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{
"en": "The Muromachi Bakufu",
"ja": "室町幕府"
}
|
{
"en": "Oshu Tandai (local commissioner in Oshu, located in the northern Japan)",
"ja": "奥州探題"
}
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{
"en": "Ushu Tandai (local commissioner in Ushu, located in the western part of Oshu)",
"ja": "羽州探題"
}
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{
"en": "Chugoku Tandai or Saigoku Tandai (local commissioner in Chugoku and Saigoku, located in the western part of the main island of Japan)",
"ja": "中国探題（西国探題）"
}
|
{
"en": "Shikoku Tandai (local commissioner in Shikoku, located in the island off the southern coast of the Chugoku region)",
"ja": "四国探題"
}
|
{
"en": "Kyushu Tandai (local commissioner in Kyushu, located in the southern part of Japan)",
"ja": "九州探題"
}
|
{
"en": "Zuijin (also called as zuishin) was a government official in Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) during and after the Heian period; zuijin followed nobles to guard them when they went out.",
"ja": "随身（ずいじん、ずいしん）とは、平安時代以降、貴族の外出時に警護のために随従した近衛府の官人のことである。"
}
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{
"en": "Zuijin also refers to the statues which are dressed in zuijin's clothes and enshrined on the left and right sides of shrine gates (zuijinmon) as shrine guards; in this case, zuijin can also be written as '随神.'",
"ja": "また、神社の門（随身門）の左右に、神を守る者として安置される随身姿の像のことも「随身」といい、この場合は随神とも書かれる。"
}
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{
"en": "Senke jissoku is an honorific title for the 10 shokka (family of artisans) such as nurishi (lacquerer) and sashimonoshi (woodworker) who are involved in the sado (tea ceremony) and who pay visits to the san senke (three Sen families, namely, Omote, Ura and Mushakoji).",
"ja": "千家十職（せんけじっそく）とは、茶道に関わり三千家に出入りする塗り師・指物師など十の職家を表す尊称である。"
}
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{
"en": "Since the artisans able to make the tea utensils in the taste of the house of Sen were limited, and as they played certain roles in events and Buddhist anniversary services, the shokukata (artisan) gradually came to be fixed.",
"ja": "千家好みの茶道具を作れる職人は限定されており、行事や年忌における役割もあるため、徐々に職方は固定されていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although the number of shokukata fluctuated depending on the successive iemoto (the head family of a school), it was organized into the current jissoku during the Meiji period.",
"ja": "代々の家元によってその数が変動していたが、明治期に現在の十職に整理された。"
}
|
{
"en": "(There is also a theory that jissoku was named by Mitsukoshi department store in the Taisho period.)",
"ja": "（大正時代に三越百貨店が命名したという説もある）"
}
|
{
"en": "Since sado is usually performed in a small space called chashitsu (tea room) using unique manners, the tools used there have to be creative.",
"ja": "茶道は茶室と呼ばれる狭い空間で行われる事が多く、独特の作法が存在することから、使用される道具には工夫が必要とされる。"
}
|
{
"en": "SEN no Rikyu, especially, selected his tea utensils with a unique taste, such as a tea bowl by Chojiro (the first-generation Kichizaemon RAKU) and a kettle by Yojiro TSUJI, Kyogamashi (Kyogama kettle maker).",
"ja": "特に千利休は長次郎（初代・樂吉左衛門）の茶碗や京釜師・辻与次郎の釜など、独特の好みを持って茶道具を選んでいた。"
}
|
{
"en": "SEN no Sotan, who attempted to hand down the style of tea ceremony by SEN no Rikyu, trained artisans and preferentially treated those who were able to make works which were in line with Rikyu's taste.",
"ja": "利休の茶風を残そうとした千宗旦も職人を指導し、利休好みの作品を作れる者を重用した。"
}
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{
"en": "In addition to a tea bowl by the Raku family, and natsume (a container for powdered tea) and kogo (incense box) by Ikkan HIKI, Sotan also favored a kettle by Kuhe NISHIMURA; although Kuhe's name is not listed among the current Senke jissoku, he left many works.",
"ja": "樂家の茶碗や飛来一閑の棗・香合のほか、現在の千家十職には名前がないが西村九兵衛の釜も宗旦に好まれ、多くの作品を残している。"
}
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{
