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translation |
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{
"en": "Gijo (music-playing women): Trainee",
"ja": "伎女－教習生"
}
|
{
"en": "Nyuju (a court lady in a lower rank)",
"ja": "女孺"
}
|
{
"en": "Niedono was an institution attached to Naizenshi (Imperial Table Office) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) of Ritsuryo Japan.",
"ja": "贄殿（にえどの）は、日本の律令制において内膳司に付属した機関。"
}
|
{
"en": "This was Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system).",
"ja": "令外官。"
}
|
{
"en": "Niedono stored and managed local specialties of each region presented to the emperor from provinces as nie (foods presented to the emperor).",
"ja": "贄殿は諸国から贄（天皇家に進献する食物）として上納された各地の特産物を保管・管理する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Betto (the superintendent) and azukari (an additional post to the chief of Naizenshi) worked as the officials.",
"ja": "職員として別当や預がいた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kiden hakase refers to a post established in Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) in the early Heian period and taught Kidendo (the study of the histories), but, was integrated into Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature) later.",
"ja": "紀伝博士（きでんはかせ）とは、平安時代の初期に大学寮に置かれた役職で紀伝道を講じたが、後に文章博士に統合された。"
}
|
{
"en": "The rank was equivalent to Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade).",
"ja": "正七位下相当。"
}
|
{
"en": "On March 8, 808, the post of Kiden hakase was established by appointing one person from Myogyo chokko (teacher of Myogyodo (the study of Confucian classics)) (another group of Myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucian classics)).",
"ja": "大同_(日本)3年2月4日_(旧暦)（808年3月4日）に明経直講（明経博士の別枠）より1名を割いて設置された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Conventionally, the history was under the jurisdiction of Monjo hakase, and some part was under the jurisdiction of by Myogyo hakase.",
"ja": "従来歴史学は文章博士、一部は明経博士の管轄であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, an independent subject was formed at this time.",
"ja": "しかし、ここに独立した学科が成立したのである。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to \"Koninshiki\" (the supplemental law determined in the Konin Era) and so on, the major learning subject was basically an official history of Chinese history, and lectures of \"Shiki\" (the Chinese Historical Records), \"Kanjo\" (Historical Records of the Han Dynasty) and \"Gokanjo\" (Historical Records of the Later Han Dynasty), so-called 'Sanshi' (three historical records of ancient China), and \"Jun shu\"(History of the Jin Dynasty), \"Monzen\" (ancient Chinese poems) (book) and so on were given.",
"ja": "『弘仁式』などによれば基本的には中国史の正史の学習が中心であり、『史記』・『漢書』・『後漢書』のいわゆる「三史」や『晋書』・『文選(書物)』などが講義されたという。"
}
|
{
"en": "Names of ISAYAMA no Fumitsugu and SAKANOUE no Imatsugu were recorded as Kiden hakase.",
"ja": "記録では勇山文継・坂上今継が紀伝博士として名を残している。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is said that Kiden hakase also created Kiden kanmon (report about histories) to answer to inquiries from the government.",
"ja": "また、政府の諮問に答える紀伝勘文の作成に当たることもあったとされている。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, such knowledge of history was required when creating documents such as official documents and Chinese poetry, and Kidendo (the study of the histories) was integrated with Monjodo (literature) on April 1, 836 by the idea that it overlapped with Monjodo.",
"ja": "しかし、こうした歴史の知識を必要とするのは公文書や漢詩などの文章作成においてであり、文章道と重複するという考えから承和_(日本)3年3月8日_(旧暦)（834年4月20日）に紀伝道と文章道は統合された。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a result of this, the fixed number of Kiden hakase was transferred to that of Monjo hakase (from one to two), and thereafter, 'Kiden hakase' became a common name of Monjo hakase (for reference, Kidendo existed as the name of subject, and 'Monjodo' became its common name).",
"ja": "これにより、紀伝博士の定員は文章博士の定員に移され（1名→2名）、以後「紀伝博士」は文章博士の通称となった（なお、学科名は紀伝道が存続して「文章道」はその通称となった。）"
}
|
{
"en": "(It is considered that the description specifying 'Monjodo' as the subject name was caused by a confusion in and after the Meiji period).",
"ja": "（「文章道」を学科名とするというような記述は明治以後の混同によるものと考えられている）。"
}
|
{
"en": "On hakase (also known as Koe no hakase) was a hakase position (professor) established under the Ritsuryo system in Japan.",
"ja": "音博士（おんはかせ/こえのはかせ）は、日本の律令制において置かれた博士の1つ。"
}
|
{
