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{
"en": "Also, \"Japanese Miscellany\" (The Writings on Japan) by Yakumo KOIZUMI contains \"Story of Koji KASHIN\", according to which, Koji called a ship to come out of a drawing, and he boarded the ship and disappeared into the drawing.",
"ja": "また、小泉八雲の『日本雑記』に『果心居士の話』があり、果心居士が絵の中から船を呼び出し、船に乗り込むとそのまま絵の中に消えていったという。"
}
|
{
"en": "There is also a theory that in June of 1584, he was killed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.",
"ja": "また天正12年（1584年）6月、豊臣秀吉に殺害された説もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Tradition",
"ja": "言伝え"
}
|
{
"en": "Magic by Koji KASHIN, according to tradition, includes the following:",
"ja": "伝えられる果心居士の幻術は、次のようなものである。"
}
|
{
"en": "When he threw away bamboo leaves on the surface of a lake in Nara Park, immediately the leaves turned into fish and swam.",
"ja": "奈良公園の水面に笹の葉を放り投げると、たちまち笹の葉が魚になって泳ぎ出した。"
}
|
{
"en": "When he used a toothpick to stroke a tooth of a man who did not believe the magic described above, the man's tooth dangled as if it would fall out.",
"ja": "上記の術を信用しない男の歯を楊枝でひとなですると、歯が抜け落ちんばかりにぶら下がった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Koji was especially close with Hisahide MATSUNAGA.",
"ja": "松永久秀とはとくに親交があった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Hisahide challenged Koji by asking: \"I have experienced many dreadful scenes in battlefield, but can you still make me feel scared?\"",
"ja": "久秀が「幾度も戦場の修羅場をくぐってきた自分に恐ろしい思いをさせることができるか」と挑んだ。"
}
|
{
"en": "Koji made the phantom of Hisahide's wife, who had died several years ago, appear, and frightened Hisahide.",
"ja": "果心居士は数年前に死んだ久秀の妻の幻影を出現させ、震え上がらせた。"
}
|
{
"en": "When Koji was called upon Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Koji exposed Hideyoshi's past action which had not been told to anyone, and caused resentment; Koji was captured and crucified.",
"ja": "豊臣秀吉に召されとき、果心居士は秀吉がだれにも言ったことのない過去の行いを暴いたために不興を買い、捕らえられて磔に処された。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, it is also said that at that time, Koji transformed himself into a mouse and escaped, and an eagle carried him away in its beaks.",
"ja": "しかし、このとき果心居士は鼠に姿を変えて脱出し、それを鳶がくわえてどこかに飛び去ったともいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "All of the above can be explained by principles of conjuring tricks; as such, according to one theory, he is regarded as \"Koji KOSHIN, the Conjurer\".",
"ja": "なお、これらは全て奇術の原理で説明できるものであり、「果心居士奇術師」という説もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Works in which he makes appearances",
"ja": "登場作品"
}
|
{
"en": "Being an unidentifiable person, there is an opinion which questions even his existence.",
"ja": "正体不明の人物で、実在そのものを疑う向きもある。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, due to his unidentifiable nature, he often appears in tales of fantastic of later years, as a hermit who waded through the troubled times of the Sengoku period, or a mysterious person like ninja.",
"ja": "一方、それだけに、戦国の乱世を渡り歩いた仙人あるいは忍者のような不思議な人物として、後世の伝奇物語などにしばしば登場する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Chinju-fu Shogun was an official who served as shogun, belonging to Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system), which was set up for the defense of the northern area during the Nara period and the Heian period in Japan.",
"ja": "鎮守府将軍（ちんじゅふしょうぐん）は、日本の奈良時代から平安時代にかけて北辺の防衛のためにおかれた令外官の官職の将軍である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although there are no historical records referring directly to the origins of the Chinju-fu Shogun, it has been said that the first Chinju-fu Shogun was ONO no Azumabito, who is as we can know the oldest.",
"ja": "鎮守府将軍の始まりを直接記した史料はないが、知られる限りでは大野東人がもっとも古く、彼が初代の鎮守府将軍であったといわれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "At first, the headquarters was called 'chinjo' and later 'Chinju-fu.'",
