Datasets:
may-ohta
/
kftt

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
translation
translation
{ "en": "The post of gonkan was created before long, and later, this post was abolished in effect while only gonkan continued to exist.", "ja": "その後権官が設置され、後には正員は置かれず、権官のみとなる。" }
{ "en": "Its responsibilities were almost the same as those of Chujo.", "ja": "中将とほぼ同じ職掌。" }
{ "en": "When a person whose court rank was Shii (Fourth Rank) was appointed to this post, such a person was called 'Shii no chujo.'", "ja": "四位の位階の人がこの官に就くと「四位少将」と呼ばれた。" }
{ "en": "There were cases where a person whose court rank was Nii (Second Rank) was appointed to this post.", "ja": "二位の位階でこの官に就く場合もあった。" }
{ "en": "Konoe no shosho was sometimes called by its Tang name Urinrosho, Shineirosho, Urinchurosho, Asho or Kohon churosho.", "ja": "羽林郎将、親衛郎将、羽林中郎将、亜将、虎賁中郎将といった唐名で呼ぶこともあった。" }
{ "en": "As both Konoe no chujo and Konoe no shosho corresponded to suke based on the Shitokan system, they were also called Konoe jisho.", "ja": "近衛中将・少将はともに四等官の次官にあたるために、近衛次将（このえじしょう）とも称した。" }
{ "en": "The total number of konoe jisho of the Left and Right division was set at eight in 1098.", "ja": "承徳2年（1098年）に左右近衛次将の定員は合計8名とされた。" }
{ "en": "People from tosho family (hereditary linage of court nobles) usually became kugyo (the top court officials) after successively serving as jiju (chamberlain), emon no suke (assistant captain of the Outer Palace Guard) and Konoe jisho.", "ja": "堂上家出身者で公卿となる者は侍従・衛門佐・近衛次将を歴任する例が多かった。" }
{ "en": "The above are executives and other people were called Konoe toneri.", "ja": "ここまでが幹部職員で、これ以下を近衛舎人と呼ぶ。" }
{ "en": "Shogen", "ja": "将監（しょうげん）" }
{ "en": "1 to 10 persons were appointed for each of the Left Division and Right Divisions, and this post corresponded to Jo based on the Shitokan system.", "ja": "各1名～10名　四等官の判官（ジョウ）に相当。" }
{ "en": "When Konoefu was established on March 2, 765, the court rank corresponding to this post was set to Jurokuinojo (Junior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade).", "ja": "天平神護元年（765年）2月3日、近衛府の設置とともに、従六位上の官位相当。" }
{ "en": "Shogen played a role of on-site commander and organized the guard and security system.", "ja": "現場指揮官で護衛、警護の体制を組み立てる。" }
{ "en": "Persons whose court rank was Goi (Fifth Rank) were appointed to this post were called Sakontayu shogen or Ukontayu shogen.", "ja": "五位でこの官職に就くと、左近大夫（さこんたゆう）将監あるいは右近大夫（うこんたゆう）将監。" }
{ "en": "They were usually called Sakontayu or Ukontayu by abbreviating the term shogen.", "ja": "将監を略して、左近大夫あるいは右近大夫と称された。" }
{ "en": "There were Tang names for Sangun, such as Shineigun chori, shinei koi and Rokuji.", "ja": "参軍、親衛軍長吏、親衛校尉、録事といった唐名がある。" }
{ "en": "Shoso", "ja": "将曹" }
{ "en": "4 to 20 persons were appointed for each of the Left Division and Right Divisions, and this post corresponded to Sakan based on the Shitokan system.", "ja": "各4名～20名　四等官の主典（サカン）に相当。" }
{ "en": "When Konoefu was established on March 2, 765, the court rank corresponding to this post was set to Jushichiinoge (Junior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade).", "ja": "天平神護元年（765年）2月3日、近衛府の設置とともに、従七位下の官位相当。" }
{ "en": "Shoso played a role of commander on the site under the authority of Shogen and directly commanded their subordinates.", "ja": "現場指揮官で将監の指揮のもと、配下の人数を直接指揮する。" }
