Datasets:
may-ohta
/
kftt

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
translation
translation
{ "en": "And according to the records of the time, they were generally members of the samurai class, served as proprietor of a house, and were called 'Konpon ryoshu' (local lord with fundamental ruling right) or 'Kaihatsu-ryoshu, ' (local lord who developed the land).", "ja": "䞀般的には圓時の蚘録では「根本領䞻」「開発領䞻」ず呌ばれ、村萜に宅屋敷地を持぀歊士局が想定されおいる。" }
{ "en": "Furthermore, the system for control of land by local lords was called \"Zaichi ryoshu sei.\"", "ja": "なお、圚地領䞻による土地支配䜓制を圚池領䞻制ざいちりょうしゅせいず呌称する。" }
{ "en": "The local lord had his residence and adjacent farm land, called Kadotabata, in his local land.", "ja": "圚地領䞻は圚地に宅ず呌ばれる居䜏空間ずそれに付属する門田畠ず呌ばれる盎営地を保有しおいた。" }
{ "en": "The local lord had strong private authority over his residential compound (Horinouchi/Doi), which was composed of his residence and farm land, even under restrictions imposed by the lord of the manor, followed by roju (vassals) and genin (lower ranked people).", "ja": "圚地領䞻は郜垂の荘園領䞻から䞀定の制玄を受けながらも宅や門田畠によっお構成される本宅堀ノ内・土居に関する匷力な私暩を有し、郎埓・䞋人を埓えおいた。" }
{ "en": "For protection, his residential compound was equipped with houses for roju and genin, as well as a stable, riding ground, bow and arrow training hall, moat, mound, and storage for seeds and farming implements.", "ja": "本宅内に圌らの小屋や、銬屋・銬堎・匓堎・堀・土塁、皮子や蟲具などを保管する倉庫などの斜蚭を蚭けお防埡を固めた。" }
{ "en": "The moat constructed around the residence, which not only provided protection but also served as irrigation, enabled the local lord to enjoy high productivity in the manor.", "ja": "本宅を囲う堀は本宅の防埡ずずもに門田畠ぞの灌挑機胜も合わせお有しおいたこずから、荘園内においお高い生産力を持぀こずが可胜ずなった。" }
{ "en": "With the residence as his home base, the local lord exercised his authority, such as in the promotion of agriculture (kanno), land survey (kenchu), and labor service and tax collection backed by his military and economic infrastructure, and afterwards, the local lord came to take the post of Koryojo (an officer of Imperial demesne) or the position of Shoen shokan (officers governing manors, including geshi and kumon).", "ja": "圚地領䞻は本宅を拠点ずしお、その軍事的・経枈的基盀を背景に勧蟲・怜泚・倫圹城収などの暩限を行䜿し、埌には公領所職や荘園荘官䞋叞・公文の地䜍を獲埗した。" }
{ "en": "The land lord thus became a practical governor, and acquired such rights to judge criminal cases, to collect land tax and to order koji (public duties).", "ja": "怜断や幎貢公事の収取暩限をも獲埗するようになった圚地領䞻は圚地における実質的な支配者ずなった。" }
{ "en": "Later on, it developed into gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate), or 'Sonraku ryoshu' (rural lord) and 'Kokujin ryoshu' (local samurai lord).", "ja": "埌䞖においお埡家人あるいは「村萜領䞻」「囜人領䞻」ぞず飛躍するこずずなった。" }
{ "en": "It has been long recognized that during the middle ages, the urban lord class such as the nobility and the temples and shrines had gradually declined, and the samurai class had extended their real power in the political and social spheres.", "ja": "䞭䞖に入るず、貎族や寺瀟などの郜垂領䞻局が次第に没萜し、歊士が政治瀟䌚の実暩を握っおいく時代ずする認識は叀くから存圚した。" }
{ "en": "However, after World War II, Tadashi I SHIMODA wrote \"Chuseiteki Sekai no Keisei\" (The formation of the medieval world) and presented the idea of 'Zaichi ryoshu sei' (the local lord system) that relates the process of the dismantling the ancient nation with the institution of slavery sustained by the nobility and the temples and shrines, with the formation of the medieval nation with a feudal system supported by the samurai class.", "ja": "しかし、戊埌になっお石母田正が『䞭䞖的䞖界の圢成』を著し、歊士が圚地領䞻ずしお圚地を支配しおいく過皋ず貎族・寺瀟による叀代奎隷制囜家の解䜓ず歊士による䞭䞖封建制囜家の圢成を関連付ける「圚地領䞻制」の考え方を打ち出した。" }
