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{ "en": "Yamashiro Province was home to Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto), where there was a rule that Yamashiro no suke, together with Kura no suke (Deputy chief of Kuraryo, Bureau of Palace Storehouses), had to take part in the parade in the Kamo Festival (\"Kanshoku-nangi\"(book of government posts and criticism).", "ja": "山城国は平安京（京都）の所在地であり、山城介は内蔵助とともに賀茂祭の行列に必ず随従する決まりがあった（『官職難儀』）。" }
{ "en": "Meanwhile, Kozuke, Kazusa, and Hitachi Provinces were shinno ninkoku (provinces whose gubernatorial posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes), where suke acted on behalf of the Vice Governor of the Province.", "ja": "上野・上総・常陸は親王任国であり、介が現地において守の職務を代行する国であった。" }
{ "en": "Also in Omi Province, which was the closest province to Heian-kyo other than the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), high officers, such as Sangi (councilor) and Hassho (eight ministries and agencies), or close advisers of the Emperor frequently served concurrently as kami, while the suke acted on behalf of the Vice Governor.", "ja": "近江国も畿内以外でもっとも平安京に近い国として、しばしば参議・八省卿級の高官や天皇側近などが守を兼務して介が守の職務を代行した。" }
{ "en": "That is, in all of the above cases, it is assumed that the name 'Yomei no suke' originally indicated an important honorary post which also carried some authority.", "ja": "つまり、いずれも実態を備えた名誉ある要職を指して（文字通り、一般の国の介とは違う名誉ある顕官という意味で）当初は「揚名介」という呼称が用いられていたと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "However, when the system of nenkan and nenshaku became common and the suke as yomeikan was created, the meanings of yomeikan and Yomei no suke became confused.", "ja": "ところが、年官・年爵制度が横行して揚名官としての介が発生すると、両者の意味が混同された。" }
{ "en": "As a result, the Yomei no suke, which was originally a high-ranking office, came to be regarded as a purely honorary role.", "ja": "結果的に本来の顕官であった揚名介も揚名官の介の一種として見られるようになったと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "Incidentally, Sadachika NAKAYAMA described in his book \"Sakkai-ki\" the following historical event when asked by the retired Emperor Gokomatsu to look for the precedents of Yomei no suke:", "ja": "なお、『薩戒記』には著者・中山定親が後小松上皇からの質問を受けてその先例を調べた際に、以下の故事を伝聞記事として載せている。" }
{ "en": "In the Kamakura period, Ietsune ICHIJO accidentally said, as he faced Yamashiro no suke in the Kamo Festival, 'Yomei no suke will pass through' thereby disclosing a secret that Yamashiro no suke was Yomei no suke, and this caused an uproar.", "ja": "鎌倉時代の一条家経が賀茂祭の山城介に向かって「揚名介が渡る」と口を滑らせてしまい、山城介が揚名介であるという秘事を漏らしたとして人々が騒然としたとする。" }
{ "en": "The term 'Yomei no suke' appears only once in \"The Tale of Genji\" in the volume 'Yugao' as: 'a house of a Yomei no suke.'", "ja": "この「揚名介」という語は『源氏物語』の「夕顔(源氏物語)」の巻に「揚名介なる人の家」という形で1ヶ所だけ現れる。" }
{ "en": "However, in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, when \"The Tale of Genji\" was regarded as a Japanese classic, it seemed that the meaning of Yomei no suke was no longer understood and commentaries of \"The Tale of Genji\" treated the term 'Yomei no suke' as 'the most difficult part in the Tale of Genji' or ';one of three critical matters in the Tale of Genji.'", "ja": "しかし、『源氏物語』が古典・聖典となった鎌倉時代・室町時代期には揚名介の意味が分からなくなっていたらしく、『源氏物語』の古注釈書などで「源氏第一の難義」あるいは「源氏物語三ケの大事の一なり」等と呼んでとして秘伝扱いされていた。" }
{ "en": "It seemed that even Koreyuki SESONJI in the Insei period (the period of government by a retired emperor) could not interpret the original meaning of 'Yomei no suke.'", "ja": "院政時代の世尊寺伊行でもすでに本来の意味が分からなくなっていたらしい。" }
