translation
translation |
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{
"en": "Later, officials of naikan were also obliged to prepare Geyujo when they changed, and such Geyujo was added to the target of Kageyushi's inspection.",
"ja": "この後、国司のみならず内官（京都の各官職）の交替時にも解由状を作成することとされ、勘解由使の監査対象に加えられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also, when the handing over of a job was not carried out successfully, a predecessor and a successor were obliged to prepare Fuyo-geyujo in which the reason thereof and the arguments of both parties were described.",
"ja": "また、事務引継ぎが不調に終わった場合、その理由と前任・後任両者の主張を併記した不与解由状（ふよげゆじょう）を作成することも新たに定められた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Thus, Kageyushi became an important post which was in charge of the inspection and supervision of both central and local administration.",
"ja": "こうして勘解由使は、中央行政と地方行政を監査・監督する重要な職となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Its duty included dispute settlement when Fuyo-geyujo was submitted as well as compiling Kotaishiki, a code concerning the change of officials.",
"ja": "職務には、不与解由状が発行されたときの紛争処理、官吏の交替に関する法規集である交替式（こうたいしき）の編纂などがあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kageyushi's inspection was called Kanpan at the time, and its record (Kageyushi-kanpanjo) was compiled in \"Seiji yoryaku\" (examples of the politics in the Heian period), a reference book for politics.",
"ja": "当時、勘解由使による監査を勘判と呼んでおり、政務の参考書籍として編まれた『政事要略』に勘判の記録（勘解由使勘判抄）が所載されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "One theory asserts that the significance of Kageyushi gradually waned in the middle to late Heian period because official posts increasingly became 'family business,' in other words, a certain post was exclusively inherited by a member of specific family.",
"ja": "平安中期～後期頃から、ある官職を特定の家系が相伝する「官司の家職化」が進行していき、勘解由使の存在意義は次第に薄れていったとする見解がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, another theory asserts that as Zuryo (the head of provincial governors) was actively appropriating public properties at that time, Kageyushi's principal role shifted to the supervision of Zuryo.",
"ja": "一方で、同時期には受領が事実上の地方官として積極的な収奪活動を展開しており、そうした受領を監督することが勘解由使の主要な役割となっていったとする見解もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is considered that Kageyushi continued to play a role in inspection until the end of the Heian period when Zuryo was active.",
"ja": "勘解由使は、受領の活躍が見られた平安末期ごろまで、監査機関としての機能を担い続けたと考えられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kami (Minister) (corresponded to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)): One person, high-ranking officials, such as Sangi (councillor) or Benkan (controller), were often appointed to this post.",
"ja": "長官（正五位下相当）…1名 参議、弁官といった高官が充てられることも多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Suke (vice-minister) (corresponded to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade): Two persons",
"ja": "次官（従五位下相当）…2名"
}
|
{
"en": "Jo (secretary) (corresponded to Jurokuinoge (Junior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade)): Three persons",
"ja": "判官（従六位下相当）…3名"
}
|
{
"en": "Sakan (secretary) (corresponded to Jushichiinoge (Junior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade)): Three persons",
"ja": "主典（従七位下相当）…3名"
}
|
{
"en": "Shisho (officer)",
"ja": "史生"
}
|
{
"en": "Shosei (a post managing paper works)",
"ja": "書生"
}
|
{
"en": "Shisho (使掌, a post doing clerical works)",
"ja": "使掌"
}
|
{
"en": "Shibu (low rank bureaucrats)",
"ja": "使部"
}
|
{
"en": "Tsuibushi (Pursuit and Apprehension Agent) was a Ryoge no kan (a Japanese government post which was not established by the Ritsuryo codes).",
"ja": "追捕使（ついぶし）は日本の律令制下の令外官の一つ。"
}
|
{
"en": "The post was in charge of police and military affairs.",
"ja": "警察・軍事的官職。"
}
|
{
"en": "At first it was a temporary post, but later became a permanent post of the nation under the Ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "初めは臨時の官職であったが、後に令制国に常設されるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Tsuibushi was set up for the first time in 932, in order to clean up pirates and barbarians who often haunted Nankaido (Southern Sea Region).",
