translation
translation |
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{
"en": "In the early Edo period, the post called Koridaikan (local governor of a country) was set up under control of the Roju and had nearly all the same duties, but was abolished in 1668.",
"ja": "なお、江戸幕府初期には老中支配の郡代官が設置されて郡代とほぼ同様の職掌を扱ったが、寛文8年（1668年）に廃止されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "A Gundai or Koribugyo was set up in each domain in order to administer government in directly controlled clan territories.",
"ja": "諸藩でも直轄地支配を行うため郡代あるいは郡奉行を置いていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Bugyo is the name of a profession for a samurai family from the Heian period to the Edo period.",
"ja": "奉行（ぶぎょう）とは、平安時代から江戸時代にかけて武家における職名の一つ。"
}
|
{
"en": "A person with this title was also called a bugyonin (magistrate) and the office in which the duties were carried out was called Bugyosho.",
"ja": "奉行人ともいい、職務を行う役所を奉行所という。"
}
|
{
"en": "Originally, it was a verb that meant 'to duly execute the respectful order of one's superior,' and the infinitive form was 'bugyo-suru' (to do bugyo).",
"ja": "元来上司からの命令を奉じてそのこと執り行うことを「奉行する」といい、動詞であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The word later became used to refer to a person in charge of something.",
"ja": "その後その担当者のことを言うようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Heian period, the first reference to bugyo appeared in a document referring to a provisional position to carry out public events and court functions.",
"ja": "平安時代、公事や宮中行事を司る臨時の職として定められたのが初見である。"
}
|
{
"en": "At first it was used to refer to an officer whose rank was below court noble, but later on came to be used for other responsible parties in charge of practical affairs, such as a Kurodo (Chamberlain), Benkan (Oversight Department - a division of the \"daijokan\" which was responsible for controlling central and provincial government offices), and Geki (the Secretary of the Grand Council of State).",
"ja": "当初は責任者である公卿以下の官人を指したが、後には実務を担当する蔵人・弁官・外記などを指すようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established, bugyo was designated as an official duty in charge of domestic bakufu economies, Shugo (provincial constables) and Kokujin (local samurai).",
"ja": "鎌倉幕府成立以降は、幕府、守護、国人の家政を司る職掌のひとつとして定められた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The post of bugyo established by the bakufu and Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) was a kind of middle-ranking executive or official, but when the same post was set up by a kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord) it was often referred to a position equivalent to chief vassal or chief retainer who was the main assistant of a lord and supervised the domestic economy.",
"ja": "幕府や守護大名が定める奉行職は中堅幹部や吏僚としての性質が強かったが、国人領主における奉行職の場合は主に領主を補佐し、家政を総覧する宿老や家老級の地位を指す場合が多い。"
}
|
{
"en": "During the Edo period, not only in the bakufu, but also in territories controlled by Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), and from the middle of the period, strong governing systems with the characteristics of a bureaucracy called Han (or Domain) were formed.",
"ja": "江戸時代は幕府はもとより、大名の領国支配においても、江戸時代中期以降、藩と称されるような官僚制的な性質の強い統治機構を形成するようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Many people employed by the bakufu and Daimyo families had the position of bugyo with various ranks, from senior executive to lower executive.",
"ja": "奉行は幕府や大名家において上級幹部から下級幹部に至るまで、その職名に多く採用されることとなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Descriptions of the position of bugyo and examples in which the post was set up according to time period",
"ja": "時代ごとの奉行の位置付け、あるいは奉行が置かれた例を紹介する。"
}
|
{
"en": "A role provisionally set up to carry out ceremonies and rituals in the Imperial court.",
