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{
"en": "Kanrei-dai was a temporary post rather than a permanent one, initially referring to a time when one of the three Kanrei families acted as the Kanrei (shogunal deputy).",
"ja": "常設の職ではなく臨時職であり、当初は三管領の一族が管領を代行した際に管領代と称された。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the Meio Coup when dominant figures in politics outside of the three Kanrei families held the real power of the shogunate, other personages assumed the post of Kanrei-dai.",
"ja": "明応の政変以降には三管領家以外の有力者が幕府の実権を司った際に任じられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The most well known among Kanrei-dai were Yoshioki OUCHI, Nagayoshi MIYOSHI and Sadayori ROKKAKU.",
"ja": "代表的な管領代は大内義興、三好長慶、六角定頼。"
}
|
{
"en": "In particular were OUCHI and MIYOSHI, who, despite their commission being temporary, were sometimes even called tenkabito (ruler of the country).",
"ja": "特に前二者は一時的ながら政権を樹立しており、天下人として扱われることもある。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to Shinchoko-ki (The Biography of Nobunaga ODA), Nobunaga became jun-kanrei (deputy kanrei), but it is not clear whether or not the position was identical to the post of Kanrei-dai or even his assumption of the post.",
"ja": "信長公記では、織田信長が准管領となったとするが、この地位が管領代と同一のものか、そもそも就任の事実があったかは不明である。"
}
|
{
"en": "As the head of the Hosokawa kanrei family, one held the title of deputy of ukeicho, and a position called Ukeicho-dai (deputy provisional master of right) even existed, but there is room for examination on whether or not the position should be included as a Kanrei-dai.",
"ja": "また細川管領家の当主右京兆の代官である右京兆代という職も存在しているが、管領代に含めるかどうかは検討の余地がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "\"Jokan\" (written as \"上官\" or \"政官\") is the collective term for government officers who were mainly engaged in clerical work in the Daijokan (Grand Council of State) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of a centralized government based on the Ritsuryo Code).",
"ja": "政官（じょうかん・上官）とは、律令制の太政官の事務方官人の総称である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jokan was a broadly used term to indicate government officials such as the Shonagon (lesser councilor of state), Benkan (controller) and Geki (secretary of the Grand Council of State), who were the three directors of the Sankyoku (an assortment of three bureaus: the Shonagon bureau, Benkan bureau and Geki bureau, respectively), the Shi (an official in charge of records), the Shisho (an official in charge of miscellaneous documents) and lower ranking Kanjin (government officials) affiliated with the Sankyoku, or in other words, Jokan indicates all of the officials of the Daijokan except the Kugyo (top court officials) and the Giseikan (Legislature).",
"ja": "一般的には、「三局」と称された少納言局・弁官局・外記局を率いる少納言・弁官・外記と三局に属した史(律令制)・史生以下の下級官人（反対に考えると、公卿・議政官を除く全ての太政官官人）を指す。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, there are also examples contradicting the term as stated above, such as one that includes the post of Naiki (Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs) in charge of producing official documents like Shochoku (imperial rescripts) and Senmyo (imperial edicts) as a Jokan; an example that Jokan only indicates the Shonagon and Benkan but not the Geki; and a contrasting example showing that the term is limited to Kanjin lower in rank than Geki and Shi.",
"ja": "一方、詔勅・宣命などの公文書作成にあたる内記（中務省内記局）を含む用例や外記局を除いて少納言・弁官のみを指す用例、反対に外記及び史以下の官人に限定する用例なども存在する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In later years, however, the word Jokan was often used in the same sense as described in the last example, as illustrated by examples from the \"Irohajirui-sho\"(Kango-Japanese Dictionary from the Heian Period) where it is explained that Geki and Shi were referred to as Jokan.",
"ja": "ただし、後世においては「政官、上官也、云外記・史也」（『色葉字類抄』）などと最後の用例で用いられることが多くなる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, according to \"Kakai-sho Commentary\" by Yoshinari YOTSUTSUJI, the term originated from \"Daijokan-hi-kan\" (a government official reporting directly to the Daijokan, written as “太政官被官”) which contains the phonetic equivalent of \"Jokan,\" sometimes written as \"上官.\"",
