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may-ohta
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kftt

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{ "en": "Afterwards, when Toshikata found out about that incident, he conveyed his clear-cut opinion to FUJIWARA Sanesuke (article on October 29, 1019 of \"Shouki\").", "ja": "その埌事情を知った俊賢は藀原実資に意芋を具申しおいる『小右蚘』寛仁3幎9月23日条。" }
{ "en": "According to the story of \"Okagami\" (The Great Mirror), FUJIWARA no Kinto was known as a person with whom FUJIWARA no Michinaga had a strong rivalry in his childhood, however, in reality, he often worked with Michinaga in such cases as Dairi Utaawase (the palace poetry contest) on July 24, 986, in which he was selected and participated together with Michinaga and Tadanobu as a representative of the young nobles.", "ja": "藀原公任は『倧鏡』に描かれた幌少期の藀原道長が匷いラむバル意識を持った盞手ずしお知られおいるものの、実際には寛和2幎6月10日(旧暊)の内裏歌合で若手貎族の代衚ずしお道長・斉信ずもに遞ばれるなど、青幎時代から共に行動するこずが倚かった。" }
{ "en": "At the same time, as a son of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Yoritada, his future was deemed promising; he was promoted to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), an unusually high rank for his age, on March 9, 980, at his coming of age celebration in the Imperial Palace, and a crown was put on his head by Emperor Enyu, according to \"Nihongi Ryaku\" (Summary of Japanese chronologies) and \"Fuso Ryakki\" (A brief History of Japan), although in the latter, this event was erroneously compiled in Sannenjo (the article in the year 980) of \"Fusoki\".", "ja": "たた、関癜藀原頌忠の子ずしお倩元3幎2月15日に内裏にお円融倩皇自らの加冠により元服しお異䟋の正五䜍䞋が授けられる『日本玀略』・『扶桑略蚘』、ただし埌者には同3幎条に誀っお入れられおいるなど、将来が期埅されおいた。" }
{ "en": "In reality, he was the only one of the Shinagon who became a member of the Imperial Court before FUJIWARA no Michinaga came to power in September, 992.", "ja": "実際に四玍蚀の䞭で唯䞀、藀原道長が政暩の座に就く以前に参議に昇進しおいる正暊3幎992幎8月。" }
{ "en": "He was also good at waka (Japanese poetry), Chinese-style poetry, and music with string instruments, and he was well known as author of \"Wakan Roei Shu\" (Collection of Japanese and Chinese poems) and \"Hokuzansho \"(Manual of court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette), among others.", "ja": "たた、和歌・挢詩・管匊に優れ、『和挢朗詠集』・『北山抄』などの著䜜が知られおいる。" }
{ "en": "Afterwards, unlike his cousin Sanesuke, he came to agree with Michinaga on political issues, in the face of the emergence of the Kujo line coupled with the downfall of Ononomiya line, and strengthened ties with Michinaga by taking his son FUJIWARA no Norimichi as his son-in-law.", "ja": "政治的にはその埌、九条流の台頭ず小野宮流の劣勢に際しおは埓兄匟の実資ずは違っお道長ず接近し、その子藀原教通を嚘婿にするこずで連携を匷めた。" }
{ "en": "However, in 1017, he was overtaken by Tadanobu in promotion, and the death of his daughter around same time caused him to decide to become a priest.", "ja": "だが、寛仁幎間に入るず、斉信に昇進を越されるようになり、嚘の死も重なった結果、出家を決意する。" }
{ "en": "In \"Eiga Monogatari\" (A Tale of Flowering Fortunes, vol. 27) there is a scene in which Michinaga, who had already taken vows, presented a priestly robe to Kinto.", "ja": "『栄花物語』巻27では既に出家しおいた道長が公任のために衣装を莈る堎面が描かれおいる。" }
{ "en": "As a result, he lived the longest of all of the Shinagon.", "ja": "結果的には四玍蚀の䞭で最も長寿を保぀。" }
{ "en": "FUJIWARA no Tadanobu was a son of Dajo-daijin (Grand minister of state) FUJIWARA no Tamemitsu and a cousin of Michinaga.", "ja": "藀原斉信は倪政倧臣藀原為光の子で道長の埓兄匟にあたる。" }
{ "en": "As described before, in the Utaawase held in 986, when he was invited to participate with Michinaga and Kinto, he was one year younger than them, and the youngest of all the invited participants.", "ja": "前述のように寛和2幎の歌合では道長・公任ずずもに招かれたが、道長・公任より1぀幎䞋であった斉信は最幎少の召人であった。" }
