translation
translation |
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{
"en": "As they were engaged in farm working, many of them were robust and had aptitude for group work, accordingly they were considered to have been high-leveled soldiers.",
"ja": "農作業に従事しているために、身体壮健なものが多く、また集団行動の適性も高かったため、兵士として高い水準にあったと考えられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, in the nature that they were concurrently farmers, it is considered to be hard to mobilize them during the busiest farming season and thus it was impossible to make them fight battles over a long period of time.",
"ja": "ただし、その半農半兵という性質上、農繁期の動員は困難であり、長期にわたる戦役には耐えられなかったと推測される。"
}
|
{
"en": "History",
"ja": "歴史"
}
|
{
"en": "Ichiryo gusoku was invented by Kunichika CHOSOKABE (Other theory says it was invented by his vassal, Takayori YOSHIDA.).",
"ja": "一領具足を考案したのは長宗我部国親である（家臣の吉田孝頼という説もある）。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was Motochika CHOSOKABE, the son of Kunichika, who made use of Ichiryo gusoku eagerly and effectively.",
"ja": "もっとも積極的かつ効率的に一領具足を運用したのは、国親の子の長宗我部元親である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Motochika, leading powerful Ichiryogusoku, achieved the unification of Shikoku region, however, the territory was reduced to only Tosa Province due to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's Shikoku Conquest.",
"ja": "元親は精強な一領具足を率いて四国統一を果たしたが、豊臣秀吉による四国征伐によって、元親の領地は大幅に削減され、土佐一国のみとなる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Further, in the subsequent Battle of Sekigahara, Motochika's forth son, Morichika CHOSOKABE who took over head of the family, joined the Western Camp, leading to confiscation of shoryo (territory) and Kaieki (forfeit rank of Samurai and properties) after the war.",
"ja": "さらにその後の関ヶ原の戦いでは、家督を継承していた元親の四男長宗我部盛親が西軍に与したため、戦後、所領は没収され改易となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Katsutoyo YAMAUCHI was given the Tosa Domain as the successor of the Chosokabe family, however, the remnant corps of the Chosokabe family did not necessarily welcomed the new lord.",
"ja": "長宗我部家の後継として土佐を与えられたのは山内一豊だったが、長宗我部家の遺臣団は新領主の登場を必ずしも歓迎しなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Soemon TAKEUCHI and his Ichiryo gusoku members refused to hand over the Urato-jo Castle and demanded that Morichika should be given a part of the old territory, or 'half land of Tosa'; this is called 'Urado riot'.",
"ja": "竹内惣右衛門を中心とする一領具足は、浦戸城の引渡しを拒否し、盛親に旧領の一部（土佐半国という）を与えることを要求した（浦戸一揆）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Katsutoyo YAMAUCHI sent his younger brother, Yasutoyo YAMAUCHI, to suppress it.",
"ja": "山内一豊は弟の山内康豊を鎮圧に派遣。"
}
|
{
"en": "The remnant corps resisted this by holding the Urato-jo Castle, but eventually surrendered the castle and capitulated due to an act of treachery from within the castle.",
"ja": "遺臣団側は浦戸城に篭城して抵抗したが、城内の裏切りによって開城、降伏した。"
}
|
{
"en": "273 members of Ichiryo gusoku were reported to be decapitated and their heads were salted to send to Naomasa II in Osaka.",
"ja": "273人の一領具足が斬首され、その首は塩漬けにされて大阪の井伊直政のもとへ送られたという。"
}
|
{
"en": "After that, Ichiryo gusoku incited rebellion, such as Takiyama Riot led by Samanosuke TAKAISHI.",
"ja": "その後も高石左馬助を中心とする滝山一揆など、一領具足による反乱が起こった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Yamanouchi clan suppressed them and put what remained of the Chosokabe corps, including Ichiryo gusoku, under its control, giving them the rank of goshi (country samurai), which was a rank below that of a Joshi (upper-level feudal retainer of a daimyo).",
"ja": "山内氏はこれを鎮圧し、やがて一領具足を含む長宗我部遺臣団を、藩士（上士）以下の身分である郷士として取り込んだ。"
}
|
{
"en": "In Tosa Province, goshi was strictly distinguished from feudal retainer of domain, creating conflicts between the superior and inferior throughout the Edo Period.",
