重なっているため、両人物に大きな影響を与えたか否かについては不明である。"
} |
{
"en": "Since he displayed great ability as Yoshimoto IMAGAWA's right-hand man and contributed much to the expansion of the Imagawa clan, much literature recognizes him by such as, 'If Sessai had lived until the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, Yoshimoto would not have been subverted by Nobunaga ODA,' and 'the Imagawa clan started to decline soon after Sessai's death.'",
"ja": "今川義元の右腕として手腕を発揮し、今川氏の発展に大きく寄与したことから、「もし雪斎が1560年の桶狭間の戦いまで存命していたならば、義元が織田信長に討たれるようなことは決してなかった」「今川氏の衰退は雪斎の死によって始まった」等と評する文献も少なくない。"
} |
{
"en": "Sho Kannon, aarya avalokitezvara in Sanskrit is a venerable entity of Bosatsu, Bodhisattva, which is worshipped in Buddhism.",
"ja": "聖観音（しょうかんのん）、サンスクリットアーリヤ・アヴァローキテーシュヴァラ(aaryaavalokitezvara)は、仏教における信仰対象である菩薩の一尊。"
} |
{
"en": "It is also called 'Sei Kannon' and is one of the Roku Kannon (six Kannon).",
"ja": "「正観音」ともいい、六観音の一つでもある。"
} |
{
"en": "There are various figures of the statue of Kannon Bodhisattva, Kannon Bosatsu (Kanzeon Bosatsu, Kanjizai Bosatsu), among which the statues with one face and two arms are called Sho Kannon, not the statues with superhuman appearance and many faces and arms.",
"ja": "観音菩薩（観世音菩薩、観自在菩薩）像には、さまざまな形態のものがあるが、このうち、多面多臂などの超人間的な姿ではない、1面2臂の像を指して聖観音と称している。"
} |
{
"en": "聖観音 (Sho Kannon, literally Sacred Kannon) is also written as 正観音 (Sho Kannon, literally Real Kannon).",
"ja": "正観音と書くこともある。"
} |
{
"en": "It is said that it benefits Jigoku-do (world of hell) as Kannon with great mercy in the role of Roku Kannon.",
"ja": "大慈の観音として、六観音の役割では地獄道を化益するという。"
} |
{
"en": "Sanma yagyo (characteristic things of the Buddha) Symbol is shokatsu renge (a slightly-opened lotus bud).",
"ja": "三昧耶形は初割蓮華(綻び始めたハスの花）。"
} |
{
"en": "Shushi (or Shuji (the characteristic one syllable word to depict the Bodhisattva)) (Esoteric Buddhism) are sa, hriiH and so on.",
"ja": "種子(密教)（種字）はサ(sa）、キリーク(hriiH)など。"
} |
{
"en": "Features of statue and belongings",
"ja": "像容と持物"
} |
{
"en": "There are Henge Kannon (The transformations in which Kannon (Deity of Mercy) appears in order to save sentient beings) which has many faces and many arms such as Juichimen Kannon (Eleven-faced Kannon), Senju Kannon (Thousand Armed Kannon) and Nyoirin Kannon (the Bodhisattva of Compassion), and Kannon which has one face and two arms and do not have a superhuman figure; the latter is called 'Sho Kannon (聖観音 or 正観音).'",
"ja": "観音像には十一面観音、千手観音、如意輪観音など、多面多臂の変化（へんげ）観音と、こうした超人間的な姿ではない、1面2臂の観音像とがあり、後者を指して「聖観音」または「正観音」と称する。"
} |
{
"en": "In Esoteric Buddhism, Sho Kannon, Juichimen Kannon, Senju Kannon, Nyoirin Kannon, Bato Kannon (horse-headed Kannon) and Jundei Kannon (Cundi) (or Fukukensaku Kannon (Fukukenjaku Kannon) (Kannon of the Never Empty Lasso) in place of Jundei Kannon) are called 'Roku Kannon.'",
"ja": "密教では聖観音、十一面観音、千手観音、如意輪観音、馬頭観音、准胝観音（じゅんていかんのん）（または准胝観音に代えて不空羂索観音）を「六観音」と称している。"
} |
{
"en": "The features of Sho Kannon are generally Bosatsu, with one face and two arms as mentioned above, and its Jimotsu (the hand-held attributes of a Buddhist image) is lotus in the left hand, but it is not always uniform.",