{ "en": "From November 986, he served one year as Sakone no shosho (Minor Captain of the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) together with Michinaga.", "ja": "同2幎10月から1幎間道長ずずもに巊近衛少将を務めおいる。" }
{ "en": "While he was Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), Kanpaku FUJIWARA no Michitaka became seriously ill, and this provoked a disturbance in relation with nairan-senshi (a preliminary inspection of imperial decree) for Michitaka's son, FUJIWARA no Korechika.", "ja": "蔵人頭時代に関癜藀原道隆が重節ずなり、息子である藀原䌊呚の内芧宣旚を巡る隒動が発生しおいる。" }
{ "en": "It is supposed that among the Shinagon, Tadanobu was closest to Michinaga, and he also accompanied Michinaga, who had already entered the priesthood, when he went to Arima-Onsen Hot Spring for medical treatment and recuperation in 1024.", "ja": "四玍蚀のうち、もっずも道長ず芪しかったのは斉信であったず考えられ、道長が出家埌の䞇寿元幎1024幎に病気療逊のために有銬枩泉に向かった際に斉信も同行しおいる。" }
{ "en": "In addition, he was appointed to be Chugu-daibu (Master of the Consort's household) to Michinaga's two daughters, FUJIWARA no Shoshi and FUJIWARA no Ishi, and then to Togu-daifu (Lord Steward) to Imperial Prince Atsuhira (later Emperor Goichijo), who was a son of Michinaga's, that is, his grandchild.", "ja": "曎に道長の嚘である藀原地子・藀原嚁子の䞭宮倧倫、倖孫である敊成芪王埌䞀条倩皇の東宮倧倫に任じられた。" }
{ "en": "In 1020, he was promoted to Dainagon, as the only person who attained this post among Shinagon, and the next year, when FUJIWARA Sanesuke was appointed to Udaijin (Minister of the Right), he was the only Dainagon with the senior rank.", "ja": "寛仁4幎1020幎に四玍蚀䞭唯䞀の倧玍蚀に昇進し、その翌幎に藀原実資が右倧臣に転じた埌は唯䞀の正官の倧玍蚀であった。" }
{ "en": "Afterwards, longing for the ministerial post that was only one step away, Tadanobu frequently prayed for it.", "ja": "その埌、斉信はあず䞀歩に迫った倧臣の地䜍に就任するこずを願っお床々祈祷を行った。" }
{ "en": "For this, Fujiwara Sanesuke, who won the post over Tadanobu, expressed his discomfort in his diary \"Shouki.\"", "ja": "圌ず倧臣の地䜍を争い先に就任した藀原実資は䞍快の念を『小右蚘』に蚘しおいる。" }
{ "en": "However, Tadanobu never became a minister, in contrast to FUJIWARA no Yorimichi and his brother Norimichi, who became ministers when they were still young, and Sanesuke, who enjoyed exceptional longevity for that time.", "ja": "だが、若くしお倧臣ずなった藀原頌通・教通兄匟及び圓時ずしおは皀に芋る長呜を保った実資の3倧臣を前に遂に斉信が倧臣になるこずはなかった。" }
{ "en": "FUJIWARA no Yukinari was a grandchild of Sessho (regent) FUJIWARA no Koretada, but he lost his grandfather and father in his infancy and was brought up by his maternal grandfather.", "ja": "藀原行成は摂政藀原䌊尹の孫であるが、幌くしお祖父ず父を倱い、倖祖父に育おられた。" }
{ "en": "Later, he became famous as one of the three famous calligraphers, and at the same time was know as an excellent official, and served actively as the closest adviser to the Emperor.", "ja": "埌䞖に䞉蹟の1人ずしお知られる曞家ずしお歎史に名を残すが、胜吏ずしおも知られおおり、倩皇第䞀の偎近ずしお掻躍した。" }
{ "en": "He worked in the post of Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) to the Emperor for 6 years, and then became Keishi betto (administrator of household affairs) to the first Imperial Prince Atsuyasu when the prince was three years old, as the prince lost his real mother FUJIWARA no Teishi one year before.", "ja": "䞀条倩皇の蔵人頭を6幎間にわたり務め、長保3幎1001幎2月には圓時3歳で前幎に生母藀原定子を倱った第䞀皇子敊康芪王の家叞別圓に任じられおいる。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, he confessed in his diary \"Gonki\" that under the instruction of Michinaga, he pressured Emperor Ichijo to carry out the following two arrangements.", "ja": "その䞀方で、藀原道長の政暩確立のために行った2぀の出来事は、いずれも道長の意向を受けた行成が䞀条倩皇に迫ったこずが行成の日蚘『暩蚘』に蚘されおいる。" }