"ja": "土佐では郷士は藩士と厳密に区分されたため、江戸時代を通じて上下対立の原因となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Equipment of the Ichiryo gusoku (military uniform of Chosokabe troops)",
"ja": "一領具足の装備（長宗我部軍軍装）"
}
|
{
"en": "head-shaped helmet (the earlier style)",
"ja": "古頭形鉢兜"
}
|
{
"en": "kasajigoro (a straw-hat-shaped neck guard)",
"ja": "笠じごろ"
}
|
{
"en": "under armour",
"ja": "鎧下着"
}
|
{
"en": "short sword",
"ja": "脇差"
}
|
{
"en": "waist strap",
"ja": "腰紐"
}
|
{
"en": "drawers",
"ja": "股引"
}
|
{
"en": "The Japanese term Buke-kani is used to refer to the official ranks (official posts and court ranks) that samurai were granted or adopted for themselves mainly from the Sengoku period (Japan) to the Edo period.",
"ja": "武家官位（ぶけかんい）とは、主として戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代にかけて、武士が任官または自称した官位（官職と位階）をいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "FormerJuryo (local officers) who were sent to rural areas as Kokushi (provincial governors) or Mokudai (representatives of Kokushi) and settled down in the area contributed significantly to the formation of groups of samurai.",
"ja": "武士団の成立には、国司や目代として下向した後土着した、旧受領層が大きく関わっている。"
}
|
{
"en": "They used their official rank to dominate the area and extend their power.",
"ja": "彼らはその官位を支配のよりどころとして、自らの勢力を拡大した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Once the power of warriors began to grow, those in power attempted to get them under their control by giving them official ranks.",
"ja": "武士勢力が成長すると、権力者はこれに官位を授け自らの支配下に組み込もうとした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since the official rank still held the power of authority even after the Ritsuryo system broke down and its actual meaning was lost, it was used to clarify the rank order of the warriors.",
"ja": "官位は、律令制が崩壊し、実質的な意味が無くなっても権威としての威力を持っていたために、武士の序列を明確化する目的でも使用された。"
}
|
{
"en": "At the same time, it was also used to show the domination of the Imperial Court over the warriors.",
"ja": "しかし同時に、武士に対する朝廷の支配を表すものであった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Once the military government was established, Yoritomo MINAMOTO banned Gokenin(low-ranking vassal) from being appointed to an official rank without Yoritomo's permission to tighten the control over them.",
"ja": "武家政権が成立すると、源頼朝は御家人の統制のため、御家人が頼朝の許可無く任官することを禁じた。"
}
|
{
"en": "A formal procedure was established later on to ensure that awarding a rank to warriors had to be dealt by the officers called Kanto-bugyo (a commissioner of the appointment to an office) and it was conducted in the form called Buke-shisso (an intermediary between the Court and the Shogunate government), which means it is formally requested from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to the Imperial Court.",
"ja": "後に武家の叙位任官は官途奉行の取り扱いのもと、幕府から朝廷へ申請する武家執奏の形式を取ることが制度化された。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Muromachi bakufu also followed the procedure.",
"ja": "室町幕府もこの方針を踏襲した。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Sengoku period (Japan), the power of the bakufu declined and the number of cases called Chokuso was increasing, which means daimyo directly negotiates with the Imperial Court and receives the official rank.",
"ja": "戦国時代(日本)になると幕府の権力が衰え、大名が直接朝廷と交渉して官位を得る直奏のケースが増加することになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "When the Imperial Court was in short of money, daimyo donated their money asking for an official rank in return and the Imperial Court often issued one which was higher than their family status in return.",
