translation
translation |
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{
"en": "During the Sengoku Period (period of warring states), when a battle required a long stay at the front, a lord would choose attractive boys among his Kosho and practice various kinds of sexual acts with them, such as anal intercourse, in order to vent his sexual desires.",
"ja": "戦国時代においては、主に合戦や長期に渡る滞陣中に性欲を発散するため、主君が小姓のうちより美貌の者を選んで、肛門性交などを始めとする様々な性行為を行われていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although this practice continued into the Edo period, as Genroku Culture came to its end during the middle of the Edo period, the practice of male homosexuality drastically declined.",
"ja": "江戸時代になっても続けられていたが元禄文化終焉とともに江戸時代中期となると男色は衰退の一途を辿った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Individuals in which there are letters of evidence",
"ja": "書状が現存する人物達"
}
|
{
"en": "Shingen TAKEDA and Masanobu KOSAKA (in this case, however, there is evidence that the family name KASUGA (KOSAKA) was added to the document at a later time).",
"ja": "武田信玄と高坂昌信（ただし該当する書状には春日（高坂）の苗字を後から付け足した痕跡がある）"
}
|
{
"en": "Masamune DATE and Katsuyoshi TADANO",
"ja": "伊達政宗と只野勝吉"
}
|
{
"en": "Individuals for which there are secondary historical sources",
"ja": "二次史料に記述が見られる人物達"
}
|
{
"en": "Kagekatsu UESUGI and Naganori KIYONO",
"ja": "上杉景勝と清野長範"
}
|
{
"en": "Nobunaga ODA and Toshiie MAEDA",
"ja": "織田信長と前田利家"
}
|
{
"en": "Masamune DATE and Shigetsuna KATAKURA, etc.",
"ja": "伊達政宗と片倉重綱など"
}
|
{
"en": "Individuals which are suspected to have had a relationship",
"ja": "関係が噂された人物達"
}
|
{
"en": "Iemitsu TOKUGAWA and Masamori HOTTA, etc.",
"ja": "徳川家光と堀田正盛ら"
}
|
{
"en": "Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA and Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA (Kosho of Tatebayashi Domain) etc.",
"ja": "徳川綱吉と柳沢吉保（館林藩小姓）など"
}
|
{
"en": "Although Nyohon (sexual indulgence with women) was a serious violation of a commandment for Buddhist monks, since there was no direct prescript referring to male homosexuality, Tera-kosho were often targeted as a sex objects.",
"ja": "また仏僧にとって女犯が重大な戒律違反であるのに対して男色については戒律による直接規定が無かったため、寺小姓が僧侶の性的対象とされる場合が多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "* Except for above mentioned figures.",
"ja": "※上記以外のものを挙げる。"
}
|
{
"en": "The name of their lord while acting as Kosho is enclosed in parenthesis ().",
"ja": "（）内は小姓時代の主君。"
}
|
{
"en": "Details from the Sengoku period lack full credibility, however, because these figures are only from secondary resources which were written hundreds of years after their death.",
"ja": "ただし戦国時代のものについては死後数百年経過した二次史書によるものであり、信憑性は保障できない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Hidemasa HOTTA",
"ja": "堀秀政"
}
|
{
"en": "(Nobunaga ODA)",
"ja": "-（織田信長）"
}
|
{
"en": "Naritoshi MORI",
"ja": "森成利"
}
|
{
"en": "(Nobunaga ODA)",
"ja": "-（織田信長）"
}
|
{
"en": "Kagetsuna KATAKURA",
"ja": "片倉景綱"
}
|
{
"en": "(Terumune DATE)",
"ja": "-（伊達輝宗）"
}
|
{
"en": "Kanetsugu NAOE",
"ja": "直江兼続"
}
|
{
"en": "(Kagekatsu UESUGI or Kenshin UESUGI)",
"ja": "-（上杉景勝または上杉謙信）"
}
|
{
"en": "Mitsunari ISHIDA",
"ja": "石田三成"
}
|
{
"en": "(Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI)",
"ja": "-（豊臣秀吉）"
}
|
{
"en": "Naomasa II",
"ja": "井伊直政"
}
|
{
"en": "(Ieyasu TOKUGAWA)",
"ja": "-（徳川家康）"
}
|
{
"en": "Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA",
"ja": "松平信綱"
}
|
{
"en": "(Iemitsu TOKUGAWA)",
"ja": "-（徳川家光）"
}
|
{
"en": "Mitsuyoshi YAGYU",
"ja": "柳生三厳"
}
|
{
"en": "(Iemitsu TOKUGAWA)",
"ja": "-（徳川家光）"
}
|
{
"en": "Okitsugu TANUMA",
"ja": "田沼意次"
}
|
{
"en": "(Ieshige TOKUGAWA)",