{ "en": "Accordingly, in \"Genji shaku\" (commentaries of the Tale of Genji) an incorrect explanation was added that 'Yomei no suke is suke appointed in the country, who was from the Minamoto clan.'", "ja": "『源氏釈』において「揚名介とは諸国の介なり、源氏の人のなるなり」と誤った説明を加えている。" }
{ "en": "In the Kamakura period, FUJIWARA no Sadaie frankly stated in \"Okuiri\" (Genji commentaries) that \"'Yomei no suke' is the most difficult part to understand in the Tale of Genji and that its meaning may never be understood. \"", "ja": "鎌倉時代に入って藤原定家は『奥入』において「此の事源氏第一の難義なり、末代の人勘へ知るべき事に非ざるか」と意味が分からなくなっていることを正直に表明している。" }
{ "en": "In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Yoshinari YOTSUTSUJI stated in \"Kakai-sho Commentary\" that: \"Thorough interpretations of each family are different secrets. Therefore, they are passed down by word of mouth.\" which means that the meaning of 'Yomei no suke' was kept secret and passed down by word of month without keeping a record.", "ja": "南北朝時代(日本)の四辻善成になると『河海抄』において「当流両家深奥の説、殊なる秘事となるに依りて口伝にあり」と秘説化しており記録を残さず口伝で伝えるようになっている。" }
{ "en": "Later in \"Mingo nisso\" (commentaries on the Tale of Genji) by Michikatsu NAKANOIN, it was stated that: \"'Yomei no suke' was one of three critical matters in the Tale of Genji. (omitted) The descriptions in 'Kakai-sho' were completely incorrect. The interpretation of 'Yomei no suke' should be described separately.\" which means that the meaning of 'Yomei no suke' was not described in a public commentary, but in a secret document.", "ja": "その後の中院通勝による『岷江入楚』では、「源氏物語三ケの大事の一なり、（中略）河海に載せたる事、皆誤れり、別に是を記すべし」として一般に見せる注釈書には掲載せず、別に存在する秘伝書のようなものの中に記しておいたことを述べている。" }
{ "en": "Kanera ICHIJO added correct explanations in his book \"Gengo hiketsu\" (Secrets of The Tale of Genji) (a book of secrets explaining 15 points which were put on hold in \"Kacho yojo\" (Aesthetic Impressions)) in 1477 as follows:", "ja": "一条兼良になると1477年に著した『源語秘訣』（注解書『花鳥余情』で保留した15の論点を説明した秘伝書）の中で、以下のように正しい説明を加えている。" }
{ "en": "Seishinko-ki (diary)", "ja": "「清慎公記云。" }
{ "en": "July 22, 967.", "ja": "康保4年7月22日。" }
{ "en": "Yomei kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor only in name) is a person nearing retirement.", "ja": "揚名関白早可被停止之者也。" }
{ "en": "I think that Yomei should not be limited to suke of the country.", "ja": "今案、揚名の二字は諸国の介に限べからず。" }
{ "en": "Thus in the Seishinko Diary the Yomei are called the Yomei kanpaku.", "ja": "故に揚名関白と清慎公はのたまへり。" }
{ "en": "They were also referred to as Yomei jo or Yomei sakan.", "ja": "又揚名掾揚名目ともいへり」" }
{ "en": "Sanshi is a government post in charge of calculation in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).", "ja": "算師（さんし）とは、律令制において計数を掌る官職。" }
{ "en": "It was established in the Kazueryo (Account Office), the Shuzeiryo (Bureau of Taxation), Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu) and later in the Shurishiki (Office of Palace Affairs) and Mokuryo (Bureau of Carpentry).", "ja": "主計寮・主税寮・大宰府に設置され、後に修理職や木工寮などにも設置された。" }
{ "en": "Two sanshi were appointed to both the Kazueryo and Shuzeiryo, and their equivalent rank was Juhachinoge (Junior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade).", "ja": "主計寮・主税寮の算師は定員はともに2名、位階相当は従八位下である。" }
{ "en": "Each person at the post calculated the tax coming into the capital and the amount spent.", "ja": "それぞれ都に入ってくる税とその支出についての計算を行った。" }