"ja": "朝廷が資金的に窮迫すると、大名達は献金の見返りとして官位を求め、朝廷もその献金の見返りとし、その武家の家格以上の官位を発給することもあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "For example, the post called Sakyo no daibu (Master of the Eastern Capital Offices) used to be a one which was only given to the four specific families called Shishiki-ke (four administrators' family: Yamana, Isshiki, Akamatsu, Kyogoku) among all the daimyo, however, during the Sengoku period even a low rank daimyo in a rural area was awarded the post and sometimes multiple daimyos were awarded at the same time.",
"ja": "たとえば左京大夫は大名中でも四職家にしか許されない官であったが、戦国期には地方の小大名ですら任じられるようになり、時には複数の大名が同時期に任じられることもあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The official ranks started being used not only as a sign of authority but also as a legitimacy of the control of the territory as well as a justification of a battle.",
"ja": "官位は権威づけだけではなく、領国支配の正当性や戦の大義名分としても利用されるようになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "The main examples of above are the case that Ouchi Clan asked for the rank of Dazai-daini (Senior Assistant Governor General in Dazai-fu) to compete with Shoni Clan, and also the case that Nobuhide ODA, the father of Nobunaga ODA, Yoshimono IMAGWA, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA were appointed to Mikawa no kami (the governor of Mikawa Province) to rule the Mikawa region.",
"ja": "その主な例として、大内氏が少弐氏に対抗するために大宰大弐を求めたケース、織田信長の父織田信秀、今川義元そして徳川家康が三河支配のため三河守に任ぜられたケースなどがある。"
}
|
{
"en": "During this period, there were also an increased number of warriors who used self-appointed posts without getting permissions from the Imperial Court.",
"ja": "一方この時代には、朝廷からの任命を受けないまま官名を自称（僭称）するケースも増加した。"
}
|
{
"en": "The post called Kazusa no suke (Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province) that Nobunaga ODA used in his early days is one of the examples.",
"ja": "織田信長が初期に名乗った上総介もその一つである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Some lords also started providing some official posts to their vassals as a prize by giving them a private letter called kanto no kakidashi (appointment of a government service) or juryo no kakidashi (written appointment of a government service) which allowed them to use the posts.",
"ja": "また、官途書出、受領書出といって主君から家臣に恩賞として官職名を授けるといったものまで登場した。"
}
|
{
"en": "The post called Chikuzen no kami (governor of Chikuzen Province) that Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI used when he was serving the Oda Clan as its general is considered to be one example of the above.",
"ja": "豊臣秀吉が織田家重臣時代に使った筑前守もこの一つと考えられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Once Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI succeeded in dominating the whole country as Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), the highest aristocratic rank, he started to try controlling daimyo throughout the country by giving them official ranks and incorporating them into the Ritsuryo ranking system.",
"ja": "豊臣秀吉が公家の最高位である関白として天下統一を果たすと、諸国の大名に官位を授けて律令官位体系に取り込むことで統制を行おうとした。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, the promotion system of the official rank stopped functioning since too many warriors were awarded to the higher ranks while the official ranks to be given to the court nobles were already in short.",
"ja": "ところがただでさえ公家の官位が不足気味だったところへ武家の高位への任官が相次いだために官位の昇進体系が機能麻痺を起こしてしまう。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a result, there were no court nobles who were qualified to become Daijin (minister), and Naidaijin (inner minister) Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was the person possessing the highest rank at the time of death of Hideyoshi (1598), which considered to be an extraordinary situation.",
"ja": "その結果、大臣の任用要件を有する公家が不在となってしまい、秀吉が死去した際（1598年）には、内大臣徳川家康が最高位の官位保有者であるという異常事態に至った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Hideyoshi also allowed a warrior called Korenori KAMEI who shared the view of overseas operation with, to identify himself as unique posts such as Ryukyu no kami (governor of Ryukyu Province, current Okinawa Pref,) or Taishu no kami (governor of Taishu Province, current Taishu, Zejiang Province in China) which didn't exist in the Ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "また秀吉は同じく海外志向であった武将の亀井茲矩の申し出に対し、律令に無い官職である琉球守（現在の沖縄）や台州守（現在の中国浙江省台州）のユニークな名乗りを許している。"