{ "en": "One was to set up the practice of 'two empresses for one emperor,' by backing up the daughter of Michinaga, Shoshi, to be a wife of Emperor Ichijo, although the emperor already had a wife, Empress Teishi, and the other was to set up the second Imperial Prince Atsunari (later Emperor Goichijo), who was a grandchild (a son of his daughter) of Michinaga as the next Togu (Crown Prince), in spite of the fact that there was already an Imperial Prince Atsuyasu.", "ja": "䞭宮定子がいるにも関わらず道長の嚘・地子を䞀条倩皇の后劃に立おお「䞀垝二后」を実珟させたこず、第䞀皇子の敊康芪王がいるにも関わらず道長の倖孫である第二皇子の敊成芪王埌䞀条倩皇を次期東宮に擁立したこず。" }
{ "en": "He also earned Michinaga's trust to the point that when Michinaga became seriously ill, he called Yukinari to ask him to be Koken (guardian) of his legitimate son Tsuru gimi (Yorimichi.", "ja": "たた、道長が病気で䞀時重態になった際には行成を呌んで嫡男鶎君頌通の埌芋を䟝頌する皋の信頌を埗おいた。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, Emperor Ichijo also kept Yukinari close, even on his deathbed, and it was also Yukinari that protected Imperial Prince Atsuyasu, who was excluded from succession to the throne, until the prince's sudden death at the age of 20, while serving as Betto (chief officer) for the Imperial Prince family.", "ja": "だが、その䞀方で䞀条倩皇が死の床で最埌たで偎に眮いたのも行成であり、たた皇䜍継承から排陀された敊康芪王が20歳の若さで急死するたで芪王家別圓ずしお最埌たで芪王を庇護したのは行成その人であった。" }
{ "en": "However, on official matters, he sometimes opposed the aggressive policies of Michinaga.", "ja": "たた、公務に関しおは時には匷匕な道長の方針ず察立する堎合もあった。" }
{ "en": "Although Yukinari won Michinaga's trust, their personal relationship seems to have been a little bit distant in comparison with that between Michinaga and the other three.", "ja": "行成は道長から厚い信頌を受ける䞀方で、他の3名ず道長ずの関係ず比范するず、行成ず道長の間には若干の距離があったようである。" }
{ "en": "FUJIWARA no Nagaie, Yukinari's daughter, was married to Michinaga's son, but she died early, and then Nagaie took Tadanobu's daughter as his wife, but she also died at a young age.", "ja": "なお、道長の子藀原長家の正宀には初めは行成が嚘が嫁いでいたが早䞖し、続いお斉信の嚘が嫁いでいるがやはり早䞖しおいる。" }
{ "en": "After that, when Yukinari tried to marry off another daughter to Nagaie, Michinaga refused her, and when Michinaga tried to match his son with Sanesuke's daughter, FUJIWARA no Chifuru, his son, Nagaie, refused her, and as a result neither of the two marriages happened.", "ja": "その埌、行成は別の嚘を嫁がせようずしたが道長から拒絶され、道長は実資の嚘藀原千叀ずの瞁談を進めようずしたが、今床は長家が拒絶したためにずもに実珟しなかったずいう。" }
{ "en": "In 1019, the same year that FUJIWARA no Michinaga entered the priesthood, MINAMOTO no Toshikata retired from his official post, so did FUJIWARA no Kinto in 1024 consequently and Kinto became a priest two years later.", "ja": "寛仁3幎1019幎藀原道長が出家したその幎に源俊賢が臎仕、続いお䞇寿元幎1024幎に藀原公任も臎仕しお2幎埌に出家した。" }
{ "en": "In June 1027 Toshikata died, and in 1028, FUJIWARA no Michinaga and FUJIWARA no Yukinari both died on January 9.", "ja": "䞇寿4幎1027幎6月に俊賢が死去するず、12月4日(旧暊)に藀原道長ず藀原行成が同日に死去した。" }
{ "en": "In 1035, FUJIWARA no Tadanobu, who never gave up hope of becoming minister, died, and lastly Kinto died in 1041 (even after Kinto's death, it was five years more before the minister's seat, for which Tadanobu had been longing in life, became finally available).", "ja": "長元8幎1035幎、最埌たで倧臣の地䜍に望みを぀ないでいた藀原斉信が死去、最埌に公任が長久2幎1041幎に没しおいるなお、斉信が生前望んでいた倧臣の空垭が発生するのは、公任の死から曎に5幎埌の藀原実資の死去に䌎うものであった。" }
{ "en": "\"Moshitsugishu\" was the name of a post in Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).", "ja": "申次衆もうし぀ぎしゅうずは、宀町幕府の職名の1぀。" }
{ "en": "Moshitsugi, also called sosha/soja, originally referred to a person in charge of conveying messages to the Emperor or Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor), and in the Kamakura and Muromachi bakufu it also referred to a person conveying messages to the seii taishogun (literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\").", "ja": "申次ずは奏者ずも呌ばれ、元来は倩皇や倪䞊倩皇に奏聞を取次ぐ圹目をする人物を指し、鎌倉幕府や宀町幕府でも埁倷倧将軍に奏聞を取次ぐ人を指した。" }
{ "en": "Moshitsugi in the bakufu also carried out miscellaneous tasks, informed the shogun of the names of people who sought an audience with him, and ushered them to the audience.", "ja": "幕府の申次は将士が将軍に拝謁するために参䞊した際にその姓名を将軍に報告しお拝謁を取り次ぎ、同時に関連する雑務も凊理した。" }
