may-ohta/kftt · Datasets at Hugging Face

translation translation
{ "en": "During the Edo period, the bakufu encouraged the blind to join the Todo-za, consolidating the organization which started to enjoy considerable autonomy even though it was under the jurisdiction of the Jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines).", "ja": "江戸時代に入ると、幕府は盲人が当道座に属することを奨励し、当道組織が整備され、寺社奉行の管轄下ではあるがかなり自治的な運営が行なわれた。" }
{ "en": "Kengyo began to have considerable power and authority with a substantially high rank, and when someone became a Soroku Kengyo (chief kengyo) who lead the Todo-za, they were given the level of authority and prestige comparable to a daimyo with a stipend of 150 thousand koku (a unit of a crop yield - one rice koku is 180.39 liters; one lumber koku is 0.278 cubic meters).", "ja": "検校の権限は大きなものとなり、社会的にもかなり地位が高く、当道の統率者である惣録検校になると十五万石程度の大名と同等の権威と格式を持っていた。" }
{ "en": "There were 73 ranks between admittance to Toda-za and the rank of Kengyo, with the rank of Kengyo being divided further into ten sub-ranks from Ichi-ro (1st senior) to Ju-ro (10th Senior).", "ja": "当道座に入座して検校に至るまでには73の位階があり、検校には十老から一老まで十の位階があった。" }
{ "en": "Aside from clerical work, all accounting jobs at Todo-za were carried about by persons with visual and hearing disabilities, and it was revealed that their memory and calculation skills were so precise that not even the slightest inaccuracy could be found.", "ja": "当道の会計も書記以外はすべて視覚障害者によって行なわれたが、彼らの記憶と計算は確実で、一文の誤りもなかったという。" }
{ "en": "As visual and hearing disabilities had almost nothing to do with heredity, once a member of the Todo-za was recognized for his achievements in heikyoku (a traditional musical narrative on the Tale of Heike), sangen (or samisen -a three ringed instrument) and acupuncture, the 73 ranks up to Kengyo were sequentially opened up to the blind officers after certain intervals of time.", "ja": "また、視覚障害は世襲とはほとんど関係ないため、平曲、三絃や鍼灸の業績が認められれば一定の期間をおいて検校まで73段に及ぶ盲官位が順次与えられた。" }
{ "en": "However, since it took a greatly extended amount of time to receive such a promotion, in order to accelerate the acquisition of higher ranks, blind officers were authorized to trade gold and silver currency for higher ranks, which lead to the ranks being certified by the Todo-za.", "ja": "しかしそのためには非常に長い年月を必要とするので、早期に取得するため金銀による盲官位の売買も公認されたために、当道座によって各盲官位が認定されるようになった。" }
{ "en": "To become Kengyo, one had to be able to perform heikyoku (a traditional musical narration on the Tale of Heike), jiuta sangen (a traditional Japanese song accompanied by a sangen) and sokyoku (music played on the koto - a kind of harp), as well as have skills in composition or acupuncture and massage.", "ja": "検校になるためには平家物語平曲・地歌三弦・箏曲等の演奏、作曲、あるいは鍼灸・按摩ができなければならなかったとされる。" }
{ "en": "Later in the Edo period, however, heikyoku, which had been the exemplary accomplishment of Todo-za, had lost its popularity, and jiuta sangen, sokyoku and acupuncture became the practical skills required to become a Kengyo professional instead.", "ja": "しかし、江戸時代には当道座の表芸たる平曲は下火になり、代わって地歌三弦や箏曲、鍼灸が検校の実質的な職業となった。" }
{ "en": "Not all members of the Todo-za were talented in music and acupuncture however, and there were some who changed their profession or entered into the financial business as mentioned below.", "ja": "ただしすべての当道座員が音楽や鍼灸の才能を持つ訳ではないので、他の職業に就く者や、後述するような金融業を営む者もいた。" }
{ "en": "It is estimated that to become Kengyo by being promoted through each sequential rank from lowest to highest, it costed a total of 719 ryo (unit of gold currency).", "ja": "最低位から順次位階を踏んで検校になるまでには総じて719両が必要であったという。" }
{ "en": "In Edo, the blind officers of Todo-za, including Kengyo, were sometimes collectively referred to as 'Zato.'", "ja": "江戸では当道の盲人を、検校であっても「座頭」と総称することもあった。" }
{ "en": "During the Edo period, there were many Kengyo who became excellent musicians in the three capital cities as professionals of jiuta sangen, sokyoku, kokyu (Chinese fiddle) music and heikyoku, which lead to them having an important role as a driving power in the development of Japanese music in the modern ages.", "ja": "江戸時代には地歌三弦、箏曲、胡弓楽、平曲のプロフェッショナルとして、三都を中心に優れた音楽家となる検校が多く、近世邦楽大発展の大きな原動力となった。" }