"ja": "-（徳川家重）"
}
|
{
"en": "Tetsunosuke ICHIMURA",
"ja": "市村鉄之助"
}
|
{
"en": "(Toshizo HIJIKATA)",
"ja": "-（土方歳三）"
}
|
{
"en": "Hideo TAKAMINE",
"ja": "高嶺秀夫"
}
|
{
"en": "(Katamori MATSUDAIRA)",
"ja": "-（松平容保）"
}
|
{
"en": "Naobumi TATSUMI",
"ja": "立見尚文"
}
|
{
"en": "(Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA)",
"ja": "-（松平定敬）"
}
|
{
"en": "Shokan was the general name of an officer governing Japanese shoen (manor) entrusted by the lord of the manor.",
"ja": "荘官（しょうかん）は、日本の荘園において、荘園領主（本所）から現地管理を委ねられた者の総称である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Some Kaihatsu ryoshu (reclaimers) donated manors and the lords of the manor kept them on as shokan to manage the manor, also the lords of the manor sent their retainers to the local manors to reinforce their influence.",
"ja": "荘園を開発した開発領主（かいほつりょうしゅ）が寄進先の荘園領主から荘官として荘園管理者の地位を保全されることもあれば、寄進を受けた荘園領主が自らの荘園支配を強めるために家臣を荘官に任命して現地へ派遣することもあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Between the late tenth century and the eleventh century in the mid Heian Period, Tato (powerful peasants) cultivated menden (reclaimed land exempt from charges) which was allowed by Kokushi (provincial governor), and privatized it.",
"ja": "平安時代中期の10世紀後半から11世紀にかけて、田堵（たと、有力農民層のこと）が国司に認められた免田（租税免除された田地）を中心に田地の開発を進め、私有地化していった。"
}
|
{
"en": "(These farmers were called 'Kaihotsu ryoshu' [reclaimers]).",
"ja": "（このような田堵を開発領主という）"
}
|
{
"en": "However, the legal basis of their property rights was fragile and it was possible for kokuga (provincial government offices) to seize the properties.",
"ja": "しかし、そうした土地の所有権に係る法的根拠は極めて薄弱であり、国衙によって収公されるおそれが強かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Thus, tatos donated their land to the powerful nobles or powerful temples in the central government in order to be exempt from charges and to keep the power of their land.",
"ja": "そのため田堵は所有地を中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ寄進することで、租税免除と土地支配権の確保を図っていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "A lord of the manor who received a donated manor was called Ryoke, and as Ryoke appointed Kaihatsu ryoshu as Geshi/Gesu (lower ranked officer), Kumon (a local shoen official below the gesu in rank) or Suito (local shoen official below the gesu and kumon in rank), Kaihatsu ryoshu could keep their positions as manager of the manor.",
"ja": "寄進を受けた荘園領主を領家（りょうけ）というが、寄進の際、開発領主は領家から下司（げし/げす）や公文（くもん）、出納(荘園)（すいとう）などに任命されることにより、現地管理者としての地位を保全された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shokan is a general name including Gesu and Kumon.",
"ja": "これらの下司や公文などを総称して荘官という。"
}
|
{
"en": "Generally, shokan received land from a part of the manor.",
"ja": "一般的に荘官には、荘園の一部から給田（きゅうでん）が与えられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The land that shokan received was exempt from charges and shokan could keep all of the harvest.",
"ja": "給田は免田とされ、収穫は全て荘官の得分となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Geshi/Gesu (lower ranked officer) were named, distinct from the lord of the manor, as Joshi (Geshi's superior), and the name of Kumon was derived from their role, which was management of books and records.",
"ja": "なお、下司とは、上位の荘園領主を上司と見たときの対比から生まれた呼称であり、また公文は、荘園管理のための帳簿や文書を扱うことから来た呼称である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Ryoke often donated their manors to the imperial or sekkan families and the lord of the manor at the top of the relationship was called Honke (head family).",
"ja": "領家からさらに皇族や摂関家へ荘園寄進されることもあり、この最上位の荘園領主を本家（ほんけ）という。"
}
|
{
"en": "The person who controlled the manor among the Honke and Ryoke was Honjo (proprietor or guarantor of the manor).",