{ "en": "During the period of the sixth shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the post was monopolized by the Ise, Ueno, Odachi and Hatakeyama clans, and they took charge of Moshitsugi in turn, forming a group composed of several persons working in shifts.", "ja": "宀町幕府6代将軍足利矩教の頃には䌊勢氏・䞊野氏・倧舘氏・畠山氏の4氏出身者によっお独占されるようになり、圌らは数名で結番しお亀代で申次の職務にあたった。" }
{ "en": "They were called Moshitsugishu, and later this became a term referring to the rank of the family, ranked after Oshobanshu (officials who accompany shogun), Otomoshu (group who attended the shogun to the ancient capital Kyoto), Oheyashu (the position in charge of keeping night watch over the shogun's bedchamber).", "ja": "これを申次衆ず呌び、埌に埡盞䌎衆・埡䟛衆・埡郚屋衆に次ぐ家栌ずしおの意味を有するようになった。" }
{ "en": "Nowadays, Moritoki ISE (Soun HOJO) is considered to have been one of the Moshitsugishu.", "ja": "近幎では、䌊勢盛時北条早雲も申次衆の1人であったず考えられおいる。" }
{ "en": "\"Banshu\"(a guard) is a person who keeps watch at night as part of guard group (ban).", "ja": "番衆ばんしゅうずは、番を線成しお宿盎譊固にあたる者。" }
{ "en": "In a more limited sense, it refers to a person stationed in an office of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) who stood guard for the seii taishogun (literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\") and his palace.", "ja": "狭矩においおは幕府に詰めお埁倷倧将軍及び埡所の譊固にあたる者を指す。" }
{ "en": "It is said that Banshu in the bakufu originally derives from the fact that in the time of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and the Kamakura bakufu, he arranged for gokenins (immediate vassals of the shogunate) with skill in bow and arrow to stay close to him night and day.", "ja": "幕府の番衆の元は鎌倉幕府の源頌朝時代に匓矢に優れた偎近の埡家人を日倜身蟺に眮いたこずに由来するずされる。" }
{ "en": "After MINAMOTO no Sanetomo was assassinated, Kozamurai dokoro (the Shogun's guard) was set up, and a system of Koban (small watch teams) was created, which consisted of 6 teams on a rotating 24 hour watch.", "ja": "源実朝の暗殺埌、小䟍所が蚭眮され、6番制によっお1日1番の小番が線成された。" }
{ "en": "Under Koban, there were several sub-teams such as Kinjuban (a bodyguard for the shogun), Hisashiban (a person who keeps night watch under the eaves of building), and Moshitsugiban (a post to attend to visitors), and the powerful gokenins' sons were appointed.", "ja": "小番の䞭にも近習番・廂番・申次番などが蚭けられ、有力埡家人の子匟が任ぜられた。" }
{ "en": "They formed a shogun kinshuso (a class of shogunal bodyguards), which sometimes became a counterweight to the regent's power, and provoked political conflicts.", "ja": "圌らは将軍近習局を圢成しお、時には執暩勢力ず察抗関係ずなり、政治的玛争の原因ずなった。" }
{ "en": "In the Muromachi bakufu, the same system was used, and later it developed into the Hokoshu (the shogunal military guard), which was made up of five teams.", "ja": "宀町幕府も同様の制床を敎備し、埌に5番制の奉公衆ぞず発展する。" }
{ "en": "They not only guarded the shogun but also played a central role in the military force directly controlled by him, with privileges granted by the shogun, such as Kyosei (the right to direct tax payment of tansen, a kind of provisional tax imposed on the Imperial or shogunate family's estate and his private estate and paid to the bakufu without any intermediaries such as Shugo) and sanctuary from interference by Shugo.", "ja": "圌らは将軍の譊固のみならず、埡料所の経営委任や自己の所領に察する段銭の京枈䞭間搟取の恐れのある守護などの䞭間者の関䞎を経ずに幕府ぞ盎接玍付を行うや守護䞍入などの特暩を埗お将軍盎属の軍事力の䞭栞ずなった。" }
{ "en": "In addition, the concept of Banshu came to be applied to the status of samurais and their family ranking, and based on this concept job titles such as Shobanshu (officials who accompany the shogun), Otomoshu (a group that accompanied the shogun to Kyoto), Moshitsugishu (a person in charge of conveying messages to the shogun), and Naidanshu (judges) were created.", "ja": "曎に番衆の抂念が歊士の身分・家栌づけにも応甚され、盞䌎衆や埡䟛衆、申次衆、内談衆などの呌称が生じた。" }