"ja": "司令部ははじめ「鎮所」、のちに「鎮守府(古代)」と呼ばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is assumed that in the year 724 a fortress (Taga-jo Castle) was built located in Taga.",
"ja": "神亀元年（724年）に多賀（多賀城）に城柵が築かれてからは、その地に置かれたと推定される。"
}
|
{
"en": "Mutsu-kokufu (the provincial office of Mutsu Province) was also located in Taga.",
"ja": "多賀にはまた陸奥国府が置かれていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Chinju-fu Shogun took overall control of military affairs in Mutsu and Dewa Provinces and, commanded samurai from both provinces as well as samurai posted from other provinces.",
"ja": "鎮守府将軍は、陸奥国と出羽国の兵士と他国から来て両国に駐屯する兵士を指揮し、陸奥国と出羽国の軍事を統括する任にあたっていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Except for Chinju-fu Shogun, all the other official posts with the title 'shogun' were interim ones, and, therefore, Chinju-fu Shogun was the only shogun existing in peacetime.",
"ja": "「将軍」と名がつくものは、鎮守府将軍を除けば臨時の官職だったので、鎮守府将軍は平時にただ一人の将軍であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Regional jurisdictional control often rested with the Mutsu region Azechi (inspector) who concurrently served as the political and military authority.",
"ja": "しばしば管轄地域を同じくする陸奥按察使が兼ねて政軍両権をあわせた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Chinju-fu (northern defenses) Shogun confronted the Ezo people of Mutsu and Dewa Provinces in the north of Honshu (Japan's main island)..",
"ja": "鎮守府将軍が対峙したのは陸奥国と出羽国の北にいた蝦夷であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "When a large military movements was required various ad-hoc shoguns (generals) and dai shogun (great generals) were dispatched from the central government (along with soldiers from other provinces) all of which came under the command of the Chinju-fu (Northern defenses) Shogun.",
"ja": "大きな軍事行動が必要になると、中央から派遣されたさまざまな臨時の将軍・大将軍が他国からの兵とともに来着し、鎮守府将軍を指揮下におさめた。"
}
|
{
"en": "OTOMO no Yakamochi (believed to be compiler of the Japanese classic book \"Manyoshu\" (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves)), died of illness in the year 785 in the provinces while he was campaigning as Chinju-fu Shogun.",
"ja": "『万葉集』の編纂者とされている大伴家持は、鎮守将軍在任中の延暦4年（785年）にこの地で病死している。"
}
|
{
"en": "SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro who was Seii Taishogun (literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\"), built Isawa-jo Castle in the year 802, and Shiwa-jo Castle in 803.",
"ja": "征夷大将軍の坂上田村麻呂は、延暦21年（802年）に胆沢城を、延暦22年（803年）に志波城を築いた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Chinju-fu (Northern defenses base) was relocated to Isawa either at the same time the castles were built or, possibly some years later.",
"ja": "築城と同時か数年後に鎮守府は胆沢に移転した。"
}
|
{
"en": "The precise date is unknown.",
"ja": "正確にいつかは不明である。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is thought that prior to being relocated to Isawa, it was possibly located in Shiwa.",
"ja": "胆沢の前に志波に置かれた時期があったかもしれないともいわれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Subsequent Chinju-fu Shoguns distanced themselves from the Mutsu provincial government and started working in Isawa.",
"ja": "以後の鎮守府将軍は、陸奥国府から離れて胆沢で勤務することになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Prior to this relocation, the Chinju-fu (Northern defenses) Shogun outranked the Kokushi (provincial governor) and was posted to pacify the Northern provinces.",
"ja": "移転以前の鎮守府将軍は国司の上に立って北方の鎮めにつく役職であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, after the stalemate of the `Barbarian Campaigns` (`Sei-i`), the Chinju-fu post came to control only a part of Mutsu Province, meaning a demotion to a status somewhat lower than the governor of Mutsu Province.",
"ja": "しかし、「征夷」の停滞後は陸奥国の一部を管轄することになり、陸奥国司よりやや格が下がることになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Elements of the shogun executive bailiwick and that of the provincial governs overlapped sometimes.",
"ja": "行政官化した将軍の職権が国司の職権と重複する部分もあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Intense confrontations frequently occurred between shoguns and provincial governors.",