"ja": "なお、四辻善成の『河海抄』には、「政官」は“太政官被官”に由来し、宛字として「上官」を用いたと記されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "In another case, in the \"Myomoku sho\" by Sanehiro TOIN, the pronunciation for the Chinese characters \"政官\" was said to be \"ja-u-gu-ha-mu.\"",
"ja": "また、洞院実煕の『名目鈔』には、「政官」に“ジヤウグハム”と読み仮名を振っている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jokan was never adopted as an official word in the Ritsuryo-Kyakushiki (Laws of codes and ethics under the Ritsuryo system) however, and it is assumed that it was originally a slang word used within noble society.",
"ja": "ただし、律令格式には採用されていない語であり、元来は貴族社会における俗語のようなものであったと考えられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jokan dealt with practical works such as producing Daijokanpu (official documents issued by the Daijokan) and Senji (imperial decree), comparing and examining the precedents and producing records for Kuji and Gishiki (political operations and ceremonies of the Imperial Court) and handling personnel affairs.",
"ja": "太政官符・宣旨などの公文書作成や太政官における公事・儀式の先例校勘・記録作成、人事案件の処理などの実務にあたり、太政官における事務方を担当した。"
}
|
{
"en": "As Jokan also took charge of katanashi (a ritual for reading out bound documents on the government affairs before the actual work starts) in Kansei (Imperial meetings at a Daijokan agency) and Gekisei (meetings at a Geki agency), it increased its role and the status of Geki and Shi in particular much improved.",
"ja": "官政・外記政において結政を担当するようになるとその役割が増大し、特に外記及び史の地位が大きく上昇した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later on, the Joshu (director) of the Geki was called Kyokumu (Chief Secretary of the Daijokan), the Joshu of the Shi was called Kanmu and these two came to hold the highest positions in the Daijokan Kanjin aside from the Kugyo and Giseikan.",
"ja": "後に外記の上首（筆頭）を局務（きょくむ）、史の上首を官務（かんむ）と呼んで公卿・議政官を除く太政官官人の筆頭的地位を占める事となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jun-Sessho refers to the permission given by the Emperor to a Kanpaku (Chief Advisor to the Emperor) or minister to govern affairs of state as a Sesshu (regent) under the Ritsuryo system, and it also refers to the person who received this permission.",
"ja": "准摂政（じゅんせっしょう）は日本の律令制下において、関白または大臣が摂政に準じて国政を統べることを天皇から許されること、またはその権限を与えられた者を指す。"
}
|
{
"en": "Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system)",
"ja": "令外官。"
}
|
{
"en": "There were 14 such examples between the middle of the Heian period and the end of the Edo period.",
"ja": "平安時代中期から江戸時代後期まで全部で14例ある。"
}
|
{
"en": "There were two ways that a Jun-Sessho could be appointed.",
"ja": "准摂政が置かれる場合として、2つの型がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "The first type was when an emperor who ascended the throne in his early years celebrated his coming of age.",
"ja": "第1の型は、幼少時に即位した天皇が元服するときである。"
}
|
{
"en": "When an emperor was young, a Sessho was placed.",
"ja": "天皇が幼少であれば摂政が置かれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, when the emperor celebrated his coming of age, the Sessho submitted a letter for returning the right of handling political affairs to the emperor.",
"ja": "しかし、天皇が元服すると摂政は政事を天皇に帰する復辟の上表を行う。"
}
|
{
"en": "Then the emperor dismissed the Sessho and appointed him to Kanpaku, and at the same time, proclaimed that he should become Jun-Sessho, giving him the same right as that of Sessho.",
"ja": "これに対して天皇は摂政を解任して関白を補任し、同時に准摂政の宣旨を下して摂政と同じ権限を与えた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the latter half of the Heian period, when Emperor Goichijo celebrated his coming of age, FUJIWARA no Yorimichi was dismissed his Sessho post and was appointed to Kanpaku, and it was proclaimed that he should become Jun-Sessho.",
"ja": "平安時代後期、後一条天皇の元服後に摂政藤原頼通が摂政を辞任して関白に補任され、同時に准摂政の宣旨を受けた。"
}
|
{
"en": "This was the first of such cases.",
"ja": "それが初例。"
}
|
{
"en": "Thereafter, when FUJIWARA no Morozane (in relation to Emperor Horikawa), FUJIWARA no Tadamichi (in relation to Emperor Sutoku and Emperor Konoe) and FUJIWARA no Motofusa (in relation to Emperor) were appointed to Kanpaku, they were also proclaimed Jun-Sessho (Tadamichi became Jun-Sessho twice).",