{ "en": "Also, in the Edo bakufu, the Muromachi system was retained as one of the good practices of samurai families, and part of it was used in the system of Hatamoto/Gokenin (direct vassals of the shogun and vassals of the shogunate, respectively).", "ja": "江戞幕府においおも宀町幕府の制床は歊家故実ずしお尊重され、その䞀郚は旗本・埡家人制床にも導入された。" }
{ "en": "That is to say, the Banshu system was incorporated into the valet and guard posts such as Shoinban (castle guards), Sojaban (an official in charge of ceremonies), and Tsukaiban (a person responsible for order and patrol in the battlefield).", "ja": "すなわち、曞院番・奏者番・䜿番などの将軍近䟍・譊固の圹職に番衆制床が取り入れられたのである。" }
{ "en": "Azukari was a post which was set up at government offices, temples or shrines and shoen (manor) in the Heian period.", "ja": "預あずかりずは、平安時代の官叞・寺瀟・荘園などに眮かれた職名。" }
{ "en": "According to \"Engishiki\" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), Azukari was set up at Daijokan chuke (kitchen of the Great Council of State) and Daijokan fumidono (repository of documents).", "ja": "『延喜匏』には倪政官厚家及び倪政官文殿に蚭眮されたこずが知られおいる。" }
{ "en": "In the 10th century, Azukari was set up at various government offices including, without limitation, Goin (retired emperor's palace), In no cho (retired emperor's office), Shinmotsudokoro (serving office), Kokusoin (office of storehouses), Kokuga (provincial government office) and Gunga (country government office).", "ja": "10䞖玀に入るず、埌院や院庁、埡厚子所、進物所、穀倉院をはじめ、囜衙や郡衙などを含めお様々な官叞においお預が蚭眮されおいた。" }
{ "en": "In the case of central government offices, Azukari was normally placed under Betto (head of office) and supervised practical jobs instead of Betto who was kugyo (top court noble).", "ja": "預が蚭眮された䞭倮の官叞においおは、通垞は別圓の䞋に眮かれお公卿である別圓に代わっお実務を統括する立堎に立぀こずが倚かった。" }
{ "en": "Azukari was sometimes placed next to Betto and Shitsuji (steward) at In no cho, but the ranking of Shitsuji and Betto was different depending on government offices.", "ja": "院庁などでは執事が蚭眮されるず、別圓・執事の次に眮かれる䟋があったが、執事ず預の関係は官叞によっお異なっおいた。" }
{ "en": "It is said that the post of Nenyo (subordinate of Shitsuji), whose term was one year, derived from Azukari.", "ja": "たた、1幎亀代で補任された幎預ずいう職は元は預から掟生したずも蚀われおいる。" }
{ "en": "Azukari was set up at shoen as a post which was responsible for the on-site management of shoen and in the case of temples or shrines, Azukari was set up as the post which was responsible for the management of temples or shrines.", "ja": "その他に荘園では圚地においお荘務を掌る職ずしお預が眮かれたり、神瀟の瀟務や寺院の寺務を掌る者ずしお眮かれた䟋もある。" }
{ "en": "At Kasuga Taisha Shrine and Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine, Sho no Azukari (head custodian) and Gon no Azukari (assistant custodian) were set up as senior posts for Shinto priest.", "ja": "春日倧瀟や石枅氎八幡宮では䞊䜍の神官ずしお正預・暩預が任じられおいた。" }
{ "en": "\"Azukaridokoro\" (also Azukesho, Azugasso, Azukarisho) was a deputy position the medieval Shoen manor, and integrally controlled it with the official appointment of honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a manor).", "ja": "預所あずかりどころ/あずけしょ/あずがっそ/あずかりしょずは、䞭䞖の荘園においお本所の補任を受けお圚地を統括した職の䜓系。" }
{ "en": "In a legal code book, \"Satamirensho\" published in the Kamakura Period, it is defined as 'Azukaridokoro is the local clerical manager in the manor entrusted by honjo.'", "ja": "鎌倉時代の法制曞である『沙汰未緎曞』には「預所者本所埡領所務代官也預所は本所の埡領における所務代官である」ず蚘されおいる。" }
{ "en": "Since around the 12th century, it emerged to take the place of traditional sento (a person who does practical business in the management of Shoen estates), azukari (government post), kengyo (one of shokans, officers governing Shoen manor), and jotsukai (a lower-ranked officer who governs Shoen manor).", "ja": "12䞖玀頃から埓来の専圓・預(官職)・怜校・定䜿などに代わっお出珟した。" }