"ja": "将軍と国司の激しい対立がしばしば起きた。"
}
|
{
"en": "As such, the Chinju-fu Shogun role was for all intents and purposes converted into an honorary post, and as the shogun seldom stayed in Chinju-fu (Northern bases), the Chinju-fu (Northern bases) were abolished earlier than the provincial governments.",
"ja": "このため、鎮守府将軍は早期に事実上名誉職化し、鎮守府に居ることも少なく、鎮守府は国府より早く廃絶した。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, with the outbreak of the Zenkunen War (the Early Nine Year War) and the Gosannen Wars (the Later Three Year War), the local military command role was revived as a local commander with sweeping military jurisdiction even in Dewa Province.",
"ja": "しかし、前九年の役、後三年の役の発生により、現地の指揮官として出羽国にも及ぶ軍事指揮権を与えられ復活する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since Chinju-fu (Northern defense) functions had been substantially pared-back, the honorary post of Chinju-fu Shogun post was awarded to distinguished samurai.",
"ja": "鎮守府が実質的に機能しなくなってから、鎮守府将軍は優れた武士に与えられる名誉職的なものになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Incidentally, as an honorary post earmarked for military families, the post was filled by successive Taisho (generals) hailing from the Minamoto clan.",
"ja": "ちなみに、武門の栄職として、歴代の源氏の大将も叙任された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Many of the Taisho (Generals) of the Seiwa-Genji clan (starting with the clan founder MINAMOTO no Tsunetomo), took the Chinju-fu Shogun post, and MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka (legitimate son of Tsunemoto-o (or Tsunemoto)), MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu and, MINAMOTO no Yorinobu (sons of Mitsunaka) are good examples of the practice.",
"ja": "清和源氏では、初代 源経基以来、源氏の大将の多くが任ぜられ、経基王の嫡男源満仲や満仲の子にあたる源頼光、源頼信はその好例である。"
}
|
{
"en": "In particular, the Yorinobu family line in the Kawachi-Genji clan availed itself of this important position from generation to generation, starting with Yorinobu who handed the role to his son MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi from whence the role passed to his grandson MINAMOTO no Yoshiie.",
"ja": "殊に頼信の家系である河内源氏は頼信をはじめ、子 源頼義と孫源義家に至るまでこの重職に叙せられていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "MINAMOTO no Yoshiie was the fifth successive generation after Tsunemoto (founder of Minamoto clan) to assume this post.",
"ja": "源義家は源氏の祖経基以来、自らの代まで5代続けての叙任であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "This practice added cachet to the Minamoto clan name as a samurai family, to its ancestors and the founder of the clan, Yoshiie.",
"ja": "このことは義家と祖先たちの武名と交わり、武家の棟梁 源氏の名を高めることとなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The post of Chinju-fu (Northern bases) Shogun largely faded into obscurity after MINAMOTO no Yoritomo became Seii taishogun (unifying commander-in-chief) however, during the period of the Kenmu Restoration, the post of Chinju-fu Shogun was reestablished and held by Akiie KITABATAKE and others.",
"ja": "鎮守府将軍職は、源頼朝が征夷大将軍となって以降、事実上無名化したが、建武の新政下において鎮守府将軍職が再び置かれることとなり、北畠顕家などが叙任された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since the official ranking system ignored this executive role in a personnel sense, Chikafusa KITABATAKE (Akiie's father) successfully petitioned the imperial court to use the title 'Chinju taishogun' (Northern bases great general) on equal ranking to the title Seii taishogun (Unifying commander-in-chief) in circumstances when court nobles ranked above Sanmi (Third Rank) assumed this post.",
"ja": "この人事は官位相当制を無視したものであったため、顕家の父、北畠親房が、三位以上の公卿がこの職に任官する際には「鎮守大将軍」と呼称し征夷大将軍と同格とすることを奏請し、認められている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Subsequent to the Northern and Southern Courts period in Japan (circa 1336-92), no new Chinju-fu Shogun appointments were made however, there are records that MINAMOTO no Yoshishige (later founder of the Nitta clan) was appointed Chinju-fu Shogun by virtue he was an ancestor of Yoshisada NITTA (an active and meritorious retainer of the Southern Court) who had been appointed posthumously.",