"en": "The seventh grand master of Omote Senke (a branch of the Senke school of tea ceremony), Nyoshinsai, and the eighth grand master of Ura Senke (another branch of the Senke school of tea ceremony), Itto YUGENSAI, formulated Senke Shichijishiki (The Seven Rites of the Sen School) during the Genroku era at the end of the 17th century, which led to the establishment of the current form of sado.",
"ja": "表千家の7代・如心斎や裏千家8代・又玄斎一燈は17世紀末の元禄期に千家七事式を考案し、現在に繋がる茶道の形式が確立されていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Under these circumstances, when Nyoshinsai organized a Buddhist anniversary service chakai (tea party) for the 150th anniversary of Rikyu's death on October 6, 1739, five members, namely, Kichizaemon RAKU, the nurishi Sotetsu NAKAMURA, the fukuroshi (bag maker) Yuko TSUCHIDA, the takeya (bamboo worker) Gensai, and the fukuroshi Nitoku (二得), were invited as the shokukata of the house of Sen.",
"ja": "このような中で、元文四年（1739年）9月4日に如心斎が催した利休・百五十年忌の年忌茶会では、千家の職方として樂吉左衛門、塗師・中村宗哲、袋師・土田友湖、竹屋・玄竺、袋師・二得の五名が招かれている。"
}
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{
"en": "It is said that Kichizaemon and Sotetsu, especially, were like doyens among the shokukata of the time.",
"ja": "特に吉左衛門と宗哲は当時の職方の長老的な存在だったと言われる。"
}
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{
"en": "In the last chakai for the 100th anniversary of Sotan's death held in 1758, 10 members of shokukata, namely, Kichizaemon RAKU, Sotetsu NAKAMURA, Yuko TSUCHIDA, the takeya Gensai, the kamashi (kettle maker) Seiemon ONISHI, the sashimonoshi Risai KOMAZAWA, the hishakushi (ladle maker) Shogen KURODA, the chushi (metal caster) Joeki NAKAGAWA, the carpenter Zenbei, and the hyogushi (mounter) Kichibe OKUMURA, were invited (in contrast to today, the takeya Gensai and the carpenter Zenbei were included instead of Ikkan HIKI and Zengoro respectively).",
"ja": "宝暦8年（1758年）に行なわれた宗旦・百年忌の茶会の最終回には、樂吉左衛門、中村宗哲、土田友湖、竹屋・元斎、釜師・大西清右衛門、指物師・駒沢利斎、柄杓師・黒田正玄、鋳師・中川浄益、大工・善兵衛、表具師・奥村吉兵衛の十名の職方が招かれている（現在と比べ、飛来一閑と善五郎の代わりに竹屋・元斎と大工・善兵衛がいる）。"
}
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{
"en": "This is one of the oldest records in which the number of the shokka which paid visits the house of Sen is 10; however, the number fluctuated from 8 to 12 throughout the Edo period due to reasons such as the Hiki family of the time undergoing a change in the head of the family.",
"ja": "これは千家に出入りする職家が十家になっている最古の記録の一つだが、この時期の飛来家は代替わりなどの時期にあるなど、江戸時代を通じてその数は八家から十二家で変動していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is also said that there were over 20 shokka which did not make visits the house of Sen but presented tools to the house.",
"ja": "なお、この他にも出入りはしていないが道具を納めていた職家が二十家以上あったといわれる。"
}
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{
"en": "On the other hand, since senke jissoku played certain roles in annual events of san senke and Buddhist anniversary services, in addition to the production of tea utensils which incorporated traditional forms, the shokukata who paid visits gradually came to be fixed.",
"ja": "一方で、伝統的な形式を踏まえた茶道具の制作や三千家の年中行事、年忌などでの役割を果たすため、徐々に出入りの職方は固定されていった。"
}
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{
"en": "Around the 250th anniversary of Rikyu's death in 1840, Risai KOMAZAWA, Seiemon ONISHI, Zengoro, Kichizaemon RAKU, Kichibe OKUMURA, Ikkan HIKI, Shogen KURODA, Yuko TSUCHIDA, Joeki NAKAGAWA, and the nurishi Yosoemon had become the shokukata who paid visits to the house of Sen, and the members are almost the same today.",
"ja": "天保11年（1840年）の利休・二百五十年忌の頃には、駒沢利斎、大西清右衛門、善五郎、樂吉左衛門、奥村吉兵衛、飛来一閑、黒田正玄、土田友湖、中川浄益、塗師・余三右衛門が千家出入りの職方となっており、ほぼ現在と同様の顔ぶれである。"
}
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{
"en": "Sotetsu NAKAMURA is the only member not mentioned above; it is considered that this was due to the family being in mourning for the sixth-generation Sotetsu NAKAMURA at the time.",
"ja": "唯一名前のない中村宗哲に関しては、六代の喪中にあったためと思われる。"
}
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{
"en": "The circumstances described above led to shokukata taking the current form of senke jissoku.",
"ja": "このような経緯を経て、職方が現在の千家十職にまとまっていったのである。"
}
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{
"en": "Chawanshi (teacup maker)",
"ja": "茶碗師"
}
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{
