translation
translation |
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{
"en": "Among the members of the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira family, the family line including the dominant lord of Iyo-Matsuyama Domain of Iyo Province and the lord of Kuwana Domain of Ise Province (who was transferred from Takada han to Shirakawa han temporarily) was fudai daimyo, but treated as shinpan because the both lord's families adopted sons from Munetake TAYASU as their lords, respectively.",
"ja": "久松松平家の中で、最も有力であった伊予国伊予松山藩主と、伊勢国桑名藩主（一時、高田藩→白河藩）の家系は譜代大名ながら、両家は田安宗武の男子を養子とし、藩主として迎えたので、親藩待遇となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The other domains related to the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira family (<1. Ogaki Domain of Mino Province => Komoro Domain of Shinano Province => Nasu Domain of Shimotsuke Province=> Nagashima Domain of Ise Province; transfer due to kaieki> 2. Imabari Domain of Iyo Province; 3. Tako Domain of Shimofusa Province had fudai daimyo as their lords.",
"ja": "その他の久松松平家の諸藩（＜1.美濃国大垣藩→信濃国小諸藩→下野国那須藩→伊勢国長島藩、改易＞・2.伊予国今治藩・3.下総国多古藩）は、譜代大名である。"
}
|
{
"en": "The following ordering other than that of the MATSUDAIRA clan complies with \"Ryuei hikan\":",
"ja": "松平氏以外の順番は『柳営秘鑑』に準じた。"
}
|
{
"en": "(See above for a description of Jun-fudai daimyo [not distinguished from fudai in the Edo period].)",
"ja": "ただし準譜代大名（江戸時代に区別は無かったため譜代扱い）は上記当該項目を参照。"
}
|
{
"en": "Anjo fudai (seven families) - the Sakai clan, the Okubo clan, the Honda clan, the Abe clan (Tokugawa fudai), the Ishikawa clan, the Aoyama clan and the Uemura clan; however, the Osuga, Sakakibara and Hiraiwa clans are occasionally included instead of the Abe, Ishikawa and Aoyama clans.",
"ja": "安祥譜代（7家）-酒井氏、大久保氏、本多氏、阿部氏(徳川譜代)、石川氏、青山氏、植村氏（阿部氏、石川氏、青山氏の代わりに、大須賀氏、榊原氏、平岩氏が入る場合もある）"
}
|
{
"en": "Okazaki fudai (sixteen families) - the Ii clan, the Sakakibara clan, the Torii clan, the Toda clan, the Nagai clan, the Mizuno clan, the Naito clan, the Mikawa-Ando clan, the Kuze clan, the Osuga clan (extinguished), the Inoue clan, the Mikawa-Inoue clan, the Abe clan, the Akimoto clan, the Watanabe clan (Hakata Domain), the Itami clan and the Yashiro clan.",
"ja": "岡崎譜代（16家）-井伊氏、榊原氏、鳥居氏、戸田氏、永井氏、水野氏、内藤氏、三河安藤氏、久世氏、大須賀氏（断絶）、井上氏、三河井上氏、阿部氏、秋元氏、渡辺氏（伯太藩）、伊丹氏、屋代氏"
}
|
{
"en": "Suruga fudai - the Itakura clan, the Ota clan, the Nishio clan, the Tsuchiya clan, the Morikawa clan (Oyumi Domain), the Inaba clan (Masanari INABA's line; Usuki Domain is a tozama), the Todo clan, the Takagi clan (Tannan Domain), the Hotta clan (it seems inappropriate to have this clan listed here as they were originally from Mikawa-shu, i.e. the samurai warriors of Mikawa origin, but the reason is unknown), the Mikawa-Makino clan, the Makino clan to have become fudai daimyo, the Okudaira clan, the Okabe clan (the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan), the Ogasawara clan, the Kutsuki clan, the Suwa clan, the Hoshina clan, the Toki clan, the Toki clan as the lord of Numata Domain, the Mikawa-Inagaki clan, the Niwa clan, the Isshiki-Niwa clan, the Miura clan, the Toyama clan (Naegi Domain), the Kaga clan, the Uchida clan, the Kobori clan, the Saigo clan, the Mikawa-Saigo clan, the Okuda clan, the Mori clan (the Naizen family, extinguished), the Yamaguchi clan (Ushiku Domain), the Yagyu clan, the Hachisuka clan (a branch domain family of Tokushima Domain; an abolished domain) and the Masuyama clan.",