{ "en": "One person was in charge of totaling the amount of the soyochoyo (labor or alternative goods collected as tax) and soyouchocho (textiles collected as tax) and the calculation of the yodo (supplies), while the other person totaled the soyochoso (rice collected as tax).", "ja": "前者は租庸調庸・租庸調調の集計と用度の算出、後者は租庸調租の集計を担当した。" }
{ "en": "Their ranks were equivalent to Juhachinoge and in 719 they were given permission to carry a shaku (wooden mace).", "ja": "位階相当はともに従八位下で、養老3年（719年）に把笏が許されている。" }
{ "en": "One person was appointed to the Daizafu (become 2 people from 814 onwards) and their rank was equivalent to Juhachinoge.", "ja": "大宰府の算師は定員は1名（弘仁5年（814年）以後2名に増員）、位階相当は従八位下である。" }
{ "en": "This person's totaled-up the taxes for the entire Kyushu area and in 822 he it became mandatory for this person to bring the tax accounts to the capital and report them.", "ja": "九州全域の租税の集計を扱い、弘仁13年（822年）には税帳使として上洛して状況報告が義務付けられた。" }
{ "en": "A sanshi post was established in the Shurikishi in 822, then in the Mokuryo (the exact year of the latter is unknown, but it was before the compilation of the Engishiki (an ancient book of codes and procedures)).", "ja": "弘仁13年（822年）には修理職に、続いて年代は不詳であるが延喜式編纂以前に木工寮にも算師が置かれた。" }
{ "en": "One person was appointed to each of the posts, and their treatments, including their rank, were set to the same as those at Kazueryo and Shuzeiryo.", "ja": "定員はそれぞれ1名、位階などの待遇は主計寮・主税寮と同じとされていた。" }
{ "en": "In addition, a Sanshi post was sometimes placed also in each of the fields of finance, civil engineering and construction as Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system).", "ja": "他にも財政・土木・造営関係の分野において令外官として算師が設置されることがあった。" }
{ "en": "In the early Nara period, a Sanshi post was placed in the construction ministry that was established for the construction of Heijo-kyo Capital.", "ja": "奈良時代初期に平城京造営のために設置された造宮省には算師が設置された。" }
{ "en": "It is recorded how in 755, four people were appointed as sanshi in both Sakyo and Ukyo (the areas to the right and left of Heijokyo (the ancient capital), as well as in the Kawachi, Settsu and Yamashiro provinces; this was done to ensure the smooth implementation of the Handen Shujo law (a law for periodically reallocation rice land).", "ja": "天平勝宝5年（755年）には班田収授法の円滑な実施のため、平城京の左右両京・河内国・摂津国・山城国にそれぞれ4名ずつの算師が任命されたことが記録されている。" }
{ "en": "A Sanshi post was sometimes provided to determine boundaries among handen (allotted farmlands), Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) and Shoen (manors) or to design buildings, gardens, etc.", "ja": "他にも班田や公田と荘園の境界画定、造営に伴う設計などの分野で算師が任じられる場合があった。" }
{ "en": "Two San Hakase (Doctor of Numbers) were responsible for training the sanshi at the Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education).", "ja": "算師の育成は大学寮で算博士（定員2名）が掌った。" }
{ "en": "30 students (known as sansho) took classes using the Kyushosanjutsu and the Shuhisankei (Chinese mathematics books) as textbooks, and a prescribed number of students who passed the test were appointed to sanshi posts.", "ja": "30名の算生が『九章算術』・『周髀算経』などを教科書として講義を受けた後、所定の試験合格者が算師に任命された。" }
{ "en": "However, it is likely that the necessity of advanced mathematics was not recognized keenly in Japan at that time, and it is said that what was learned was only basic pragmatical arithmetic and no advanced mathematics were involved.", "ja": "ただし、当時の日本では高度な数学の必要性に対する認識が低かったらしく、実務的な基本的な算術学習に留まり、高等数学などは扱わなかったと言われている。" }
{ "en": "\"Otomoshu\" were a group of busho (military commander) attendants who proceeded to the ancient capital of Kyoto from Kamakura and devoted themselves to raising Shogun Takauji ASHIKAGA's army.", "ja": "御供衆（おともしゅう）とは、足利尊氏の挙兵にお供をして鎌倉から上洛した武将たちのことである。" }