{ "en": "Bancho (also known as Tsugai no osa)", "ja": "番長（ばんちょう：つがいのおさ）" }
{ "en": "Six persons were appointed for each division, and they led the way riding on horseback when the Emperor or high-ranking officials went out.", "ja": "各6名　行幸や高官の外出時の警護の際、騎乗を許可され、前駆する。" }
{ "en": "Konoe", "ja": "近衛" }
{ "en": "Approximately 300 persons were appointed for each division.", "ja": "各300名。" }
{ "en": "There were other posts than the above.", "ja": "その他にも役職有り。" }
{ "en": "Konoefu was responsible for guarding the inside of Dai-dairi (precinct of the Imperial palace and government offices) surrounded by Senyo-mon Gate, Shomei-mon Gate, Inmei-mon Gate and Genki-mon Gate.", "ja": "大内裏のうち、宣陽門・承明門・陰明門・玄輝門の内側を担当。" }
{ "en": "People of Konoefu accompanied when the emperor went out.", "ja": "行幸などの際には護衛として随員。" }
{ "en": "It was also in charge of the guard for Imperial families and high-ranking court officials.", "ja": "また、皇族や高官の警護も担当。" }
{ "en": "Uchitsuomi (Naishin) was one of Ryoge no kan (official posts outside of Ritsuryo code) which existed from the Asuka period to Heian period under the government based on the Ritsuryo code.", "ja": "内臣（うちつおみ/ないしん）は、飛鳥時代から平安時代初めにかけて置かれた役職で律令政治下では令外官にあたった。" }
{ "en": "Four persons were appointed to this post in history and all of them came from the Fujiwara clan.", "ja": "歴史上4名が任命されているがいずれも藤原氏出身である。" }
{ "en": "Being the chief adviser to the Emperor, Uchitsuomi presided over important state affairs while assisting the Emperor, and it was an important post comparable to ministers.", "ja": "天皇の最高顧問で天皇を擁護して政務の機要を掌握する大臣に匹敵する官職であった。" }
{ "en": "However, this post was not a permanent one and its role also varied according to time and circumstances.", "ja": "しかし、常設の官職ではなく、その職掌はその時々に応じて全く違うものであった。" }
{ "en": "NAKATOMI no Kamatari (Fujiwara no Kamatari) was appointed to this post for the first time in history after the head family of the Soga clan fell in Isshi Coup (the Murder of the Year of Isshi) which occurred in 645.", "ja": "最初である中臣鎌足（のちの藤原鎌足）は、645年乙巳の変で蘇我氏宗家が滅亡した後に任じられた。" }
{ "en": "He assisted the Emperor Tenchi as a pivotal figure in politics who led all government officials and implemented the Taika Reforms.", "ja": "天智天皇を助けて文武百官の上に立って政治の中枢を担って大化の改新の遂行にあたった。" }
{ "en": "At the time when Isshi Coup occurred, the Nakatomi clan, from which Kamatari came, was a prestigious clan which was in charge of jingi (worshipping) at court, but its past records in politics were inferior to those of the Soga clan, the Otomo clan or the Abe clan.", "ja": "乙巳の変の当時、鎌足の出身である中臣氏は朝廷の神祇を司っている名門の家柄ではあったが、政治的実績では蘇我氏や大伴氏・阿倍氏などと比較すると一段劣っていた。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, there was a possibility that appointing Kamatari of the Nakatomi clan to Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) or Udaijin (Minister of the Right), the highest posts of subjects based on the system, might provoke antipathy among powerful families which were traditionally engaged in politics at court.", "ja": "このため、制度上の臣下中最高位である左大臣・右大臣に中臣氏出身の鎌足を付ける事は古くから朝廷の政治に関って来た豪族の反感を買う可能性があった。" }
{ "en": "Under this situation, the extraordinary post of 'Uchitsuomi' was created so that Kamatari could take part in the center of government.", "ja": "そこで特別に「内臣」という役職を設けて、鎌足が政権中枢に参画できるようにしたのである。" }