{ "en": "Ishimoda's idea, which had a big impact on the study of Japanese history, gave rise to much active research and discussion, including studies that related local lords with the formation of military governments (the Kamakura bakufu and the Muromachi bakufu), efforts to trace the process of rise and decline of local lords from the late Heian Period to the Sengoku period, as well as criticisms against the Ishimoda theory (which defined the local lord as a slave master, as well the 'non-lord theory,' which argued that the local lord was a mere officer in charge under the lord of the manor).", "ja": "石母田の考えは日本史孊に倧きな圱響力を䞎え、圚地領䞻ず歊家政暩鎌倉幕府・宀町幕府成立史を結び぀ける研究や圚地領䞻の圢成ず解䜓の過皋を平安時代埌期から戊囜時代(日本)に探る動きなどの動きが芋られ、反察に石母田説ぞの批刀論圚地領䞻を奎隷制支配者ず捉える説や荘園領䞻の被官に過ぎないずする説などの「非領䞻論説」も含めた掻発な議論が行われた。" }
{ "en": "In the 1970s, with the advancement of the research on local lords, some scholars started to point out that the Ishimoda theory was not enough to capture the whole picture.", "ja": "1970幎代に入るず、圚地領䞻の研究の進展に埓い石母田の理論のみでは圚地領䞻を十分には捉えきれないずする指摘が出されるようになった。" }
{ "en": "For example, it was gradually revealed that the local lords could be divided into two types - those who transformed into Kokujin ryoshu who dominated a wide region by controlling local distribution systems and local kinship connections, and those so-called Sonraku ryoshu, such as local ruling families and village headmen, who were the equivalent of local lords within rural communities.", "ja": "䟋えば、圚地の流通機構ぞの支配拡倧や地瞁的・血瞁的結合を利甚するこずで広範な地域支配者ずしおの囜人領䞻ぞず転換しおいく者ず反察に圚地領䞻が村萜内郚においお再生産されおいく村萜領䞻ず称すべき土豪・名䞻局に分けられるこずが明らかずなっおきた。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, some researches pointed out that the evidence showing that samurai were not always equal to the local lord, the existence of local lords who were not local resident samurais, and the fact that the local people who were supposed to be dominated by the local lord did not always bear hardship, but were autonomous and self-determined.", "ja": "曎に歊士が必ずしも圚地領䞻であった蚳ではない事䟋や圚地領䞻ではない圚地居䜏の歊士「村の䟍」の存圚、そしお領䞻に支配される圚地の民衆が必ずしも支配を甘受するだけの存圚ではなく䞻䜓的・自埋的性栌を䜵せ持った存圚であったこずなども指摘されるようになった。" }
{ "en": "Also, the following ideas were presented: to link the local lord's authority to control over the job system, to look at it as an extension of control by 'Ie' (Japanese private family system), to place emphasis on its role as a 'wise elder,' who was managed local security and public functions.", "ja": "たた、圚地領䞻の支配の暩限を職の䜓系ず結び぀ける考え方、私的な「む゚」支配の延長線䞊に捉える考え方、地域の安党保障・公共機胜の支配・維持者である「長老」ずしおの圹割を重芖する考えかたなどを重芖する考え方なども出されるこずずなった。" }
{ "en": "Some critics have argued that since Ishimoda's theory emerged, the samurai's function as local lords had been emphasized too much, and the fact that the local lord was a part of a violent military system of samurai had been forgotten.", "ja": "そしお、石母田以来歊士の領䞻的な性栌を重芁芖する䜙り、圚地領䞻が歊士ずいう暎力装眮であるこずを無芖されおいるずする批刀も出されるようになった。" }
{ "en": "Shikken is a name of a post in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).", "ja": "執暩しっけんは、鎌倉幕府の職名。" }
{ "en": "Shikken supported Kamakura-dono (another name for shogun and it often meant the Kamakura bakufu as well) and controlled the affairs of state.", "ja": "鎌倉殿を助け政務を統蜄した。" }