"ja": "その後、藤原師実（堀河天皇）・藤原忠通（崇徳天皇・近衛天皇）・藤原基房（高倉天皇）が関白に任ぜられたときに准摂政の宣旨を受けた（忠通は2度准摂政になっている）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Though not clearly stipulated, in these cases the Jun-Sessho's term lasted until when the Emperor became around 15 years old.",
"ja": "この場合における准摂政の任期は明確な規定はないものの天皇が15歳になる頃までとされた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The second type was when an emperor became ill.",
"ja": "第2の型は、天皇が病気になったときである。"
}
|
{
"en": "In these cases, the Kanpaku or the minister handled affairs of state like a Sessho while the emperor was ill.",
"ja": "天皇の不予（病気）の間、大臣または関白が摂政に準じて政務を見たものである。"
}
|
{
"en": "The first example of such a case was when Minister of the Left FUJIWARA no Saneyori became Jun-Sessho while Emperor Reizei was ill during the mid-Heian period.",
"ja": "平安時代中期に冷泉天皇の不予の間、左大臣藤原実頼が准摂政となったのが初例。"
}
|
{
"en": "Then FUJIWARA no Michinaga, minister of the left, became Jun-Sessho while Emperor Sanjo suffered from an illness of the eyes.",
"ja": "次いで三条天皇の眼疾により左大臣藤原道長が准摂政になっている。"
}
|
{
"en": "There was also a special examples, such as when during the Edo period Emperor Ninko died and the kanpaku Masamichi TAKATSUKASA became Jun-Sessho, following Michinaga's example.",
"ja": "特殊な例としては江戸時代の仁孝天皇が崩御した際、喪を秘して不予と称し、関白鷹司政通が道長の例に倣って准摂政となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In these cases, the Jun-Sessho's term was not specifically stipulated, but came to end when the original reason for the appointment no longer applied.",
"ja": "この場合における准摂政の任期は特に規定はなく、准摂政を置く理由の解除されるまでとされた。"
}
|
{
"en": "When a Jun-Sessho was to be appointed, an imperial decree was prepared by both the Gekikata (officials from the Secretaries's Office) and the Daijokan (Grand Council of State).",
"ja": "准摂政を任命するにあたっては、外記方と官（太政官）方から各1通ずつ宣旨が作成された。"
}
|
{
"en": "\"Jinryo bugyo\" was an official post in the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).",
"ja": "神領奉行（じんりょうぶぎょう）とは、室町幕府の役職。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is considered to be the predecessor of Yamada bugyo, one of the Ongoku bugyo (a collective name for the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo Period) in the Edo bakufu.",
"ja": "江戸幕府における遠国奉行山田奉行の前身とされる。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Muromachi bakufu proposed the appointment of Tadanobu AISU to Jinryo bugyo, and it was approved by the Imperial court in around 1478.",
"ja": "室町幕府は文明(日本)10年頃愛洲忠行を「神領奉行職」に執奏し、朝廷の裁可となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Prior to that, it was recorded in \"Ujitsunekyoki\" (a diary of the lord Ujitsune, 1450) that 'the thief Rokuro was arrested at Yamada, and was decapitated somewhere around Ujigaoka Shrine.",
"ja": "それ以前、宝徳2年（1450年）『氏経卿記』に以下のように記されている。「盗人六郎は山田で召し捕らえられ、宇治岡の辺りで斬首に処せられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "This is a new practice for a shrine",
"ja": "これは神宮に於いて新議の事である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Traditionally, an arrested criminal was handed over to the Shugo (provincial constable) by a Dogo Mandokoro (an administrative office), and the Shugo executed the criminal.'",
"ja": "従来は道後政所から守護に犯人を引渡し、守護が犯人を処罰するのが先例である。"
}
|
{
"en": "From this description, it can be known that during the Hotoku era (February 1449 to January 1453), the right to judge criminal cases had already been transferred to 'Yoda sanpo' (an autonomous local office autonomously set up by the people in three districts of Yamada, Ise Province in the early 15th century) from 'Saishuke' (the chief Shinto priest family belonging to Ise-jingu Shrine)",
"ja": "宝徳年間、既に検断権は「祭主家」から離れて「山田三方」が有していた事が判る。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1469, suffering from frequent internal conflicts between Yoda sanpo, the Muromachi bakufu appointed AISU Iyonokami Tadayuki, who was in a neutral position between the Kokushi (provincial governors) Kitabatake clan and Yoda sanpo, to the post of Jinryo bugyo in order to take charge of Onsengu bugyo (magistrate in charge of rebuilding Ise-jingu Shrine ever 21 years) and restore order in the estate of Ise-jingu Shrine.",