{ "en": "Descendants of the busho who served as attendants in this group succeeded the title of Otomoshu.", "ja": "お供をした武将の子孫はこの称号を世襲した。" }
{ "en": "Otomoshu within the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government head by a shogun).", "ja": "室町幕府での御供衆" }
{ "en": "Rather than being an official post in the Muromachi bakufu, the term was used to indicate class standing.", "ja": "室町幕府の役職ではなく席次を示していた。" }
{ "en": "Furthermore, Otomoshu also differentiated from the family status of Daimyo or Shugo (Japanese territorial lord).", "ja": "さらに、大名（守護）の家格を区別していた。" }
{ "en": "In addition to Otomoshu, there were several titles such as Oshobanshu (officials who accompanied the shogun), Kunimochishu (one of many honorary terms used for local governors who were heredity vassals of the shogun) and Tozamashu (military clans who were not related to the shogun's family or did not originally support the shogun).", "ja": "御供衆のほかにも、御相伴衆、国持衆、外様衆などがあった。" }
{ "en": "Yoshioki MIYOSHI", "ja": "三好義興" }
{ "en": "Nagayoshi MIYOSHI", "ja": "三好長慶" }
{ "en": "Takakage ASAKURA (the tenth head of the family)", "ja": "朝倉孝景(10代当主)" }
{ "en": "Mochinobu ISSHIKI", "ja": "一色持信" }
{ "en": "Toyoyuki YAMANA", "ja": "山名豊之" }
{ "en": "The UENO clan originally came from the MINAMOTO clan", "ja": "源姓上野氏" }
{ "en": "etc.", "ja": "など" }
{ "en": "Bugyoshu, also called Yuhitsukata, were of group of Bugyonin (magistrates) who were lawyers of the bureaucracy within the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).", "ja": "奉行衆（ぶぎょうしゅう）は、右筆方（ゆうひつかた）とも呼ばれ、室町幕府の法曹官僚である奉行人の集団である。" }
{ "en": "As a group of civil officers with direct control of the bakufu, they were correspondents to the Hokoshu (guard force with direct control of the bakufu), a group of military officers.", "ja": "幕府直属の文官集団として、武官集団である奉公衆と対応される。" }
{ "en": "Bugyonin had already existed within the Kamakura bakufu, and upon its collapse, a number of them followed Takauji ASHIKAGA and joined the Muromachi bakufu to be employed as Bugyonin.", "ja": "奉行人は鎌倉幕府より存在しており、鎌倉幕府滅亡後に足利尊氏に従って室町幕府に参加した者の中には引き続き、奉行人として用いられる者もいた。" }
{ "en": "At first, Bugyonin were referred to as Yuhitsu (private secretary), were assigned to the judicial institution called Hikitsuke and were put in charge of drafting hosho (documents informing lower-ranked people of decisions made by those in the upper ranks) and migyosho (documents to inform people of decisions made by those in the Third Rank or above).", "ja": "当初、引付と呼ばれる裁判機関に右筆と呼ばれる奉行人を配置して奉書・御教書などを作成した。" }
{ "en": "In addition, Bugyonin were also assigned to various judicial institutions established in the Muromachi bakufu, such as the jinseigata (authority of a relief system for judicial decision of the litigation by hikitsukeshu, coadjutor of the high court), teichugata (authority of a relief system for mistakes of the litigation in the Middle Ages, later becoming direct appeal to the shogun) and Naisogata (one of the legal institutions set up in the early stage of Muromachi bakufu).", "ja": "また、仁政方・庭中方・内奏方などの各種訴訟機関も設置されて奉行人が配置された。" }
{ "en": "However, after the downfall of Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA, who played the leading role in planning for a new administration that carried over from the Kamakura bakufu system, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA consecutively became the In no betto (chief administrator of the Retired Emperor's office) and Daijodaijin (Grand Minister) absorbing the political functions of the retired emperor's office and Imperial Court into the structure of the bakufu.", "ja": "しかし、鎌倉幕府の体制を引き継いだ政権構想を主導してきた足利直義の没落、足利義満が院別当・太政大臣などを歴任することで院政・朝廷の政治機能が幕府機構に吸収された。" }