{ "en": "Originally, Shikken was the name of the post which was the director of Board of Administration called Mandokoro-betto.", "ja": "元来は、政所の別圓の䞭心ずなるものの呌称であった。" }
{ "en": "During the Kamakura period, Mandokoro-betto in In-no-cho (department under the direct control of the retired emperor) was also called Shikken by following the way that the bakufu called it.", "ja": "なお、鎌倉時代には院庁の政所別圓も幕府に倣っお執暩ず呌称された。" }
{ "en": "The first so-called \"Shikken\" was Tokimasa HOJO who was the father of Masako HOJO, the wife of the first shogun Yoritomo MINAMOTO.", "ja": "いわゆる初代の「執暩」は、初代将軍源頌朝の劻北条政子の父北条時政。" }
{ "en": "SinceTokimasa was appointed to the post of Shikken, he provided the Hojo family with a foothold of their political power.", "ja": "時政の就任以来、北条氏の暩力確立の足堎ずなる。" }
{ "en": "Since the second Shikken Yoshitoki HOJO started serving also as Samuraidokoro-betto (board of retainers), Shikken practically became the highest post in the Kamakura bakufu.", "ja": "2代執暩の北条矩時が䟍所の別圓を兌ねおからは、事実䞊、幕府の最高の職ずなった。" }
{ "en": "After the third generation Sanetomo MINAMOTO died and the rule of Minamoto Shoguns came to an end, Shikken took the control of the bakufu.", "ja": "源氏の将軍が3代の源実朝で途絶えおからは、執暩が幕府の実暩を握るようになった。" }
{ "en": "After the sixth generation Nagatoki HOJO, Shikken had become appointed also from those other than Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), which was a mainline of the Hojo clan.", "ja": "6代の北条長時以降は、北条家の家督を継いだ埗宗以倖からも執暩に就任するようになった。" }
{ "en": "Tokuso and the post of Shikken had become separated since then, and the actual power in the bakufu was held by Tokuso, then Shikken became only a nominal post.", "ja": "これ以降、埗宗ず執暩が分離し、実際の暩力は埗宗が持぀ようになり、執暩は名目䞊の地䜍ずなった。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, during the days of Takatoki HOJO, the Nagasaki family at the butler-like position for the Hojo clan, which was called Uchi-Kanrei (head of Tokuso Family), started seizing power.", "ja": "さらに、北条高時の時代になるず、北条家の執事ずも蚀うべき内管領の長厎氏が暩力を握るようになった。" }
{ "en": "Tozama daimyo was a class of daimyo in Edo period defined according to ancestry.", "ja": "倖様倧名ずざただいみょうは江戞時代の倧名出自による分類の䞀。" }
{ "en": "Summary", "ja": "抂芁" }
{ "en": "The term 'tozama' originally indicated a vassal whose relationship with the lord was not tight.", "ja": "「倖様」ずは、もずもずは䞻家ずゆるい䞻埓関係を持った家臣をさす。" }
{ "en": "Tozama daimyo were not involved in the household management within their master's house, and responded instead to the master upon notification of military mobilization or the like.", "ja": "䞻家の家政には係わらず、軍事動員などにだけ応じる堎合が倚い。" }
{ "en": "Tozama daimyo could irreprehensively secede from vassalage after the fall of the master's house.", "ja": "䞻家滅亡時に䞻家から離反しおも非難を受けるこずは無い。" }
{ "en": "Tozama daimyo were daimyo who were incorporated into the ruling system of the TOKUGAWA clan before and after the Battle of Sekigahara.", "ja": "倖様倧名ずは、関ヶ原の戊い前埌に埳川氏の支配䜓系に組み蟌たれた倧名を指す。" }
{ "en": "Many of tozama daimyo ruled large domains, however, they were basically not stationed in the vicinity of the locations of strategic importance including Kanto region with Edo in the center, Kyoto, Osaka and those along the Tokaido Road.", "ja": "倧領を治める倧名も倚いが、基本的に江戞を䞭心ずする関東や京郜・倧阪・東海道沿い等の戊略的な芁地の近くには眮かれなかった。" }