"ja": "最初に設置されたのは932年（承平(日本)2年）で、当初南海道で頻繁に出没していた海賊･凶賊を掃討する目的で設置された。"
}
|
{
"en": "The term \"tsuibu\" meaning 'pursuing and apprehending' in Japanese, Tsuibushi did not originally have a military role, but often fought in actual battles in order to get pirates or rebellions under control.",
"ja": "「追捕」は「追い捕らえる」の意で、元々軍事的役割を含んでいなかったが、海賊、反乱などを鎮圧するという目的から、実際に戦闘に当たることが多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "ONO no Yoshifuru is famous as Tsuibushi, who subdued FUJIWARA no Sumitomo's War in the Johei and Tengyo War.",
"ja": "追捕使になったものとしては、承平天慶の乱で藤原純友の乱の鎮圧に当たった小野好古が有名。"
}
|
{
"en": "After Tsuibushi was permanently established in each province, Kokushi (provincial governor) concurrently served as Tsuibushi, or Gozoku (local ruling family) was appointed to be Tsuibushi in many cases.",
"ja": "その後、諸国に常設されるようになると、国司を追捕使に兼任させたり、地方の豪族を任命したケースが多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "At the end of the 12th century, a government post named Sotsuibushi was established take charge of police and military affairs, and took over the functions of Tsuibushi.",
"ja": "12世紀末ごろになると、惣追捕使（総追捕使）として一国の警察・軍事的役割を担う官職があらわれ、追捕使の職務は引き継がれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Then, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to be Nihonkoku-sotsuibushi (literally, sotsuibushi of Japan) in 1190 and the appointing power of Sotsuibushi was transferred to Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura), and the post of Sotsuibushi gradually evolved into Shugo (military governor).",
"ja": "さらにその後、1190年に源頼朝が日本国惣追捕使に任命され、惣追捕使の任免権が鎌倉殿に移り、守護に発展していった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kansatsushi refers to a government post which was established in Tang Dynasty China, in Yi Dynasty Korea, and in Japan in the early Heian period, for the purpose of inspecting the local administration.",
"ja": "観察使（かんさつし）は、唐の中国、李氏朝鮮、および平安時代初期の日本が設置した地方行政監察のための官職。"
}
|
{
"en": "This was Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) which was not regulated in the Ritsuryo codes for both Tang and Japan.",
"ja": "唐・日本ではいずれも律令に規定のない令外官だった。"
}
|
{
"en": "During the Yi Dynasty, it was an institution under the direct control of the King.",
"ja": "李氏朝鮮においては国王直属の機関であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Tang",
"ja": "唐"
}
|
{
"en": "In the period of Genso (Tang), Do (administrative district) of which the number had been 10 was increased to 15, and saihoshochishi (auditor) were placed in each Do.",
"ja": "唐玄宗(唐)代にそれまで10あった道(行政区画)を15に増やしてそれぞれに採訪処置使を置いた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Saihoshochishi was later changed to kansatsushochishi (abbreviated as kansatsushi) by changing its name.",
"ja": "採訪処置使は後に名を変えて監察処置使（略して観察使）になる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kansatsushi was a nominal post for inspection, but, effectively held authority on the inside of Do.",
"ja": "観察使は名目上は監察のための役職であったが、実質的に道内の行政権を握った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Many kansatsushi who concurrently assumed the post of Setsudoshi (military governor) established around the same time also controlled the administration and military, and held a lot of power.",
"ja": "同時期に設置された節度使は多くが観察使を兼ね、行政・軍の双方を兼ね、強大な力を持った。"
}
|
{
"en": "For details, refer to the article of 'Hanchin.'",
"ja": "→詳細は「藩鎮」の項を参照。"
}
|
{
"en": "In Japan, in around 797 in the initial Heian period, Emperor Kanmu aiming at the thorough performance of local administration established Kageyushi (Board of Discharge Examiners) which audited the administrative performance by chihokan (a local official) (kokushi (provincial governor)).",
"ja": "日本では、平安時代最初期の797年頃、地方行政の遂行徹底を狙う桓武天皇により、地方官（国司）の行政実績を監査する勘解由使が設置された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kageyushi strictly audited the administration by kokushi, and attained some progress in improving the local administration.",
"ja": "勘解由使は国司行政を厳正に監査し、地方行政の向上に一定の効果を上げていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, when Emperor Kanmu died in 806, Emperor Heizei, the successor, advocated innovating politics, and in June of the same year, he abolished Kageyushi as part of this innovation, and newly established kansatsushi.",