{ "en": "As a consequence of these developments, the duties of Bugyonin began changing as well.", "ja": "こうした変化に伴って奉行人の役割も変質してくることになる。" }
{ "en": "Hikitsuke were effectively made obsolete and Yuhitsu (amanuensis, secretary) were stationed at places such as the Mandokoro (Administrative Board), the Samuraidokoro (Board of Retainers), Monchujo (Board of Inquiry) and Onshokata (department that handled reward duties).", "ja": "引付が事実上廃止されて、政所・侍所・問注所・恩賞方などに右筆が配置された。" }
{ "en": "A number of Bugyonin were appointed to a post in charge of special assignments and were referred to as 'Betsu-bugyo' (extra bugyo).", "ja": "「別奉行」と呼ばれる特命を担当する役職に任命される奉行人が現れるようになる。" }
{ "en": "Influential figures among the Yuhitsu were called Gozenbugyonin (also Gozenshu, Gozensatashu and Onshokatashu) and were allowed to participate in Gozensata (Shogunal hearings) that were presided over by the seii taishogun (literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\").", "ja": "征夷大将軍が主宰する御前沙汰にも御前奉行人（御前衆・御前沙汰衆・恩賞方衆）と呼ばれる右筆中の有力者が参加を許されるようになった。" }
{ "en": "Gozensata, primarily set up at the Onshokata, had the characteristics of being the Shogun's private meetings when compared to conferences consisting of Hyojoshu (members of the Council of State) and Hikitsukeshu (also called Naidanshu) (a line-up of officials who practiced trial and litigation for the bakufu).", "ja": "御前沙汰とは本来、恩賞方に設置されて評定衆・引付衆（内談衆）による会議の中でも将軍の私的会議としての性格の強いものであった。" }
{ "en": "Within Gozensata meetings, Bugyonin initially held the position of preparing drafts for judicial decisions called ikenjo (reports submitted by underlings to answer the Shogun's inquiries), but Gozenbugyonin were later personally authorized by the Shogun to participate in Gozensata and state their opinions directly.", "ja": "奉行人は御前沙汰においては意見状と呼ばれる判決原案を作成する立場にあったが、後には将軍の私的権限において御前奉行人が御前沙汰に参加する事が許されて直接意見を述べるようになった。" }
{ "en": "As it became the era of Yoshinari ASHIKAGA, the Shogun began making important decisions at Gozensata meetings in order to control officers of lesser or equal rank to Kanrei (Shogunal deputy); Gozenbugyonin, who were well versed in legislation, precedents and Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette), formally handled drafting and putting the seal on the hosho (papers) (Bugyonin hosho) that had the Shogun's mandates.", "ja": "足利義教の時代になると、将軍が管領以下を抑制するために御前沙汰によって重要決定を行うようになり、法制や先例、有職故実などに詳しい御前奉行人は公的には将軍の命令書である奉書（奉行人奉書）の作成・加判を行った。" }
{ "en": "Under such circumstances, their opinions at Gozensata meetings began to have a serious influence on the Shogun's decisions and they gradually established themselves as private consultants of the Shogun.", "ja": "そうしたなかで、御前沙汰などでの意見は将軍の裁決に重大な影響を与えるようになり、次第に将軍の私的顧問としての性格も有するようになった。" }
{ "en": "Of particular note was the highest-ranking Gozenbugyonin, referred to as Kuninbugyo, who together with having control of the Yuhitsu and Bugyonin became a member of the Hyojoshu.", "ja": "特に御前奉行人のうち最高位の者を公人奉行と呼んで右筆・奉行人を統括するとともに評定衆の一員に列せられた。" }
{ "en": "Following suit were several high-ranking Gozenbugyo who also received treatment equal to that of the Hikitsukeshu (Naidanshu).", "ja": "これに続く上位数名も引付衆（内談衆）に準じた待遇を受けるようになる。" }