{ "en": "There were some Kengyo who were employed by daimyo (feudal lord) as in-house musicians with a stipend equivalent to an annual crop volume large enough to support several people, such as Kengyo Yatsuhashi in the Iwakitaira Domain and Kengyo Yoshizawa in the Owari Domain.", "ja": "磐城平藩の八橋検校、尾張藩の吉沢検校などのように、専属の音楽家として大名に数人扶持で召し抱えられる検校もいた。" }
{ "en": "Furthermore, there were also Kengyo who were successful as acupuncture doctors and others who became famous as scholars.", "ja": "また鍼灸医として活躍したり、学者として名を馳せた検校もいる。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, to facilitate the income of gold and silver needed to quickly acquire official ranks, the bakufu permitted them to be money lenders with high interest rates during the Genroku era.", "ja": "その一方で、官位の早期取得に必要な金銀収入を容易にするため、元禄頃から幕府により高利の金貸しが認められていた。" }
{ "en": "This money lending was referred to as Zatokin (Zato money) or Kankin (officer money), with some Kengyo lending money to gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) or low-ranking hatamoto (direct vassals of the shogun) with a low stipend and making excessive profits.", "ja": "これを座頭金または官金と呼んだが、特に幕臣の中でも禄の薄い御家人や小身の旗本等に金を貸し付けて、暴利を得ていた検校もいた。" }
{ "en": "During the Anei era, there were Kengyo who accumulated a large fortune, such as Kengyo Nagoya, who accumulated more than 100 thousand ryo, and Kengyo Toriyama, who accumulated 15 thousand ryo and astonished society by going on a spree at Yoshiwara (the red-light district in Edo).", "ja": "安永年間には名古屋検校が十万数千両、鳥山検校が一万五千両等、多額の蓄財をなした検校も相当おり、吉原での豪遊等で世間を脅かせた。" }
{ "en": "In 1778, eight Kengyo and two Koto were banished from Edo after forfeiting all of their assets for their excessively underhanded means of making profits.", "ja": "同七年にはこれら八検校と二勾当があまりの悪辣さのため、全財産没収の上江戸払いの処分を受けた。" }
{ "en": "Famous Kengyo", "ja": "有名な検校" }
{ "en": "When known, 関名 (first name) is enclosed in parenthesis ().", "ja": "（）内は関名" }
{ "en": "Waichi SUGIYAMA (Waichi)", "ja": "杉山和一（和一）" }
{ "en": "Established the method of Kanshin acupuncture (tube acupuncture)", "ja": "鍼で管鍼法を確立した" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Yatsuhashi (Jodan)", "ja": "八橋検校（城談）" }
{ "en": "Father of modern Sokyoku, and innovated the bow of Kokyu", "ja": "-近代箏曲の父、胡弓の弓を改良" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Ishimura / Kengyo Torazawa", "ja": "石村検校・虎沢検校" }
{ "en": "Created the oldest artistic musical song with accompaniment of shamisen 'Shamisen suite.'", "ja": "-最古の芸術的三味線歌曲「三味線組歌」を創始した" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Sawazumi / Kengyo Takino", "ja": "沢住検校・滝野検校" }
{ "en": "Started the tale of Joruri story with the accompaniment of Shamisen.", "ja": "-三味線で浄瑠璃を語り始めた" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Ikuta (Ikuichi)", "ja": "生田検校（幾一）" }
{ "en": "Founder of Ikuta school Sokyoku.", "ja": "-生田流箏曲の始祖" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Fujiue (Kikoichi)", "ja": "藤植検校（喜古一）" }
{ "en": "Player of Kokyu", "ja": "-胡弓演奏家。" }
{ "en": "Actively performed in Edo, invented four-stringed Kokyu, and was the founder of Fujiue school.", "ja": "江戸で活躍、四絃胡弓を考案、藤植流を興す" }
{ "en": "Hokiichi HANAWA", "ja": "塙保己一（保己一）" }
{ "en": "Was active as a scholar.", "ja": "-学者として活躍。" }
{ "en": "Editor of \"Gunsho Ruiju\" (Collection of Historical Documents)", "ja": "「群書類従」の編者" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Ogino (Tomonoichi)", "ja": "荻野検校（知一）" }
{ "en": "Musician of Heikyoku, the first promoter of Heikyoku, and compiled 'Heike Mabushi.'", "ja": "-平曲家、平曲中興の祖、「平家正節」を編纂" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Yamada (Toyoichi)", "ja": "山田検校（斗養一）" }
{ "en": "Actively performed in Edo, the founder of Yamada school Sokyoku", "ja": "-江戸で活躍、山田流箏曲の始祖。" }
{ "en": "Improved the instrument Koto", "ja": "箏を改良した" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Matsuura (Kubonoichi)", "ja": "松浦検校（久保一）" }
{ "en": "Was active in Kyoto in the early 19th century, established 'Kyoryu tegotomono' in Jiuta, and left various masterpieces.", "ja": "-19世紀前半京都で活躍、地歌の「京流手事物」を確立、多くの名曲を残す" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Kikuoka (Somenoichi)", "ja": "菊岡検校（楚明一）" }