"ja": "駿河譜代-板倉氏、太田氏、西尾氏、土屋氏、森川氏（生実藩）、稲葉氏（稲葉正成の系統、臼杵藩は外様）、藤堂氏、高木氏（丹南藩）、堀田氏（出自からは三河衆のため譜代の理由不明）、三河牧野氏、譜代大名となった牧野氏、奥平氏、岡部氏(藤原南家)、小笠原氏、朽木氏、諏訪氏、保科氏、土岐氏、沼田藩主土岐氏、三河稲垣氏、丹羽氏、一色丹羽氏、三浦氏、遠山氏（苗木藩）、加賀氏、内田氏、小堀氏、西郷氏、三河西郷氏、奥田氏、毛利氏（内膳家、断絶）、山口氏（牛久藩）、柳生氏、蜂須賀氏(徳島藩支藩家・廃藩）、増山氏"
}
|
{
"en": "Fudai, as from December, 1684 - the Mizutani clan (concurrently appointed so as the Akita, Arima and Soma clans of jun-fudai)",
"ja": "貞享元年12月より譜代-水谷氏（準譜代の秋田氏・有馬氏・相馬氏と同時）"
}
|
{
"en": "Fudai, in and after the era of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA - the Honjo clan",
"ja": "徳川綱吉の時代以後の譜代-本庄氏"
}
|
{
"en": "Fudai, in and after the Kyoho era - the Kano clan",
"ja": "享保以後の譜代-加納氏"
}
|
{
"en": "Unmentioned in \"Ryueihikan\" - the Tanuma clan, the Manabe clan, Mikawa-Matsui clan and Yanagisawa clan",
"ja": "『柳営秘鑑』には記載なし-田沼氏、間部氏、三河松井氏、柳沢氏"
}
|
{
"en": "The Matsudaira ichimon (family) - the Ogyu-Matsudaira family, the Katahara-Matsudaira family, the Sakurai-Matsudaira family, the Takiwaki-Matsudaira family, the Taketani-Matsudaira family, the Nagasawa-Matsudaira family (the Okochi-Matsudaira family), the Nomi-Matsudaira family, the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira family (except for Iyo-Matsuyama Domain and Ise-Kuwana Domain), the Fukozo-Matsudaira family and the Fujii-Matsudaira family",
"ja": "松平一門-大給松平家、形原松平家、桜井松平家、滝脇松平家、竹谷松平家、長沢松平家（大河内松平家）、能見松平家、久松松平家（伊予松山藩・伊勢桑名藩以外）、深溝松平家、藤井松平家"
}
|
{
"en": "Gokenin is a word used to describe the samurai retainers of the shogun but its meaning differed between the middle ages and early modern period.",
"ja": "御家人（ごけにん）は、征夷大将軍の家人である武士の身分を指す語であるが、中世と近世では意味合いが異なる。"
}
|
{
"en": "During the Heian period, samurai in the service of an aristocrat or samurai chief were called 'kenin' (retainers) and with the establishment of the Kamakura period, those warriors who served as attendants to the Lord of Kamakura came to be called 'gokenin' out of respect for the Lord of Kamakura.",
"ja": "平安時代には、貴族や武家の棟梁に仕える武士を「家人」と呼んでおり、鎌倉幕府が成立すると鎌倉殿と主従関係を結び従者となった武士を、鎌倉殿への敬意を表す「御」をつけて御家人と呼ぶようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "These retainers were also referred to as 'Kamakura-dono Gokenin,' 'Kanto gokenin' and 'Chinzei gokenin.'",
"ja": "鎌倉殿御家人、関東御家人、鎮西御家人とも言う。"
}
|
{
"en": "The establishment of the position of gokenin was closely connected to the creation of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.",
"ja": "御家人の成立は、源頼朝による鎌倉幕府の樹立と密接に関連する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In exile Yoritomo had very few retainers to call upon so, when he raised an army in 1180, he attempted to entice samurai from the South Kanto region to serve as `inherited gokenin` on the basis they had previously served his father (MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo) as retainers.",
"ja": "流人だった頼朝の家人はごくわずかであり、1180年の挙兵の際、父源義朝の家人だった南関東の武士たちを「累代の御家人」として誘引した。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, the relationships between leader and subordinate that existed previously were characterised by individual bonds and, many samurai subsequently elected not to subordinate themselves to Yoritomo.",
"ja": "しかし、当時の観念では主従関係は個々に結ぶものであり、頼朝に従属しない武士も多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "With the subsequent establishment in Kamakura of political power in the Eastern provinces, one by one the samurai in various provinces came under Yoritomo`s control.",