"ja": "しかし、806年（大同1）、桓武天皇が没すると、後継した平城天皇は政治の刷新を掲げ、同年6月、その一環として勘解由使を廃止し、新たに観察使を置いた。"
}
|
{
"en": "At first, kansatsushi was established in each of Rokudo (six districts) (Tokaido, Hokurikudo, Sanindo, Sanyodo, Nankaido and Saikaido) excluding Tosando, and was also called Rokudokansatsushi.",
"ja": "観察使は当初、東山道を除く六道（東海道・北陸道・山陰道・山陽道・南海道・西海道）ごとに設置され、六道観察使とも呼ばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was decided that the post of kansatsushi should be concurrently assumed by sangi (councillor), one of the members of Giseikan (Legislature).",
"ja": "また、観察使は議政官の一員である参議が兼任することとされていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kansatsushi was an important post on par with sangi.",
"ja": "観察使は、参議に比肩しうる重要な官職だった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the next year, 807, kansatsushi was also established in Tosando and Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto).",
"ja": "翌807年（大同2）、東山道および畿内にも観察使が置かれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, sangi was abolished, and only kansatsushi remained.",
"ja": "併せて、参議を廃止して観察使のみとした。"
}
|
{
"en": "It seemed that kansatsushi enthusiastically inspected the local administration, and \"Nihonkoki\" (Later Chronicle of Japan) had recorded that each kansatsushi took various measures to reduce people's burdens.",
"ja": "観察使による地方行政の監察は、精力的に実施されていたようで、『日本後紀』には、各観察使が民衆の負担を軽減するため、様々な措置を執っていたことが記録されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Under circumstances where a relation between Emperor Heizei who abdicated from the throne in the previous year, 809, and Emperor Saga was aggravated in 810, Emperor Saga issued the imperial edict to abolish kansatsushi and bringing back sangi in July of the same year.",
"ja": "810年（弘仁1）、前年に譲位した平城上皇と嵯峨天皇の関係が悪化していく中、同年6月、嵯峨天皇は、観察使を廃止して参議を復活する詔を発令した。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a result of this, the four-year history of kansatsushi ended.",
"ja": "これにより観察使は4年間の歴史を終えた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kurodo refers to one of Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes) in Japan.",
"ja": "蔵人（くろうど、藏人）は日本の律令制下の令外官の一つ。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Kurodo played the role of secretary.",
"ja": "天皇の秘書的役割を果たした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kurodo was called jichu, sekiro or sekihairo in Tang China.",
"ja": "唐名は侍中（じちゅう）、夕郎（せきろう）、夕拝郎（せきはいろう）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kurododokoro (the chamberlain's office) was a place to perform clerical work, and was established in the northern part of Kyoshoden Hall (Palace Archives) in the Imperial Palace.",
"ja": "蔵人所は事務を行う場所のことで、内裏校書殿の北部に置かれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "蔵人, Chinese characters of kurodo, also refers to one of hyakkan na (a name taken after his or her family's official rank) or person's name, and in this case, it was pronounced as 'Kurando.'",
"ja": "また、蔵人は百官名或いは人名の一つで、この場合は「くらんど」と読む。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 809, Emperor Heizei assigned his throne to Emperor Saga, and moved to Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) as the Retired Emperor Heizei.",
"ja": "大同(日本)4年（809年）、平城天皇が嵯峨天皇に譲位し、平城上皇として平城京に移り住んだ。"
}
|
{
"en": "At this time, his choki (a favorite mistress), FUJIWARA no Kusuko of kokyu (empress's residence), and her older brother, FUJIWARA no Nakanari accompanied him, but, FUJIWARA no Kusuko was in the position of kami (director) (naishinokami (or shoji; Principal Handmaid) of naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendants) which played a role of secretary to the emperor.",
"ja": "この時、後宮の寵妃藤原薬子やその兄藤原仲成も同行したが、藤原薬子が天皇の秘書である内侍司の長官（尚侍）であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Therefore, Emperor Saga who were in Heian-kyo without a secretary had a problem in documentation and clerical work.",
"ja": "そのため、平安京にいた嵯峨天皇は秘書を欠いて書類事務に支障をきたした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Furthermore, since there was a conflict with the Retired Emperor which brought about the Kusuko Incident, in 810, FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu and KOZE no Notari were appointed as Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), and Mano KIYOHARA was appointed as kurodo, as new secretaries.",