{ "en": "Active in Kyoto in the early 19th century, and developed 'Kyoryu tegotomono' in Jiuta, and composed various masterpieces.", "ja": "-19世紀前半京都で活躍、地歌の「京流手事物」を発展させ多数の名曲を作った" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Yaezaki (Ikinoichi)", "ja": "八重崎検校（壱岐一）" }
{ "en": "Actively performed in the early 19th century as an excellent player of Koto.", "ja": "-19世紀前半京都で活躍した箏の名手。" }
{ "en": "Composed accompaniment music for the pieces of Kengyo Matsuura and Kengyo Kikuoka, and elevated their value as consort music.", "ja": "松浦検校や菊岡検校の作品に箏の手付をして合奏音楽として高めた" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Mitsuzaki (Fukinoichi)", "ja": "光崎検校（富機一）" }
{ "en": "Active in Kyoto in the early 19th century, and left masterpieces of Jiuta and Sokyoku.", "ja": "-19世紀前半京都で活躍、地歌、箏曲の名曲を残す。" }
{ "en": "Among others, his Koto duet called 'Godanginuda' is especially famous", "ja": "箏の二重奏曲「五段砧」は特に有名" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Yoneyama (Ginnoichi)", "ja": "米山検校（銀一）" }
{ "en": "Grand-grandfather of Kaishu KATSU and Nobutomo ODANI", "ja": "-勝海舟、男谷信友の曽祖父。" }
{ "en": "Was also called Kengyo Odani.", "ja": "男谷検校とも" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Yoshizawa (Shinnoichi)", "ja": "吉沢検校（審一）" }
{ "en": "Was active in Nagoya and Kyoto at the end of the Edo period and left various famous songs such as 'Chidori no Kyoku' (The Song of the Plover).", "ja": "幕末名古屋、京都で活躍、「千鳥の曲」など名曲を多数残した" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Ishida", "ja": "石田検校" }
{ "en": "Inventor of a shogi (Japanese chess) strategy called Ishida-ryu sangenbisha (Ishida-ryu 3rd file rook).", "ja": "-将棋の戦法のひとつである石田流三間飛車の創始者" }
{ "en": "Kengyo Ishimoto", "ja": "石本検校" }
{ "en": "One of the best shogi players who was able to defeat Soho AMANO in a Hirate game (playing evenly without a handicap).", "ja": "-天野宗歩に平手で勝ちをおさめたことのある将棋の強豪" }
{ "en": "Exception: Kengyo Dokuro (a novel by Seishi YOKOMIZO), a specter", "ja": "別格―髑髏検校（横溝正史の小説）妖怪" }
{ "en": "Konoefu was one of Ryoge no kan (official organizations outside of the Ritsuryo code).", "ja": "近衛府（このえふ）は令外官のひとつ。" }
{ "en": "It was established in 765 by reorganizing Jutoei.", "ja": "765年に授刀衛を改めて設置された。" }
{ "en": "Sakonoefu (the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) and Ukonoefu (the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) existed.", "ja": "左近衛府と右近衛府の二つが存在する。" }
{ "en": "Its head was Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Inner Palace Guards) (Sakonoe no daisho (Major captain of the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) for Sakonoefu, Ukonoe no daisho (Major captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards)) for Ukonoefu, respectively.", "ja": "長は近衛大将（左近衛大将・右近衛大将）である。" }
{ "en": "Along with (Left and Right) Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards) and (Left and Right) Hyoefu (Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards), they are collectively called 'Rokuefu' (six guard divisions).", "ja": "（左右）衛門府、（左右）兵衛府とあわせて「六衛府」と呼ばれる。" }
{ "en": "Its other names were 'Okichi-kakimamori' and 'Chikaki-mamorinotsukasa.'", "ja": "別名「おおきちかきまもり」「ちかきまもりのつかさ」と呼ぶ。" }
{ "en": "On March 2, 765, Jutoei was reorganized into Konoefu and on June 5, 807, Konoefu and Chuefu became Sakonoefu and Ukonoefu as the result of the reorganization of Chuefu and Konoefu.", "ja": "天平神護元年（765年）2月3日(旧暦)、授刀衛という役所が近衛府と改組し、大同(日本)2年（807年）4月22日には、さらに中衛府と近衛府の改組により、近衛府は左近衛府となり、中衛府は右近衛府となる。" }
{ "en": "Incidentally, although there used to be Gaiefu, its jobs were distributed to (Left and Right) Konoefu when they were established.", "ja": "因みに、外衛府というものもあったが、（左右）近衛府が設置されたときに分配された。" }
{ "en": "Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards)", "ja": "近衛大将" }
{ "en": "One person was appointed for each of the Left Division and Right Division.", "ja": "左右に各1名。" }
{ "en": "Gonkan (provisional post) didn't exist.", "ja": "権官はない。" }
{ "en": "According to the Shitokan system (four classification of bureaucrats' ranks), it corresponded to kami (the chief) of Konoefu.", "ja": "四等官における近衛府の長官（カミ）に相当する。" }
{ "en": "When Konoefu was established on March 2, 765, the court rank corresponding to this post was set at Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank).", "ja": "天平神護元年（765年）2月3日、近衛府設置とともに、正三位の官位相当。" }