"ja": "本家・領家のうち、荘園の実効支配権を持つ者は本所といった。"
}
|
{
"en": "To take greater control of manors, Honjo often sent down their retainers to supervise Gesu and Kumon.",
"ja": "本所が自らの荘園支配を強化するために、家臣を現地へ派遣し、下司や公文などを指揮監督することがあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The retainers who were sent down to local manors were called Azukaridokoro/Azukasso (deputy of the 'Shoen' manor lord).",
"ja": "この現地へ派遣された者を預所（あずかりどころ/あずかっそ）という。"
}
|
{
"en": "Azukaridokoro was also one of the shokan.",
"ja": "預所も荘官の一つである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later, some Kaihatsu ryoshu (including Gesu and Kumon) were appointed as Azukaridokoro.",
"ja": "そのうち、開発領主（下司や公文に任命された者を含む）の中から預所に任じられる者も出てきた。"
}
|
{
"en": "As there was no clear legal rule, control and management of manors were not stable and depended on the authority of the lord of the manor.",
"ja": "荘園の支配・管理は、現代のように明確な法規定があった訳ではなく、荘園領主の権威に依存する不安定なものだった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Therefore, conflicts over the control, management and boundaries of the manors often occurred between other shokans and kokuga (provincial government offices), and the shokans handled these problems.",
"ja": "そのため、他の荘園の荘官や国衙との間に、荘園の支配・管理権や境界をめぐる紛争が発生することも多く、荘官がその対処に当たっていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "At that time, many lower ranking aristocrats with samurai rank who could not get posts in the central government went down to the provinces, and shokan established heirachichal relationships with them in order to solve conflicts over the manors.",
"ja": "当時、中央の官職にあぶれた武士身分の下級貴族が多数、地方へ下向してきており、荘官たちは荘園を巡る紛争解決のために、それらの武士貴族と主従関係を築いていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Some shokans became samurai.",
"ja": "中には武士となる荘官も現れた"
}
|
{
"en": "(Not all shokan became samurai.)",
"ja": "（全ての荘官が武士化した訳ではないことに注意）。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Kamakura era, some shokan were admitted as Gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura era） or Jito (manager and lord of the manor) by Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).",
"ja": "鎌倉時代になると、鎌倉幕府によって御家人や地頭として認められる荘官も出てきた。"
}
|
{
"en": "This meant that the protection by the lord of the manor was not enough and shokan began to rely on the Kamakura bakufu which rose as a new authority.",
"ja": "このことは、荘園領主による地位保全では十分とは言えなくなり、新たな権威として台頭した幕府を頼り始めたことを意味する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shokan began to disrespect the lord of the manor (Honjo) and rob Honjo of their interests.",
"ja": "荘官は次第に荘園領主（本所）を軽視していき、本所の権益を奪うようになっていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "From the beginning of the Muromachi era, shokan transformed into kokujin (local samurai) as local lords.",
"ja": "室町時代に入った頃から、荘官は在地領主としての国人へ変質した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Even so, shokan had existed with the manorial system until the Sengoku period, however, they disappeared because manors were dissolved by Taiko-kenchi (the land survey of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI).",
"ja": "それでも荘官は荘園制とともに戦国時代(日本)まで存続したが、荘園が解体した太閤検地により荘官も消滅した。"
}
|
{
"en": "But some words such as \"Shoya\" (village headman) and \"Myoshu/Nanusi\" (village headman) remained in the Edo era as the remnants of shokan.",
"ja": "ただし、江戸時代も荘官の名残として「庄屋」や「名主」などの呼称は残った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jundaijin was a government post in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).",
"ja": "准大臣（じゅんだいじん）とは律令制下における官職のひとつ。"
}
|
{