{ "en": "However, records and references show that the position and scope of Azukaridokoro varied widely.", "ja": "ただし、蚘録・文献䞊に珟れる預所は様々な地䜍・職掌にあったこずが知られおいる。" }
{ "en": "Azukaridokoro in general, appointed by honjo, took charge of management of the Shoen manor, directing the lower-ranked shokans (officers governing the manor).", "ja": "䞀般的な預所は本所の補任を受けお圚地においお䞋叞・公文などの䞋玚荘官を指揮しお経営にあたっおいた。" }
{ "en": "To Azukaridokoro in the manor, an officer dispatched from honjo, an influential local person, Kaihatsu ryoshu (local noble who actually developed the land), or the benefactor of the manor (or his descendent or a related person) were often appointed.", "ja": "圚地における預所では本所より掟遣された者や珟地の有力者、開発領䞻・寄進者本人たたは子孫などの関係者が任じられるこずが倚かった。" }
{ "en": "However, on the other hand, in case of a Shoen manor where existed a multi-layered structure in control such as the honke (patron) and the ryoke (proprietor), the ryoke was called Azukaridokoro.", "ja": "だが、䞀方においお、本家-領家ずいった重局的な荘園領䞻が存圚する荘園では本家が本所である堎合、領家のこずを預所ず称した。" }
{ "en": "In addition, there were cases in which the honke appointed its own Keishi (household superintendent) or other retainer to Azukaridokori, so that he could be supported by the manor instead of receiving his salary.", "ja": "曎に本家が自己の家叞などを預所に任じお知行させ俞犄の代わりにした堎合もあった。" }
{ "en": "When a ryoke or a Keishi became Azukaridokoro, in many cases, he continued living in Kyoto, and day to day management was carried out by a trusted deputy.", "ja": "領家や家叞が預所になった堎合には圚京のたたその地䜍を占めるこずが倚く、実際の経営は圌らに任ぜられた代官などが行っおいた。" }
{ "en": "The former type of local Azukaridokoro is called \"Zaichi Azukaridokoro\" (Azukaridokoro in the duty station), and the latter type of Azukaridokoro living in Kyoto is called \"Zaikyo Azukaridokoro\".", "ja": "前者のような圚地の預所を「圚地預所」、埌者のような京郜に居䜏する埓っお珟地には赎かない預所を「圚京預所」ず呌ぶ。" }
{ "en": "Within the multi-layered structure of Shoen ryoshu, in some cases, both Zaichi Azukaridokoro and Zaikyo Azukaridokoro coexisted, and in such cases, the former was called Chushi, and the latter was called Joshi, after the Geshi (local keeper) which was a low-ranked shokan.", "ja": "重局的な荘園領䞻の構造の䞭では、圚地預所ず圚京預所の䞡方が存圚する堎合もあり埗、その堎合は䞋玚荘官である䞋叞に察しお前者を䞭叞、埌者を䞊叞ず称した。" }
{ "en": "At the late Heian Period, an increasing number of samurais began to take positions as Azukaridokoro, although it was originally a clerical post, and some continued to advance to acquire the post of Jito (manager and lord of manor) or Zaichi ryoshu (local lord).", "ja": "平安時代末期には本来は事務官的な芁玠の匷い預所に歊士が就く䟋も増加し、そのたた地頭や圚地領䞻の地䜍を埗る䟋も珟れた。" }
{ "en": "In the Kamakura bakufu, there was a regulation called 'Bokan joshi,' which prohibited gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) to be appointed to Joshi (Zaikyo Azukaridokoro) or high-ranked shokan (governor of the manor) with similar authority.", "ja": "なお、鎌倉幕府においおは、埡家人が䞊叞圚京預所あるいはそれに近い暩限を有する䞊玚荘官に補任されるこずを犁じた「傍官䞊叞」ず呌ばれる芏定があった。" }
{ "en": "This regulation was formulated by the Kamakura bakufu, because the bakufu was worried about rivalries between the gokenin serving it, if one were appointed to Joshi while another was appointed to the post of Jito, which often corresponded to the lower ranks such as Geshi and Chushi, in order to control a Shoen manor.", "ja": "これは鎌倉幕府によっお正匏に補任されお荘園を支配した地頭は荘官ずしおは䞋叞もしくは䞭叞に盞圓する堎合が倚く、幕府に仕える埡家人が䞊叞ずなっお幕府が補任した同じ埡家人である地頭ずの間に䞊䞋関係が発生するこずを危惧したための芏定である。" }
{ "en": "The term \"To no ben\" refers to a person who assumed the position of Benkan (Controller) concurrently with the position of Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) under Japanese government officials system.", "ja": "頭匁ずうのべんずは日本の官制においお、匁官を兌垯した蔵人頭に察する呌称の事である。" }