"ja": "その後、鎌倉に東国政権を樹立すると、各地の武士が続々と頼朝支配下へと入っていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The order of Prince Mochihito was used to control and organize the rapidly increased number of samurai.",
"ja": "急速に増加した支配下の武士を秩序だって組織化するため、以仁王の令旨が利用された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Those samurai who obeyed this order and came under the control of Yoritomo were all regarded as gokenin.",
"ja": "すなわち、令旨に従って頼朝の支配に入った武士は、一律に「御家人」として組織された。"
}
|
{
"en": "During the turmoil of the Jisho-Juei Civil War, it was necessary to designate samurai as gokenin (retainers of a shogun) even more around the country as opposed to the shogunate's stronghold in the east of Japan.",
"ja": "治承・寿永の内乱期には、本拠である関東のみならず、各地の武士をより多く御家人として組織化する必要があった。"
}
|
{
"en": "As such, those samurai who obeyed the order to kill members of the Taira clan were recognized as gokenin (shogun retainers) and many were given recognition and guarantees of ownership of their principal residences in an act known as `Hontaku Ando` (confirmation of a family's possession of its residence and the immediately adjacent land).",
"ja": "そのため、平氏追討に従う武士を御家人として認定し本宅を安堵する「本宅安堵」が多く行われた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In contrast to the many gokenin (samurai retainers) in the Kanto region who achieved the status through Yoritomo's Shoryo Ando (act providing authorization of land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure), it was honjo (domain owning governors) or kokushi (provincial governors), and lords of manors, who had secure tenure of their territories and authority over the Hontaku Ando (residential tenure) retainers",
"ja": "関東の御家人の多くが頼朝の所領安堵を通じて御家人となっていたのに対し、本宅安堵の御家人に所領安堵する権限を有していたのは荘園領主たる本所や国司だった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In light of this, Yoritomo did not impinge on the governors` jurisdiction but made retainers gokenin by guaranteeing status to these gokenin samurai retainers.",
"ja": "そのため、頼朝は本所・国司の権限を侵すことなく、地位を安堵することで御家人を組織したのである。"
}
|
{
"en": "In this way, gokenin retainers consisted of individuals in receipt of Shoryo Ando (feudal tenure) rights directly from the Lord of Kamakura or Hontaku Ando (residential tenure) rights.",
"ja": "このように御家人は、鎌倉殿から直接、所領安堵を受ける御家人と、本宅安堵を受ける御家人に分けられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Previously many gokenin retainers resided in the eastern provinces of Japan and consisted of many veterans who had served under Yoritomo from early on.",
"ja": "前者には東国に在住し、早い時期から頼朝に臣従していた者が多い。"
}
|
{
"en": "While gokenin samurai retainers received extensive patronage (eg. being appointed manor lords), they were also obligated to muster in Kamakura during times of emergency.",
"ja": "地頭に補任されるなどの厚い保護を受ける見返りに、有事には緊急に鎌倉に参集する義務を負っていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The latter gokenin samurai retainers were organized on province allegiances and called 'kuni gokenin' (lit. provincial retainers).",
"ja": "後者は、令制国を単位に編成され、「国御家人」と呼ばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the Jisho-Juei Civil War, samurai throughout Japan were made kuni gokenin (provincial samurai retainers) following service as obanyaku (guards in Kyoto), and many warriors from western Japan followed this path to becoming gokenin.",
"ja": "治承・寿永内乱終結後は、大番役への催促を通じて各地武士の国御家人化が進められ、西国武士の多くがこれにより国御家人へ編成された。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Shugo (Governor) of each province was responsible for the control of kuni gokenin (provincial samurai retainers), and submitted to the shogunate a register of gokenin who carried out obanyaku (Kyoto guard duty) as requests for guards increased.",