"en": "This post was a Ryoge-no-kan position (an official position outside of the Ritsuryo system) that was positioned under the Nadaijin (Minister of the Interior) and above the Dainagon (Chief Councilor of State).",
"ja": "内大臣の下、大納言の上に位置する令外官。"
}
|
{
"en": "The person in this post was usually called Gido-sanshi (read the following).",
"ja": "通称を儀同三司（ぎどうさんし）という。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the middle of the Heian period, FUJIWARA no Korechika was demoted to Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) from Naidaijin, but was permitted to attend chogi (ceremony at Imperial Court) again.",
"ja": "平安時代中期、藤原伊周は内大臣から大宰帥に左遷されたのち朝議に復帰した。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, as there were no ministerial posts available at that time, his seat at the Imperial Court was located under the ministers but above the Dainagon, as ordained by an imperial order in 1005.",
"ja": "しかし時の大臣に闕官がなかったため、寛弘二年（1005年）勅旨によって朝参の座次を「大臣の下、納言の上」とされた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1008, his post was made equivalent to the ministers and he was presented with 1,000 households (whose taxes served as his income).",
"ja": "さらに同五年大臣に准ぜられ封千戸を賜った。"
}
|
{
"en": "He then called himself Gido-sanshi.",
"ja": "これにより、「儀同三司」を自称した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later, use of this post as \"Ryoge no kan\" was established, and the Jundaijin post was introduced.",
"ja": "後にこれが令外官として定着し、准大臣の職が定められた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Gido-sanshi, which Korechika used to refer to himself, was used in the Sui and Tang dynasties in China as Kaifu Yitong Sansi (Supreme Minister), indicating a sankan, a position which was given, with no specific role provided, to civil officers at the rank of ju-ippin.",
"ja": "伊周の称した儀同三司とは、中国の隋唐両代において、開府儀同三司と呼ばれ従一品の文官が帯びる散官で、特に職掌はなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In Japan, its original meaning of \"the formal rank in rites is equal to that of the three ministers\" was restored.",
"ja": "日本では、「儀礼の格式は三司に同ず」という本義に戻した。"
}
|
{
"en": "This indicated that the post was equivalent to sanko (three high level bureaucrats), or Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), and Minister of the Left and Minister of the Right.",
"ja": "「三公」こと太政大臣・左大臣右大臣に准ずる者という意であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Therefore, after Mototomo HORIKAWA (1232 - 1297) was appointed to the post in the Kamakura period, 'Gido-sanshi' was established as the Chinese version name of Jundaijin.",
"ja": "そのため、鎌倉期に堀河基具（1232年-1297年）が任ぜられて以降、「儀同三司」は准大臣の唐名として定着した。"
}
|
{
"en": "This was a government post given to the Tosho-ke (the hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) whose uppermost rank available was determined to be Dainagon, such as the Urin family and some important noble families.",
"ja": "羽林家・名家(公家)など、極官が大納言どまりである家柄の堂上家に対し与えられる官職である。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Edo period, this post was coveted by Tosho-ke.",
"ja": "江戸時代の堂上家にとって憧れの官職であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The post was often given to a person loved by the Emperor or a maternal relative to the Emperor.",
"ja": "天皇が寵遇を示すために与える場合や、外戚であることによるものが多い。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was customary that, when a person was to be appointed to the post, juichii (junior first rank) was given to the person prior to the actual proclamation of the appointment.",
"ja": "また、准大臣宣下に前もって従一位に叙せられるのが常例である。"
}
|
{
"en": "The term \"kindachi\" in a wide sense refers to Shoo (princes without imperial proclamation), but, in a more limited sense, it is used as a term referring to imperial princes and the children of Sekke (the family of regents and advisers), or the Seiga family (the important family next to Sekke).",