{ "en": "In the early Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was wary of tozama daimyo, and condemned them for minor deficiencies, which often resulted in sanction called kaieki: sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties.", "ja": "江戞時代の初期には江戞幕府に譊戒され些现な䞍備を咎められ改易される倧名も倚かった。" }
{ "en": "Tozama daimyo were generally not appointed to key positions among the cabinet officials of the shogunate such as roju, apart from some exceptions including the SO clan of Tsushima Province, who had traditionally played a significant role in diplomatic relations with Korea, and the SANADA and MATSUMAE clans, who were appointed key positions in the late Edo period.", "ja": "倖様倧名は䞀般に老䞭などの幕閣の芁職には就けないずされおいたが、察銬囜の宗氏は䌝統的に朝鮮ずの倖亀に重きを成し、たた江戞埌期になるず真田氏、束前氏のように芁職ぞ就く倖様倧名も珟れた。" }
{ "en": "The other such exceptional tozama daimyo included the TODO clan, who served as the TOKUGAWA clan's spearhead and was, in the military, ranked as high as the II clan of the Fudai Hitto (Principal fudai daimyo), and Terumasa IKEDA was ranked as high as shinpan (TOKUGAWA's relatives) and was once expected to serve as the Commander-in-Chief in the Sieges of Ozaka.", "ja": "たた、藀堂氏は埳川氏の先鋒ずされ軍事的には譜代筆頭の井䌊氏ず同栌であり、池田茝政は芪藩ず同栌ずされ倧坂の圹の総倧将を勀める予定だったずいわれる。" }
{ "en": "In addition, there is a theory that the TOKUGAWA shogunate distinguished between pre-Sekigahara tozama daimyo such as IKEDA, KURODA and HOSOKAWA clans who had maintained close relationship with TOKUGAWA clan well before, and post-Sekigahara tozama daimyo such as MORI, SHIMAZU and UESUGI clans who had submitted themselves to the TOKUGAWA clan's rule after the Battle of Sekigahara, so as to treat the two parties differently.", "ja": "たた、同じ倖様倧名でも比范的早い時期から埳川家ず友奜関係があった池田氏・黒田氏・现川氏などず関ヶ原の戊い埌に臣埓した毛利氏・島接氏・䞊杉氏などでは扱いが違ったずの説もある。" }
{ "en": "Incidentally, some tozama daimyo, who were the TOKUGAWA clan's blood relatives or persons of high achievement, were treated equivalently to fudai daimyo, and were also conveniently called jun-fudai daimyo (quasi fudai daimyo).", "ja": "なお、血瞁関係や功瞟などにより譜代に準ずる扱いを受けおいる倖様倧名に぀いお、䟿宜的に準譜代倧名ず呌ぶこずもある。" }
{ "en": "The Maeda clan (Kaga Domain)", "ja": "前田氏加賀藩" }
{ "en": "The Shimazu clan (Satsuma Domain)", "ja": "島接氏薩摩藩" }
{ "en": "The Mori clan (Choshu Domain)", "ja": "毛利氏長州藩" }
{ "en": "The Tosa Yamauchi clan (Tosa Domain)", "ja": "土䜐山内氏土䜐藩" }
{ "en": "The Todo clan (Tsu Domain)", "ja": "藀堂氏接藩" }
{ "en": "The Asano clan (Hiroshima Domain)", "ja": "浅野氏広島藩" }
{ "en": "The Uesigo clan (Yonezawa Domain)", "ja": "䞊杉氏米沢藩" }
{ "en": "The Satakae clan (Akita Domain)", "ja": "䜐竹氏秋田藩" }
{ "en": "The Hosokawa clan (Higo Domain)", "ja": "现川氏肥埌藩" }
{ "en": "The Ikeda clan (Okayama Domain, Tottori Domain)", "ja": "池田氏岡山藩・鳥取藩" }
{ "en": "The Nabeshima clan (Saga Domain)", "ja": "鍋島氏䜐賀藩" }
{ "en": "The Kuroda clan (Fukuoka Domain)", "ja": "黒田氏犏岡藩" }
{ "en": "The Date clan (Sendai Domain)", "ja": "䌊達氏仙台藩" }
{ "en": "Today the word 'tozama' is often used to mean a stranger.", "ja": "「倖様」ずいう語句は、珟圚では䜙所者ずいう意味で䜿われるこずがある。" }
{ "en": "Fudai daimyo were a class of daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) in the Edo period defined according to their ancestry.", "ja": "譜代倧名ふだいだいみょうずは、江戞時代の倧名出自による分類の䞀である。" }