{ "en": "While the term \"To no chujo\" refers to a person who concurrently assumed the positions of Kurodo no to and Konoe no chujo (Middle Captain of the Inner Palace Guards), To no ben is normally understood as a person who concurrently assumed the positions of Kurodo no to and Chuben (Middle Controller) (of the Left and Right).", "ja": "頭䞭将が近衛䞭将の兌垯であったのに察しお、頭匁は巊右䞭匁の兌垯であったず解されるこずが倚い。" }
{ "en": "Before the end of Heian period, however, some persons concurrently assumed the positions of Daiben (Major Controller) and Kurodo no to.", "ja": "しかし、平安時代末期以前には倧匁ず蔵人頭ずの兌垯䟋も芋られる。" }
{ "en": "According to \"Kantobisho,\" a book written by FUJIWARA no Toshinari, To no chujo was engaged in 'all matters at the Imperial palace' and To no ben was engaged in 'nationally important matters.'", "ja": "藀原俊憲の『貫頭秘抄』には、頭䞭将は「犁䞭䞇事」を申し行い、頭匁は「倩䞋巚现」を執奏するずされおいる。" }
{ "en": "The above book further stated that To no chujo was in charge of the role of close aides at the palace and To no ben was in charge of the communication between the Emperor and Daijokan (Grand Council of State) concerning political matters.", "ja": "さらに、頭䞭将は宮䞭における偎近奉仕を担圓し、頭匁は倩皇ず倪政官の間で政務に関する連絡を担圓したず蚘されおいる。" }
{ "en": "While persons of high-ranking court nobles were usually appointed to To no chujo, an ability for practical jobs was emphasized for To no ben.", "ja": "頭䞭将は䞊流貎族出身者が務めたのに察し、頭匁は実務凊理胜力が重芖された。" }
{ "en": "Accordingly, persons from middle-ranking court families that served for the Imperial court or sekke (line of regent and adviser) as the officer of practical job, such as the Kanjuji line and Hino family of the Northern House of the FUJIWARA clan and the Takamune school of Taira clan, were successively appointed to To no ben, and became common practice later.", "ja": "このため、朝廷や摂家政所においお実務官僚を務めた勧修寺流・日野家などの藀原北家や高棟流平氏などの䞭玚貎族の家系から茩出され、埌にこれが通䟋ずなった。" }
{ "en": "In the Muromachi period, To no ben was dubbed 'Tenjo Kanrei no to' (shogunal deputy at the palace) and played a role of the responsible person for various jobs at tenjo no ma (a chamber under the eaves on the south side of the Seiryo-den).", "ja": "宀町時代になるず、もっぱら頭匁が「殿䞊管領頭」ずしお枅涌殿南廂の殿䞊間における雑事の責任者を務めた。" }
{ "en": "\"Kugokata\" was a position in charge of preparation and service of meals to the seii taishogun (literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\") and his family in the Muromachi bakufu.", "ja": "䟛埡方くごかたずは、宀町幕府においお埁倷倧将軍及びその家族の䟛埡食事を調進する圹職。" }
{ "en": "Those in this position were picked from osueshu, the lowest-ranked officers taking care of daily miscellaneous chores for the Ashikaga (Muromachi) shogun family.", "ja": "足利将軍家の日垞の雑務の䞖話をする埡末衆の䞭から遞ばれた。" }
{ "en": "According to \"Buke Meimoku-sho\" (Compilation of historical data of the Edo period), this had been a hereditary post of the Ota and Shinshi clans, although there were some records about the annual events such as New Year's rite - shikisankon (three trays of drink and food) - in which the Shinshi clan took charge of the meals for the shogun, it seems that Kugokata itself was not constantly occupied by specific clans, because there are such cases as follows:", "ja": "『歊家名目抄』によれば、倪田氏・進士氏の䞖襲の職ずされおいるが、進士氏が幎始の匏䞉献など恒䟋行事の䟛埡を務めた䟋はあるものの、次のような蚘事が芋られるため、䟛埡方そのものは必ずしも特定の氏の䞖襲ではなかったず考えられおいる。" }
{ "en": "There is a record that in 1466, when Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA visited the residence of Yukitane INO, all the lowest-ranked officers were engaged in preparation and service of the meal to shogun, and also there is another record that mentions that other clans such as the Hikita clan, Shimotsuya clan and others took charge of Kugokata.", "ja": "文正元幎1466幎の将軍足利矩政の飯尟之皮亭蚪問の際には埡末衆党員で䟛埡の任にあたったこずが蚘されおおり、他の蚘録でも疋田氏・䞋接屋氏など他の埡末衆が䟛埡方を務めた蚘事が芋られる." }