}
|
{
"en": "Strictly speaking, this is a serious matter for the Imperial Court, however, Kamei's post returned to the one within the country after Hideyoshi's overseas operation had failed.",
"ja": "これは厳密に言えば朝廷にとって由々しき事態であったが、秀吉の海外進出が挫折すると亀井の名乗りも国内官職へ回帰した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Once Ieyasu TOKUGAWA established the Edo bakufu, leaning from the bad experiences during the Toyotomi regime, he started to reform the ranking system while still using it as a tool to control the warriors.",
"ja": "徳川家康が江戸幕府を開くと、豊臣政権時代の苦い経験から官位を武士の統制の手段として利用しつつもその制度改革に乗り出した。"
}
|
{
"en": "First of all, he separated the official rank in the military government from the one for the court nobles by dealing the former as Ingainokan (the posts exceeding the original limit) under the Laws Governing the Imperial Court Nobility,",
"ja": "まず、禁中並公家諸法度により武家官位を員外官（いんがいのかん）とすることによって、公家官位と切り離した。"
}
|
{
"en": "This change prevented the situation which warriors possession of official ranks get in the way of the promotion of court nobles.",
"ja": "これによって武士の官位保有が公家の昇進の妨げになる事態を防止した。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is also a part of the reform to appoint the posts such as Shosho (minor captain), Chujo (middle captain), Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), Dainagon (chief councilor of state) as a category called Gonkan (posts appointed exceeding the Ritsuryo quota).",
"ja": "少将、中将、中納言、大納言などの官職を権官として任じたことも、そのあらわれである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also all the official ranks in the military government virtually had to be appointed by Shogun, and his permission was required even though some daimyos and shogunal vassals were directly nominated by the Imperial Court.",
"ja": "また、武家の官位の任命者は事実上将軍とし、大名家や旗本が朝廷から直接昇進推挙を受けた場合でも、将軍の許可を受けねばならなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The official ranks given to daimyo are matched to the House of Urin, and the ranks were as follows.",
"ja": "大名に与える官位は、羽林家に倣い、位階は次のとおりである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), or Shodaibu (Fifth Rank) - ordinary daimyo",
"ja": "従五位下（諸大夫・五位）-一般大名"
}
|
{
"en": "Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade), or Shihon (Fourth Rank)",
"ja": "従四位下（四品・しほん）"
}
|
{
"en": "The official posts were as follows.",
"ja": "官職は以下のようにした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jiju (chamberlain)",
"ja": "侍従"
}
|
{
"en": "Provincial officials (including the Kuroda family, the Nabeshima family) were in the rank of Jushiinoge-jiju (junior forth rank, lower grade chamberlain).",
"ja": "国主（黒田、鍋島など）は従四位下侍従"
}
|
{
"en": "The Nanbu family, the Yanagisawa family and assistant provincial officials (including the Niwa family, the Tachibana family) started as the rank of Jushiinoge or Jugoinoge and they were promoted to Jushiinoge-jiju later on.",
"ja": "南部・柳沢と準国主（丹羽、立花など）は初め従四位下または従五位下のち従四位下侍従に昇進"
}
|
{
"en": "The Oda family was in the rank which was one below assistant provincial official in the early days of Edo period (its family status was demoted due to \"Meiwa incident\" and \"Uda Disturbance\").",
"ja": "織田も江戸初期は準国主に次ぐ格式（「明和事件」「宇陀崩れ」で家格降下）"
}
|
{
"en": "A part of Fudai (daimyo who had been vassals of the Tokugawa clan for generations) such as the Sakakibara family were ranked as Jugoinoge and promoted to Jiju later on.",
"ja": "譜代の一部（榊原など）は従五位下のち侍従に昇進"
}
|
{