{ "en": "The court rank corresponding to this post was downgraded to Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) in 793, but it was upgraded to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) on June 9, 799.", "ja": "延暦12年（793年）、従四位上に官位相当が降格し、さらに、延暦18年（799年）4月27日に従三位の官位相当に昇叙する。" }
{ "en": "Since then, the above became established.", "ja": "以後、定着する。" }
{ "en": "Although this post corresponded to Jusanmi, it was a more important post than Dainagon (chief councilor of state).", "ja": "従三位相当の官職だが、大納言に勝る重責の職であった。" }
{ "en": "This post was concurrently assumed by a person whose post was sangi (councilor) or higher in ancient times, but a person whose post was Dainagon or higher was regularly appointed to this post since the middle of the Heian period.", "ja": "古くは参議以上の兼務であったが、平安時代中期以後には大納言以上の兼任が定制となる。" }
{ "en": "Konoe no daisho sometimes concurrently assumed the post of 'Umagogen' (head of Imperial stable).", "ja": "また、「馬御監」を兼任することもある。" }
{ "en": "Konoe no daisho was sometimes called by its Tang name Urin taishogun, Shinei taishogun or Koga taishogun.", "ja": "なお、羽林大将軍、親衛大将軍、虎牙大将軍といった唐名で呼ぶこともあった。" }
{ "en": "Sakonoe no daisho and Ukonoe no daisho were sometimes called by their abbreviations 'Sadaisho' and 'Udaisho' respectively.", "ja": "左近衛大将・右近衛大将をそれぞれ「左大将」・「右大将」と省略した呼び方もある。" }
{ "en": "Chujo", "ja": "中将" }
{ "en": "One to four persons were appointed for each of the Left Division and the Right Division.", "ja": "左右に各1～4名。" }
{ "en": "According to the Shitokan system, it corresponded to suke (the deputy).", "ja": "四等官の次官（スケ）に相当する。" }
{ "en": "As shosho was also 'suke,' it was called 'oi-suke.'", "ja": "少将も「スケ」であるので「おお(大)いスケ」と呼ばれた。" }
{ "en": "When Konoefu was established on March 2, 765, the court rank corresponding to this post was set at Jushiinoge (Junior fourth Rank, Lower Grade).", "ja": "天平神護元年（765年）2月3日、近衛府の設置とともに、従四位下の官位相当。" }
{ "en": "Since then, the above became established.", "ja": "以後、定着する。" }
{ "en": "One person was appointed to this post at the beginning, but the number of personnel was increased later and the post of gonkan was created.", "ja": "当初は1名だったが後に増員され、権官もあった。" }
{ "en": "Later, this post was abolished in effect while only gonkan continued to exist.", "ja": "後には正員は置かれず、権官のみとなる。" }
{ "en": "When a person whose court rank was Sanmi (Third Rank) was appointed to this post, such a person was called 'Sanmi no chujo.'", "ja": "三位の位階の人がこの職に就くと「三位中将」と呼ばれた。" }
{ "en": "When a person whose official post was sangi was appointed to this post, such a person was called 'Saisho no chujo.'", "ja": "参議の官職の人が兼任すると「宰相中将」と呼ばれる。" }
{ "en": "Further, when Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) was concurrently appointed to this post, such a person was called 'Tono chujo.'", "ja": "さらに、蔵人頭がこの職を兼任すると「頭中将」と呼ばれる。" }
{ "en": "Konoe no chojo was sometimes called by its Tang name Shinei churosho, Shinei shogun or Urin shogun.", "ja": "親衛中郎将、親衛将軍、羽林将軍といった唐名で呼ぶこともあった。" }
{ "en": "Also, Konoe no chujo was sometimes called by its other name 'Mikasayama' (Mt. Mikasa) or 'Jisho' together with shosho mentioned below.", "ja": "また、次の少将とあわせて「三笠山」「次将」という別名がある。" }
{ "en": "Shosho", "ja": "少将" }
{ "en": "Two to four persons were appointed to each of the Left Division and Right Divisions.", "ja": "左右に各2～4名。" }
{ "en": "According to the Shitokan system, it corresponded to suke (the deputy), and was called 'sunai-suke' (small Suke) because chojo was also 'suke.'", "ja": "四等官の次官（スケ）に相当し、中将も「スケ」であるので「すな（小）いスケ」と呼ばれた。" }
{ "en": "When Konoefu was established on March 2, 765, the court rank corresponding to this post was set at Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).", "ja": "天平神護元年（765年）2月3日、近衛府の設置とともに、正五位下の官位相当。" }
{ "en": "Since then, the above were established.", "ja": "以後、定着する。" }
{ "en": "One person was appointed to this post at the beginning, but later the number of personnel was increased to two when the post of extraordinary Konoe no shosho was abolished on June 30, 781.", "ja": "当初は1名だったが後に増員され、天応元年（781年）6月1日に員外近衛少将が廃止された際に定員2名となる。" }