"en": "The On hakase belonged to Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system), and taught hakudoku (pronunciation of Chinese language in kanon (Han reading of Chinese characters)) of Keisho (most important documents in Confucianism) to gakusho (students) of Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics).",
"ja": "大学寮に属して、明経道の学生に経書の白読（中国語（漢音）による音読）を教えた。"
}
|
{
"en": "There were two fixed hakase, and the rank was equivalent to Jushichiinojo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade).",
"ja": "定員2名・従七位上相当。"
}
|
{
"en": "\"Nihonshoki\" (Chronicles of Japan) has a description that On hakase (SHOKU Shugen and SATSU Kokaku) existed in 691, and it is known that toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese) mainly assumed this post.",
"ja": "『日本書紀』持統天皇5年（691年）に音博士（続守言・薩弘格）の存在が記され、主に渡来人がこれを担当したことが知られている。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was natural that the toraijin seldom used Chinese language while staying in Japan, and very few people learned only Ondo (the study of pronunciation of Chinese language).",
"ja": "もっとも日本国内にいる限りにおいて、中国語が用いられる事はほとんどなく、音道のみを学ぶ者はほとんどいなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, in the early Heian period when the influence of Tang culture became stronger, kyakushiki (amendments and enforcement of regulations of the ritsuryo) to establish 'onsho' was issued on May 10, 817 due to interest in kanon.",
"ja": "それでも唐の文化の影響が強まった平安時代初期には、漢音に関する関心から弘仁8年4月17日(旧暦)（817年5月6日）付けで「音生」設置の格式が出されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, an examination of kanon held by the On hakase was imposed on government officials (esp. one of low to medium rank) and Buddhist monks to be dispatched as members of a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China.",
"ja": "また、遣唐使として派遣される官人や僧侶には、音博士による漢音の試験が課された。"
}
|
{
"en": "But, this was temporary, and in the mid Heian period, the On hakase became an honorary post assigned to scholars from the Nakahara clan and the Kiyohara clan which monopolized Myogyo-do.",
"ja": "もっともこれも一時的なもので、平安時代中期には明経道を独占した中原氏・清原氏出身の学者に宛がわれる名誉職的なものになっていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Tono Chujo is the name of a government post in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.",
"ja": "頭中将（とうのちゅうじょう）は、日本の律令制における職制の呼称の一つ。"
}
|
{
"en": "This was a post for noble family members and the common name for a person who was a tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) at shii (the fourth rank) and assumed both posts of \"Kurodo no to\" (Head Chamberlain) and \"Konoe no Chujo\" (middle captain of the palace guards).",
"ja": "公家官職であり、四位殿上人で蔵人頭と近衛中将を兼任した者に対する通称。"
}
|
{
"en": "Two people were appointed to the post of Kurodo no to.",
"ja": "蔵人頭の定員は2名であった（「両頭」）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Fourth-ranking officials and bukan (military officers) from the Konoefu (Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) were often appointed to the post of Tono Chujo also.",
"ja": "四位の官人のうち武官の官職のうち近衛府が兼帯して補任されることが多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Towards the end of the Heian period, it became customary that another \"Kurodo no to\" post was given to \"To no ben\" selected from the persons at the Benkan post (a post for civil officers: daiben (Major Controller) or chuben (Middle Controller)).",
"ja": "平安時代末期には弁官（大弁または中弁）から選ばれる頭弁と並びたつ慣例が生まれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In \"Kantobisho\" (a book written by FUJIWARA no Toshinori), it is written that Tono Chujo did the work of 'kinchu banji' (everything in the Imperial Palace) and To no Ben did that of 'tenkakosai' (everything).",
"ja": "藤原俊憲の『貫頭秘抄』には、頭中将は「禁中万事」を申し行い、頭弁は「天下巨細」を執奏するとされた。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is also written in the book that Tono Chujo was in charge of services in the imperial palace and To no ben was in charge of communications about government affairs between the Emperor and Daijokan (Grand Council of State).",
"ja": "頭中将は宮中における側近奉仕を担当し、頭弁は天皇と太政官の間で政務に関する連絡を担当したと記されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "The main duty of Tono Chujo was to wait on the Emperor.",
"ja": "頭中将は天皇の側近くに仕えることが主たる任務とされた。"
}
|
{
"en": "For this reason, there were many examples whereby an upper-class royal family member who was a candidate for a high government post advanced from the Konoe no Shosho position (Minor Captain of the Inner Palace Guards) to the Konoe no Chujo position (Middle Captain of the Inner place Guards), before assuming the joint positions of Tono Chujo and Kurodo no to and then finally advancing to the court nobility.",