"ja": "その上、薬子の変へと繋がる上皇との対立もあり、新たな秘書役として大同5年（810年）に藤原冬嗣と巨勢野足を蔵人頭に、清原真野らを蔵人に任命した。"
}
|
{
"en": "This was the start of the history of the kurodo.",
"ja": "これがはじまりである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Such appointments were conducted also for the purpose of preventing secrets from being leaked to the side of the Retired Emperor Heizei.",
"ja": "平城上皇側に機密がもれないようにすることも目的であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Thereafter, the authority was strengthened during the periods of Emperors Koko and Uda, and the organization was expanded.",
"ja": "のち光孝天皇・宇多天皇にいたってその権威は強化され、組織も拡充されるにいたった。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a domestic governing institution of the Imperial Family, Kurododokoro was originally in charge of management of documents and gyobutsu (Imperial treasures), handling of confidential documents, and handling of suits.",
"ja": "蔵人所はもともと天皇家の家政機関として、書籍や御物の管理、また機密文書の取り扱いや訴訟を扱った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Eventually, Kurododokoro stopped handling suits, but became an institution handling everything handled by tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) such as transmission of Shochoku (imperial edict) and Joso (report to the throne), guard, clerical work, routine tasks and so on.",
"ja": "やがて、訴訟には関与しなくなるが、詔勅、上奏の伝達や、警護、事務、雑務等殿上人におけるあらゆる事を取り仕切る機関となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the mid Heian period, Kurododokoro came to handle matters concerning all domestic governing institution of the Imperial Family which were called '-sho' or '-dokoro' such as Naijudokoro (Royal Pages Office), Mikushige-dono (the place handling clothes in the Imperial palace), Shinmotsudokoro (Serving Office), Outadokoro (an organization that provided the education and management for ancient Japanese music, Uta, and traditional instruments), Gakusho (chamber of music), Tsukumodokoro (a palace office responsible for making accessories and furnishings), Goshodokoro (an office to maintain books in the Imperial Court), Ippon-goshodokoro, Uchi no goshodokoro (the place that kept Emperor's books), Edokoro (Imperial office treating about pictures) and so on.",
"ja": "平安時代中期になると内豎所・御匣殿・進物所・大歌所・楽所・作物所・御書所・一本御書所・内御書所・画所など「所」といわれる天皇家の家政機関一切をも取り扱うようになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kurodo no betto (superintendent of chamberlains)",
"ja": "蔵人別当"
}
|
{
"en": "This refers to a person nominally responsible for Kurododokoro.",
"ja": "蔵人所の名目上の責任者。"
}
|
{
"en": "This post was concurrently assumed by a minister under the Ministerial Ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "大臣律令制の大臣が兼任していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The fixed number was one.",
"ja": "定員1名。"
}
|
{
"en": "The role was to transmit Shochoku to each minister.",
"ja": "詔勅を各省に伝達することが役目。"
}
|
{
"en": "Emon no suke (assistant captain of Outer Palace Guards)",
"ja": "衛門佐"
}
|
{
"en": "Kurodo no to",
"ja": "蔵人頭（とう）"
}
|
{
"en": "This refers to a person actually responsible for Kurododokoro.",
"ja": "蔵人所の実際の責任者。"
}
|
{
"en": "The fixed number was two.",
"ja": "定員2名。"
}
|
{
"en": "In most cases, one was selected and appointed among Benkan (officials of the dajokan), and was called 'Tono Ben,' and the other was selected and appointed among Konoe no chujo (middle captain of the palace guards), and was called 'Tono Chujo.'",
"ja": "たいていは弁官から1名が補任されて「頭弁（とうのべん）」と呼ばれ、もう1名は近衛中将から補任され「頭中将（とうのちゅうじょう）」と呼ばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Goi no kurodo (Kurodo with the Fifth Rank)",
"ja": "五位蔵人"
}
|
{
"en": "This refers to officials of Kurododokoro.",
"ja": "蔵人所の職員。"
}
|
{
"en": "The fixed number was three.",
"ja": "定員3名。"
}
|
{
"en": "The role was to perform that of a secretary like taking charge of transmitting Chokushi (imperial orders) and Joso jointly with Kurodo no to.",
"ja": "勅旨や上奏を伝達する役目を蔵人頭と受け持つ等、秘書的役割を果たした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Some officials who concurrently assumed the posts of Benkan and Emon no suke (assistant captain of Outer Palace Guards) were called 'sanji kentai' (filling three positions).",