"en": "Kichizaemon RAKU",
"ja": "− 樂吉左衛門"
}
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{
"en": "Kamashi",
"ja": "釜師"
}
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{
"en": "Seiemon ONISHI",
"ja": "− 大西清右衛門"
}
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{
"en": "Nurishi",
"ja": "塗師"
}
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{
"en": "Sotetsu NAKAMURA",
"ja": "− 中村宗哲"
}
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{
"en": "Sashimonoshi",
"ja": "指物師"
}
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{
"en": "Risai KOMAZAWA",
"ja": "− 駒沢利斎"
}
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{
"en": "Kanamonoshi (hardware maker)",
"ja": "金物師"
}
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{
"en": "Joeki NAKAGAWA",
"ja": "− 中川浄益"
}
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{
"en": "Fukuroshi",
"ja": "袋師"
}
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{
"en": "Yuko TSUCHIDA",
"ja": "− 土田友湖"
}
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{
"en": "Hyogushi",
"ja": "表具師"
}
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{
"en": "Kichibe OKUMURA",
"ja": "− 奥村吉兵衛"
}
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{
"en": "Ikkanbari saikushi (artisan of lacquered papier-mache)",
"ja": "一閑張細工師"
}
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{
"en": "Ikkan HIKI",
"ja": "− 飛来一閑"
}
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{
"en": "Takezaiku (artisan of bamboo work) and hishakushi",
"ja": "竹細工・柄杓師"
}
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{
"en": "Shogen KURODA",
"ja": "− 黒田正玄"
}
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{
"en": "Doburo yakimonoshi (brazier maker and potter)",
"ja": "土風炉・焼物師"
}
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{
"en": "Zengoro",
"ja": "− 善五郎"
}
|
{
"en": "\"Sanboku-Isso\" was the name given to the four meritorious retainers who received the Emperor Godaigo's favor under the Kemmu Restoration.",
"ja": "三木一草（さんぼくいっそう）は後醍醐天皇の建武の新政下で寵遇を受けた4人の寵臣の呼称。"
}
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{
"en": "Their names were Masashige KUSUNOKI, Chikamitsu YUKI, Nagatoshi NAWA and Tadaaki CHIKUSA, and the title of Sanboku-Isso came from all of their names collectively.",
"ja": "楠木正成、結城親光、名和長年、千種忠顕をあわせて呼ぶ。"
}
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{
"en": "The characters used for Masashige's family name were\"楠木\"(camphor tree) which are read as \"kusuno-ki.\"",
"ja": "楠木は「クスノキ」。"
}
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{
"en": "The characters for Chikamitsu's family name were\"結城\" and are read as \"yu-ki.\"",
"ja": "結城は「ユウキ」。"
}
|
{
"en": "Nagatoshi was nicknamed \"ho-ki\" being that he was from Hoki Province.",
"ja": "名和長年は伯耆国であったことから「ホウキ」。"
}
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{
"en": "Characters for Tadaaki's family name were \"千種\" and are read as \"chi-gusa\" (\"gusa\" having the same pronunciation as \"kusa\" which means \"grass\" in Japanese); their title \"Sanboku-Isso\" was coined after their names as the character \"木\" (boku) is also read as \"ki\" which means \"tree,\" leading to \"Sanboku-Isso\" which literally means \"three trees and one grass.\"",
"ja": "千種は「チグサ」と4人の姓、あるいは呼び名からとられている。"
}
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{
"en": "Common points of the four Sanboku-Isso:",
"ja": "三木一草の4人に共通する点は下記のとおりである。"
}
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{
"en": "Under the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) system, they would not have succeeded due to their origins.",
"ja": "鎌倉幕府体制の下であれば、日の当たる場所に出ることのなかった出自であること。"
}
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{
"en": "All four rose to high ranks by winning the \"Emperor's favor.\"",
"ja": "「寵恩に誇っ」て高位に昇ったこと。"
}
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{
"en": "Their periods of prosperity were extremely short.",
"ja": "その栄耀栄華の期間が、極めて短かったこと。"
}
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{