"ja": "文明年間に入るや「山田三方」の内部抗争が頻発するに及び、苦慮した室町幕府は「国司北畠氏」と「山田三方」に中立な愛洲伊予守忠行を神領奉行職に任命し、伊勢大神宮の御遷宮奉行と神領地の治安に当らしめた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later, Yamada bugyo, one of the Ongoku bugyo, was established after this model.",
"ja": "後世、江戸幕府の遠国奉行山田奉行は、これを倣っている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since Tadayuki AISU, permission by the Imperial Court was not required, and Daikan (local governors) trusted by the Kokushi Kitabatake clan, such as the Sakauchi clan, took the charge as bugyo for the Kitabatake clan.",
"ja": "「愛洲忠行」以降朝廷の裁可は行われず、国司北畠氏の代官である坂内氏等が「北畠氏の奉行」として替わっている。"
}
|
{
"en": "AISU Iyonokami Tadayuki, who had his home base at Ichinose-jo Castle, Ise Province, having received his appointment to the post of Jinryo bugyo, promptly moved to the Iwade Saishu Yakataato (site of the head priest's mansion in Iwade).",
"ja": "「伊勢国一之瀬城」を拠城としていた愛洲伊予守忠行は「神領奉行職」を拝命するや、祭主家が神領支配していた「岩出祭主館跡」に遷る。"
}
|
{
"en": "In \"Tokitsugu Kyoki\" (Diary of Tokitsugu YAMASHINA), written later, there is a description of a Saishu (head Shinto priest) using Iwade-jo Castle as his home base under the dominance of the Kitabatake clan over the Ise-jingu Shrine's estate.",
"ja": "「言継卿記」に後世、北畠氏の神領支配で「岩出城」を拠点としていた事が記されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "This is the historic site of today's Iwade-jo Castle in Iwade Omori, Tamaki-cho, Watarai County, Mie Prefecture.",
"ja": "現・三重県度会郡玉城町岩出大森岩出城址がそれである。"
}
|
{
"en": "The old theories about the setup of 'Ise Yamada bugyo' by the Edo bakufu, such as it having been established at the request of the members of Yoda sanpo, or that a Goshuinjo (letter of command with a stamp to show its authenticity) from Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI to Jobu Ecchunokami (Governor of upper-Ecchu Province), was the precedent for Yamada bugyo in the Edo bakufu, are still compatible with the idea of Tadasuke OOKA as Yamada bugyo.",
"ja": "徳川幕府の「伊勢山田奉行」の設置について「山田三方会合衆の要請に依った」とか昭和四年刊行の宇治山田市史の「豊臣秀吉の上部越中守への御朱印状を以て江戸幕府・山田奉行の前例とする」説は、現在に於いても大岡忠相の山田奉行手柄話と共にまことしやかに語られている。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 'Miyagawa Yawa So' (Night Stories in Miyagawa) written in 1768 by Chobei Yasutadatsugu KATO, the owner of Kokodo in Yamada Ichishikubo-cho (present Ichishi-cho, Ise City, Mie Prefecture), there is a discussion on the 'Jinryo bugyo.'",
"ja": "明和五年山田一志久保町・講古堂主人、加藤長平秦忠告著の「宮川夜話草」に、「神領奉行」に就いての論考がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "\"Before the Tensho era (1573-1592), it was controlled by Honshu Kokushi (governor of the mainland) Lord Tomonori KITABATAKE.\"",
"ja": "『天正以前までは本州国司北畠具教公の御支配なりき。』"
}
|
{
"en": "\"During the Bunroku era (1592-1596) while Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI was in power, Magistrate Shimotsuke OKAMOTO controlled the Shrine territory, staying at Kameyama-jo Castle, and afterwards, Magistrate Hyogo MAKIMURA, Magistrate Sakon MACHINO, Magistrate Hyobu FURUTA, and Magistrate Kurando INABA, successively assumed control over this territory and lived in Tamaru-jo Castle and Iwade-jo Castle.\"",
"ja": "『文禄年中の豊臣秀吉公御代は、岡本下野殿亀山城より神領を御支配せられ、その後、牧村兵庫殿・町野左近殿・古田兵部殿・稲葉蔵人殿、当国、田丸・岩出両城より御支配せらる。』"
}
|
{
"en": "And this description can be understood to indicate that to conclude that Jinryo bugyo was the antecedent of the Yamada bugyo in the Edo bakufu, although the presence of Jobu Ecchunokami and Jinryo bugyo at Kameyama-jo Castle, Shimotsuke OKASMOTO, is far-fetched.",
"ja": "上部越中守の亀山城神領奉行岡本下野への取次を以て、江戸幕府の「山田奉行の前例」とするは、「こじつけ」と指摘されていることが解る。"
}
|
{
"en": "Reference: Kiyonao KANNAGI, \"Tamaru-jo Enkaku Ko\" (A study on the history of Tamaru-jo Castle)",
"ja": "（参考文献：御巫清直著田丸城沿革考）"
}
|
{
"en": "\"Suito\" is a position set up for the lower-lanked officers in the Shoen manor in medieval Japan.",
"ja": "出納（すいとう）とは、中世日本の荘園に設置された下級荘官の1つ。"
}
|
{
"en": "They were in charge of accounting work, such as tax collection, keeping financial records, and computation of land tax, under the instruction of geshi/gesu (local officials in charge of a manor) and kumon (local shoen officials below the geshi in rank).",