"ja": "国御家人を統括するのは守護の任務であり、大番役を催促するとともに、大番役勤仕の御家人名簿を幕府へ提出していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "As well as being classified according to Shoryo Ando (feudal tenure) or Hontaku Ando (residence tenure) as described above, the gokenin (samurai retainers) ranged from influential individuals with large territories holding shugo (governor) status in more than one province through to the other end of the spectrum: insignificant gokenin with only small territories.",
"ja": "御家人は、上記のとおり直接所領安堵・本宅安堵の区分のほか、広大な所領を持ち数カ国の守護を兼ねる有力御家人から、ごく狭い所領しか持たない零細な御家人まで大小さまざまな規模であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, all were treated equally as subordinates of the Lord of Kamakura.",
"ja": "しかし、鎌倉殿に等しく従属する家人として身分上は同格として扱われた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since the time of Yoritomo, master-servant or dominant-subservient relationships between gokenin (samurai retainers) were strictly forbidden.",
"ja": "頼朝以来、御家人相互の主従関係・支配関係は厳しく禁じられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Direct relationships with the imperial court were in particular, strictly prohibited.",
"ja": "特に朝廷と直接の関係を結ぶことは厳禁された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Gokenin (samurai retainers) received patronage and stipends from the Lord of Kamakura.",
"ja": "御家人が鎌倉殿から受ける恩恵は、安堵と給与である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Patronage consisted of the above-mentioned Shoryo Ando (feudal tenure) and Hontaku Ando (residential tenure).",
"ja": "安堵には前述のごとく所領安堵と本宅安堵がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Gokenin who killed traitors to the shogunate would be granted the traitor's territory.",
"ja": "給与は、謀反追討などに勲功を挙げた御家人に対し、謀反人の所領などを新領として給与することである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Gokenin (samurai retainer) were appointed as lords of a manor when the beneficiary of land grants forming an act of Shoryo Ando (feudal tenure) or when granted a land holdings.",
"ja": "所領安堵および新領給与は、地頭への補任という形で行われた。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the Jokyu War, Retired Emperor Gotoba's vast territory was granted to gokenin who had served with distinction.",
"ja": "承久の乱後には、後鳥羽上皇方の大量の所領が勲功を挙げた御家人へ新領給与されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "The granting of this new territory took the form of appointing lords to rule the manors within the territory, and those appointed were called 'Shinpo Jito' (literally New Manor Lords).",
"ja": "この新領給与も地頭補任の形でなされており、この時に補任された地頭を特に新補地頭という。"
}
|
{
"en": "In return for patronage, gokenin (samurai retainers) had a duty to serve the Lord of Kamakura both militarily and politically.",
"ja": "御家人は恩恵を受ける見返りとして、鎌倉殿へ軍事と公事の奉仕義務を負う。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition to joining the ranks of the army during wartime, military service also included serving as obanyaku in Kyoto and Kamakura or guard service in other provinces.",
"ja": "軍事とは、戦時の従軍参加はもちろんのこと、平時においての京都・鎌倉の大番役や異国警護役などの役を指す。"
}
|
{
"en": "Political service was also referred to as 'Kanto Mikuji' and consisted of collecting the taxes of rice and money levied on gokenin by the bakufu.",
"ja": "公事は関東御公事（みくうじ）ともいい、幕府から御家人に賦課された米銭の納入義務のことである。"
}
|
{
"en": "This reciprocal relationship between the Lord of Kamakura and gokenin was called 'goon to hoko' (literally meaning reward and service).",