"en": "(All four lost their lives during the Kenmu Era in the battle with Ashikaga clan in 1336).",
"ja": "（4人ともに建武(日本)3年（1336年）の足利氏との戦いで命を落としている。）"
}
|
{
"en": "Losing the lives of the four Sanboku-Isso military commanders at an early stage in the battle between the Southern and Northern Dynasties led to an extreme military disadvantage for the Southern Dynasty.",
"ja": "南北朝騒乱の初期の段階で4人の軍事指揮官を失ったことで、南朝(日本)は軍事的にかなりの劣勢に立たされることとなった。"
}
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{
"en": "Tamori was a position in charge of managing fields on public lands, which was set up by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).",
"ja": "田守（たもり）は、室町幕府が公領内の田畑の管理役として設置した職である。"
}
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{
"en": "For most of the tamori positions, peasants who had expertise in techniques were selected.",
"ja": "主に農民の中から技術に秀でた者が抜擢された。"
}
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{
"en": "Although provincial constables or manor lords gave instruction in farming before the Muromachi period, a position of professional instructor of farming techniques was set up for the first time in the Muromachi period.",
"ja": "室町時代以前から守護や地頭に仕えて農業指導を行う者は存在したが、専業としての技術指導職は室町期になって初めて設置された。"
}
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{
"en": "The Edo period saw a significant improvement of farming techniques thanks to the tamori.",
"ja": "江戸時代の農業技術の飛躍的な向上は田守たちの活躍によるものである。"
}
|
{
"en": "The origin of tamori is supposedly tanbomori, a service provided in the Hokuriku region in the late Kamakura period.",
"ja": "田守の起源は、鎌倉時代後期に北陸地方で行われていた、タンボモリという役務であるとされている。"
}
|
{
"en": "The tanbomori was in charge of daily observations of paddy fields and their vicinity, to mainly study rice blast fungus.",
"ja": "このタンボモリは、主にイモチ病の発生を調べるため、水田およびその近辺の状況を毎日観察する役であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Each year the families in the village took their turn to be in charge of tanbomori.",
"ja": "村内の各戸が毎年持ち回りで担当していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later this position called tanbomori was handed down among certain families for many generations.",
"ja": "その後この役は持ち回りから特定の家が代々担当するようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The family name, tamori, that remains in the Hokuriku region is a remnant of families of professional tanbomori.",
"ja": "北陸地方に現存する田守姓は、タンボモリを専門職としていた家系の名残であると言われている。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Muromachi period, occupations were further specialized, and the tanbomori became a profession called the tamori.",
"ja": "室町期に入ると、職業の分化・専門化が進み、タンボモリは田守という職業となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Before that, specific families succeeded the tanbomori by word of mouth for some generations.",
"ja": "それまで代々特定の家系が口伝で引き継いできた。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the Onin War, the bakufu set up the profession of tamori across the country to restore the farming villages destroyed in the war.",
"ja": "そして応仁の乱で荒廃した農村を再興するべく、幕府が専門職として全国に田守職を設置した。"
}
|
{
"en": "At first the tamori only gave instruction within the area of public lands, but later came to instruct the neighboring farming villages.",
"ja": "当初は公領内のみに田守が配置されたが、その後公領周辺の農村への技術指導も行うようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the late Muromachi period,local samurai assigned the tamori independently.",
"ja": "室町時代後期には在地支配層である国人が独自に田守の任命を行っていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the late Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan), many peasants in farming villages were sent off to war, and this resulted in a critical decrease in agricultural production.",
"ja": "戦国時代(日本)の後期には、農村の多くで労働力が戦に駆り出されたため、農業生産力の低下が大きな問題となっていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Therefore, daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku period across the country treated good tamori well to attract them to their territories,and tried to prevent them from moving away to other territories.",
"ja": "このため、各地の戦国大名は優秀な田守を領国に呼び込んで厚遇する反面、領内の田守が他の土地へ移動することを厳しく制限した。"
}
|
{
"en": "This led to the extinction of tamori as an occupation except for a few influential tamori.",