{ "en": "During the Edo period, the bakufu encouraged the blind to join the Todo-za, consolidating the organization which started to enjoy considerable autonomy even though it was under the jurisdiction of the Jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines).", "ja": "江戸時代に入ると、幕府は盲人が当道座に属することを奨励し、当道組織が整備され、寺社奉行の管轄下ではあるがかなり自治的な運営が行なわれた。" }

{ "en": "Kengyo began to have considerable power and authority with a substantially high rank, and when someone became a Soroku Kengyo (chief kengyo) who lead the Todo-za, they were given the level of authority and prestige comparable to a daimyo with a stipend of 150 thousand koku (a unit of a crop yield - one rice koku is 180.39 liters; one lumber koku is 0.278 cubic meters).", "ja": "検校の権限は大きなものとなり、社会的にもかなり地位が高く、当道の統率者である惣録検校になると十五万石程度の大名と同等の権威と格式を持っていた。" }

{ "en": "There were 73 ranks between admittance to Toda-za and the rank of Kengyo, with the rank of Kengyo being divided further into ten sub-ranks from Ichi-ro (1st senior) to Ju-ro (10th Senior).", "ja": "当道座に入座して検校に至るまでには73の位階があり、検校には十老から一老まで十の位階があった。" }

{ "en": "Aside from clerical work, all accounting jobs at Todo-za were carried about by persons with visual and hearing disabilities, and it was revealed that their memory and calculation skills were so precise that not even the slightest inaccuracy could be found.", "ja": "当道の会計も書記以外はすべて視覚障害者によって行なわれたが、彼らの記憶と計算は確実で、一文の誤りもなかったという。" }

{ "en": "As visual and hearing disabilities had almost nothing to do with heredity, once a member of the Todo-za was recognized for his achievements in heikyoku (a traditional musical narrative on the Tale of Heike), sangen (or samisen -a three ringed instrument) and acupuncture, the 73 ranks up to Kengyo were sequentially opened up to the blind officers after certain intervals of time.", "ja": "また、視覚障害は世襲とはほとんど関係ないため、平曲、三絃や鍼灸の業績が認められれば一定の期間をおいて検校まで73段に及ぶ盲官位が順次与えられた。" }

{ "en": "However, since it took a greatly extended amount of time to receive such a promotion, in order to accelerate the acquisition of higher ranks, blind officers were authorized to trade gold and silver currency for higher ranks, which lead to the ranks being certified by the Todo-za.", "ja": "しかしそのためには非常に長い年月を必要とするので、早期に取得するため金銀による盲官位の売買も公認されたために、当道座によって各盲官位が認定されるようになった。" }

{ "en": "To become Kengyo, one had to be able to perform heikyoku (a traditional musical narration on the Tale of Heike), jiuta sangen (a traditional Japanese song accompanied by a sangen) and sokyoku (music played on the koto - a kind of harp), as well as have skills in composition or acupuncture and massage.", "ja": "検校になるためには平家物語平曲・地歌三弦・箏曲等の演奏、作曲、あるいは鍼灸・按摩ができなければならなかったとされる。" }

{ "en": "Later in the Edo period, however, heikyoku, which had been the exemplary accomplishment of Todo-za, had lost its popularity, and jiuta sangen, sokyoku and acupuncture became the practical skills required to become a Kengyo professional instead.", "ja": "しかし、江戸時代には当道座の表芸たる平曲は下火になり、代わって地歌三弦や箏曲、鍼灸が検校の実質的な職業となった。" }

{ "en": "Not all members of the Todo-za were talented in music and acupuncture however, and there were some who changed their profession or entered into the financial business as mentioned below.", "ja": "ただしすべての当道座員が音楽や鍼灸の才能を持つ訳ではないので、他の職業に就く者や、後述するような金融業を営む者もいた。" }

{ "en": "It is estimated that to become Kengyo by being promoted through each sequential rank from lowest to highest, it costed a total of 719 ryo (unit of gold currency).", "ja": "最低位から順次位階を踏んで検校になるまでには総じて719両が必要であったという。" }

{ "en": "In Edo, the blind officers of Todo-za, including Kengyo, were sometimes collectively referred to as 'Zato.'", "ja": "江戸では当道の盲人を、検校であっても「座頭」と総称することもあった。" }

{ "en": "During the Edo period, there were many Kengyo who became excellent musicians in the three capital cities as professionals of jiuta sangen, sokyoku, kokyu (Chinese fiddle) music and heikyoku, which lead to them having an important role as a driving power in the development of Japanese music in the modern ages.", "ja": "江戸時代には地歌三弦、箏曲、胡弓楽、平曲のプロフェッショナルとして、三都を中心に優れた音楽家となる検校が多く、近世邦楽大発展の大きな原動力となった。" }

{ "en": "There were some Kengyo who were employed by daimyo (feudal lord) as in-house musicians with a stipend equivalent to an annual crop volume large enough to support several people, such as Kengyo Yatsuhashi in the Iwakitaira Domain and Kengyo Yoshizawa in the Owari Domain.", "ja": "磐城平藩の八橋検校、尾張藩の吉沢検校などのように、専属の音楽家として大名に数人扶持で召し抱えられる検校もいた。" }