"ja": "こうした鎌倉殿と御家人間の互恵関係を御恩と奉公という。"
}
|
{
"en": "Few gokenin have been identified in historical sources.",
"ja": "史料から検出される御家人の数は決して多くはない。"
}
|
{
"en": "With the exception of Kanto Provinces, approximately ten gokenin (samurai retainers) have been identified in a few provinces.",
"ja": "関東諸国を除き、一か国あたり概ね10名程度にとどまっていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Compared to other areas, the provinces of the Kanto region had far more gokenin, with the highest count (approximately 80) identified in Musashi Province and several dozen known to reside in each of the other provinces.",
"ja": "関東諸国は他地域に比べて御家人が非常に多い地域であり、最も多い武蔵国の約80名をはじめ、各国とも数十名の御家人が在住していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to a historical source dated from the year 1275, the total number of gokenin in the entire country was about 480 which indicates gokenin numbers were tightly restricted even within the elite samurai class.",
"ja": "1275年の史料によれば、全国の御家人の総数は約480名であり、御家人は武士の中でも非常に限られた階層だったことを物語っている。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, there were also many so-called 'higokenin' (non-samurai retainers) who did not have a contractual reward-for-service relationship with the Kamakura bakufu (shogunate).",
"ja": "いっぽう、鎌倉幕府と御恩・奉公の契約関係にない「非御家人」の数も多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The bakufu (shogunate) obtained direct power over the higokenin (non-samurai retainers) as a result of the Mongol invasions of Japan however, there were many samurai who did not obey the bakufu.",
"ja": "文永の役という対外危機に伴い、幕府は非御家人への指揮権も得ることになったが、幕府に従わぬ武士も多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Following the Einin no Tokuseirei (debt cancellation decree), the preferential treatment of gokenin over higokenin became pronounced and led to rogue elements among higokenin rebelling against the bakufu, imperial court nobles and religious institutions.",
"ja": "永仁の徳政令以後は、非御家人に対する御家人への優遇策は顕著となり、非御家人の中には悪党となって幕府や公家・寺社への反抗を行う者も現れた。"
}
|
{
"en": "As the Kamakura bakufu became ever more powerful, the word 'gokenin' came to mean 'samurai.'",
"ja": "鎌倉幕府の勢力が強まるにともなって、御家人は武士の身分を表す言葉となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Muromachi bakufu did not adopt the gokenin (samurai retainer) system but the word 'gokenin' was frequently used for those samurai who were immediate followers of the shogun, and was a term used to refer to retainers of some daimyo (feudal lords) during the Warring States period.",
"ja": "室町幕府は御家人制度を採らなかったが、御家人は将軍直参の武士の身分を示す用語としてしばしば用いられ、戦国時代(日本)には転じて一部の戦国大名の家臣を指す言葉となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Gokenin (samurai retainers) associated with daimyo (warrior generals) of the Muromachi bakufu and Warring States Period",
"ja": "室町幕府・戦国大名の御家人"
}
|
{
"en": "As the Kamakura bakufu became ever more powerful, the word 'gokenin' came to mean 'samurai.'",
"ja": "鎌倉幕府の勢力が強まるにともなって、御家人は武士の身分を表す言葉となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Muromachi bakufu did not adopt the gokenin system but the word is frequently used as a paleographical term to refer to hokoshu (immediate retainers of the shogun).",
"ja": "室町幕府は御家人制度を採らなかったが、奉公衆を指して、古文書学上は、御家人という用語が、しばしば登場する。"
}
|
{
"en": "The word Gokenin is not used in history textbooks as a term for individuals who had a master-servant relationship with the shogun family of Muromachi bakufu.",