"ja": "宮廷の儀式などに際して臨時に定められた役。"
}
|
{
"en": "The name of permanent and temporary positions specifically in charge of government practices in the Kamakura bakufu.",
"ja": "鎌倉幕府が臨時または常置して政務を分掌させた職名。"
}
|
{
"en": "Examples: Chinzei bugyo (a magistrate of the Kyushu region), Shugo (provincial constable) * later became Shugo Daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable)",
"ja": "例：鎮西奉行、守護※後の守護大名"
}
|
{
"en": "The name of permanent and temporary positions specifically in charge of government practices in the Muromachi bakufu.",
"ja": "室町幕府が臨時または常置して政務を分掌させた職名。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the death of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, a civilian group composed of the families who had served as bugyo within the former Kamakura bakufu, along with families of hereditary vassals of the Ashikaga Shogun family organized the Bugyo-shu, from which it was regularly practiced to elect bugyo.",
"ja": "足利義満の死後、旧鎌倉幕府以来の奉行の家柄や足利将軍家の譜代家臣の家柄から構成された文官集団である奉行衆（ぶぎょうしゅう）が組織され、そこから奉行人が選出されるのが定例となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "For details, see 'Bugyo-shu.'",
"ja": "詳細は奉行衆を参照。"
}
|
{
"en": "A person who was in charge of state affairs in the Toyotomi government.",
"ja": "豊臣政権において政務を担当する者。"
}
|
{
"en": "Gobugyo (the five major magistrates)",
"ja": "五奉行。"
}
|
{
"en": "Names of job titles in Edo bakufu",
"ja": "江戸幕府の職名の一つ。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines)",
"ja": "寺社奉行"
}
|
{
"en": "Kanjo-bugyo (commissioner of finance)",
"ja": "勘定奉行"
}
|
{
"en": "Machi-bugyo (town magistrate)",
"ja": "町奉行"
}
|
{
"en": "Ongoku-bugyo (the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government during the Edo period)",
"ja": "遠国奉行"
}
|
{
"en": "In present-day Japan, it is used as the name for a role used in a rite or festival held at a shrine in which local residents and their children participate in the ritual.",
"ja": "現代の日本においては、神社の祭礼において、その神社の氏子、神社付近の住民及びその子女に神事の一端に携わらせる場合に、その役名として用いられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "When someone is essentially in charge of preparing nabe (a Japanese dish served in a hot pot), which is cooked with the participation of everyone at the table, they are commonly referred to as \"nabe-bugyo.\"",
"ja": "共同で料理し食する鍋料理を実質的に取り仕切る者を俗に「鍋奉行」ということがある。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Kyoto Fuchishu were samurai warriors who established master-subordinate relationships with the Seii Taishogun (literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\") of the Muromachi Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the Muromachi Period in the Kanto (currently, Tokyo and six other prefectures) and Tohoku (north of the Kanto region) regions.",
"ja": "京都扶持衆（きょうとふちしゅう）とは、室町時代に室町幕府の征夷大将軍と直接主従関係を結んだ関東地方・東北地方の武士。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is also called Kyoto Onfuchishu (京都御扶持衆).",
"ja": "京都御扶持衆ともいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Muromachi Period, the Kanto region was ruled by Kamakura Kubo, who was the representative of the Seii Taishogun and acted in the role as head of the Kamakura-fu.",
"ja": "室町時代の関東地方は、鎌倉公方と呼ばれる征夷大将軍の代理人が鎌倉府の長として統治した。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Kanto region was put under the indirect rule of the bakufu.",
"ja": "事実上幕府からは間接統治となっていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Kamakura Kubo was gradually confronting the bakufu and finally came to desire the shogun post.",
"ja": "鎌倉公方は次第に幕府と対立するようになり、将軍の位も望むようになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "To put a stop to these actions by Kamakura Kubo, the bakufu formed master-subordinate relationships directly with influential samurai warriors who were opposed to Kamakura Kubo in the Kanto and Ou area.",