{ "en": "Furthermore, there were also Kengyo who were successful as acupuncture doctors and others who became famous as scholars.", "ja": "また鍼灸医として活躍したり、学者として名を馳せた検校もいる。" }

{ "en": "On the other hand, to facilitate the income of gold and silver needed to quickly acquire official ranks, the bakufu permitted them to be money lenders with high interest rates during the Genroku era.", "ja": "その一方で、官位の早期取得に必要な金銀収入を容易にするため、元禄頃から幕府により高利の金貸しが認められていた。" }

{ "en": "This money lending was referred to as Zatokin (Zato money) or Kankin (officer money), with some Kengyo lending money to gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) or low-ranking hatamoto (direct vassals of the shogun) with a low stipend and making excessive profits.", "ja": "これを座頭金または官金と呼んだが、特に幕臣の中でも禄の薄い御家人や小身の旗本等に金を貸し付けて、暴利を得ていた検校もいた。" }

{ "en": "During the Anei era, there were Kengyo who accumulated a large fortune, such as Kengyo Nagoya, who accumulated more than 100 thousand ryo, and Kengyo Toriyama, who accumulated 15 thousand ryo and astonished society by going on a spree at Yoshiwara (the red-light district in Edo).", "ja": "安永年間には名古屋検校が十万数千両、鳥山検校が一万五千両等、多額の蓄財をなした検校も相当おり、吉原での豪遊等で世間を脅かせた。" }

{ "en": "In 1778, eight Kengyo and two Koto were banished from Edo after forfeiting all of their assets for their excessively underhanded means of making profits.", "ja": "同七年にはこれら八検校と二勾当があまりの悪辣さのため、全財産没収の上江戸払いの処分を受けた。" }

{ "en": "Famous Kengyo", "ja": "有名な検校" }

{ "en": "When known, 関名 (first name) is enclosed in parenthesis ().", "ja": "（）内は関名" }

{ "en": "Waichi SUGIYAMA (Waichi)", "ja": "杉山和一（和一）" }

{ "en": "Established the method of Kanshin acupuncture (tube acupuncture)", "ja": "鍼で管鍼法を確立した" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Yatsuhashi (Jodan)", "ja": "八橋検校（城談）" }

{ "en": "Father of modern Sokyoku, and innovated the bow of Kokyu", "ja": "-近代箏曲の父、胡弓の弓を改良" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Ishimura / Kengyo Torazawa", "ja": "石村検校・虎沢検校" }

{ "en": "Created the oldest artistic musical song with accompaniment of shamisen 'Shamisen suite.'", "ja": "-最古の芸術的三味線歌曲「三味線組歌」を創始した" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Sawazumi / Kengyo Takino", "ja": "沢住検校・滝野検校" }

{ "en": "Started the tale of Joruri story with the accompaniment of Shamisen.", "ja": "-三味線で浄瑠璃を語り始めた" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Ikuta (Ikuichi)", "ja": "生田検校（幾一）" }

{ "en": "Founder of Ikuta school Sokyoku.", "ja": "-生田流箏曲の始祖" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Fujiue (Kikoichi)", "ja": "藤植検校（喜古一）" }

{ "en": "Player of Kokyu", "ja": "-胡弓演奏家。" }

{ "en": "Actively performed in Edo, invented four-stringed Kokyu, and was the founder of Fujiue school.", "ja": "江戸で活躍、四絃胡弓を考案、藤植流を興す" }

{ "en": "Hokiichi HANAWA", "ja": "塙保己一（保己一）" }

{ "en": "Was active as a scholar.", "ja": "-学者として活躍。" }

{ "en": "Editor of \"Gunsho Ruiju\" (Collection of Historical Documents)", "ja": "「群書類従」の編者" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Ogino (Tomonoichi)", "ja": "荻野検校（知一）" }

{ "en": "Musician of Heikyoku, the first promoter of Heikyoku, and compiled 'Heike Mabushi.'", "ja": "-平曲家、平曲中興の祖、「平家正節」を編纂" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Yamada (Toyoichi)", "ja": "山田検校（斗養一）" }

{ "en": "Actively performed in Edo, the founder of Yamada school Sokyoku", "ja": "-江戸で活躍、山田流箏曲の始祖。" }

{ "en": "Improved the instrument Koto", "ja": "箏を改良した" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Matsuura (Kubonoichi)", "ja": "松浦検校（久保一）" }

{ "en": "Was active in Kyoto in the early 19th century, established 'Kyoryu tegotomono' in Jiuta, and left various masterpieces.", "ja": "-19世紀前半京都で活躍、地歌の「京流手事物」を確立、多くの名曲を残す" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Kikuoka (Somenoichi)", "ja": "菊岡検校（楚明一）" }