"ja": "弁官と衛門佐を兼任して「三事兼帯」と呼ばれる者もいた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Rokui no kurodo (Kurodo with the Sixth Rank)",
"ja": "六位蔵人"
}
|
{
"en": "This refers to officials of Kurododokoro.",
"ja": "蔵人所の職員。"
}
|
{
"en": "The fixed number was approximately four to six.",
"ja": "定員は、おおよそ4名から6名。"
}
|
{
"en": "The role was to perform that of a secretary such as serving of Emperor's meals, and so on.",
"ja": "天皇の膳の給仕等、秘書的役割を果たした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Hikurodo (trainee in the Kurododokoro)",
"ja": "非蔵人（見習）"
}
|
{
"en": "Zoshiki (low-level functionary)",
"ja": "雑色"
}
|
{
"en": "Tokoroshu (assistant official of the Emperor's private office)",
"ja": "所衆"
}
|
{
"en": "Suino (the officer for all of general affaires including the receipts and disbursement of the treasury)",
"ja": "出納"
}
|
{
"en": "Kodoneri (minor officer)",
"ja": "小舎人"
}
|
{
"en": "Takiguchi no musha (samurai guards of the Imperial Residence)",
"ja": "滝口武者"
}
|
{
"en": "Takagai (hawker)",
"ja": "鷹飼"
}
|
{
"en": "Konin (caretakers of dominion of Todai-ji Temple)",
"ja": "侯人"
}
|
{
"en": "Gundai （a magistrate of a region or an administrator of a town) is the name of a post set in the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and in clan domains from the Muromachi period to the Edo period.",
"ja": "郡代（ぐんだい）とは室町時代から江戸時代にかけての幕府・諸藩に置かれた職名。"
}
|
{
"en": "The post was also referred to as Koribugyo (magistrate of a country).",
"ja": "郡奉行（こおりぶぎょう）とも。"
}
|
{
"en": "Muromachi period",
"ja": "室町時代"
}
|
{
"en": "The post of Gundai was created when a Shugodai (deputy of Shugo; provincial constable) who had been exercising military and police powers during the Kamakura period began taking charge of affairs related to taxation (tax collection) as well at the start of the Muromachi period.",
"ja": "鎌倉時代、郡を単位として軍事・警察権を行使していた守護代（守護の代官）が室町時代に入り、租税関係（年貢の徴収）も行うようになったことに始まる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Gundai or Koribugyo was generally used to refer to a Daikan (local governor) who controlled a unit of Gun (country) under the direction of a Shugodai, but there were also times when these terms were also used to refer to a Shugodai.",
"ja": "一般的には守護代の支配を受けて郡単位で支配した代官を郡代・郡奉行と呼んでいたが、守護代そのものを郡代・郡奉行と呼ぶ場合もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "A person with this position had one or two countries under their jurisdiction.",
"ja": "支配地域は1～2郡であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Edo period",
"ja": "江戸時代"
}
|
{
"en": "During the Edo period, Gundai was a post set within the bakufu as well as in each domain.",
"ja": "江戸時代には、幕府および諸藩に置かれた役職である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Within the bakufu, the post referred to a local governor (Daikan) who controlled a relatively wide extension of government territory.",
"ja": "幕府では、比較的広域の幕府領を支配する代官のことをいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "Early on during the Edo period, aside from the Kanto region, a Gundai post was set in almost all of the provinces, including Kamigata, Amagasaki, Mikawa, Tanba and Kawachi.",
"ja": "江戸時代初期には関東郡代のほかに上方、尼崎、三河国、丹波国、河内国などほぼ1国単位に郡代が置かれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1642, the Kanjogashira sei (a system controlled by a chief financial officer) was established, which put Gundai and Daikan under its jurisdiction, but Kanto Gundai was brought under the control of the Roju (members of the Shogun's council of elders) later on.",
"ja": "1642年（寛永19年）勘定頭制の施行に伴い、郡代・代官はその管轄下に置かれたが、その後関東郡代は老中支配となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the middle Edo period, the number of Gundai was reduced to four: Kanto Gundai, Mino Gundai, Saigokusuji Gundai (Kyushu region) and Hida Gundai.",
"ja": "江戸時代中期以降は、関東郡代・美濃郡代・西国筋郡代・飛騨郡代の4郡代となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The status and rank of a Gundai was higher than that of a Daikan, but the scope of the work between the two was nearly the same.",
"ja": "郡代の身分・格式は、代官よりも上であるが、職務内容については代官とほぼ同じであった。"
}
|
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