"ja": "聖観音の像容は、前述のように1面2臂の菩薩形で、持物（じもつ）は左手に蓮華を持つのが一般的だが、必ずしも一定していない。"
} |
{
"en": "What is most distinguishable for a Kannon statue is to place a small statue of Amida Nyorai (Amitabha Tathagata), called Kebutsu (the Artificial Buddha), on the front top part of its head, which is a common characteristic with other Kannon statues such as Senju Kannon.",
"ja": "観音像の標識としてもっとも見分けやすいものは、頭上、頭髪部の正面に化仏（けぶつ）と称する阿弥陀如来の小像を置くことで、この点は千手観音など他の観音像にも共通した特色である。"
} |
{
"en": "Kannon' or 'Sho Kannon'",
"ja": "「観音」か「聖観音」か"
} |
{
"en": "All Kannon statues with one face and two arms are not necessarily called 'Sho Kannon.'",
"ja": "1面2臂の観音像がすべて「聖観音」と呼称されているわけではない。"
} |
{
"en": "The Kannon statue, which is placed as the left Kyoji (attendant figure) of Amida sanzon (Amida triad), is generally called only 'Kannon Bosatsu statue' and it is limited to being called 'Sho Kannon' when it is enshrined individually.",
"ja": "阿弥陀三尊のうちの左脇侍像として安置される観音像については、単に「観音菩薩像」と言うのが普通で、「聖観音」と称するのは、独尊像として祀られる場合にほぼ限られている。"
} |
{
"en": "In addition, there are many cases where even the individual Kannon statue with one face and two arms is not called 'Sho Kannon.'",
"ja": "また、1面2臂の独尊像でも「聖観音」と呼ばれていない例が多々ある。"
} |
{
"en": "For example, at Horyu-ji Temple in Nara, there are three National Treasure Kannon statues which are commonly called 'Kudara Kannon' (Kannon of Kudara), 'Yumechigai Kannon' (dream changing Kannon) and 'Kuse Kannon' (Kannon of salvation), and the official names of these three statues at the time of recognition as national treasures were 'the standing statues of Kannon Bosatsu' so that they are not called 'Sho Kannon' as either official names nor as popular names.",
"ja": "たとえば、奈良・法隆寺には「百済観音」、「夢違観音（ゆめちがいかんのん）」、「救世観音（くせかんのん）」と通称される国宝の観音像3体があるが、これら3体とも国宝指定の際の正式名称は「観音菩薩立像」であり、正式名称としても通称としても「聖観音」とは言わない。"
} |
{
"en": "Among the so-called Small Gilt Bronze Buddhist Statues, which were widely made mainly during the Nara period, many statues are clearly recognized as Kannon statues because of placing a Kebutsu of Amida Nyorai on the head, but these are usually just called 'Kannon (Bosatsu) statues' instead of 'Sho Kannon' as well.",
"ja": "奈良時代を中心に盛んに造られた、いわゆる小金銅仏のなかには、頭上に阿弥陀化仏を有することから、明かに観音像であるとわかるものが多いが、これらについても通常「聖観音」とは言わず、単に「観音（菩薩）像」と言っている。"
} |
{
"en": "Among the statues called 'Sho Kannon' in general and by the temple, the statue of the principal image of Buddha at Toin-do of Yakushi-ji Temple in Nara Prefecture (Nara period, National Treasure), the statue of the principal image of Buddha at Futai-ji Temple in Nara Prefecture (Important Cultural Property) and the statue at Kurama-ji Temple in Kyoto Prefecture (Important Cultural Property) are famous.",
"ja": "「聖観音」と一般に呼ばれ、寺院側でもそのように称している像のうち、著名なものとしては、奈良・薬師寺東院堂の本尊像（奈良時代、国宝）、奈良・不退寺本尊像（重文）、京都・鞍馬寺像（重文）などが挙げられる。"
} |
{
"en": "Nyoirin Kannon, cintaamaNicakra in Sanskrit, is a venerable entity of Bosatsu, Bodhisattva, and is worshipped in Buddhism.",
"ja": "如意輪観音（にょいりんかんのん）、サンスクリットチンターマニチャクラ(cintaamaNicakra)は、仏教における信仰対象である菩薩の一尊。"
} |
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