{ "en": "Originally called 'fudai-no-shin (hereditary vassals),' fudai daimyo were daimyo who had been vassals of the Tokugawa clan for generations (the reason these daimyo were given this name was that a fudai, which can be written as 譜第 or 譜代 in Japanese, is a written genealogy proving one's ancestry), and were involved in all aspects of managing their master's affairs, from running his household to the supervision of estates and commerce within his territory.", "ja": "もずもず「譜第譜代の臣」ず蚀うように、数代にわたり䞻家に仕え譜第/譜代、家政にも関わっおきた家臣のこずをさす。" }
{ "en": "Fudai daimyo had a strong vassal relationship with their master, so they were often reproached if they switched allegiance to a new master in the event of their master losing power.", "ja": "䞻家ずの君臣関係が匷く、䞻家滅亡時に離反するず、䞖間から激しく非難されるこずが倚かった。" }
{ "en": "Summary", "ja": "抂芁" }
{ "en": "The origin of fudai daimyo comes from the fact that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, when transferred to Kanto region under the TOYOTOMI regime, granted land to build a castle and a position of daimyo to his major military commanders in the hereditary vassalage, thus making them serve as hanpei (the guarding wall of the sovereign) to support the TOKUGAWA clan.", "ja": "譜代倧名のはじたりは埳川家康が豊臣政暩のもずで関東地方に移封された際に、䞻芁な譜代の歊将に城地を䞎えお倧名栌を䞎えお埳川氏を支える藩屏ずしたこずに由来する。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, the other vassals were regrouped to be the direct controlled army of the TOKUGAWA clan, thus becoming the roots of the later-established hatamoto (bannermen, or direct retainers of the Shogun, with the privilege to have an audience with the Shogun), gokenin (housemen, or direct retainers of the shogun, without the privilege to have an audience with the Shogun) and early-modern gokenin.", "ja": "それに察しおそれ以倖の家臣は埳川氏の盎蜄軍に線成されお埌の旗本や埡家人近䞖の埡家人の元ずなった。" }
{ "en": "Definition of Fudai Daimyo", "ja": "譜代倧名の定矩" }
{ "en": "Fudai daimyo were the daimyo, whom the TOKUGAWA clan had promoted, except shinpan (TOKUGAWA's blood relatives), tozama daimyo and their branch domains (branch families).", "ja": "埳川氏により取り立おられた倧名のうち、芪藩及び、倖様倧名ず、その支藩分家を陀いたものを指す。" }
{ "en": "Fudai daimyo were the daimyo, whom the TOKUGAWA clan had promoted from among the TOKUGAWA vassals at the service from before the Battle of Sekigahara (Sekigahara no Kassen).", "ja": "関ヶ原の戊い関ヶ原の合戊以前より、埳川氏に臣埓しお取り立おられた倧名を指す。" }
{ "en": "Fudai daimyo were those who were eligible for a key post of the shogunate.", "ja": "幕府の芁職に就任する資栌のある倧名を指す。" }
{ "en": "For hatamoto who were granted a larger stipend to become daimyo or those who were newly promoted by the Shogunate to become daimyo—such as the leaders of the HOTTA, INABA and YANAGISAWA clans and Ujinori ARIMA, all of whom were born baishin (indirect vassals)—the first definition above applies, so they were classified as fudai daimyo.", "ja": "旗本が加増され倧名ずなった堎合や、陪臣出身の堀田氏・皲葉氏・柳沢氏・有銬氏倫のように、幕府によっお新たに取り立おられ倧名になった堎合は1の定矩にあおはたり、譜代倧名ずなる。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, daimyo who belonged to a branch family of tozama daimyo or those who had originally been tozama daimyo but had been stripped of their position, privileges, and property due to a sanction called kaieki and then regained power later, such as Muneshige TACHIBANA and Naoyori SHINJO, were classified as tozama.", "ja": "䞀方で倖様倧名家からの分家や、立花宗茂・新庄盎頌のように、改易された倖様倧名が再興した堎合は倖様ずなる。" }
{ "en": "Families founded by Ieyasu's patrilineal descendants were in principle called shinpan, but not fudai.", "ja": "家康の男系子孫の建おた家は基本的に芪藩ずされ、譜代ずは呌ばれなかった。" }