"ja": "このことは田守が廃業する原因となり、一部の有力田守を除いて田守職に就くものは激減した。"
}
|
{
"en": "As society gradually became more stable in the Edo period, the tamori profession was revived around the country.",
"ja": "江戸時代に入り社会が安定化するとともに、田守が各地で復活するようになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Especially in the Hokuriku region, a rice-producing region, clans employed a number of tamori to protect their paddies from being damaged by cold weather and focus on stabilization of rice cultivation.",
"ja": "特に米所といわれた北陸地方では、冷害から稲を守るため各藩は大量の田守を雇い、稲作の安定化に力を入れた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In this period, many books on agricultural techniques, such as 'Noka eki (farming handbook)' and 'Nogyo zensho (Compendia of agricultural knowledge),' were published and the techniques that had been handed down by the tamori were recorded systematically.",
"ja": "この時期には『農家益』や『農業全書』などの農業技術書が多く出版されたが、田守たちが伝承してきた技術が学問として体系化された時期でもあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Incidentally, some of the tamori used their wealth of knowledge about plants and worked as herbalists.",
"ja": "なお、田守職の一部は、植物に対する豊富な知識を生かして本草学へと流れていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later in the Meiji period, due to the industrialization policy of the government, many tamori gave up their businesses.",
"ja": "その後、明治期に入ってからは政府の進めた工業化政策のため、多くの田守が廃業した。"
}
|
{
"en": "\"Shoen-ryoshu\" was a lord that governed a Shoen (manor).",
"ja": "荘園領主（しょうえんりょうしゅ）とは、荘園を支配する領主のこと。"
}
|
{
"en": "The word Shoen-ryoshu was a commonly used term to indicate the honke (patron) and the ryoke (proprietor), the highest classes that governed Shoen.",
"ja": "一般的には荘園支配の上層部に立つ本家・領家などを指す。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although the term Shoen-ryoshu is used in historical science in contrast to the term 'zaichi-ryoshu' (resident landholder) who were owners of vast properties of land, this term was not actually used during that time period.",
"ja": "ただし、これは歴史学において荘園現地の大土地所有者である「在地領主」との対比として用いられている用語であり、当時において実際に用いられていた用語ではない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although Shoen-ryoshu of the medieval period in Japan indicates the so-called 'kenmon-seike' (the great and powerful families) and is often inferential to nobles, temples and shrines, Kamakura-dono (the lord of Kamkura), as the head of samurai warrior families, was also a Shoen-ryoshu who owned vast manors.",
"ja": "日本中世の荘園における荘園領主とは、いわゆる「権門勢家」のことを指し、貴族や寺社が想定される場合が多いが、武門の棟梁であった鎌倉殿も関東御領などの広大な荘園を有した荘園領主であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "As kishinchikei-shoen (donated manors) and shiki (the right of Shoen clerks in a Shoen) were established in the 11th century, within kuge-ryo (territory owned by court nobles), the high-ranked nobles of the Imperial Family and Sekkan-ke (the line of regents and advisers) received land donated by zaichi-ryoshu (resident landholders), concentrated their honke-shiki and ryoke-shiki (economical right as patron and proprietor), and collected nengu and kuji (land tax and public duties) from the land by setting and making use of a domestic governing system such as Keishi (household superindendent) and Mandokoro (an office set up in the houses of powerful aristocrats in the Heian Period for the administration of their vast property estates).",
"ja": "11世紀に寄進地系荘園及び職の体系が確立されると、公家領においては天皇家や摂関家などの上級貴族層が在地領主などからの寄進を受けて本家職や領家職などを集中させ、家司・政所などの家政組織を運営して、現地から年貢・公事などを徴収していった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, their authority to collect taxes depended largely on their own political power, so when the power of the Kuge (court noble) Government decreased and samurai families made advances into ryoke-shiki (proprietorships), their influence weakened and with the exception of a few cases of maintaining all of their rights, the nobles were unable to control their land and stop it from falling into fuchigyo (losing land property).",