"ja": "歴史教科書では、室町幕府の将軍家と、主従関係にある者を指して、御家人という用語は、使っていない。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is frequently used to refer to those samurai who were direct vassals of the shogun, but also came to be used to refer to retainers of daimyo (feudal lords) during the Warring States period (Japan).",
"ja": "御家人は将軍直参の武士の身分を示す用語としてしばしば用いられ、戦国時代(日本)には転じて戦国大名の家臣を指す言葉として使用されることもあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Particularly well-known Gokenin (samurai retainers) hailed from the Takeda and Mori clans.",
"ja": "特に著名なものとしては、武田氏・毛利氏などがある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Historical source",
"ja": "史料引用"
}
|
{
"en": "`Kinnenyaku (low rank) Gokenin, 2-kan 700-mon (pay rate), Yaheimonju HAGIWARA (name)` and so on.",
"ja": "『勤年役御家人 二貫七百文 萩原弥兵門尉』云々と。"
}
|
{
"en": "An entry in a land survey list in the year 1513 at Erin-ji Temple in Kai Province.",
"ja": "永禄6年（1513年）甲斐国恵林寺検地帳より引用。"
}
|
{
"en": "Professor Satoshi YADA of Niigata University explains that in this extracted reference, the term 'Gokenin' was used to differentiate village officials (sobyakusho) who became ji-zamurai (lords of smaller rural domains) from retainers who originally served the Takeda clan.",
"ja": "この記述「御家人」について、新潟大学教授矢田俊は、地侍化した惣百姓と、武田氏のもともとの家臣であったものを区別するために行ったものであると説明している。"
}
|
{
"en": "During the Edo period the term 'Gokenin' came refer to immediate retainers of the Tokugawa Shogun family who held lands of less than 10,000 koku (1 koku = 4.96 bushels): in particular, individuals lacking the rank to be granted a direct audience with the shogun.",
"ja": "江戸時代には、御家人は知行が1万石未満の徳川将軍家の直参家臣団（直臣）のうち、特に御目見得以下（将軍に直接謁見できない）の家格に位置付けられた者を指す用語となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Those retainers who were privileged enough to be granted face-to-face audiences with the shogun were called 'hatamoto.' (direct retainers, lit `flag bearer`)",
"ja": "御家人に対して、御目見得以上の家格の直参を旗本という。"
}
|
{
"en": "Many Gokenin (samurai retainers) in more recent times were foot-soldier samurai but, during peace time were low ranking government functionaries or held police roles.",
"ja": "近世の御家人の多くは、戦場においては徒士の武士、平時においては与力・同心として下級官吏としての職務や警備を務めた人々である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Gokenin (samurai retainers) were generally not permitted to ride on vehicles or horses, or have an entrance hall (genkan) to their house.",
"ja": "御家人は、原則として、乗り物や、馬に乗ることは許されず、家に玄関を設けることができなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The definition of `vehicles` however, did not included doorless palanquins.",
"ja": "ここでいう乗り物には、扉のない篭は含まれない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Police attached to the magistrates offices were exempted from this rule and were permitted to ride horses.",
"ja": "例外として、奉行所の与力となると、馬上が許されることがあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "There were situations in which skilled Gokenin were promoted to high positions usually held by Hatamoto (direct retainers), and it was generally the case that a gokenin family would be granted hatamoto status if three successive generations were appointed to hatamoto positions.",
"ja": "有能な御家人は旗本の就く上位の役職に登用されることもあり、原則として3代続けて旗本の役職に就任すれば、旗本の家格になりうる資格を得られた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Successive generations of Gokenin families were divided into 3 classes: 'fudai' (heredity daimyo), nihanba (the middle rank between fudai and kakaeseki), or kakaeseki (hereditary daimyo who were promoted in the periods of the fifth shogun and the succeeding shogun).",