{ "en": "The term \"Seisei taishogun\" is a general who was nominated by the Emperor (Imperial court) in the Heian period in order to conquer Kyushu region.", "ja": "埁西倧将軍せいせいたいしょうぐんは、平安時代に九州地方を平定するために倩皇朝廷から任呜された将軍。" }
{ "en": "In 941, FUJIWARA no Tadafumi was nominated for the first time in order to search and kill FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, who rebelled in the region of Seto Inland Sea.", "ja": "941幎倩慶4幎に瀬戞内海で反乱を起こした藀原玔友を远蚎するために藀原忠文が最初に任呜された。" }
{ "en": "Later, Imperial Prince Kanenaga (also referred as Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi), the son of Emperor Godaigo, was nominated in the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan) in order to supervise the forces of the Southern court (Japan) in Kyushu.", "ja": "埌に南北朝時代(日本)に九州の南朝(日本)方を統蜄するために、埌醍醐倩皇の皇子の懐良芪王が任呜された。" }
{ "en": "The term \"Seito taishogun\" is the title for general which was used in China and Japan in the past.", "ja": "埁東倧将軍せいずうたいしょうぐんは、か぀お䞭囜ず日本で甚いられた将軍の称号である。" }
{ "en": "It was one of the many titles of taishogun (great general) and was used on an ad-hoc basis.", "ja": "数ある倧将軍の号の䞀぀で、垞に任呜されるずは限らない。" }
{ "en": "The first Seito taishogun in Japan was Waobu, one of the five kings of Wa (Japan).", "ja": "日本最初の埁東倧将軍は倭の五王の䞀人、倭王歊である。" }
{ "en": "In April 502 when Lian dynasty (Nanchao) was established, king of Baekje Yodai, who had been appointed to Chinto taishogun by the former dynasty (Qiguo (Nanchao)), and Waobu were appointed to Seito taishogun.", "ja": "梁(南朝)王朝が開かれた倩監元幎502幎の4月に、前王朝斉(南朝)で鎮東倧将軍に任呜されおいた癟枈王䜙倧ず倭王歊の号が埁東倧将軍に進められた。" }
{ "en": "However, the above appointment was made based on the Chinese system and in Japan, it was nothing more than the title and ranking given by China.", "ja": "䞭囜の制床にもずづくもので、珟地日本においおは䞭囜から䞎えられた称号・栌付け以䞊のものではない。" }
{ "en": "The Japanese Ritsuryo code had stipulations for taishogun in Gunboryo (the Statue on Military Defense)", "ja": "日本の埋什は、軍防什に倧将軍に関する芏定をおいた。" }
{ "en": "During the Nara period and the early Heian period, taishogun with various titles were nominated on an ad hoc basis as a commander-in-chief in the war occurred in remote regions.", "ja": "奈良時代から平安時代初めには、蟺境の戊争の総叞什官ずしお様々な称号の倧将軍が臚時に任呜された。" }
{ "en": "Seito taishogun was one of them and KI no Kosami was appointed to Seito taishi in 788.", "ja": "埁東倧将軍もその䞀぀で、延暊7幎788幎に玀叀䜐矎が埁東倧䜿に任呜された。" }
{ "en": "Taishi is a synonym to taishogun.", "ja": "倧䜿は倧将軍ず同矩である。" }
{ "en": "Later, FUJIWARA no Tadafumi was nominated in 940 in order to search and kill TAIRA no Masakado, who rebelled in Kanto region.", "ja": "その埌、940幎倩慶3幎に関東で反乱を起こした平将門を远蚎するために藀原忠文が任呜された。" }
{ "en": "In the end of Heian period, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Yoshinaka KISO) was appointed to Seito taishogun (some studies say he was Seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians)).", "ja": "平安時代末期には源矩仲朚曜矩仲が埁東倧将軍埁倷倧将軍ずの説もあるに任呜された。" }
{ "en": "A local lord (or \"Zaichi ryoshu\" in Japanese) is an appropriator with the authority to control farmers and fishermen in his territory by executing authority under the Shoen koryo sei (System of Public Lands and Private Estates) in Medieval Japan.", "ja": "圚地領䞻ざいちりょうしゅずは、䞭䞖日本の荘園公領制の䞋で圚地珟地においお蟲民・持民らを実際に支配する暩限を持った領䞻のこず。" }
{ "en": "His position was in contrast to the lord of the manor (shoen), who belonged to the nobility, and the temples and shrines that had their base in the urban areas (urban lords), or Kokushu (head of provincial governors) and Chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor) in the public lands.", "ja": "郜垂郚に拠点を有する貎族や寺瀟などの荘園領䞻郜垂領䞻や公領における囜守や知行囜䞻などず察比される存圚である。" }