"ja": "ただし、その権限は自らの政治力に依存するところが大きく、中世に入り公家政権の政治力が低下し、領家職に武家が進出するようになると、直務支配が貫徹された一部を除いては次第に「不知行」化していく。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the case of temples and shrines, on the other hand, the Organization of Shomu (management and control of agriculture, taxes, etc in Shoen) had been established at a relatively early period, and a system was taken that allowed temples and shrines of honke or ryoke to manage their property directly.",
"ja": "一方、寺社においては比較的早い時期より直務支配を行うための荘務組織が確立されており、本家・領家である寺社の支配が直接的に在地に及ぶ体制が取られていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a result, there were many cases of Shoen that were the property of big temples and shrines which were able to endure even into the latter half of the medieval period.",
"ja": "このため、大寺社の寺社領であった荘園の中には中世後期においても存続していた事例は多い。"
}
|
{
"en": "Meanwhile, after the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), along with the encroachment of the samurai into the rights of Shoen, there were a number of cases of nobles, temples and shrines conversely making inroads toward becoming jito-shiki (stewardship rights) which was lower in position than honke and ryoke, thus, in this case as well, it indicates that the concept of Shoen-ryoshu was collapsing.",
"ja": "なお、南北朝時代(日本)以後になると前述の武家による侵奪の他に、本家・領家よりも下位の職であった地頭職に貴族や寺社が反対に進出する例も存在しており、そうした意味においても荘園領主という概念が崩壊しつつあったことを示している。"
}
|
{
"en": "Yomei no suke is a vice minister of kokushi (provincial governors), an honorary post without official duties and benefits.",
"ja": "揚名介（ようめいのすけ）とは、職掌及び給付のない名誉職としての国司の次官を意味する。"
}
|
{
"en": "It indicates a person in a government post.",
"ja": "特にその官職及び官職にある者を指す。"
}
|
{
"en": "A person having nenkan (a right granted to members of the Imperial family and some Court nobles to nominate a person for a certain government post) and nenshaku (a right granted to a retired emperor, the mother of the Empress Dowager, the Empress Dowager and the Empress to nominate a person for a certain rank) took the salaries given to the government posts while conferring only the official name of a government office on those who requested a court rank appointment for their success.",
"ja": "年官年爵を有する者が、官職の給与を自らの所得とする一方、成功(任官)により位階任官を求める者に対して官名のみ授けた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Therefore, a person was occasionally appointed to a government post in an honorary capacity under this system.",
"ja": "このため、この制度を活用して名誉職として官職に任ぜられる事例が生じた。"
}
|
{
"en": "People in these honorary posts were called 'yomeikan' as they had no power and were officials in name only.",
"ja": "これは単に「名を揚げる」だけで実を伴わない官職であったことから揚名（官）」と呼ばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later, as the government's financial position worsened, a person was occasionally appointed as vice governor of provincial offices (suke) in an honorary capacity.",
"ja": "後に財政の悪化に伴って揚名官として国司の介が任ぜられる事例が生じた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The resulting honorary post of suke was called the yomei no suke.",
"ja": "これによって生じた名誉職としての介を揚名介といった。"
}
|
{
"en": "\"Godansho\" (the Oe Conversations, with anecdotes and gossip) describes typical examples of honorary posts including Yamashiro no suke (assistant governor of Yamashiro) and Suieki kan (head of the waterway station).",
"ja": "『江談抄』には、揚名介の代表とされた山城介と水駅官（水駅の長）を併記して名だけの存在の代表としている。"
}
|
{
"en": "It can be said that Buke-kani (official court titles for samurai) in the Edo period were also merely honorary titles.",
"ja": "なお、江戸時代の武家官位も名誉以上の権威を伴わないことから一種の揚名官であると言える。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, there is a different hypothesis that Yomei no suke originally had a different meaning.",
"ja": "ただし、揚名介には本来もう1つ意味があったという説もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to \"Sakkai-ki\"(Diary), in 1426, the retired Emperor Gokomatsu asked Sadachika NAKAYAMA (who wrote \"Sakkai-ki\") and KIYOHARA no Yoshinari the places of duty of the 'Yomei no suke' and they answered 'Yamashiro Province, Kozuke Province, Kazusa Province, Hitachi Province, and Omi Province.'",
"ja": "『薩戒記』によれば、応永33年（1426年）に、後小松上皇から「揚名介」の任国を尋ねられた中山定親（『薩戒記』著者）と清原良賢が、「山城国・上野国・上総国・常陸国・近江国」を挙げたとされている。"
}
|
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