"ja": "南北朝時代以降、鎮守府将軍は叙任をみることはなくなったが、後に新田氏の祖となる源義重が南朝方の功臣として活躍した新田義貞の祖である理由をもって贈鎮守府将軍として記録されていることから没後、贈官を受けたものと考えられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "From the Kamakura period onwards, the Chinju-fu Shogun role became defunct except for a certain period of time, however, the significance of the role survived for posterity.",
"ja": "さて、鎮守府将軍の職は鎌倉時代以降、一時期の例外を除いて事実上、廃絶された官職となったが、その官職の意義は後世まで生きた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The term `Gosho` (residence/palace/manor) was the term used for the domiciles of emperors, the imperial family, government ministers, and Monzeki (chief priests of imperial or noble lineage) as well as the term of reference used for the residence of a shogun.",
"ja": "天皇、皇族、大臣や門跡の居所を御所というが、将軍もまたその居所を御所と称した。"
}
|
{
"en": "The honorific `gosho' residence term was usually used by imperial family members and nobles ranked higher than Sanmi (Third Rank) but, was also used by a Chinju-fu Shogun, of imperial Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) rank.",
"ja": "通常、皇室か三位以上の公卿にのみ敬称された御所の敬称は、従五位下に位する鎮守府将軍にも用いられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "FUJIWARA no Hidehira called his residence `Yanagi no Gosho` (Willow Palace), and when the descendents of Akiie KITABATAKE formed the Kitabatake clan and Akinobu KITABATAKE descendents the Namioka clan, Akiie's descendents gave their residences the names `Horowata-gosho`, `Namioka-gosho` and `Kawara-gosho`, whereas the descendents of Akinobu named their residences `Tagi-gosho` etc.",
"ja": "藤原秀衡はその居所を柳之御所と称したが、鎮守大将軍となった北畠顕家、北畠顕信の子孫はそれぞれ北畠氏、浪岡氏となり、顕家の子孫は袰綿御所、浪岡御所、川原御所と称し、顕信の子孫は多芸御所などと称した。"
}
|
{
"en": "The family of Ashikaga Shoguns used the pretext that they had a kinship with Seii taishogun (Unifying commander-in-chiefs)), Kira clan families held they were descendents of Chinju-fu (northern bases) Shogun MINAMOTO no Yoshiie and thus named their residences: Maruyama-gosho, Setagaya-gosho, Makita-gosho, and Katsumi-gosho whereas the families of the Shiba clan, gave their residences the titles: Shiba-gosho, Shizukuishi-gosho, Isari-gosho.",
"ja": "足利将軍家の一門では、征夷大将軍の同族ということを由来するものの、鎮守府将軍源義家の子孫である、吉良氏の一門はそれぞれ丸山御所、世田谷御所、蒔田御所、勝見御所、斯波氏の一門は斯波御所、雫石御所、猪去御所を称した。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, even more plebeian homes of branches of the Kitabatake clan were named using the 'gosho' (manor) convention: Kozukuri-gosho (Kozukuri clan residence), Okochi-gosho (Okochi clan residence), Fujikata-gosho (Fujikata clan residence), Sakauchi-gosho (Sakauchi clan residence), Namise-gosho; Tamaru-gosho (Tamaru clan residence) and Iwauchi-gosho (Iwauchi clan residence).",
"ja": "また北畠氏の家臣となった庶家においても、木造御所 木造氏、大河内御所 大河内氏、藤方御所 藤方氏、坂内御所 坂内氏、波瀬御所、田丸御所 田丸氏、岩内御所 岩内氏などと称した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kokushu was one of social statuses of daimyo (feudal lords) which existed during the early modern Edo period, and it referred to the daimyo having domain of one or more provinces; another name for kokushu was \"kunimochidaimyo\".",
"ja": "江戸幕藩体制における国主（こくしゅ）は、近世江戸時代の大名の格式のひとつで、領地が一国以上である大名を言い、国持大名とも言う。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was also one of the ranks which rated daimyo families, based on their places of residence and castles, into kokushu (kunimochidaimyo), junkokushu (literally, \"associate kokushu\"), joshu daimyo (daimyo who was allowed to live in a castle), joshu class, and mujo daimyo (daimyo without castle; \"jinya\").",
"ja": "また、大名家をその居地・居城から格付けする国主（国持大名）-準国主-城主大名-城主格-無城（陣屋）のうちの一つ。"
}
|
{
"en": "This article describes kokushu and junkokushu.",
"ja": "ここでは国主・準国主について記述する。"
}
|
{