{ "en": "On the day before his death, Kamatari was granted Taishokkan (Grand Crown) and was appointed to 'Naidaijin' (Minister of the Center).", "ja": "なお、鎌足の死の前日に特に鎌足に大織冠を授けて「内大臣」とされている。" }
{ "en": "The second person who was appointed to this post was FUJIWARA no Fusamae, a grandson of Kamatari and the founder of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.", "ja": "2人目は鎌足から見れば孫にあたる藤原北家の初代・藤原房前である。" }
{ "en": "When the Empress Genmei was gravely ill in 721, he was expected to serve as the conservator of her grandson Imperial Prince Obito (the Emperor Shomu), and was appointed to this post as a person who was in charge of 'keikai-naigai, junchoku-shiko' (conveying and implementing the Imperial order).", "ja": "721年、元明天皇が重態に陥ると、孫である皇太子・首皇子（後の聖武天皇）の後見役を期待されて「計会内外、准勅施行」にあたる役として任命された。" }
{ "en": "Under the situation where four Fujiwara families and Imperial families like Nagayao and so on were at odds, it is said that he was appointed with the aim of paving the way for the enthronement of Imperial Prince.", "ja": "当時の藤原四家と長屋王ら皇親との対立の中で、皇太子即位への道筋をつける目的があったとも言われている。" }
{ "en": "Being Sangi (councilor), Fusamae's status was not so high at Daijokan (Grand Council of State).", "ja": "房前は参議として太政官では決して高い地位にある訳ではなかった。" }
{ "en": "However, he had the authority to execute the proceedings to convey and implement the orders of the Emperor (in this case, inclusive of the retired Emperor and Imperial Prince) ('keikai-naigai, junchoku-shiko') in place of Daijokan and Chumusho (ministry of Central Affairs).", "ja": "しかし、天皇（この場合は上皇及び皇太子をも含む）の詔勅を直接奉じて内外に向けた伝達・実施の手続を太政官・中務省に代わって遂行する権限（「計会内外、准勅施行」）を有した。" }
{ "en": "In addition, he was in a position to check Daijokan when necessary since he was in charge of jutoneriryo (the office of Imperial guards).", "ja": "同時に、授刀舎人寮を掌握して時には太政官を牽制する立場にも立ちえた。" }
{ "en": "There is no doubt that Kamatari and Fusamae were engaged in national politics as the close aides of Imperial Prince (later, the Emperor), but the relation between Uchitsuomi and the center of government (under the Ritsuryo system, it was Daijokan) is not clear (Although Fusamae was sangi, it was a low-ranking post under the hierarchy of Daijokan).", "ja": "鎌足と房前が皇太子（後に天皇）に近侍して国政に従事したことは間違いないが、当時の内臣と政府中枢（律令制では太政官）との関係性については不明確な点が多い（房前は参議であったが、太政官の序列からすれば下位の幹部に過ぎない）。" }
{ "en": "Rather, it is considered that they were in a position as an advisor to the government who had independent authority from that of the Daijokan.", "ja": "むしろ独立した権限を有した政府の顧問官の立場にあったと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "It is also controversial whether Fusamae was removed from Uchitsuomi when Imperial Prince ascended the throne on the grounds that the purpose was achieved or whether he continued to be in office until his death.", "ja": "また、房前の内臣が皇太子即位とともに目的を果たしたものとして任を解かれたものなのか、房前の死去まで在任していたのかについても意見が分かれている。" }
{ "en": "The third person who was appointed to this post was FUJIWARA no Yoshitsugu of the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan, a great-grandson of Kamatari and a nephew of Fusamae.", "ja": "3人目は鎌足から見れば曾孫、房前の甥にあたる藤原式家の藤原良継である。" }