{ "en": "In this period, the Saito, Matsuda, Iio and Fuse clans made it a family tradition to pass on the knowledge learned from the descendents of the Ota and Miyoshi clans, who were the Bugyonin of the Kamakura period, generation after generation through a limited ancestry and came to dominate the positions of Yuhitsu and Bugyonin in addition to forming the groups of Bugyoshu and Yuhitsukata.", "ja": "この頃になると鎌倉時代の奉行人であった太田氏・三善氏らの子孫で、代々こうした知識を家伝・家学として伝えてきた斎藤氏・松田氏・飯尾氏・布施氏など限られた家系によって右筆・奉行人などの地位が独占されるようになり、彼らは奉行衆・右筆方として集団を形成していくことになる。" }
{ "en": "In spite of the importance of their role, they could only be promoted up to Kaigo (Deputy Chief of the office) or Shitsujidai (deputy steward), which were equivalent to an assistant director of an organization within the formal structure of the bakufu.", "ja": "彼らはその重要性にも関わらず幕府本来の機構の中では組織の次官に当たる開闔・執事代にまでしか昇進できなかった。" }
{ "en": "In addition, Bugyonin (Gozensatashu), who were no higher than Gozenbugyonin, were collectively called Gozenmisanshu.", "ja": "なお、奉行人のうち御前奉行人（御前沙汰衆）に達しない者をまとめて御前未参衆と称した。" }
{ "en": "Furthermore, there were a number of individuals within these families who were unable to assume an official bakufu post, but there were also a few who were employed by influential shugo daimyo (provincial military governors becoming daimyo (Japanese feudal lords)) and demonstrated their abilities within the fields of justice and document preparation.", "ja": "さらに、こうした家々の庶流の中には幕府の役職には就けなかった者もいたが、そうした者の中には有力な守護大名に登用されて司法や文書作成など分野においてその能力を発揮した者も存在した。" }
{ "en": "It is believed that one of these individuals was Tsunehisa IIO (Hikoroku Saemon no jo), who served the Hosokawa clan Shugo (governor) of Awa Province and composed a poem depicting Kyoto in burnt ruins after the Onin war.", "ja": "阿波国守護細川氏に仕えて応仁の乱後の京都の焼け野原の有様を詠ったとされる飯尾常房（彦六左衛門尉）もその一人であるとされている。" }
{ "en": "Even after the Yoshinori Era, the Bugyoshu increased its influence within the bakufu, and while Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA was the shogun, for all practical purposes the Bugyoshu constituted the virtually supreme advisory board of the bakufu in place of existing official posts such as the Hyojoshu.", "ja": "義教以後も幕府内部における奉行衆の発言力は増大して、足利義政の頃には評定衆などの既存の幕府制度上の役職に代わって、事実上の幕府最高諮問機関を構成することになる。" }
{ "en": "Under these circumstances, a clash occurred between the Bugyoshu and Hokoshu in 1485.", "ja": "こうした中で、文明_(日本)17年（1485年）には奉行衆と奉公衆の間で衝突を起こすまでに至っている。" }
{ "en": "While the Hokoshu as a group of military officers were dissolved by the Coup of Meio due to the Kanrei aiming to take over the authority of the bakufu, the value of the Bugyoshu, who were in charge of preparing documents and judicial matters, continued to exist as long as the structure of the bakufu existed.", "ja": "武官である奉公衆は管領による幕府権力の掌握を目指した明応の政変を機に解体に向かうものの、文書作成・裁判行政を担当する奉行衆の価値は幕府機構が存在する限りは引き続いて存在した。" }
{ "en": "Entering the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) when Yoshitane ASHIKAGA and Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA both stood as shogun, the Bugyoshu divided as well and mutually existed in both bakufu structures.", "ja": "戦国時代_(日本)に入って足利義稙・足利義澄の2人の将軍が並立した時期には奉行衆も分裂して双方に幕府機構が存在した。" }
{ "en": "The shogun seldom attended Gozensata during this period and the Naidanshu (Assistants for Council) (denchu moshitsugi (transmitter or transmitting of messages of the palaces), Naidankata), reorganized by close associates to the shogun, transmitted decisions made by the Bugyoshu to the shogun and obtained approval.", "ja": "また、この時期になると御前沙汰に将軍が出席するのも稀となり、将軍の側近集団によって新たに再編された内談衆（殿中申次・内談方）が奉行衆による沙汰の結論を将軍に伝えて裁可を仰ぐようになった。" }