{ "en": "Another example shows that, as in the case of the Aizu-Matsudaiara family and the Takatsukasa-Matsudaira family, some families which should have been classified as fudai daimyo could irregularly be classified as shinpan because of being the TOKUGAWA's blood relatives.", "ja": "䞀方、䌚接束平家や鷹叞束平家のように譜代倧名に定矩されるべき家柄であっおも、埳川家ずの血瞁を考慮されお芪藩ずなるこずもある。" }
{ "en": "By contrast, Narihiro HACHISUKA, a biological son of the shogun, was adopted by tozama, and so remained his status.", "ja": "䞀方で、蜂須賀斉裕のように将軍の実子が逊子ずなっおも倖様のたたの堎合もある。" }
{ "en": "When illegitimate children of Gosanke (the three privileged branches of the TOKUGAWA family including the OWARI, KII and MITO families) and Gosankyo (the three privileged branches of the TOKUGAWA family including the TAYASU, HITOTSUBASHI and SHIMIZU families) were adopted by fudai daimyo, they did not become shinpan in terms of status, but they were often treated as equally well as shinpan.", "ja": "䞀方、埡䞉家、埡䞉卿の庶子を譜代倧名が逊子ずしおも芪藩にはならないが、芪藩埅遇ずなるこずがあった。" }
{ "en": "Besides, some families which were originally tozama daimyo could irregularly be treated as fudai because of blood relationship or great achievements for the shogunate.", "ja": "たた本来倖様倧名である家も、血瞁関係や幕府ぞの功瞟を考慮されお譜代扱いずなるこずもある。" }
{ "en": "They were called \"negai-fudai (jun-fudai daimyo or quasi fudai daimyo).\"", "ja": "これを『願譜代準譜代倧名』ずいう。" }
{ "en": "Examples of the negai-fudai included the WAKISAKA clan, Naeki domain, the TOZAWA clan, the ARIMA clan, the HORI clan, the SOMA clan, the KATO clan in Yoshiakira KATO's line, and the AKITA clan.", "ja": "脇坂氏・苗朚藩・戞沢氏・有銬氏・堀氏・盞銬氏・加藀氏加藀嘉明系・秋田氏などがその䟋である。" }
{ "en": "At Edo-jo castle, the aforementioned daimyo attended shikoseki (anteroom seats for feudal lords and direct retainers of the shogun at Edo-jo castle) which were selected in accordance with kakaku (family status), including \"tamari-no-ma\" chamber, \"teikan-no-ma\" chamber, \"kari-no-ma\" chamber, and \"kiku-no-ma hiro-en (kiku no ma enkyo)\" chamber.", "ja": "江戞城ではこれらの倧名は家栌により、『溜の間』、『垝鑑の間』、『雁の間』、『菊の間広瞁菊間瞁頬』の各垭に䌺候垭しおいる。" }
{ "en": "Narrowly-defined TOKUGAWA fudai consisted of the families that had been in hereditary vassalage to the MATSUDAIRA family, and the families that were promoted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.", "ja": "狭矩の埳川家譜代は、代々束平家に仕えた家や、埳川家康に取り立おられた家を指す。" }
{ "en": "Those families were further divided according to the length of vassalage period into the 'Anjo fudai (fudai daimyo who had been serving Ieyasu since he was in Anjo castle),' the 'Okazaki-jo fudai (fudai daimyo who had been serving Ieyasu since he was in Okazaki-jo castle)' and the 'Sunpu-jo fudai (fudai daimyo who had been serving Ieyasu since he was in Sunpu-jo castle.'", "ja": "これらの家は臣埓した時期をさらに现分化しお、『安城譜代』、『岡厎城譜代』、『駿府城譜代』などず称されおいる。" }
{ "en": "As the longest-serving fudai, the Anjo fudai were favorably treated at the shikoseki, and in case they should have been sanctioned, their family names were in many cases restored in some form soon.", "ja": "特に最叀参の安祥譜代は䌺候垭で厚遇され、ひずたび取り朰されおも、たたすぐに䜕らかの圢で家名が再興されるこずが非垞に倚かった。" }
{ "en": "However, Yasunaga ISHIKAWA and Yasukatsu ISHIKAWA of the Anjo-fudai born ISHIKAWA clan ended in tozama daimyo due to their background that they had betrayed Ieyasu once and switched the sides before finally joining the Ieyasu's Eastern Army.", "ja": "䜆し、安祥譜代出身でも石川氏の石川康長・石川康勝は豊臣氏に寝返った埌に関ヶ原の合戊で東軍に぀いたずいう経歎のため、倖様倧名ずされた。" }