{ "en": "When Sadaijin FUJIWARA no Nagate died of disease in 771, Yoshitsugu, being the pivotal figure of the Fujiwara clan, was put into a position to support the Emperor Konin.", "ja": "771年左大臣であった藤原永手が病死すると、良継が藤原一族の中心となって光仁天皇を補佐する立場に立った。" }
{ "en": "However, Yoshitsugu was deprived of his official post twice up to then due to his involvement in the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu caused by his elder brother FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu as well as the assassination plot of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro which he attempted together with OTOMO no Yakamochi and so on.", "ja": "しかし、良継は過去に兄である藤原広嗣の藤原広嗣の乱による連座と自らが大伴家持らと企てた藤原仲麻呂暗殺計画によって2度官職を剥奪された事があった。" }
{ "en": "As a result, he was promoted slowly and was Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) at the time.", "ja": "そのため、出世が大幅に遅れ、中納言でしかなかった。" }
{ "en": "Under such situation, the Emperor Konin appointed him to Uchitsuomi, a post whose requirement was Dainagon (chief councilor of state) in principle, treated him equally with ministers (at that time, the Emperor said 'Uchitsuomi's duties are same with those of Dainagon and its treatment follows that of minister,' and a regulation stipulating that Uchitsuomi's court rank and so on was same with Dainagon and its jikifu (vassal household allotted to a courier) was 1000 households, the middle of Dainagon and ministers, was established) and put him into a position of the center of the government by posting him at Daijokan.", "ja": "そこで光仁天皇は良継を大納言を経ずして任命資格のない内臣に任じて大臣と同格扱い（この時「職掌は大納言と同じとし、待遇は大臣に准じる」として官位・禄賜職分雑物は大納言と同格、食封は大納言と大臣の中間である1,000戸とする規則が定められた）として太政官の一員として配置し、名実ともに政府中枢に置いたのである。" }
{ "en": "Further, as Udaijin ONAKATOMI no Kiyomaro, a senior of the same clan, was his superior at that time, it is considered that the aim of Yoshitsugu's appointment was to enable him to preside over the job of Daijokan with Kiyomaro being at the top of Daijokan's hierarchy.", "ja": "また、当時上役として同族の長老である右大臣大中臣清麻呂がおり、清麻呂を太政官の官位序列を筆頭としての地位を保持したままで良継に太政官の執政を掌らせる構想の上にあったと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "In order to reward Yoshitsugu's service, Uchitsuomi was upgraded six years later to Naidaijin modeled after the case of Kamatari, and formally became the ministerial post as a Ryoge no kan.", "ja": "6年後、その功績に報いるために内臣を鎌足の例に倣って内大臣と改め、正式に令外官として位置づけられた大臣職となった。" }
{ "en": "The last person was FUJIWARA no Uona, a close aide of the Emperor Konin and the fifth son of Fusamae.", "ja": "最後は光仁天皇の側近で房前の5男にあたる藤原魚名である。" }
{ "en": "He was appointed in 778 after Naidaijin Yoshitsugu died in the previous year.", "ja": "778年前年に死去した内大臣良継の死を受けて任命された。" }
{ "en": "Although Uona was Dainagon at the time, it is considered that his political footing was the same as that of Yoshitsugu since ONAKATOMI no Kiyomaro remained in the same position.", "ja": "魚名自身は既に大納言であったが大中臣清麻呂の存在は依然として変わらず、良継の政治的立場の延長上にあったと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "Although the title of this post was renamed 'Chushin' within one month after Uona's appointment, Uona was appointed to Naidaijin in the following year.", "ja": "魚名の任命後1ヶ月も経たずに職名は「忠臣」と改称され、翌年には魚名もまた内大臣に任命される事になった。" }