"ja": "御家人の家格は譜代（ふだい）、二半場（にはんば）、抱席（かかえせき）の3つにわかれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Fudai were the descendents of Gokenin who had served the Shogun family as police from when the Edo bakufu (shogunate) was founded by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA until the fourth shogun, Ietsuna TOKUGAWA.",
"ja": "譜代は江戸幕府草創の初代徳川家康から四代徳川家綱の時代に将軍家に与力・同心として仕えた経験のある者の子孫である。"
}
|
{
"en": "`Kakaeseki` (also called kakaeire) families were those families had been newly promoted to the status of Gokenin.",
"ja": "抱席（抱入（かかえいれ）とも）はそれ以降に新たに御家人身分に登用された者を指す。"
}
|
{
"en": "The so called `Nihanba` families occupied a status intermediate between the two preceding statuses.",
"ja": "二半場はその中間の家格である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Fudai who had a long and distinguished family history were called 'fudaiseki,' and they had their own seats within Edo-jo Castle.",
"ja": "また、譜代の中で、特に由緒ある者は、譜代席と呼ばれ、江戸城中に自分の席を持つことができた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Even when the Fudai and Nihanba ranked families did not hold an official position within the shogunate, they would receive a stipend and were granted inheritance rights to their estates.",
"ja": "譜代と二半場は、無役（幕府の公職に任ぜられていない状態）であっても、俸禄の支給を受け、惣領に家督を相続させて身分と俸禄を伝えることができた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Individuals inheriting or appointed to gokenin status were not granted audiences with the shogun (as a hatamoto (direct retainer) could expect.",
"ja": "家督相続や叙任にあたっては、御家人は旗本のように将軍に謁見することはなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The status of `Fudaiseki` (hereditary ranked families) were bestowed the title during a face-to-face meetings with superiors within the castle.",
"ja": "譜代席のみは城中で若年寄や頭などの上司に謁見して申し渡された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Gokenin were ranked below Fudaizeki (hereditary retainers) and not granted audiences with superiors within the castle but, were granted the status within their own groupings.",
"ja": "譜代席未満の御家人は、城中ではなく自分の所属する機関で、申し渡しがあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Contrasting with gokenin retainers holding Fudai and Nibanha status were the Kakaeseki retainers who were restricted to serving for one single generation and, usually relinquished the gokenin status upon retirement or death.",
"ja": "譜代と二半場に対して、抱席は一代限りの奉公で隠居や死去によって御家人身分を失うのが原則であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, this rule of thumb waned over time and there were some posts (eg. a town magistrate's police chief) who were granted single generation kakaeseki status, but were also permitted to ride on horseback, received stipends of over 230-koku and were allowed to pass on their status to successors.",
"ja": "しかし、この原則は、次第に崩れていき、町奉行所の与力組頭（筆頭与力）のように、一代抱席でありながら、馬上が許され、230石以上の俸禄を受け、惣領に家督を相続させて身分と俸禄を伝えることが常態化していたポストもあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Not only this, but in reality the status and stipends of Kakaeseki gokenin retainers were inherited by successors upon retirement or death, so in the latter part of the Edo period it became common for wealthy merchants and farmers to buy their way into gokenin ranks by paying to become the adopted son of an impoverished gokenin.",
"ja": "これに限らず、抱席身分も実際には、隠居や死去したときは子などの相続人に相当する近親者が、新規取り立ての名目で身分と俸禄を継承していたため、江戸時代後期になると、富裕な町人や農民が困窮した御家人の名目上の養子の身分を金銭で買い取って、御家人身分を獲得することが広く行われるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "A market for Gokenin titles was known as 'gokeninkabu' (lit. Gokenin shares) with a market price determined by whether or not the family status could passed on to other generations.",