{ "en": "Active in Kyoto in the early 19th century, and developed 'Kyoryu tegotomono' in Jiuta, and composed various masterpieces.", "ja": "-19世紀前半京都で活躍、地歌の「京流手事物」を発展させ多数の名曲を作った" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Yaezaki (Ikinoichi)", "ja": "八重崎検校（壱岐一）" }

{ "en": "Actively performed in the early 19th century as an excellent player of Koto.", "ja": "-19世紀前半京都で活躍した箏の名手。" }

{ "en": "Composed accompaniment music for the pieces of Kengyo Matsuura and Kengyo Kikuoka, and elevated their value as consort music.", "ja": "松浦検校や菊岡検校の作品に箏の手付をして合奏音楽として高めた" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Mitsuzaki (Fukinoichi)", "ja": "光崎検校（富機一）" }

{ "en": "Active in Kyoto in the early 19th century, and left masterpieces of Jiuta and Sokyoku.", "ja": "-19世紀前半京都で活躍、地歌、箏曲の名曲を残す。" }

{ "en": "Among others, his Koto duet called 'Godanginuda' is especially famous", "ja": "箏の二重奏曲「五段砧」は特に有名" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Yoneyama (Ginnoichi)", "ja": "米山検校（銀一）" }

{ "en": "Grand-grandfather of Kaishu KATSU and Nobutomo ODANI", "ja": "-勝海舟、男谷信友の曽祖父。" }

{ "en": "Was also called Kengyo Odani.", "ja": "男谷検校とも" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Yoshizawa (Shinnoichi)", "ja": "吉沢検校（審一）" }

{ "en": "Was active in Nagoya and Kyoto at the end of the Edo period and left various famous songs such as 'Chidori no Kyoku' (The Song of the Plover).", "ja": "幕末名古屋、京都で活躍、「千鳥の曲」など名曲を多数残した" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Ishida", "ja": "石田検校" }

{ "en": "Inventor of a shogi (Japanese chess) strategy called Ishida-ryu sangenbisha (Ishida-ryu 3rd file rook).", "ja": "-将棋の戦法のひとつである石田流三間飛車の創始者" }

{ "en": "Kengyo Ishimoto", "ja": "石本検校" }

{ "en": "One of the best shogi players who was able to defeat Soho AMANO in a Hirate game (playing evenly without a handicap).", "ja": "-天野宗歩に平手で勝ちをおさめたことのある将棋の強豪" }

{ "en": "Exception: Kengyo Dokuro (a novel by Seishi YOKOMIZO), a specter", "ja": "別格―髑髏検校（横溝正史の小説）妖怪" }

{ "en": "Konoefu was one of Ryoge no kan (official organizations outside of the Ritsuryo code).", "ja": "近衛府（このえふ）は令外官のひとつ。" }

{ "en": "It was established in 765 by reorganizing Jutoei.", "ja": "765年に授刀衛を改めて設置された。" }

{ "en": "Sakonoefu (the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) and Ukonoefu (the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) existed.", "ja": "左近衛府と右近衛府の二つが存在する。" }

{ "en": "Its head was Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Inner Palace Guards) (Sakonoe no daisho (Major captain of the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) for Sakonoefu, Ukonoe no daisho (Major captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards)) for Ukonoefu, respectively.", "ja": "長は近衛大将（左近衛大将・右近衛大将）である。" }

{ "en": "Along with (Left and Right) Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards) and (Left and Right) Hyoefu (Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards), they are collectively called 'Rokuefu' (six guard divisions).", "ja": "（左右）衛門府、（左右）兵衛府とあわせて「六衛府」と呼ばれる。" }

{ "en": "Its other names were 'Okichi-kakimamori' and 'Chikaki-mamorinotsukasa.'", "ja": "別名「おおきちかきまもり」「ちかきまもりのつかさ」と呼ぶ。" }

{ "en": "On March 2, 765, Jutoei was reorganized into Konoefu and on June 5, 807, Konoefu and Chuefu became Sakonoefu and Ukonoefu as the result of the reorganization of Chuefu and Konoefu.", "ja": "天平神護元年（765年）2月3日(旧暦)、授刀衛という役所が近衛府と改組し、大同(日本)2年（807年）4月22日には、さらに中衛府と近衛府の改組により、近衛府は左近衛府となり、中衛府は右近衛府となる。" }

{ "en": "Incidentally, although there used to be Gaiefu, its jobs were distributed to (Left and Right) Konoefu when they were established.", "ja": "因みに、外衛府というものもあったが、（左右）近衛府が設置されたときに分配された。" }

{ "en": "Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards)", "ja": "近衛大将" }

{ "en": "One person was appointed for each of the Left Division and Right Division.", "ja": "左右に各1名。" }

{ "en": "Gonkan (provisional post) didn't exist.", "ja": "権官はない。" }

{ "en": "According to the Shitokan system (four classification of bureaucrats' ranks), it corresponded to kami (the chief) of Konoefu.", "ja": "四等官における近衛府の長官（カミ）に相当する。" }