{ "en": "Since then, the post of Naidaijin was fixed, and Uchitsuomi naturally disappeared after it turned into Naidaijin, an extraordinary ministerial post of Daijokan (since then, FUJIWARA no Takato and others were appointed to Naidaijin).", "ja": "これを最後に内大臣という官職が定着する事になり、内臣は太政官の定員外の大臣である内大臣へとその性格を大きく変えた形で自然消滅することになった（その後の藤原高藤以後は内大臣としての任官となる）。" }
{ "en": "Incidentally, there is a theory arguing that Uchitsuomi was created based on the government organization system in Korean peninsula on the ground that there were cases in Korean peninsula where Gaisobun SEN was appointed to Uchitsuomi in Gogureyo and the head of Sahirashiki (a governmental office in Baekje managing clerical works) was called 'Uchitsuomi sahei' in Baekje.", "ja": "なお、朝鮮半島の高句麗でも泉蓋蘇文が内臣に任じられ、百済の佐平職の筆頭を「内臣佐平」と称した例がある事から、朝鮮半島の官制を参考にした説もある。" }
{ "en": "Shibichudai was a household agency of the Empress Komyo (at the time when Shibichudai was established, she was already Empress Dowager Komyo since her husband the Emperor Shomu had abdicated the throne to his daughter the Empress Koken) which was established by FUJIWARA no Nakamaro (also referred as EMI no Oshikatsu) in 749.", "ja": "紫微中台（しびちゅうだい）は藤原仲麻呂（恵美押勝）が749年に創設した、光明皇后（紫微中台創設当時、既に夫の聖武天皇は娘の孝謙天皇に譲位していたため、光明皇太后である）の家政機関。" }
{ "en": "It was a Ryoge no kan (an organization outside of the Ritsuryo code).", "ja": "令外官。" }
{ "en": "The agency originally called Kogogushiki (the empress household agency) or Kotaogogushiki (the empress dowager household agency) was renamed according to the Tang-style name of Shibichudai.", "ja": "元来､皇后宮職・皇太后宮職と呼ばれていた組織が唐風に改称された。" }
{ "en": "Though it was a household agency, it held the authority to implement the order (ryoji (orders issued by princes, empresses and so on)) of the Empress Dowager Komyo as well as exercise military power.", "ja": "家政機関であったが光明皇太后の命令（令旨）を施行・兵権を発動する機能を持った。" }
{ "en": "It became the de facto supreme authority and military arm of the nation according to Nakamaro's expansion of power.", "ja": "仲麻呂の権力拡大とともに国家の実質的な最高権力機関・軍事機関へと変貌した。" }
{ "en": "Its status was equivalent to Daijokan (council of state) and its head called Shibirei was treated equal to that of Dainagon (chief councilor of state).", "ja": "太政官に準じた位置にあり､長官の紫微令は準大納言待遇だった。" }
{ "en": "When Shibirei was renamed Shibinaisho and came to be treated equal to that of the minister on June 15, 757, it seized the full power of Daijokan's ministers and obtained the authority to implement the Emperor's order without consulting Daijokan and Chumusho (Ministry of Central Affairs).", "ja": "天平勝宝9年5月20日（天平宝字元年・757年6月11日）紫微内相と改称されて準大臣待遇となるとともに、太政官の大臣が持つ内外諸兵事を管掌して、太政官・中務省を経ずして直接詔勅を実施する権限を得た。" }
{ "en": "It is believed that Shibinaisho played an equivalent role to that of Uchitsuomi (a important governmental post presiding over important state affairs while assisting the Emperor).", "ja": "紫微内相は内臣に準じた役割を果たしたとされる。" }
{ "en": "Although it was ostensibly a household agency of the Empress Dowager Komyo, it was actually a military and administrative organization of the Empress Koken and FUJIWARA no Nakamaro faction that was established in order to cope with the anti-Nakamaro and anti-Koken movement which was then active involving Daijokan (the revolt of TACHIBANA no Naramaro occurred two months later).", "ja": "表面上は光明皇太后の家政機関の体裁を取っていたものの、実際には孝謙天皇－藤原仲麻呂に属する独自の軍事・行政機関として当時太政官を巻き込んで展開された反仲麻呂・反孝謙天皇の動き（2ヵ月後に橘奈良麻呂の乱が発生する）に備えたものとされている。" }