"en": "A part of Fudainami (the non-fudai families who were treated at the same level as fudai), and Negai-fudai (the non-fudai family who became fudai by marriage or by request) such as the Sanada family were ranked as Jugoinoge and promoted to Jushiinoge later on.",
"ja": "譜代並・願い譜代の一部（真田など）は従五位下のち従四位下に昇進"
}
|
{
"en": "Gonshosho (Provisional Minor Captain) - A part of Kunimochi daimyo (daimyo having domain of one province or more), Shinpan (relatives of the Tokugawa family) such as Tsuyama domain and Fukui domain, Shinpan-nami (non-shinpan daimyo who treated at the same level as Shinpan) such as the Ikeda family in Tottori Domain, Renshi (the branch families of the three branch Tokugawa families) such as the Takasu family and the Saijo family, and the Ii family.",
"ja": "権少将-国持大名の一部、親藩（津山、福井など）、親藩並（鳥取池田など）、連枝（高須、西条など）、井伊"
}
|
{
"en": "Gonchujo (Provisional Middle Captain) - the Hoshina family (the Aizu Matsudaira family), the Shimazu family, and the Date family",
"ja": "権中将-保科（会津松平）、島津、伊達"
}
|
{
"en": "Sangi, also called Saisho (Royal Advisor) - the Maeda family, and Kamon, a part of the Tokugawa family (the Tatebayashi family, the Kofu family)",
"ja": "参議（宰相）-前田、家門（館林、甲府）"
}
|
{
"en": "Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state), also called Komon -the Mito Tokugawa family",
"ja": "権中納言（黄門）-水戸徳川"
}
|
{
"en": "Gon Dainagon (a provisional chief councilor of state), also called Asho - the Owari Tokugawa family and the Kishu Tokugawa family",
"ja": "権大納言（亜相）-尾張徳川、紀州徳川"
}
|
{
"en": "These official ranks in the military government were used to differentiate the status of families, such as by determining the seating order in shikoseki (anteroom seats for feudal lords and direct retainer of the shogun at the Edo-jo castle), and by securing some seats for daimyo at the forth order or above, etc.",
"ja": "これらの武家官位について、伺候席席次を官位の先任順としたり、一部の伺候席を四品以上に昇進する大名家一覧以上の席とするなどして、格差をつける。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also the gap between the status of families was created by subtly adjusting their initial posts or the speed of their promotion.",
"ja": "その上で、大名家により初官や昇進の早さを微妙に変えるなどして家格の差を生ぜしめた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Under the rule of the official rank in the military government, use of the post such as \"kami\"'〜守' or \"kami\"'〜頭' was not recognized as an official rank and regarded as the identification used by those who were conferred as Jugoinoge.",
"ja": "なお、武家官位では、「〜守」「〜頭」等の官名名乗りは官位とはされず、叙爵された者が称しているものとされた。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, use of the post required the permission of the bakufu, and they used it as a tool to control daimyo by setting special exceptions for some posts.",
"ja": "ただし、この官名名乗りにおいても幕府の許可が必要であり、一部の官名に特例を設けるなどして大名統制に利用している。"
}
|
{
"en": "The details are as follows;",
"ja": "具体的には次のとおり。"
}
|
{
"en": "A ban on sharing a same post between the families having a same surname.",
"ja": "同姓同官名の禁止"
}
|
{
"en": "To avoid confusion",
"ja": "混乱を避けるため"
}
|
{
"en": "Among Kunimochi daimyo whose surname were Matsudaira, a prioirty was given to use their territory name for the posts.",
"ja": "松平姓の国持大名による領国名優先使用"
}
|
{
"en": "Kaga no kami (the governor of Kaga Province) for Kaga-Maeda family (the surname Matsudaira was given by the bakufu), Echizen no kami (the governor of Echizen Province) for Echizen-Matsudaira family.",
"ja": "加賀藩（幕府より松平姓を賜る）の加賀守、越前松平家の越前守など"
}
|
{
"en": "Among Kunimochi daimyo whose territory was large, a prioirty was given to use their territory name for the posts.",
"ja": "大藩の国持大名による領国名優先使用"
}
|
{
"en": "Mutsu no kami (the governor of Mutsu Province) for Sendai Domain, Satsuma no kami (the governor of Satsuma Province) for Satsuma Domain, Chikuzen no kami (the governor of Chikuzen Province) for Fukuoka Domain, and Hizen no kami (the governor of Bizen Province) for Saga Domain, or the like.",