"ja": "そのため、将来の高官候補者である上流貴族の子弟が近衛少将から中将に昇進した後に蔵人頭を兼ねて頭中将となり、その後公卿に昇進する例が多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Tono Chujo was also the name of a character in 'The Tale of Genj.'",
"ja": "『源氏物語』の登場人物の通称としても使われている。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition to being Hikaru Genji's old friend and brother-in-law, this person was also his rival in politics and in love.",
"ja": "光源氏の年長の親友であり義兄であり政敵であり、また恋の競争相手でもある。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, here Tono Chujo is used like a proper noun.",
"ja": "ただし、この場合の頭中将は、固有名詞に近い形で使用されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the main text of 'The Tale of Genji' this person was always known by the different positions he held as his career and age advanced.",
"ja": "『源氏物語』本文では、この人物は、年齢と経歴を積むにつれ、そのときどきの官職などで呼ばれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "He didn't keep the same name throughout the story.",
"ja": "一貫してこの名で呼ばれている訳ではない。"
}
|
{
"en": "During the 'Yugao' chapter (The Tale of Genji), the chapter in which he becomes a central character, he holds the position of Tono Chujo, so this is how he was known by later readers.",
"ja": "彼が重要人物となる「夕顔(源氏物語)」巻での官職が頭中将であったため、後世の読者からこう呼ばれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "After that he advances to the positions of Gon Chunagon (Provisional Middle Counselor), Udaisho ((Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) and Nadaijin (Minister of the Interior) before finally becoming a Dajodaijin (Grand Minister).",
"ja": "その後権中納言、右大将、内大臣を経て最終的には太政大臣まで出世する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In his final days after retirement he was known as 'Chiji no Otodo' (Retired Minister).",
"ja": "引退後の晩年は致仕の大臣（ちじのおとど）と呼ばれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "He appears in the chapters from Hahakigi to Minori.",
"ja": "「帚木(源氏物語)」から「御法」まで登場。"
}
|
{
"en": "The setting",
"ja": "設定"
}
|
{
"en": "The Fujiwara clan",
"ja": "藤原氏。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was the legitimate son of Emperor Kiritsubo's Sadaijin (Minister of the Left).",
"ja": "桐壺帝の左大臣の嫡男。"
}
|
{
"en": "His mother, Omiya, was the younger sister of Emperor Kiritsubo (in The Tale of Genji) and the mother of Aoi no Ue (it is often said that he is her older brother but the age gap is unknown).",
"ja": "母は桐壺帝の妹大宮(源氏物語)で、葵の上と同腹（兄とされることが多いが、年齢差は不明）。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was a tall, handsome and showy individual.",
"ja": "華やかな美貌で背はそびえるように高かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "He also excelled at literature and music.",
"ja": "文雅にも秀でていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was known as an virtuoso of the koto (Japanese harp), better even than Genji.",
"ja": "特に和琴は源氏以上の名手として知られる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In his youth, he was a young nobleman ranked with Genji, and often competed with Genji for the same woman.",
"ja": "青年時代は源氏と並び称される貴公子であり、しばしば同じ女性を巡り競ったりもした。"
}
|
{
"en": "He doted on Yugari, the daughter of Genji and the deceased Aoi no Ue (his nephew in other words), who was like a son to him until their relationship deteriorated over the Kumoi no Kari incident.",
"ja": "源氏の息子で亡き葵の上の忘れ形見（つまり甥）である夕霧(源氏物語)を可愛がっており、雲居の雁絡みで関係がこじれるまでは親子同様の仲の良さであった。"
}
|
{
"en": "He has more than ten children (four of whom were daughters).",
"ja": "子供は十余人（うち娘は四人）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Character",
"ja": "人物"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Otome chapter, he is described as having a distinct and magnificent character and also of being thoughtful, passionate about learning and well-versed in government affairs.",
"ja": "「少女(源氏物語)」では、人柄はきっぱりしていて立派、思慮もしっかりしており、学問に熱心で政務に詳しい、とある。"
}
|
{
"en": "When Genji suffered misfortune and retired to Suma to seek seclusion from the world, Tono Chujo was the only person to visit him, without fear of attracting disapproval from the powers-that-be.",
"ja": "源氏不遇の折、時の権力に睨まれるのも恐れず、須磨へ遁世した源氏をただ一人見舞いに訪れて励ました。"
}
|
{
"en": "For better of worse he was depicted as having a clear, manly character.",
"ja": "また、良くも悪くも明確な、男らしい性格の人物として描かれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "For example, in anger he blocked the love between his daughter Kumoi no Kari and Yugiri.",