{ "en": "It believed that it was in this manner that the Bugyoshu continued to exist as an entity that supported the administrative structure of the Muromachi bakufu until its collapse.", "ja": "このように奉行衆は室町幕府の行政機構を支える存在として幕府滅亡まで存続したと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "Naidanshu were in charge of judging trials dealing with land-related issues in hikitsukekata or naidankata (both are offices of adjudication) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).", "ja": "内談衆（ないだんしゅう）とは、室町幕府の引付方あるいは内談方において所務沙汰の審議にあたった構成員。" }
{ "en": "It was also called the hikitsukeshu as it was a successor to the system of hikitsukeshu set up by the Kamakura bakufu.", "ja": "鎌倉幕府に置かれた引付衆の後身的存在であるため、引付衆（ひきつけしゅう）とも呼ばれた。" }
{ "en": "Naidan originally meant meetings in the departments held within the various sections of the Muromachi bakufu.", "ja": "内談（ないだん）とは、室町幕府の諸機関それぞれで行われていた部局内の会議のことであった。" }
{ "en": "After Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA reorganized the hikitsukeshu to set up naidankata(judges) in departments which exclusively handled territorial problems, naidan came to refer to a member of the naidankata, which was continued even after Tadayoshi lost his position and the hikitsukekata were restored.", "ja": "足利直義が引付衆を再編して所領問題を扱う専門部局して内談方を置いて以後、内談方の構成員を指すようになり、更に直義の失脚で引付方が復活した後も継承された。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, Jinseigata (a court in Muromachi bakufu) and Teichugata (office of direct petition) were also set up for the purpose of retrial, instruction and supervision.", "ja": "また、再審・指揮監督を目的として仁政方・庭中方が合わせて設置された。" }
{ "en": "Naidanshu (council of judges) were divided into No. 3 (naidankata) and No. 5 (hikitsukekata) for each assigned region, and about 10 to 20 members from the Ashikaga family and Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) were appointed under the director ('tonin').", "ja": "内談衆は担当地域ごとに3番（内談方）あるいは5番（引付方）に分けられて、足利氏一門や守護大名を代表である頭人のもとに約10-20名が任命された。" }
{ "en": "Many of them were descendants of hyojoshu (a member of the Council of State), hikitsukeshu, and bugyonin (a magistrate) of the Kamakura bakufu, and some served concurrently as hyojoshu or bugyonin in the Muromachi bakufu.", "ja": "その多くは鎌倉幕府の評定衆・引付衆・奉行人の末裔であり、室町幕府の評定衆や奉行人を兼ねるものもいた。" }
{ "en": "They held meetings at the deputy's house about six times a month and handled trials in connection with territory except for areas controlled by the Kamakura bakufu that were administered by kanrei (shogunal deputy) and Mandokoro (Administrative Board), and Kyushu (including cases of nengu (land tax) and water).", "ja": "彼らは月に6回程度、頭人邸にて内談を開き、管領や政所が受理した鎌倉府支配地域及び九州を除く所領に関する訴訟（年貢・用水訴訟も含む）の処理にあたった。" }
{ "en": "In deliberations, the oldest bugyonin (magistrate) participated, or Kaigo (post), second to the tonin (vice minister and executive officer) explained the case and then council members stated their opinions in the order decided by drawing lots.", "ja": "審議は最古参格の奉行人が頭人に次ぐ開闔（次官及び事務局長格）が案件を説明し、籤の抽選順で内談衆が意見を述べていった。" }
{ "en": "Decisions were documented and officially took effect with final decisions made by a shogun.", "ja": "結論は文書化されて征夷大将軍の決裁を得て正式な効力を得た。" }
{ "en": "However, after the latter half of the 14th century, a shogun began to handle problems in formal consultations headed by himself rather than in deliberations by hyojoshu or naidanshu (councils), and further, bugyonin (magistrates) who were in charge of office work and judicial affairs obtained qualification to participate directly in deliberations as bugyoshu.", "ja": "ただし、14世紀後半頃から将軍が評定衆や内談衆による審議よりも、自らが主宰する御前沙汰などによって問題処理を図るようになったこと、事務・法務職員であった奉行人が奉行衆として直接審議に参加できる資格を得るようになった。" }