"ja": "仙台藩の陸奥守、薩摩藩の薩摩守、福岡藩の筑前守、佐賀藩の肥前守など。"
}
|
{
"en": "There are also examples of Hidenari MORI being Nagato no kami (the governor of Nagato Province), Mitsuakira ASANO being Aki no kami (the governor of Aki Province), etc at the time of foundation of the bakufu, however, later on Jiju was the highest rank ever given to these families.",
"ja": "この他幕府創成期には毛利秀就の長門守、浅野光晟の安芸守などの例もあったが、これらの家では後に侍従が極官となっている。"
}
|
{
"en": "A ban on sharing the same post as the one of Roju (senior counselor) who does not have a seat in shikoseki of the Edo castle.",
"ja": "伺候席詰め大名以外の老中と同一名乗り禁止"
}
|
{
"en": "When one is promoted to Roju (senior councilor), the daimyo who has the same post and the bakufu officials in his charge get transferred.",
"ja": "老中昇進時に同名乗りの大名及び配下の幕府役人は遷任"
}
|
{
"en": "The case that territory names were used by daimyo other than Kunimochi daimyo.",
"ja": "国持大名以外の領国名使用"
}
|
{
"en": "There were special exceptions such as the Matsuura family in Hizen Province (Hizen no kami, also Iki no kami), the Sanada family in Shinano Province (Shinano no kami, also Izu no kami), and the So family in Tsushima Province (Tushima no kami), etc. who were allowed to use their territory names.",
"ja": "肥前国の松浦氏（肥前守、他には壱岐守）、信濃国の真田氏（信濃守、他には伊豆守）、対馬国の宗氏（対馬守）等は例外として許可"
}
|
{
"en": "A ban on the use of the post such as Mikawa no kami (only allowed for the Tuyama Matsudaira family), Musashi no kami and Yamashiro no kami (from March 25th, 1867)",
"ja": "三河守（津山松平家のみ可）や武蔵守や山城守（慶応3年3月25日より）の禁止"
}
|
{
"en": "Standing in awe of the Bakufu and the Imperial Court, the above names were not used.",
"ja": "幕府と朝廷をはばかる。"
}
|
{
"en": "The posts such as Jibushoyu (Mitsunari ISHIDA) and Owari no kami (Harukata SUE, Norihide MATSUDA) were also detested.",
"ja": "治部少輔（石田三成）や尾張守（陶晴賢、松田憲秀）の忌避"
}
|
{
"en": "It seems strange that the post of Kozuke no suke which had an ominous impression was used by many daimyo and shogunal vassals, and those such as Masazumi HONDA, Masanobu HOTTA, Yoshihisa KIRA and the Mikawa Oguri family all had a miserable end of their lives.",
"ja": "不吉なはずの上野介はなぜか多くの大名や旗本が次々と名乗り、本多正純・堀田正信・吉良義央・三河小栗氏などが不幸な末路になっているのは不思議と言える。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also there is no record that the post of Hyuga no kami (Mitsuhide AKECHI) was especially detested, since it was used for generations by the Mizuno family of Yuki Domain who were the descendants of Katsunari MIZUNO known as Oni-Hyuga (a devil in Hyuga) and also by the Echizen Matsudaira family who were the branch family of the Matsudaira family of Itoigawa Domain.",
"ja": "また、日向守（明智光秀）は水野勝成「鬼日向」の子孫である結城藩水野氏や越前松平家の分家である糸魚川藩松平氏が代々使用しており、特に忌諱された形跡はない。"
}
|
{
"en": "The post of Uemon no jo (Nagamori MASHITA) was avoided because of his opportunistic attitude towards both Eastern and Western troops, and the post of Uhyoe no jo (Masakage YAMAGATA) was avoided because he got promotion by the betrayal of his own brother, while the post of Uemon no suke (Hisamichi MATSUNAGA) was also avoided because both he and his father rebelled against the ruler of the nation at the time twice and killed themselves as a result of that.",
"ja": "右衛門尉（増田長盛）は東西両陣営に日和見、右兵衛尉（山県昌景）は実兄を密告し栄達、右衛門佐（松永久通）は親子で天下人に二度も謀反のうえ自害という理由で避けられた"
}
|
{
"en": "However, the posts such as Sahyoe no jo (Hisama ASAI and Nobushige OYAMADA who made a wrong decision and had an unexpected miserable end), Saemon no kami (Yoshikage ASAKURA and Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA who disintegrated their family state) and Saemon no suke (Nobushige SANADA who fought against the Tokugawa Shogunate during the Battle of Osaka) were accepted without any bad impression and used by the Mito Tokugawa family, the Shonai Sakai family, the Kitsuregawa family (the Ashikaga family), the Kira family, and the Toyama family etc.",