"ja": "このような鎌倉公方の動きを牽制するため、幕府は鎌倉公方と対立している関東や奥羽の有力武士と直接主従関係を結んだ。"
}
|
{
"en": "These samurai warriors were called Kyoto Fuchishu (according to the records of the time, Kyoto Onfuchishu.)",
"ja": "これらの武士は京都扶持衆（当時の記録では京都御扶持衆）と呼ばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although they were samurai warriors from a province under the jurisdiction of the Kamakura Bakufu, they were not obliged to go and serve the Kamakura-fu and were put under the direct direction/control of the shogun, and were not directed by the Kamakura Kubo.",
"ja": "鎌倉府の管轄国内の武士でありながら、鎌倉府に出仕する義務はなく、鎌倉公方の指揮も受けず、直接将軍の指揮下に入った。"
}
|
{
"en": "The bakufu formed the Kyoto Fuchishu and proceeded with anti-Kamakura Kubo activities.",
"ja": "幕府はこれら京都扶持衆を組織し、反鎌倉公方活動をおこなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is believed that there were more than a dozen Kyoto Fuchishu samurai families during the reign of Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA.",
"ja": "こうした武士は将軍足利義持の時代には十数家あったとされている。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Muromachi Bakufu superficially criticized the activities of the Fuchishu, whilst at the same time actually providing mental and material support.",
"ja": "室町幕府は表ではこうした扶持衆の行動を批判したものの、実際にはこれに物心様々な援助を与えていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Individuals who actually became Kyoto Fuchishu were of the Takeda clan of Kai Province, the Yamairi clan, Oguri clan, Makabe clan and Daijo clan of Hitachi Province, the Utsunomiya clan, Nasu clan and Onodera clan of Shimotsuke Province and the Sasagawa Palace, Date clan, Ashina clan, Nanbu clan and Shirakawa Yuki clan of Mutsu Province.",
"ja": "実際に京都扶持衆となったのは、甲斐国武田氏、常陸国山入氏、小栗氏、真壁氏、大掾氏、下野国宇都宮氏、那須氏、小野寺氏、陸奥国篠川御所、伊達氏、蘆名氏、南部氏、白河結城氏などである。"
}
|
{
"en": "When Zenshu UESUGI, former kanrei of Kanto (a deputy to the shogun in the Kanto region) attacked Mochiuji ASHIKAGA (a warlord in Kamakura) in the War of Zenshu UESUGI, these clans supported Zenshu or maintained a neutral stance, ignoring Yoshimochi's order to put down Zenshu.",
"ja": "これらの家々は鎌倉公方足利持氏が元関東管領上杉禅秀に攻められた上杉禅秀の乱において、義持の禅秀討伐令を無視して禅秀を支援し、あるいは中立的態度を取った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Moｒeover, though Yoshimochi issued the order of subjugation, Yoshimochi implicitly approved these acts in order to weaken Mochiuji's influential power.",
"ja": "しかも、これは追討令を発した義持自身が持氏の勢力弱体化のために秘かに認めた行為であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "When Mochiuji learnt this, he killed Mitsushige OGURI to scare the Kyoto Fuchushu (War of Mitsushige OGURI).",
"ja": "これを知った持氏は小栗満重を討伐して京都扶持衆に対する見せしめとした（小栗満重の乱）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Yoshimochi aggressively suggested it as being a 'personal war', which led to asking Sankanrei (three deputies), Tokihiro YAMANA and Mitsusuke AKAMATSU about whether the killing Mochiuji would be right or wrong.",
"ja": "義持はこれを「私戦」として激しく非難して三管領や山名時煕・赤松満祐に持氏討伐の是非を諮問する騒ぎとなっている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Finally, the disturbance was cleared up with Mochiuji`s apology.",
"ja": "結局、持氏の謝罪で一旦は納まった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, while the bakufu was trying to prevent Mochiuji from strengthening his influential power using the warrior Kyoto Fuchishu as an intermediary, Mochiuji was attempting to put them down, and such continued confrontations became a cause that lead to Eikyo no Ran (Eikyo War).",
"ja": "以後も京都扶持衆を介在させて持氏の勢力拡大を阻もうとする幕府と彼らの討伐の機会を狙う持氏の対立は続き、永享の乱の原因の1つとなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the fall of Kamakura Kubo in the Eikyo War, the Yamanouchi-Uesugi family, kanrei of Kanto, who were sympathizers of the bakufu, seized power to control Kanto, so it is believed that the warrior Kanto Fuchishu disappeared naturally.",