"ja": "下司や公文の下で年貢の徴収・出納・算用などの経理的な業務にあたった。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to the record in \"Todaiji Yoroku\" (the record of Todai-ji Temple), the treasurer was set up in the Toyoinosho in Yamato Province and Omotosho in Kii Province, where Todai-ji Temple had its Shoen manors.",
"ja": "『東大寺』によれば、東大寺の荘園があった大和国豊井荘や紀伊国木本荘に出納が設置されて年貢に関する業務にあたったことが記されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to \"Zatsuji Yoroku\" (the record of miscellaneous things), which records the financial affairs of the Konoe family in the Muromachi Period, it is recorded that in the Obanryo parcel set up within the territory of the Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief advisor to the Emperor) family, there was a post of treasurer to collect rice for a land tax called Oban-mai, and among the officers in charge of it, there were those who did business as wholesale merchants.",
"ja": "また、室町時代の近衛家における経済状況を記した『雑事要録』によれば、摂関家の所領に設置されていた大番領には大番米を徴収する出納が設置され、中には問丸などの他の業種を営んでいたことが記されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Suino was the officer of Kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) and was in charge of all of general affaires including the receipts and disbursement of the treasury of Kurododokoro.",
"ja": "出納（すいのう）は、蔵人所の職員の1つで蔵人所の財物の出納をはじめ、一切の庶務を掌った。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Edo period, Suino oversaw the jigenin (court officials who were not allowed access to the palace) of Kurodogata (another name for Kurododokoro), and as Jigekekanjin (officials came from the families which were not allowed to enter the palace), he was called 'Saikanjin' along with Kyokumu (the chief secretary) of Benkankyoku (Controllers' Office) and Kanmu (chief secretary) of Daijokan (Grand Council of State).",
"ja": "江戸時代には蔵人方地下人を統括して地下家官人としては、弁官局局務・太政官官務とともに「催官人」と呼ばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The prescribed number of personnel for this post was three during the Heian period and in addition to the receipts and disbursements jobs for Kurododokoro, Suino also drafted the documents of Kurododokoro, such as cho (official certificate), kudashibumi (document issued by a superior or office) and hensho (letter of receipts), and signed these documents together with Kurodo (Chamberlain).",
"ja": "平安時代には定員3名で蔵人所における出納業務を行ったほか、蔵人所が出す牒・下文・返抄などの文書を蔵人に代わって起草・作成して蔵人とともに連署した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since the knowledge and skill of clerical work are required for this post, persons who learned Myobodo (study of Codes) or experienced civil officers in government offices were usually appointed to this position.",
"ja": "学識と事務能力を必要とされ、明法道出身者や官司の事務官出身者が任じられることが多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also, persons who were recommended by influential persons were often nominated.",
"ja": "また要人などからの推挙も多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "After his abdication, the Emperor Uda ordered the secretary of Goin Palace to compile records of disbursement while he was on the throne, and as seen from this fact, Suino had a close relation with the emperor.",
"ja": "宇多天皇は退位後に自己の在位中の出納を後院の主典代に任じて事務にあたらせており、天皇とも密接なつながりがあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "During the era of Emperor Horikawa, however, Suino were under restraint since they were regarded as 'arrogant' since they presided over everything instead of Kurodo.",
"ja": "ところが、堀河天皇の頃から蔵人に代わって出納が全てを取り仕切り「僭上」とみなされて掣肘が加えられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since then, the Suino family was restricted to being placed in miscellaneous jobs and jigenin were appointed to the position.",
"ja": "以後、雑掌的な業務に限定され、地下人が任じられる地位となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since the end of Heian period, persons from the Hirata family of the Nakahara clan line were often appointed to this post, and in the late stages of the medieval times, this post became a hereditary post of the Hirata family, though some persons of other families such as the Abe family were appointed in the meantime.",
"ja": "平安時代末期以後は中原氏流の平田家が多く任命されるようになり、途中阿倍氏など他氏が任命されることもあったものの、中世後期に入ると平田家による世襲が確立した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Persons of the Hirata family inherited the post until the Meiji Restoration.",