{ "en": "When Tang-style names were adopted for government organizations in 758, it was renamed Kongukan and defined as the organization to 'receive the Imperial orders and convey them to government officials.'", "ja": "758年に官職の唐風改称が行われると坤宮官と改称されて「居中奉勅、頒下諸司」を行う機関とされた。" }
{ "en": "As a result, Shibinaisho was put into a position to convey and implement the order of the Retired Emperor Koken and the Emperor Junnin in place of Daijokan and became the organization comparable to Daijokan both in name and reality.", "ja": "これにより、孝謙上皇・淳仁天皇の詔勅を紫微内相が奉じて太政官に代わって直接下達・実行させる機関と位置づけられたことで名実共に太政官と並ぶ機関となった。" }
{ "en": "Nakamaro served as its head from the very beginning, but the post of Shibinaisho became vacant when Nakamaro was appointed to Oho (Udaijin (Minister of the Right) and became the top of the Daijokan in 758.", "ja": "長官職は創設以来仲麻呂が務めていたが､758年に仲麻呂が大保（右大臣）に転じて太政官の首班となり、紫微内相が空位になった。" }
{ "en": "Since then, its significance faded gradually though it was still under Nakamaro's charge, and was abolished when the Empress Dowager Komyo died in 760.", "ja": "以後、実質は仲麻呂支配下にあったとは言え次第に重要性が低下し、760年の光明皇太后の死によって廃止された。" }
{ "en": "However, according to Shoso-in Monjo (Shoso-in Archives), Kongukan (Shibichudai) was involved in a sutra-copying project conducted on the first anniversary of the Empress Dowager's death.", "ja": "ただし、皇太后の一周忌における写経事業には坤宮官（紫微中台）も関与していることが正倉院文書などから確認できる。" }
{ "en": "Further, a description concerning the replacement of runaway shicho (servant) of Kongukan is found in the official document dated January 26, 762 that was written by Governor of Kai Province after the first anniversary of the Empress Dowager's death (official documents) (appears in the volume four of \"Dai Nihon Komonjo\" (Old Documents of Japan)).", "ja": "さらに、一周忌終了後の天平宝字5年12月23日付の甲斐国司解(公文書)（『大日本古文書』4巻所収）に逃亡した坤宮官仕丁の代替について記された記述がある。" }
{ "en": "Judging from the above facts, it is believed that it was actually abolished around 762.", "ja": "以上から、実際には天平宝字6年（762年）前後に廃止されたと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "Though its significance had already faded, the abolition of Shibichudai was not only a big blow to Nakamaro but also a remote cause of the collapse of Nakamaro administration since it was independent from Daijokan and held its own military power as well as the authority to convey Imperial orders.", "ja": "重要性が低下していたとは言え、太政官から独立して独自の軍事力と詔勅下達権限を有した紫微中台の廃止は仲麻呂にとっては打撃が大きく、仲麻呂政権崩壊の遠因にもなった。" }
{ "en": "After having overthrown Nakamaro, the Empress Shotoku (formerly, the Empress Koken) established Nijusho (Ministry of Royal Pages), a military organization modeled after Shibichudai, as a permanent Ryoge no kan.", "ja": "仲麻呂を倒した称徳天皇（元の孝謙上皇）は、紫微中台に倣った独自の軍事組織として常設的な令外官である内豎省を設置している。" }
{ "en": "Shibirei (director general of Shibichudai) (corresponds to Shosanmi (Senior Third Grade)): renamed Shibinaisho (from 757).", "ja": "紫微令（正三位相当）→紫微内相（757年から）" }
{ "en": "Daitsu (Senior assistant president), Shotsu (Junior Assistant president)", "ja": "大弼　少弼" }
{ "en": "Daichu (Senior inspector), Shochu (Junior inspector)", "ja": "大忠　少忠" }
{ "en": "Daiso (Senior officer), Shoso (Junior officer)", "ja": "大疏　少疏" }
{ "en": "Shibu (low rank officials)", "ja": "使部" }