"ja": "公達（きんだち）は、広い意味では諸王のこというが、特に親王、摂家、清華家の子弟に対する呼称として用いられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later, the children of the Taira family also came to be called kindachi.",
"ja": "転じて、平氏の子弟も公達と呼ばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kengyo (one of the officers governing Shoen manor) is the highest title of official rank for blind officers during the middle and early modern ages.",
"ja": "検校（けんぎょう）とは、中世・近世の盲官の最高位の名称。"
}
|
{
"en": "The term Kengyo originally referred to the manager who administered office duties in temples or Shoen (private estates) during the Heian and Kamakura periods, but from the Muromachi period onwards, it was established as the highest title for blind officers.",
"ja": "元々は平安時代・鎌倉時代に置かれた寺院や荘園の事務の監督役職名であったが室町時代以降、盲官の最高位の名称として定着した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kengyo were allowed to wear special clothes with a hood and carry a walking stick.",
"ja": "検校は、専用の頭巾・衣類・杖などの所有が許された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Among the mokan (blind officers), there were betto (superiors of a temple), koto (the third title of official rank within the Todo-za - the traditional guild of the blind), and zato (the fourth title) in order of rank.",
"ja": "盲官（盲人の役職）では、位階順に別当、勾当、座頭があった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Origin",
"ja": "起源"
}
|
{
"en": "As the son of Emperor Ninmyo, Imperial Prince Saneyasu became blind while he was still young and entered the priesthood to live a cloistered life in Yamashina (present day Yamashina Ward, Kyoto City).",
"ja": "仁明天皇の子である人康親王が若くして失明し、そのため出家して山科（現在京都市山科区）に隠遁した。"
}
|
{
"en": "As he entered the priesthood, Imperial Prince Saneyasu gathered the blind to teach them to play the biwa (Japanese lute), wind and string instruments and to recite poems.",
"ja": "その時に人康親王が盲人を集め、琵琶や管絃、詩歌を教えた。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the death of the Prince, the two blind retainers who had served at his side were each given the titles Kengyo and Koto.",
"ja": "人康親王の死後、側に仕えていた盲人に検校と勾当の2官が与えられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is claimed that this is the origin of the blind officer named Kengyo.",
"ja": "これが検校と呼ばれる盲官の始まりとされている。"
}
|
{
"en": "A stone called Biwaishi (Japanese lute stone), on which Imperial Prince Saneyasu allegedly sat and played the biwa, was enshrined in Moroha Shinto Shrine by the blind as a guardian for biwa hoshi (biwa players).",
"ja": "また、人康親王が坐って琵琶を弾いたとされる琵琶石は後に盲人達により琵琶法師の祖神として諸羽神社に祭られている。"
}
|
{
"en": "The term 'hoshi' (biwa players in monk attire) derives not only from Kengyo shaving his head and wearing officially designated Kengyo clothing that was similar to monk attire, but also because a number of hoshi did in fact join the priesthood.",
"ja": "「法師」と呼ばれるのは、検校は剃髪し、正式な検校専用服(検校服)は僧服に近く、また実際に僧職となる者もいたからである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Muromachi period",
"ja": "室町時代"
}
|
{
"en": "During the Muromachi period, Kengyo Kakuichi AKASHI compiled \"Heike Monogatari\" (The Tale of the Heike), and because he was from a family of the Ashikaga clan, he set up the Todo-za where he presided under the protection of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by the shogun).",
"ja": "室町時代に検校明石覚一が『平家物語』をまとめ、また、足利氏の一門であったために室町幕府から庇護を受け、当道座を開き、検校は当道座のトップを務めた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Edo period",
"ja": "江戸時代"
}
|
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