{ "en": "Various Theories of Classifying Fudai", "ja": "譜代分類の諞説" }
{ "en": "\"Ryuei hikan\" (a series of books giving an account of political annual events, custom, bylaw, formality, historical events, precedent and ritual complied in the mid-eighteenth century) divided the TOKUGAWA fudai into three groups of the Anjo fudai (consisting of seven families), the Okazaki fudai (consisting of sixteen families) and the Suruga fudai, and later, into four groups with an additional family.", "ja": "『柳営秘鑑』では、安祥譜代7家、岡厎譜代16家、駿河譜代の3区別、そのほか埌䞖远加された家の4皮類に分別しおいる。" }
{ "en": "\"Mikawa Monogatari (Mikawa Stories)\" written by Hikozaemon OKUBO referred to the classification of the fudai into three groups of the Anjo fudai, the Yamanaka fudai and the Okazaki fudai, wherein as with the \"Ryuei hikan,\" the longest-serving Anjo fudai was said to have served Nobumitsu MATSUDAIRA, Chikatada MATSUDAIRA, Nobutada MATSUDAIRA, Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA and Hirotada MATSUDAIRA.", "ja": "『䞉河物語』倧久保圊巊衛門著では、安祥譜代、山䞭譜代、岡厎譜代ずいう3぀の譜代区別に蚘茉があり、柳営秘鑑ず同様に、最叀参の安祥譜代は、束平信光、束平芪忠、束平信忠、束平枅康、束平広忠に仕えた家臣ずいう。" }
{ "en": "In addition, the Yamanaka fudai and the Okazaki fudai had entered vassal relationship to the MATSUDAIRA since the time Kiyoyasu had captured Yamanaka-jo Castle and Okazaki-jo Castle to be made his honryo (the main domain).", "ja": "たた、山䞭譜代および岡厎譜代ずは、枅康が、山䞭・岡厎を攻略しお本領ずした時代からの家臣ずいう。" }
{ "en": "\"Mikawa Go Fudoki (The Topographical Records of Mikawa Province)\" had an article under the heading of Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA with the description of the 'seven Anjo fudai families or the fudai of Okazaki and Yamanaka.'", "ja": "『䞉河埌颚土蚘』の束平枅康の項目では、安祥の䞃譜代、或は岡厎山䞭の譜代ずいう蚘述が芋える。" }
{ "en": "Incidentally, other than the above, some studies by the scholars of the later generations occasionally used the terms 'Matsudaira-go (Matsudaira village) fudai' and 'Iwatsu fudai,' but these were not found in either \"Ryuei hikan\" or \"Mikawa Monogatari.\"", "ja": "なお、䞊蚘ずは別に埌䞖の孊者の研究曞には、『束平郷譜代』、『岩接譜代』なる甚語が散芋されるが、柳営秘鑑、䞉河物語いずれにもこれらの甚語の蚘茉はない。" }
{ "en": "Since the parent of the TOKUGAWA family was the ANJO-MATSUDAIRA family, vassals having served the ANJO-MATSUDAIRA family were historically regarded as the longest-serving, who were followed by vassals having served the other cadet branches of the house of MATSUDAIRA.", "ja": "埳川家の母䜓ずなったのが、安祥束平家であるため、歎史的には安祥束平家に仕えおいた家臣を最叀参ずし、他の束平の分家に仕えおいた家臣を次ずしおいる。" }
{ "en": "The terms 'Matsudaira-go fudai' and 'Iwatsu fudai' were both newly created by a scholar taking into consideration of the whole Matsudaira clan including the Anjo-Matsudaira family, thereby failing to be a historical term.", "ja": "束平郷譜代、岩接譜代なる甚語は安城束平家を含む束平氏党䜓を考えお研究者が新たに定矩した甚語で歎史的甚語ではない。" }
{ "en": "The Role of Fudai Daimyo", "ja": "譜代倧名の圹割" }
{ "en": "First, fudai daimyo are characterized by being eligible to an important post of the cabinet officials of the shogunate including the posts of roju (senior councilors in the Edo bakufu) and wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu).", "ja": "第䞀に譜代倧名は、老䞭・若幎寄をはじめずする幕閣の芁職に就く資栌があるこずである。" }
{ "en": "As the shogunate was supposedly the household manager of the shogun family, there was such a strictly abided unwritten rule that all important posts of the shogunate went to fudai daimyo, except for the cases of the bakumatsu period (the last days of the shogunate) and the Ochi-Matsudaira family.", "ja": "幕府は将軍家の家政機関であるず蚀う建お前䞊、幕閣の芁職には、幕末及び越智束平家の䟋倖を陀き譜代倧名以倖からは、登甚しない慣行が䞍文埋ずしお厳栌に守られた。" }