{ "en": "When Konoefu was established on March 2, 765, the court rank corresponding to this post was set at Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank).", "ja": "天平神護元年（765年）2月3日、近衛府設置とともに、正三位の官位相当。" }

{ "en": "The court rank corresponding to this post was downgraded to Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) in 793, but it was upgraded to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) on June 9, 799.", "ja": "延暦12年（793年）、従四位上に官位相当が降格し、さらに、延暦18年（799年）4月27日に従三位の官位相当に昇叙する。" }

{ "en": "Since then, the above became established.", "ja": "以後、定着する。" }

{ "en": "Although this post corresponded to Jusanmi, it was a more important post than Dainagon (chief councilor of state).", "ja": "従三位相当の官職だが、大納言に勝る重責の職であった。" }

{ "en": "This post was concurrently assumed by a person whose post was sangi (councilor) or higher in ancient times, but a person whose post was Dainagon or higher was regularly appointed to this post since the middle of the Heian period.", "ja": "古くは参議以上の兼務であったが、平安時代中期以後には大納言以上の兼任が定制となる。" }

{ "en": "Konoe no daisho sometimes concurrently assumed the post of 'Umagogen' (head of Imperial stable).", "ja": "また、「馬御監」を兼任することもある。" }

{ "en": "Konoe no daisho was sometimes called by its Tang name Urin taishogun, Shinei taishogun or Koga taishogun.", "ja": "なお、羽林大将軍、親衛大将軍、虎牙大将軍といった唐名で呼ぶこともあった。" }

{ "en": "Sakonoe no daisho and Ukonoe no daisho were sometimes called by their abbreviations 'Sadaisho' and 'Udaisho' respectively.", "ja": "左近衛大将・右近衛大将をそれぞれ「左大将」・「右大将」と省略した呼び方もある。" }

{ "en": "Chujo", "ja": "中将" }

{ "en": "One to four persons were appointed for each of the Left Division and the Right Division.", "ja": "左右に各1～4名。" }

{ "en": "According to the Shitokan system, it corresponded to suke (the deputy).", "ja": "四等官の次官（スケ）に相当する。" }

{ "en": "As shosho was also 'suke,' it was called 'oi-suke.'", "ja": "少将も「スケ」であるので「おお(大)いスケ」と呼ばれた。" }

{ "en": "When Konoefu was established on March 2, 765, the court rank corresponding to this post was set at Jushiinoge (Junior fourth Rank, Lower Grade).", "ja": "天平神護元年（765年）2月3日、近衛府の設置とともに、従四位下の官位相当。" }

{ "en": "Since then, the above became established.", "ja": "以後、定着する。" }

{ "en": "One person was appointed to this post at the beginning, but the number of personnel was increased later and the post of gonkan was created.", "ja": "当初は1名だったが後に増員され、権官もあった。" }

{ "en": "Later, this post was abolished in effect while only gonkan continued to exist.", "ja": "後には正員は置かれず、権官のみとなる。" }

{ "en": "When a person whose court rank was Sanmi (Third Rank) was appointed to this post, such a person was called 'Sanmi no chujo.'", "ja": "三位の位階の人がこの職に就くと「三位中将」と呼ばれた。" }

{ "en": "When a person whose official post was sangi was appointed to this post, such a person was called 'Saisho no chujo.'", "ja": "参議の官職の人が兼任すると「宰相中将」と呼ばれる。" }

{ "en": "Further, when Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) was concurrently appointed to this post, such a person was called 'Tono chujo.'", "ja": "さらに、蔵人頭がこの職を兼任すると「頭中将」と呼ばれる。" }

{ "en": "Konoe no chojo was sometimes called by its Tang name Shinei churosho, Shinei shogun or Urin shogun.", "ja": "親衛中郎将、親衛将軍、羽林将軍といった唐名で呼ぶこともあった。" }

{ "en": "Also, Konoe no chujo was sometimes called by its other name 'Mikasayama' (Mt. Mikasa) or 'Jisho' together with shosho mentioned below.", "ja": "また、次の少将とあわせて「三笠山」「次将」という別名がある。" }

{ "en": "Shosho", "ja": "少将" }

{ "en": "Two to four persons were appointed to each of the Left Division and Right Divisions.", "ja": "左右に各2～4名。" }

{ "en": "According to the Shitokan system, it corresponded to suke (the deputy), and was called 'sunai-suke' (small Suke) because chojo was also 'suke.'", "ja": "四等官の次官（スケ）に相当し、中将も「スケ」であるので「すな（小）いスケ」と呼ばれた。" }

{ "en": "When Konoefu was established on March 2, 765, the court rank corresponding to this post was set at Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).", "ja": "天平神護元年（765年）2月3日、近衛府の設置とともに、正五位下の官位相当。" }

{ "en": "Since then, the above were established.", "ja": "以後、定着する。" }

{ "en": "One person was appointed to this post at the beginning, but later the number of personnel was increased to two when the post of extraordinary Konoe no shosho was abolished on June 30, 781.", "ja": "当初は1名だったが後に増員され、天応元年（781年）6月1日に員外近衛少将が廃止された際に定員2名となる。" }