"en": "The term \"kokushu\" was derived from \"kunimochishu\" (one of honorary terms for local governors who were in hereditary vassalage to the Shogun) of the medieval Muromachi period, who were shugo (provincial constables) of large provinces but whose family lineage did not make them kanrei (shogunal deputy) or goshobanshu (members to escort the Shogun).",
"ja": "大国守護でありながら管領や御相伴衆にならない家柄をさす中世室町時代の国持衆が語源。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since Mutsu Province and Dewa Province had vast territories, the lords in Sendai Domain (the Date clan), Morioka Domain (the Nanbu clan), Akita Domain (the Satake clan), and Yonezawa Domain (the Uesugi clan), who ruled only parts of the province, were treated as kokushu.",
"ja": "陸奥国・出羽国についてはその領域が広大であることから、一部しか支配していない仙台藩（伊達氏）・盛岡藩（南部氏）・秋田藩（佐竹氏）・米沢藩（上杉氏）を国主扱いにしている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Due to the smallness of the area, the Matsuura clan (Hirado Domain) of Iki ikkoku ichien chigyo (literally, \"complete proprietorship in one province\"), and the Mikawa Inagaki clan (Toba Domain) of Shima ikkoku ichien chigyo were not regarded as kokushu or kunimochi, respectively.",
"ja": "範囲が狭少であることから壱岐一国一円知行の松浦氏（平戸藩）、志摩一国一円知行の三河稲垣氏（鳥羽藩）はそれぞれ国主・国持とはされない。"
}
|
{
"en": "The lord in Obama Domain (the Sakai clan) was not regarded as kunimochi in light of the balance with the head family, or the Sakai clan of the Himeji Domain, in spite of possessing Wakasa Province and Tsuruga District, Echizen Province (however, it is said that Tadakatsu SAKAI (the lord of Obama Domain of Wakasa Province) became kunimochi for one generation only by appointment by Iemitsu TOKUGAWA).",
"ja": "小浜藩（酒井氏）は若狭一国および越前敦賀郡を領するも本家である姫路藩酒井氏との吊りあいから国持とはされない（ただし酒井忠勝(若狭国小浜藩主)は徳川家光により一代限りの国持となったとされる）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also, in spite of their high ranks, Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family), the Aizu-Matsudaira family (Aizu Domain), Matsudaira sanuki no kami (the governor of Sanuki Province) (Takamatsu family), and the Ii clan (Hikone Domain) were not included in kokushu or kunimochi.",
"ja": "また、大身であっても徳川御三家、会津松平家（会津藩）、松平讃岐守（高松藩）、井伊氏（彦根藩）も国主・国持には加えない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also, in some cases, the family line which was promoted to the Fourth Rank were called kokushu kaku (status of kokushu).",
"ja": "また、一部に四品に昇任する家系を国主格ということもある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Standards of kokushu and kunimochidaimyo",
"ja": "国主・国持大名の基準"
}
|
{
"en": "During reigns of the family, appointment to the jiju (a chamberlain) of Fourth Rank (jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade)) or higher.",
"ja": "家督時に四品（従四位下）侍従以上に叙任。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the case of the first appointment of heyazumi (an adult-age eldest son who had yet to come into his inheritance), appointment to the jushiinoge or higher and having no other family member appointed to goi (Fifth Rank).",
"ja": "部屋住の初官は従四位下以上で、五位叙任のない家。"
}
|
{
"en": "Upon coming and going to the capital during sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo), before being granted an audience with the Shogun, the family having the privilege of the Shogun's roju (member of the Shogun's council of elders) coming with the information to the daimyo's residence.",
"ja": "参勤交代で参府・出府時、将軍に拝謁以前に上使として老中が大名邸に伝達にくる栄誉をもつ家。"
}
|
{
"en": "The lower limit of kokudaka (a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period) was indeterminate.",
"ja": "石高での下限は確定できない。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, there are some exceptions to the above standards.",
"ja": "上記以外に、例外もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Of kokushu and kunimochidaimyo, the families with the last name of Matsudaira other than the Yamauchi family, as well as the Hosokawa and Uesugi families who were senior vassals during the Muromachi period, had the custom of \"genpuku\" (coming-of-age ceremony) cerebration in the court and granting subordinates the use of a character from the superior's real name for the successors.",