"ja": "しかし、左兵衛尉（浅井久政・小山田信茂など、判断を誤り予期せぬ最期を遂げた）、左衛門督（朝倉義景・小早川秀秋など、家を潰した）、左衛門佐（真田信繁、大坂の陣で徳川幕府に敵対）などが特に悪い印象を持たれず、水戸徳川、庄内酒井、喜連川（足利）、吉良、遠山などに使用された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Its reason and its criteria are unknown.",
"ja": "理由は不明であり基準がよくわからない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shodaibu is the name of class of government officials (especially one of low to medium rank), which was used from ancient times through medieval period to the early-modern times in Japan.",
"ja": "諸大夫（しょだいぶ）は日本の古代から中世、近世にかけての官人の階層の名称。"
}
|
{
"en": "Under the original Ritsuryo system, shodaibu in ocho kokka (royal-court state) referred to jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility) of shii or goi (fourth or fifth rank), or government officials from minor aristocrats who only got promoted to shii (Fourth Rank).",
"ja": "本来の律令体制下、王朝国家における諸大夫は、四位・五位の地下人(じげにん)、または四位までしか昇進出来ない家柄の低い貴族の家に属する官人を指した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Top ranking officials for practical works, who supported the system of the dynasty state from tenth century to twelfth century, were mainly from the families of this class.",
"ja": "10世紀から12世紀にかけての王朝国家体制を支えた実務官人の上層部は主としてこの階層の家柄から供給された。"
}
|
{
"en": "After getting promoted again and again in bureaucracy and being appointed as goi, it was standard practice that they worked at local region as the head of kokushi (provincial governors) who went to the spot or Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), they became the person responsible for ruling local region and invoked the power of the state and strived to make a fortune.",
"ja": "官界で昇進を重ねて五位に叙されると、現地赴任国司の筆頭官、即ち受領として地方勤務に就き、地方統治の責任者になって強権を振るうと共に蓄財に励むのが習いであった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Substantial operation of government-regulated organization or facility in Imperial Court was done by officials from this class.",
"ja": "朝廷の官制機構の実質的な運営はこの階層によって担われた。"
}
|
{
"en": "And also, as you can see that Sei Shonagon and Murasaki Shikibu who developed dynastic style literature were court ladies from this class, people from this class were the important bearers of the culture of dynasty.",
"ja": "また王朝文学を発展させた清少納言や紫式部らがこの階層に出自した女官であったことからわかるように王朝文化の重要な担い手であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "High-ranking warriors in this period also belonged to this class as officials for practical works in charge of military art, and supervised general samurai in samurai class by making them Kenin (retainers).",
"ja": "この時代の上級武士も、武芸担当の実務官人としてこの階層に属しており、侍身分の一般武士を家人とすることで統括していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In recent times, Keishi (household superintendent) such as hereditary house of prince and Sekke (line of regents and advisers) were considered to be equivalent to this class in the Imperial Court and became the official title for them.",
"ja": "近世になると公家においては世襲親王家・摂家などの家司(けいし)がこの階層とされ、これらの職名となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In samurai family, fifth rank daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) were equivalent to this official court rank and called with this official title.",
"ja": "武家においては五位の大名・旗本が、この官位相当であるためこの職名で呼ばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Goshi is historical terminology referring to samurai hierarchy that existed during the Edo period.",
"ja": "郷士（ごうし）とは、江戸時代にあった武士身分の階級の一つをさす歴史学用語。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although it is difficult to establish a common definition because actual rank and method of rule differed depending between the bakufu (shogunate) and each clan.",
"ja": "幕府・各藩により身分や支配の実態が異なる為、共通する定義を打ち立てるのは難しい。"
}
|
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