"ja": "平田家は明治維新まで世襲することとなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Suino, who were once deprived of many jobs, resumed doing jobs of Kurododokoro together with the decline of the structure of the Imperial court.",
"ja": "一旦は職掌の多くを奪われた出納であったが、朝廷機構の衰微に伴い出納が蔵人所の職務を再び行うようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "As \"Kinpisho\" (a book written by Emperor Juntoku, which records the history and origin of imperial court ceremonies and sets forth the rules and etiquette for carrying out such ceremonies) described Suino as 'Kurodogata Issaibugyo' (the head of Kurodogata), Suino played a big role in the management of Kurododokoro and was involved in many jobs at the Imperial court.",
"ja": "『禁秘抄』には、「蔵人方一切奉行」と記され、蔵人所の運営の実務面で大きな役割を果たしたことが記され、朝廷の各方面に関わるようになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Oritada HIRATA, who studied Hidetaka FUNABASHI and was known as the expert of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules on ceremonies and rites), was appreciated by the Emperor Goyozei for his talent and was allowed access to the retired emperor's palace, though it was a rare case for jigekanjin.",
"ja": "平田職忠は舟橋秀賢を学び、有職故実大家として知られ、後陽成天皇にその才能を寵愛され、地下官人では異例の院昇殿が認められた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which had just been established at the time, intended to control the Imperial court by engaging in the restoration of the well-ordered Imperial court.",
"ja": "その頃成立したばかりの江戸幕府は朝廷秩序の回復に関与することで朝廷の統制を行うことを意図していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The intentions by the bakufu coincided with the Imperial court's intention to restore Imperial ceremonies, and the system of jigekanjin was revised accordingly.",
"ja": "朝廷儀式の再興を望む朝廷側との思惑の合致に伴い、地下官人制度の再編が行われた。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a result, Kyokumu Oshikoji family, Kanmu Mibu family and Suino Hirata family became responsible for various clerical and administrative jobs relating to ceremonies under the instruction of bugyo and shikiji (the head of office) while commanding the jigekanjin of Gekikata (Secretaries' Office), Kangata (one of government office) and Kurodogata respectively ('Kinchu Shosei Shoshi to Sahonokoto' (manners in political affairs and officers of the Imperial Court)).",
"ja": "その結果、局務押小路家が外記方、官務壬生家が官方、そして出納平田家が蔵人方の地下官人を統率して奉行・職事の指示に従って傘下の地下官人を率いて儀式のために必要な事務・雑務を行うことになった（「禁中諸政諸司等作法事」）。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a result, Suino came to control the jigekanjin of about 60 families, including those of Zushoryo (Bureau of Drawings and Books), Mondo no tsukasa (Water Office) and Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses), in addition to those of Kurodo dokoro.",
"ja": "この結果、出納は蔵人所以外の図書寮や主水司、内蔵寮など約60家の地下官人を管轄することになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also, chigyodaka (a stipend in terms of the rice production of the fief) of the Hirata family was raised to 31 koku (about 5,580 liter) and it became the third-ranking jige family.",
"ja": "また、これに伴い平田家の知行高が31石余りに引き上げられて、地下家第3位の地位に上昇した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Behind the scenes of the above reform, the bakufu and high-ranking people of the Imperial court seemed intent to restore the Imperial court and realize its effective management by restricting the monopolistic rule over jigekanjin by Kyokumu Oshikoji family and Kanmu Mibu family, which exclusively ruled jigekanjin for a long period and were called 'Ryokyoku' or 'the leader of jigekanjin.'",
"ja": "これは、長年「両局」「地下官人之棟梁」と称せられ、地下官人の支配を一手に引き受けてきた局務押小路家・官務壬生家による地下官人に対する独占的支配を抑制して、朝廷の再興と運営効率化を図りたいとする江戸幕府と朝廷上層部の思惑があったと言われている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since then, the posts of Kyokumu, Kanmu and Suino became hereditary posts, and persons appointed to these posts were called Saikanjin who were supposed to command jigekanjin under their respective jurisdiction.",
"ja": "以後、局務・官務・出納はそれぞれの管轄下の地下官人を統率する催官人としてその地位を世襲した。"
}
|
{