"ja": "自身の娘雲居の雁と夕霧の恋愛を怒り狂って阻むなど。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, there is a clear distinction between the times in the story when he is depicted favorably and those when he isn't.",
"ja": "しかし作中では好意的な描かれ方をされる時とされない時との差が大きい。"
}
|
{
"en": "For this reason, some researchers have complained that his character is inconsistent and not worth analyzing.",
"ja": "そのため研究者からは、キャラクターとして一貫しておらず、分析に値しない、と言った辛口な評価もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Furthermore, his rank is always one rank below that of Genji's and he always lags behind Genji in disputes.",
"ja": "また、基本的には官位は常に源氏の一ランク下であり、相争う際には常に源氏に遅れを取る。"
}
|
{
"en": "In other words, many people think that Genji just uses him for his own ends.",
"ja": "いわば当て馬のような扱いを受けることも少なくない。"
}
|
{
"en": "(For example, even though he the real father or the deceased Yugao's daughter, Tamakazura, it is Genji that actually acts as her guardian).",
"ja": "（夕顔の遺児玉鬘(源氏物語)の件でも、実父でありながら実質的な後見は源氏にとられてしまった）"
}
|
{
"en": "His wife and children",
"ja": "妻子"
}
|
{
"en": "His legal wife was Yon no Kimi, the Minister of the Right of Emperor Kiritsubo (she was also the younger sister of Kokiden no Nyogo (Emperor Kokiden) and the elder sister of Oborozukiyo).",
"ja": "正妻は桐壺帝の右大臣の四の君（弘徽殿女御の妹、朧月夜(源氏物語)の姉）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Their children were called Kashiwagi, Kobai and Kokiden no Nyogo.",
"ja": "柏木(源氏物語)、紅梅(源氏物語)、弘徽殿女御（冷泉帝妃）は彼女との間の子。"
}
|
{
"en": "Their estrangement while still young was deplored by his father and father-in-law.",
"ja": "若い頃は彼女との疎遠を父・舅に嘆かれていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, I the prime of his life he and Yon no Kimi are depicted looking after the sick and bedridden Kashiwagi together.",
"ja": "しかし、壮年期には病床の柏木を二人で看病する姿が描かれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "His concubines were known to be the mother of Kumoi no Kari (of royal descent) and Yugao (the daughter of Sanmi no Chujo and the mother of Tamakazura).",
"ja": "側室では雲居の雁の母（王族出身）と夕顔(源氏物語)（三位中将の娘、玉鬘(源氏物語)の母）が知られる。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, the mother of Kumoi no Kari later divorced him and married Azechino Dainagon (at which time Kumoi no Kari came under the care of her grandmother Omiya).",
"ja": "しかし雲居の雁の母は後に離婚して按察大納言と再婚（この時雲居の雁は祖母大宮に預けられた）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Yugao disappeared after being threatened by his legal wife.",
"ja": "夕顔は正妻の脅しにあって姿を消してしまった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also, he seems for a time to have taken pity on a lower class woman who went on to give birth to Omi no Kimi.",
"ja": "また一時情けをかけたらしい相手として、近江の君を産んだ身分低い女性がいる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shurishiki (also known as Surishiki) refers to a Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) established in the Heian period.",
"ja": "修理職（しゅりしき、すりしき）は平安時代に設置された令外官。"
}
|
{
"en": "Its Japanese name was 'Wosame (or Osame) tsukuru tsukasa.'",
"ja": "和名は「をさめ（おさめ）つくるつかさ」。"
}
|
{
"en": "The main duty was the repair and construction of Daidairi (the Greater Imperial Palace).",
"ja": "主に大内裏の修理造営を掌る。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since clerical work of Moku-ryo (Bureau of Carpentry) in charge of construction and architecture under the Ritsuryo system (ancient East Asian system of centralized governance in Japan: esp. 7th-10th century) was complicated, work of Zogushiki (Office of Works) which was merged once was delinked, and Shurishiki was newly established as Ryoge no kan in 818 in the period of Emperor Saga.",
"ja": "弘仁9年（818年）嵯峨天皇の代に令制で造営・建築を担当する木工寮の事務が繁雑であったため、いったん併合した造宮職の業務を独立させ、令外官として新設された。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 826, Shurishiki was abolished by a merger with Moku-ryo.",
"ja": "天長3年（826年）に木工寮と合併して廃止。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 890, Shurishiki was revived and established.",
"ja": "寛平2年（890年）に復活設置。"
}
|
{
"en": "Officials",
"ja": "職員"
}
|
{
"en": "Daibu (Master) (equivalent to Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade)): One person",
"ja": "大夫（従四位下相当）…1人"
}
|
{
"en": "Suke (Assistant Master) (equivalent to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)): One person",
"ja": "亮（従五位下相当）…1人"
}
|
{
"en": "Taijo (Senior Secretary) (equivalent to Jurokuinojo (Junior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade)): One person",
"ja": "大進（従六位上相当）…1人"
}
|
{
"en": "Shojo (Junior Secretary) (equivalent to Jurokuinoge (Junior Sixth rank, Lower Grade)): Two persons",