"ja": "永享の乱による鎌倉公方の滅亡後、親幕府派の関東管領山内上杉家が関東の支配権を握ったために関東扶持衆は自然消滅したと考えられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jusenshi (also referred as Chusenshi) was one of Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) established in ancient Japan.",
"ja": "鋳銭司（じゅせんし・ちゅうせんし）は古代日本に置かれた令外官の一つ。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was in charge of minting coins.",
"ja": "銭貨鋳造をつかさどった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jusenshi was in charge of minting coins.",
"ja": "銭貨を鋳造を担った。"
}
|
{
"en": "This was established for the first time in the period of Emperor Jito, and was also established continuously while changing its name thereafter.",
"ja": "持統天皇の時代に初めて置かれ、以後も名前を変えながら断続的に設置された。"
}
|
{
"en": "When Wado-kaichin silver coins were minted, Saijusenshi was established.",
"ja": "和同開珎鋳造時には催鋳銭司（さいじゅせんし）が置かれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "From 819 to 825, Jusenshi (administrative officer who oversaw the minting of coins) was assigned in Nagato Province, and concurrently assumed the duties as Nagato no kuni no kokushi (officer in charge of regional administration in Nagato Province).",
"ja": "また819年から825年には鋳銭使が長門国に置かれ長門国司の職務も兼ねた。"
}
|
{
"en": "When the minting of coins was stopped in the late Heian period, Jusenshi (mint) was no longer established.",
"ja": "平安時代後期に貨幣鋳造が行われなくなると鋳銭司が設置されることもなくなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Mints were established in the Kawachi Province, Suo Province, Nagato Province and so on.",
"ja": "鋳造所は河内国、周防国、長門国などに設置された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kami (director)",
"ja": "長官"
}
|
{
"en": "Suke (assistant director)",
"ja": "次官"
}
|
{
"en": "Jo (inspector (third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period))",
"ja": "判官"
}
|
{
"en": "sakan (secretary (lowest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period)",
"ja": "主典"
}
|
{
"en": "Jusenshi (the chief craftsman of minting coins)",
"ja": "鋳銭師"
}
|
{
"en": "Kobushichishoku refers to a collective name of craftsmen engaged in seven processes in manufacturing the Hikone Buddhist altar.",
"ja": "工部七職（こうぶしちしょく）とは彦根仏壇の製造における、7種の工程の職人の総称。"
}
|
{
"en": "A craftsman engaged in each process is as follows.",
"ja": "それぞれの工程の職人は次の通り"
}
|
{
"en": "Kijishi (woodturner)",
"ja": "木地師（きじし）"
}
|
{
"en": "Nushi (lacquer painter)",
"ja": "塗師（ぬし）"
}
|
{
"en": "Kinpakuoshishi (craftsman sticking gold leaf)",
"ja": "金箔押師（きんぱくおしし）"
}
|
{
"en": "Kudenshi (craftsman assembling small handmade pieces into a roof)",
"ja": "宮殿師（くうでんし）"
}
|
{
"en": "Chokokushi (sculptor)",
"ja": "彫刻師（ちょうこくし）"
}
|
{
"en": "Makieshi (craftsman sprinkling gold or silver power, or placing shell on each lacquered part of Buddhist altar)",
"ja": "蒔絵師（まきえし）"
}
|
{
"en": "Kazarikanagushi (chaser)",
"ja": "錺金具師（かざりかなぐし）"
}
|
{
"en": "The name differs, but, this section puts a focus on the difference in the contents of work for each craftsman.",
"ja": "名称の差異も存在するが、ここでは各職人の仕事内容の違いに絞り込む。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since 'makie' (Japanese lacquer sprinkled with gold or silver powder) is not provided, 'makieshi' (a gold lacquer master) does not exist naturally.",
"ja": "「蒔絵」がなく、当然「蒔絵師」が存在しない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kudenshi' does not exist, and kijishi also manufactures kuden palace.",
"ja": "「宮殿師」が存在せず、木地師が宮殿も製作する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Hakuoshishi' (craftsman of foil-stamping) does not exist, and nushi puts foil after finishing the processes from lacquering to drying, and implements assembly.",
"ja": "「箔押師」が存在せず、塗師が漆塗り～乾燥を終えた後に箔押しを行い、組立てまで実施する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kudenshi' does not exist.",
"ja": "「宮殿師」が存在しない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Details are unknown.",