{ "en": "Accordingly, the hikitsukekata became a mere façade and were no longer appointed from the early fifteenth century.", "ja": "このことから形骸化してしまい、15世紀前半には引付方は有名無実と化した。" }
{ "en": "Incidentally, naidanshu (councils) appeared again in the shogunate government headed by Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, which placed close advisers of the shogun; who supported Yoshiharu and later constituted the Yoshiharu government, in place of bugyoshu, while conferring new classes and benefits on the naidanshu (council members), irrespective of origin and rank, or positions such as bugyoshu (magistrate) or hokoshu.", "ja": "なお、足利義晴の頃より内談衆が再び幕政に登場するようになるが、義晴の擁立に参画してその後奉行衆に代わって義晴政権を構成した「殿中申次」などと呼ばれていた将軍側近集団を組織化するとともに、彼らの出自身分や・奉行衆・奉公衆などの職制の枠に捉われない新たな格式・待遇を与えるためであったと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "This does not mean the revival of hikitsukekata councils.", "ja": "これは引付方が復活したのではない。" }
{ "en": "The Daijokan chuke essentially indicated the kitchen that belonged to the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), but in ancient times the term referred to the government officials who administered the Daijokan kitchen.", "ja": "太政官厨家（だいじょうかんちゅうけ）は、本来は太政官に付属する厨房を指すが、古代においてはこれを管理する官司を指した。" }
{ "en": "The primary duties of the Daijokan chuke were to provide any equipment or novelties needed in order to prepare food served at conferences and events in the Daijokan.", "ja": "太政官における会議や行事の際に出される食事の準備やそのために必要な用具・雑貨などの調達などを本来の職務としていた。" }
{ "en": "Concurrently, other duties included the administration of jishi (land rent paid by farmers) on koden (or joden) (field administered directly by a ruler) that were set aside to cover their food and expenses, they also handled payments of wages in rice and jifuku (seasonal clothing) for everyone from Daijokan officials under the Benkan (division of the Daijokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) to servants who did menial labor.", "ja": "同時にその食料や費用に充てる公田（乗田）地子の管理や弁官以下の太政官官人や雑用を行う召使までの禄米・時服などの給与の支払なども行った。" }
{ "en": "According to the Engishiki (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), one officer at a time from the Shonagon (lesser councilor of state), Benkan (oversight department), Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) and Shi (Officials in charge of records) each held the position of Betto as the person in charge concurrently with their normal position.", "ja": "延喜式によれば、責任者である別当（べっとう）は少納言・弁官・外記・史_(律令制)からそれぞれ1名が兼務した。" }
{ "en": "Following this example, officers were assigned one at a time as an azukari (deputy) of Shisho (official in charge of miscellaneous documents) at the Shonagon and Benkan bureaus.", "ja": "これに続く預（あずかり）は少納言局・弁官局の史生より各1名ずつが充てられた。" }
{ "en": "The duty was part of a shift system with a term of one year each, ending every year in February at the Rekken Ceremony (an annual ritual during the Heian and Nara Periods in which officers were evaluated for promotions).", "ja": "毎年2月に太政官が行う列見の儀式までの1年間ずつの交替制であった。" }
{ "en": "Koden Jishi (land taxes) were delivered to the Daijokan chuke in the form of shomai (rice that has been pounded in a mortar) and keika (軽貨) along with reishinnomotsu (例進納物) from various provinces.", "ja": "公田の地子を舂米・軽貨の形で送られて太政官厨家に納められた他、諸国から集められた例進納物もここに納められた。" }

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