"ja": "少進（従六位下相当）…2人"
}
|
{
"en": "Daisakan (Senior Clerk) (equivalent to Shohachiinoge (Senior Eighth rank, Lower Grade)): One person",
"ja": "大属（正八位下相当）…1人"
}
|
{
"en": "Shosakan (Junior Clerk) (equivalent to Juhachiinojo (Junior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade)): Two persons",
"ja": "少属（従八位上相当）…2人"
}
|
{
"en": "Uji no shaku refers to conferring a rank of Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) on one person each annually from among persons ranked Shorokuinojo (Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade) in the O clan, Minamoto clan, Taira clan, Fujiwara clan, Tachibana clan and others when the investiture was conducted on January 6 (old calendar) of every year from the Heian period.",
"ja": "氏爵（うじのしゃく）とは、平安時代より、毎年正月6日に行われる叙位に際し、王氏、源氏、平氏、藤原氏、橘氏などの正六位上の者より、毎年1人ずつ従五位に叙すことをいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since the conferment of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) was called joshaku (conferring a peerage), this was called uji no shaku as an annual promotion conducted to each clan.",
"ja": "従五位下に叙せられることを叙爵ということから、各氏に対する恒例人事として氏爵と呼んだ。"
}
|
{
"en": "Its other name was uji no kyo.",
"ja": "別称として氏挙（うじのきょ）ともいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "As well as Oni no sei (the automatic promotion of the persons at the age of 21, whose parents were from Imperial Prince to the fifth rank, or whose grandparents were upper than third rank), uji no shaku was a privilege for powerful clans, and Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) was held in accordance with a recommendation of uji no choja (the head of the clan).",
"ja": "氏爵は蔭位の制同様、有力氏族への特典であり、氏長者の推挙により、除目が行われた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Each clan usually had more than one person ranked Shorokuinojo (Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade) at any time, and it is considered that a person trying to newly acquire a post of government official submitted a request called moshibumi (general term for a request or petition submitted by a lower authority to a higher) to uji no choja, and uji no choja selected an eligible person.",
"ja": "各氏とも正六位上の者は常に複数いるのが通常であり、新たな官途を得んとする者は、氏長者に対して申文という申請書を提出、氏長者がそのうちから適任者を選考したとされる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the first place, the authority of uji no choja was on a declining trend in the Heian period, and possessing influence on personnel affairs for the said clans under the system of uji no shaku resulted in restrengthening the authority of uji no choja.",
"ja": "そもそも、平安時代において氏長者の権限は低下傾向にあり、氏爵の制度に基づき同氏族への人事への影響力を有したことは、氏長者の権力が再強化されることとなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "An eishaku indicates an honorable position or rank.",
"ja": "栄爵（えいしゃく）とは、栄誉ある地位或いは爵位のこと。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was also another name for jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) during ancient and medieval Japan.",
"ja": "あるいは古代・中世の日本における従五位の別称でもある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Furthermore, it was also used as a term to express a special privilege given to temples, shrines or guji (chief priests).",
"ja": "また、寺社や宮司に与えられた特権を指す用語のひとつとしても用いられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later, it was also used to indicate other high ranks.",
"ja": "後に位の高い爵位の異称としても用いられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Eishaku: Special privileges of temples, shrines or guji (chief priests)",
"ja": "寺院及び宮司の特権としての栄爵"
}
|
{
"en": "Each year a temple, shrine or guji could grant the rank of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) to one person who desired the rank and who had paid a joryo (a fee to obtain the rank).",
"ja": "毎年、寺院ないし宮司に1人分の叙爵権を付与し、寺院及び宮司は叙爵希望者より叙料を納めさせることで、従五位下に叙爵させることができるとされた。"
}
|
{
"en": "This system began in the early Heian period.",
"ja": "当該制度は平安時代初期にはじまったとされる。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was a system for selling ranks, the same as nenshaku in which a rank was granted of paying joryo to a retired emperor, empress or Sannomiya (third prince).",
"ja": "院や三宮に対して叙料を納めさせる代わりに叙爵する年爵と同じく売位によるものであった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Advancement through eishaku was quite common from the end of the Heian Period to the Kamakura period.",
"ja": "しかし、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代にかけて栄爵による昇叙(加階)が盛んとなった。"
}
|
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