"ja": "売買される御家人身分は御家人株と呼ばれ、家格によって定められた継承することができる役ごとに、相場が生まれるほどであった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The majority of gokenin were generally made up of individuals who either did not hold fiefs but held the rights to 30 to 80-koku in rice or, small land owners holding up to 200 koku of land.",
"ja": "御家人の大半は、知行地を持たない30俵以上、80俵取り未満の蔵米取で占められ、知行地を持つ者でも200石取り程度の小身であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, hatamoto (direct retainers) and gokenin (samurai retainers) were differentiated by whether or not they were granted audiences with the shogun.",
"ja": "ただし、旗本と御家人の定義は直参のうち謁見できるかどうかであった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The value of the stipend did not dictate family status: hatamoto entitled to the smallest stipends received only 50 koku - less than most gokenin.",
"ja": "家禄（俸禄）の高低は家格の決定に関係がなく、旗本で最も小禄であった者は50俵程度で、御家人の大半よりも少ない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Some gokenin had estates exceeding 200 koku in value but none exceeded more than 400 koku.",
"ja": "200石（俵）取り以上の御家人もいたが、400石を越える御家人は存在しなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "From the middle part of the Edo period, the fief system began to collapse and there was a shift to rights to rice (`kuramaidori`).",
"ja": "江戸時代中期以降は、地方知行制が崩れ、蔵米取に移行したり旗本に昇進した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Gokenin holding lands in the regions largely disappeared and in their place hatamoto were promoted.",
"ja": "そのため、知行地を持つ御家人はほとんどいなくなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Many gokenin found themselves slip into severe poverty from the middle of the Edo period onwards.",
"ja": "御家人の多くは、江戸時代中期以降、非常に窮乏した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Retainers serving in various domains of Japan who could live a fairly comfortable lifestyle with a 100 koku stipend, however, by comparison a gokenin belonging to the bakufu would have led a hard life even with a stipend of the same value.",
"ja": "諸藩の藩士は、家禄が100石（俵）あれば一応、安定した恵まれた生活を送れたとされるのに対し、幕府の御家人は100石（俵）取りであっても生活はかなり苦しかったと言われる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Gokenin who resided in metropolis of Edo faced high urban prices, whereas retainers in regional domains who received a small stipend on par with gokenin was also granted farmland on which they would work part-time to generate extra income - an option not available to gokenin.",
"ja": "御家人は大都市の江戸に定住していたために常に都市の物価高に悩まされ、また諸藩では御家人と同じ程度の家禄を受けている微禄な藩士たちは給人地と呼ばれる農地を給付され、それを耕す半農生活で家計を支えることができたが、都市部の御家人にはそのような手段も取ることができなかったことが理由としてあげられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was common for impoverished gokenin to supplement the family income by secretly holding side jobs.",
"ja": "窮乏した御家人たちは、内職を公然と行って家計を支えることが一般的であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Observation means to watch an object carefully to find out its actual condition.",
"ja": "観察（かんさつ）とは、対象の実態を知るために注意深く見ること。"
}
|
{
"en": "To watch its state and record its change.",
"ja": "その様子を見て、その変化を記録すること。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is important how much detail you can find in its change.",
"ja": "どれだけその変化を見つけられるかが重要である。"
}
|
{
"en": "History/Politics",
"ja": "歴史・政治"
}
|
{
"en": "One of the various functions of ruling.",
"ja": "統治の諸機能のひとつ。"
}
|
{
"en": "Criminal Policy",
"ja": "刑事政策"
}
|
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