"ja": "国主・国持大名のうち、山内家を除く松平姓の家と室町幕府の重臣であった細川家・上杉家は世嗣の殿上元服・賜諱（偏諱の授与）がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Samurai daisho is a man who commands an army under Dai Shogun (the great general).",
"ja": "侍大将（さむらいだいしょう）とは、主に大将軍の下で一軍を指揮する者。"
}
|
{
"en": "Or samurai taishogun.",
"ja": "または侍大将軍（さむらいたいしょうぐん）とも。"
}
|
{
"en": "The role of the samurai daisho was recognized since the Genpei War in the Heian period, and it is known that there was a samurai daisho called Go ITO(伊藤五)in the Taira's army, and so on.",
"ja": "侍大将という役割は平安時代、源平合戦の頃より見られ、平家軍の伊藤五なる侍大将がいたことなどが知られる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since the late Muromachi period, it came to take on the character to supervise samurai and command sonae (a troop) and cavalry, and in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan) it played a leading role in the military system of sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), taking its position between a rank next to sodaisho (commander in chief) and a rank over ashigaru taisho (samurai in command of infantry).",
"ja": "室町時代末期から、侍を預かり備・騎馬隊を指揮する性格を有するようになり、戦国時代_(日本)には総大将の次席、足軽大将の上席にあって、戦国大名の軍制において主要な役割を果たした。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a famous samurai daisho, there lived Harutaka SUE, who was Shugodai (the acting Military Governor) of the Suo Province and a vassal of sengoku daimyo of Saigoku (Western part of Japan) Yoshitaka Ouchi; SUE was refered to as the Samurai Daisho Unrivaled in Saigoku.",
"ja": "著名な侍大将に西国の戦国大名 大内義隆の家臣で周防国守護代 陶晴賢がおり、西国無双の侍大将と称された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Myoseki (名跡: Family Name) is a traditional naming convention that closely links family names of individuals with succeeding generations of a family.",
"ja": "名跡（みょうせき）とは家制度と密接に結びつき、代々継承される個人名。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is also called Kamei.",
"ja": "もしくは家名。"
}
|
{
"en": "(The written word, 名跡 is pronounced Myoseki.",
"ja": "（みょうせきと発音する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Meiseki is not the correct pronunciation.)",
"ja": "めいせきと発音するのは誤り）"
}
|
{
"en": "Summary",
"ja": "概要"
}
|
{
"en": "The myoseki naming system mainly applied to the succession of family names amongst the samurai class.",
"ja": "主に武家などにおいて名字を継承する。"
}
|
{
"en": "(In samurai families, first names (`given names`) are not passed down.",
"ja": "（武家の場合は下の名前は継承しない）"
}
|
{
"en": "In business (the former merchant houses) the full name of the head of an established business house was handed down from generation to generation.",
"ja": "ビジネスで、（旧い商家にて、）老舗家の当主が代々継承する名前（フルネーム）。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the fields of accomplished arts, entertainment, sumo and the martial arts etc the names (full name) of practitioners are handed down.",
"ja": "芸道・芸能や相撲・武道の世界などにおいて代々襲名する名前（フルネーム）。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the case of sumo, it is not the full name as such that is handed down.",
"ja": "相撲の場合はフルネームではない"
}
|
{
"en": "The practice of handing down names is closely related to the Japanese ancient traditions of large families and the 'family system.'",
"ja": "日本古来の大家族・「家制度」と密接な関係を持っている。"
}
|
{
"en": "This traditional naming system is difficult for the modern people to understand the due to the demise of Japan's traditional family system (that occurred with 1947 revisions to Succession and Domestic Relationship elements of Japan's Civil Code)..",
"ja": "そのため、（民法の相続編・親族編が昭和22年に改正され、イエ制度が崩壊してからは）現代人には分かりづらい制度になっている。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to the traditional `myoseki` naming conventions the name that was handed down was not simply a badge of `trust,' 'tradition,' 'history,' 'good image,' and 'art/atmosphere``brands` etc.",
"ja": "名跡により継承されるのは「信用」「伝統」「歴史」「良きイメージ」「芸統・気風」すなわちブランドであるが、それのみならない。"
}
|
{