"en": "In terms of treatment, however, the Hirata family was treated as a family that was inferior to Kyokumu Oshikoji family and Kanmu Mibu family which were called 'Ryokyoku.'",
"ja": "ただし、待遇において出納平田家は職掌面では、「両局」と称せられた局務押小路家・官務壬生家よりも格下の扱いを受けた。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the Meiji Restoration, while both Oshikoji and Mibu families were conferred Baron, the Hirata family was treated as shizoku (family with samurai ancestors) equally with other government officials.",
"ja": "押小路家・壬生両家は明治維新後は男爵に叙せられたのに対して、平田家はその他の官人と同様の士族として扱われた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Being jigekanjin, however, Suino's authority in practical jobs was equivalent to that of Kyokumu and Kanmu.",
"ja": "とは言え、地下官人としての出納の地位は実務面においては局務・官務とほぼ同様の権限を有していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "At present, a common view of the researchers of the early-modern times Imperial court is that the status of jigekanjin at that time was 'Sansai' (literally, three officials) structure led by the three Saikanjin families of Kyokumu, Kanmu and Suino.",
"ja": "今日の近世朝廷研究ではこの時期の地下官人を局務・官務・出納の催官人3家によって統率された「三催」体制であったとされている。"
}
|
{
"en": "\"Rinjizoyaku\" is a collective term for the odd-job tasks that kokuga (provincial government office) obliged local farmers to perform as a kind of tax payable in labor or in kind.",
"ja": "臨時雑役（りんじぞうやく）とは平安時代中期に国衙から農民に身役・交易などの名目で賦課された雑役の総称。"
}
|
{
"en": "There was no tax called 'Rinjizoyaku,' but the word was used to refer collectively to taxation in the form of forced labor imposed on the people in the name of 'dairizatsuji' (miscellaneous chores in the palace), 'cho no kobai kinu' (acquisition and purchase of silk), etc.",
"ja": "「臨時雑役」という名称の租税が存在したわけではなく、「内裏雑事」「調沽買絹」などの名目で課された個々の賦課を一括する際に用いられた語である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since the end of the 9th century, the tax system had been based on the Ritsuryo system, with Soyocho (taxes on rice, labor or alternative goods, and textile goods or alternative money), Zoyo (irregular corvee), and Shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouses), however, this system was gradually dismantled, and at the local (kokuga) level, dual taxation consisted of Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and Rinjizoyaku began to be imposed and collected, and gradually this way of taxation extended to the central (Imperial Court) level.",
"ja": "9世紀末頃より、租庸調・雑徭・正税などといった律令制に基づく税体系が解体され始め、まず地方（国衙）レベルの徴収において官物と臨時雑役に分けた賦課・徴収が行われるようになり、次第に中央（朝廷）レベルでも同様の徴収が行われるようになっていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Rinjizoeki is considered to be a modified form of the corvee imposing forced labor, but later other elements, such as Kyoyaku (a task to acquire the necessary materials for the State and kokuga, using the rice collected through the Soyocho and other tax levying system) were added.",
"ja": "臨時雑役は主に雑徭にあたる賦課が変質したものでそこに交易（租庸調などで徴収された米を元手に国家・国衙に必要な物資を調達すること）などの要素が加えられたものであると考えられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Rinjizoyaku was imposed on the manors (shoen) as well as public lands, and sometimes the lord of manor asked the kokuga for exemption from Rinjizoyaku.",
"ja": "臨時雑役は荘園・公領を問わずに賦課されたが、荘園領主が国衙に対して臨時雑役免除を求める動きもあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "\"Shinagon\" refers to the four court nobles (MINAMOTO no Toshikata, FUJIWARA no Kinto, FUJIWARA no Tadanobu, and FUJIWARA no Yukinari) who were active in the era of Emperor Ichijo in the middle Heian Period.",
"ja": "四納言（しなごん）とは、平安時代中期一条天皇の時代に活躍した4人の公卿（源俊賢・藤原公任・藤原斉信・藤原行成）の称。"
}
|
{
"en": "The name, Shinagon (four nagons), derived from the fact that FUJIWARA no Tadanobu was Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and the other three served as Gon Dainagon (provisional chief councilor of state).",
"ja": "藤原斉信が大納言、他の3名が権大納言まで昇ったことからこの称がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is said that the word 'Shinagon' was derived from \"Jukkinsho\" (A Miscellany of Ten Maxims - Chapter 1: Shinagon), and was patterned after a wise man of the Liu Bang era of Han China, called \"Shiko\" (\"Shiki,\" the Lord Liu Genealogy).",