{ "en": "Jikicho (factotum)", "ja": "直丁" }
{ "en": "Kageyushi was a Ryoge no kan (official posts outside of the Ritsuryo code) under the Japanese Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code).", "ja": "勘解由使（かげゆし）は、日本の律令制下の令外官の一つ。" }
{ "en": "It was created during the early Heian period for the purpose of inspecting local administration.", "ja": "平安時代初期、地方行政を監査するために設置された。" }
{ "en": "Later, the inspections extended to include the naikan (offices locate in Kyoto).", "ja": "その後、監査の対象は内官（京都の各官職）へと拡大した。" }
{ "en": "Kageyushicho, the office of Kageyushi, was located on the north-west side of Daijokan (Council of State) and to the south of Chumusho (Ministry of Central Affairs).", "ja": "勘解由使の官庁である勘解由使庁は、太政官の北西、中務省の南に位置した。" }
{ "en": "Its Japanese name was 'Tokuruyoshikangafuruno tsukasa.'", "ja": "和名は「とくるよしかんがふるのつかさ」。" }
{ "en": "Under the Ritsuryo system, when the term of kokushi (provincial governor) expired, a document called Geyujo (discharge certificate) was delivered from a predecessor to a successor as evidence to prove that the handing over of a job was carried out without any problems.", "ja": "律令制の下では、国司の任期が満了したとき、事務引継ぎが問題なく行われた証として、後任国司から前任国司へ解由状（げゆじょう）という文書が交付されていた。" }
{ "en": "In the Nara period (late eighth century), the post of kokushi became a source for additional gains, such as kugaito (local source of revenue).", "ja": "奈良時代（8世紀後期）ごろになると、国司行政に公廨稲収入などの利得権が生じていた。" }
{ "en": "Under this situation, there were cases where disputes concerning additional profits would occur between a predecessor and a successor and the handing over of a job was not carried out smoothly.", "ja": "このため、前任・後任間で利得をめぐる紛争が発生するようになり、交替時の事務引継ぎが不調となるケースも出てきていた。" }
{ "en": "The Emperor Kanmu, who ascended the throne during the end of the eighth century, started to reconstruct slackened local administration in order to extend the Imperial power throughout the nation.", "ja": "8世紀末期に登場した桓武天皇は、王威を国内にあまねく拡げるために、弛緩しつつあった地方行政の再構築に取り組んだ。" }
{ "en": "As a result, Kageyushi was created as a post to take charge of the inspection and supervision of local administration.", "ja": "その結果、地方行政を監査・監督する勘解由使の職が新設されることとなった。" }
{ "en": "Kageyushi's duty was to inspect Geyujo which was brought back by a predecessor.", "ja": "勘解由使の職務は、前任国司が持ち帰った解由状の監査であった。" }
{ "en": "By doing so, the government intended to reduce disputes associated with the change of kokushi and improve the quality of kokushi's administration.", "ja": "これにより、国司交替時の紛争を抑制し、国司行政の品質改善を図ったのである。" }
{ "en": "It is believed that Kageyushi was created in 797.", "ja": "勘解由使が設置されたのは、797年（延暦16年）ころとされている。" }
{ "en": "Kageyushi was once abolished in 806, and instead Kansatsushi, whose duty was to inspect local administration on gokishichido (five provinces and seven circuits) basis, was created.", "ja": "806年（大同(日本)元年）、勘解由使は一旦廃止され、代わりに五畿七道単位で地方行政を監察する観察使が設置された。" }
{ "en": "However, the inspection job of Geyujo was succeeded by the Left and Right Benkankyoku (Controllers' Office).", "ja": "ただ、解由状の審査実務は、左右弁官局が継承した。" }
{ "en": "Before long, however, Kageyushi was recreated in 824 because the number of disputes associated with the change of kokushi was on the increase.", "ja": "その後ほどなくして、国司の交替時における紛争が増加傾向となったため、824年（天長元年）、勘解由使が再置されることとなった。" }