"en": "The 'client list` (literally meaning house list) (= regular customers, patrons, sponsors, backers and money lenders were also included in naming conventions.",
"ja": "「顧客リスト（ハウス・リスト）」（＝優良な顧客層。ご贔屓筋。スポンサー。スポンサー。タニマチ。借金の貸主）そのものも含む。"
}
|
{
"en": "In recent times, it has become clear that the client list (house list) is a synonym for `profit`.",
"ja": "今日では顧客リスト（ハウス・リスト）こそが収益と同義語であることが明らかになっている。"
}
|
{
"en": "To carry on a `myoseki` family or business/artistic name, recipients are obliged to assume the entire debts of the Myoseki holder (meaning the individual inherits the money lender relationships from the original Myoseki `name` holder).",
"ja": "名跡を継ぐためには名跡所有者の借金の全額を肩代わりすることが必要となる（借金の貸主を名跡所有者から引き継ぐことと同義）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Recipients of `myoseki` names are inherit the original Myoseki holder's large family (especially obligations to support the family).",
"ja": "そして名跡所有者の大家族（の、とりわけ扶養義務）を継承することを要する。"
}
|
{
"en": "The implication is that family members must be supported not only while living but also, the graves of dead ancestors of the family must be tended.",
"ja": "それは一族内の生きている者を扶養するだけでなく、死者（一族の先祖）の墓を守ることをも含む。"
}
|
{
"en": "For these reasons, the eldest son is commonly the beneficiary, however, if succession is by an individual without blood ties to the family, it is common for such unrelated successors to be required to become a member of the family (eg. by marrying into his wife's family and assuming their name etc).",
"ja": "そのため、長子相続が一般的であり、血縁外の者が継ぐ場合は一般的には一族の中に入ることが求められる（婿養子になるなど）。"
}
|
{
"en": "If an unrelated person succeeds to a Myoseki traditional `name` line without joining the family, a substantial amount of money is inevitably transferred from the predecessor to the inheritor (on the understanding that the payment is to compensate for Myoseki `name` value that is lost by the family).",
"ja": "血縁外の者が一族に加わらずに継承する場合には必ず、名跡保持者に対して、多額の金銭の授受が必要となる（すなわち、名跡が一族外に流出することになり、それへの対価である）。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is not clear how this monetary consideration is handled for tax purposes.",
"ja": "この金銭に関して税務上の申告がどのようにされているか定かではない。"
}
|
{
"en": "With the exception of direct family members, Myoseki `names` of Toshiyori (sumo elders) of the Japan Sumo Association are invariably traded for large sums of money.",
"ja": "日本相撲協会の年寄名跡は実際には多額の金銭を対価として売買されるが、それは以上のロジックで理解できる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Myoseki is, in concrete, a name (stage name), and it accompanies a certain kind of authority and tradition acquired through the process of being handed down and using the same name from generation to generation.",
"ja": "名跡とは具体的には名前（芸名）のことであり、同じ名を何代にも渡って襲名し、用い続けた場合に生まれてくる権威や伝統を伴っている。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a Myoseki `name` is basically defined as 'a name handed down successively,' the title of iemoto (head of a school) itself is not called Myoseki, unless the new iemoto inherits the predecessor's full name irrespective of whether or not the inheritor also assumes the title of the head family of the school (the practice of iemoto succession).",
"ja": "また名跡は基本的に「代々受継がれるひとつの名前」のことであるから、たとえば家元の地位そのもの、すなわち、家元相続を行っても新家元が先代家元のフルネームを継がない場合には、その名前は名跡とは呼ばない。"
}
|
{
"en": "To be defined as Myoseki, exactly the same name should be used in perpetuity by successive generations.",
"ja": "あくまでも同じ名前を数代に渡って用いることが条件である。"
}
|
{
"en": "In any case, Myoseki naming conventions and rules can still be satisfied if the same stage/professional name (common business name), and the official name in the family register are not necessarily identical to the inherited Myoseki name.",
"ja": "いずれも芸名（ビジネス上の通名）を同じくすればよく、戸籍上の名を同じくする必要はない。"
}
|
{
"en": "However there are cases in which the inheritor of a Myoseki name has also changed their registered name.",
"ja": "しかし、ごく稀に戸籍上の名も改名する場合が見られる。"
}
|
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