"ja": "詳細不明。"
}
|
{
"en": "Nothing is clear.",
"ja": "不明"
}
|
{
"en": "Nothing is clear.",
"ja": "不明"
}
|
{
"en": "There are 'Kumitateshi' who conduct finishing work incorporated in the work of the Buddhist altar shop in Hikone.",
"ja": "彦根では仏壇店の業務に組み込まれている最終組立てを行う「組立師」が存在する。"
}
|
{
"en": "There are Tenjoshi who are dedicated solely to making a 'ceiling' which is made by kijishi in Hikone.",
"ja": "彦根で木地師が作っている「天井」を専門的に作る天井師が存在する。"
}
|
{
"en": "There are Roiroshi who are dedicated solely to 'roiro' (polish) which is one of the processes conducted by nushi in Hikone.",
"ja": "彦根では塗師が行う一工程である「呂色」を専門的に行う呂色師が存在する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Chokokushi is divided into maeborishi (dedicated solely to sculpting transom) and uchiborishi (dedicated solely to sculpting parts other than transom).",
"ja": "彫刻師が前彫師（欄間を専門的に製作）と内彫師（欄間以外を製作）に分かれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kazarikanagushi (craftsman for metal ornament) is divided into omotekanagushi (in charge of outside embrowned metal fittings) and uchikanagushi (in charge of glided or not glided metal fittings of shoji (a paper sliding door) and of the inside).",
"ja": "錺金具師が表金具師（外側の茶系色付け金具）と内金具師（金メッキまたは消しメッキで、障子および内部の金具）に分かれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "There are 'Shitateshi' exists, who are dedicated solely to the final assembly which is incorporated in the work of Buddhist altar shop in Hikone.",
"ja": "彦根では仏壇店の業務に組み込まれている最終組立てを専門的に行う「仕立師」が存在する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Details are unknown.",
"ja": "詳細は不明。"
}
|
{
"en": "Nothing is clear.",
"ja": "不明"
}
|
{
"en": "There are 'Roiroshi' who are dedicated solely to 'polish with charcoal' which is conducted by nushi in Hikone.",
"ja": "彦根では塗師が行う「蝋色」を専門に行う「蝋色師」が存在する。"
}
|
{
"en": "There are craftsmen dedicated solely to manufacturing of sumidan (An altar made of fine timber, generally with paneling, hame).",
"ja": "須弥壇を専門に製作する職人が存在する。"
}
|
{
"en": "There are craftsmen dedicated solely to only roiro-migaki (polishing roiro).",
"ja": "呂色磨きのみを行う専門の職人が存在する。"
}
|
{
"en": "There are craftsmen dedicated solely to coloring.",
"ja": "彩色を行う専門の職人が存在する。"
}
|
{
"en": "A craftsman dedicated solely to manufacturing of sumidan.",
"ja": "須弥壇を専門に製作する職人が存在する。"
}
|
{
"en": "The share of workload is almost the same as in the case of Hikone Buddhist altar.",
"ja": "彦根仏壇での分担とほぼ同じ。"
}
|
{
"en": "Foil-stamping is incorporated in part of the assembly process.",
"ja": "箔押しが組立て工程の一部に組み込まれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Naikyobo refers to a Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) under the Ritsuryo system of ancient Japan.",
"ja": "内教坊（ないきょうぼう）は日本古代の律令制における令外官である。"
}
|
{
"en": "The abbreviated name was Boke.",
"ja": "略称は坊家。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is not clear when Naikyobo was established, but, it is found that Naikyobo existed at least during the period of Emperor Junnin (from 758 to 764).",
"ja": "内教坊は設置時期は明らかではないが少なくとも淳仁天皇の時代には存在していたことが分かっている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Its official duty was training of dance and music.",
"ja": "その職掌は舞踊・音楽の教習である。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Naikyobo, the training was given mainly to women.",
"ja": "内教坊では主に女性に対して教習していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Naikyobo existed even in later days, and when assuming the post of betto (the superintendent), Chikafusa KITABATAKE said, 'it was my great honor.'",
"ja": "時代が下っても存続し､北畠親房は別当に就任し「非常な栄誉だ」と語っている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Betto",
"ja": "別当"
}
|
{
"en": "Toyo (subordinate officer of Naikyobo); also called as yoshi",
"ja": "頭預/預師"
}
|
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