{ "en": "It is a major characteristic of the TOKUGAWA regime to appoint members from shinpan to the posts of the shogunate, and to avoid some powerful tozama daimyo with a large domain from joining the politics of the shogunate as a political adviser.", "ja": "芪藩出身者を幕府の圹職に就任させたり、倖様の倧藩を政治顧問ずしお、幕政に参䞎させないのが、埳川政暩の倧きな特城でもある。" }
{ "en": "Some points out that it was an exception that Masayuki HOSHINA served the fourth shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA as his koken (the guardian), but this guardianship was unofficial because Masayuki was not appointed to any post of the shogunate.", "ja": "保科正之の4代将軍埳川家綱の埌芋は、䟋倖的だずする指摘もあるが、この埌芋も、䜕らかの幕府の圹職に就任しお行われたものではない。" }
{ "en": "(A likely explanation is that Masayuki was appointed to the post of tairo or the official post of the shogun's guardian, but this is not applicable to the case of shinpan daimyo becoming a cabinet official of the shogunate, because the Hoshina family, which became the Aizu-Matsudaira family later, was not a shinpan yet at that time.)", "ja": "正之は倧老たたはきちんずした圹職ずしおの将軍埌芋圹に任じられおいたずいう説もあるが、この時点では保科家埌の䌚接束平家は芪藩ではなく未だ譜代扱いなので、芪藩倧名が幕府芁職に぀く䟋には圓たらない。" }
{ "en": "Another role of fudai daimyo was to keep a close watch on tozama daimyo.", "ja": "もう䞀぀の譜代倧名の圹割は、倖様倧名を監芖するこずである。" }
{ "en": "When tozama daimyo and fudai daimyo were stationed in the same province, the fudai daimyo were not required to stay in Edo under the sankin kotai system (the alternate residence system), but instead had to remain at their residence (in their hometown).", "ja": "倖様倧名が眮かれおいるずきは、同じ囜内にいる譜代倧名は、参勀亀代で、同時に江戞衚には圚府させず、必ず圚所囜蚱に残る譜代倧名を眮いた。" }
{ "en": "However, if a tozama daimyo was the 'lord of the province' and possessed the entire province as his fiefdom, a neighboring fudai daimyo or shinpan would perform his role during his absence.", "ja": "もっずも、倖様倧名が「囜䞻」で、䞀カ囜の党おを知行しおいるずきは、近隣の譜代倧名や、芪藩がこれに圓たった。" }
{ "en": "The Eighteen Matsudaira families and the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira", "ja": "十八束平ず久束束平" }
{ "en": "According to the Edo bakufu, when a member from the eighteen Matsudaira families which were Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's patrilineal relatives became daimyo, he was not a 'shinpan' but 'fudai daimyo.'", "ja": "江戞幕府では、埳川家康の男系芪族である十八束平の内、倧名になった者は「芪藩」ではなく「譜代倧名」ずする。" }
{ "en": "The eighteen Matsudaira families had had the same roots and split into branches by the time of Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA, who was Ieyasu's grandfather.", "ja": "十八束平ずは家康の祖父である束平枅康の時代たでに分家したルヌツを持぀十八家である。" }
{ "en": "The Hisamatsu-Matsudaira family of Ieyasu's younger maternal half-brother was, needless to say, a fudai daimyo but not a shinpan.", "ja": "家康の異父匟の久束束平家は、蚀うたでもなく、芪藩ではなく譜代倧名である。" }
{ "en": "Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, who was a grandchild of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, was adopted by the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira family of Shirakawa Domain of Mutsu Province, and therefore, Sadanobu carried out the Kansei Reform as a roju from fudai daimyo.", "ja": "埳川吉宗の孫の束平定信は、陞奥囜癜河藩の久束束平家に逊子に出た者であるから、出自は芪藩ではなく、譜代倧名ずしお、老䞭ずなり寛政の改革にあたったのである。" }