"ja": "「四納言」という言葉は、『十訓抄』（第一、四納言事）に由来し、漢の劉邦の時代に実在した「四皓」（『史記』留侯世家）と呼ばれる賢者に擬えられたと言われている。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to \"Zoku Honcho-ojo-den,\" in addition to these four there were originally another five (FUJIWARA no Sanesuke, MINAMOTO no Sukeyoshi, TAIRA no Korenaka, FUJIWARA no Arikuni, and one other), and they were collectively called \"Kugyo\" (nine nobles).",
"ja": "また、『続本朝往生伝』には当時この4人の他に5名（藤原実資・源扶義・平惟仲・藤原有国、他1名は不詳）を加えた「九卿」が存在したという。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, the Shinagon were the court nobles who actively supported the government of FUJIWARA no Michinaga.",
"ja": "その一方で、四納言は藤原道長政権を積極的に支えた公卿であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In a July 23, 1005, article in \"Shouki,\" a diary written by FUJIWARA no Sanesuke - who kept a certain distance with Michinaga - there is a description as follows:",
"ja": "道長と距離を保っていた藤原実資の日記『小右記』寛弘2年5月14日（1005年6月23日）条には、「右衛門督以下恪勤上達部伺候云々、以七八人上達部世号恪勤上達部、朝夕致左府之勤歟」と記されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kakugon' means a lower-ranked retainer (samurai) who serves for a high-ranking official, dedicating himself to his duties, and this comment can be interpreted to mean that Sanesuke was ridiculing, saying that Saemon no kami (captain of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) FUJIWARA no Tadanobu, and other Kandachimes (court nobles, including Toshikata, Kinto, Yukinari in this context) had been reduced to mere retainers of the Safu (left ministry, meaning minister of the left FUJIWARA no Michinaga).",
"ja": "「恪勤」には職務に精励するとともに、高官に仕える身分の低い従者（侍）の意味を持っており、実資は右衛門督（藤原斉信）以下の上達部（公卿、ここには俊賢・公任・行成を含む）が左府（左大臣藤原道長）の従者に成り下がったと嘲笑したと解されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "And the reason why Sanesuke, although called 'Kenjin Ufu' (Wise Right Ministry), was not included in Shinagon, was that he was in a position that might threaten the power and influence of Michinaga, because Sanesuke was a person of wisdom with a vast knowledge of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquettes) and, moreover, a legitimate son of the Ononomiya family line.",
"ja": "反対に「賢人右府」と呼ばれた実資がこの賢者の代表とされる四納言に含まれないのは、彼が右大臣に昇ったこともあるが、実資は有職故実に通じた賢人でかつ小野宮流の嫡流であったことから、道長の権勢に対抗することが可能な状況にあったところが大きい。"
}
|
{
"en": "MINAMOTO no Toshikata was a son of MINAMOTO no Takaakira, who fell from his position in the Anna Incident, and the heir to the book of rituals \"Saiguki\" written by Takaakira.",
"ja": "源俊賢は安和の変で失脚した左大臣源高明の子であり、高明が著した儀式書『西宮記』の継承者であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Because of his father's downfall, Toshikata's Joshaku (peerage) was at age of 17, delayed relative to other court nobles who were conferred peerage at an average age of 15.",
"ja": "父の件が理由で叙爵が17歳と他の公卿が平均15歳で受けるのに比較して大きく出遅れた。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, with the marriage of his younger sister MINAMOTO no Akiko to Michinaga, he gained a kinship relation with the Sessho/Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor) family, and he took charge of raising political funds for Michinaga, working as an intermediary between Michinaga and other nobles and officials by making use of his kinship connection, although his promotion to Gon Dainagon took place when he was 59 years old - far from rapid advancement.",
"ja": "だが、妹の源明子が道長に嫁いだことで摂関家との関係を持ち、権大納言に昇ったのが59歳と昇進自体は決して順調とは言えなかったものの、道長との縁戚関係を利用して他の貴族・官人との仲介役を務め、道長のための政治資金の調達などの役割を担った。"
}
|
{
"en": "FUJIWARA Sanesuke criticized Toshikata, writing \"he is notorious for his avarice and conspiracy\" (article on September 2, 1011, of \"Shouki\").",
"ja": "藤原実資は俊賢を「貪欲謀略其聞共高之人也」（『小右記』寛弘8年7月26日条）と非難している。"
}
|
{
"en": "Toshikata's name was not included among the Court Council members present at a fierce debate between Fujiwara Sanesuke and Shinagon when faced with the Toi invasion in 1019, because he had already submitted his Johyo (letter of resignation) from the position of Gon Dainagon (which was accepted in November 1019), and he was therefore not invited.",
"ja": "なお、寛仁3年（1019年）に発生した刀伊の賊の際に藤原実資と四納言が激しく議論したことで知られる朝議に彼の名前が無いのは、彼が既に権大納言の上表（辞表の提出）を行っていたため（同年10月に受理）に召集されなかったためであるが、"
}
|
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