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translation |
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{
"en": "FUJIWARA no Umakai (Hitachi no kuni no kami [Governor of Hitachi Province], Shogoinojo) administered three provinces, namely Awa Province, Kazusa Province, and Shimosa Province.",
"ja": "藤原宇合（常陸国守、正五位上）は安房国、上総国、下総国の3国を管する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kasamaro (Mino no kuni no kami [Governor of Mino Province], Jushiinojo [Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade]) administered three provinces, namely Owari Province, Mikawa Province, and Shinano Province.",
"ja": "笠麻呂（美濃国守、従四位上）は尾張国、三河国、信濃国の3国を管する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Tajihi agatamori (Musashi no kuni no kami [Governor of Musashi Province], Shoshiinoge [Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade]) administered three provinces, namely Sagami Province, Kozuke Province, and Shimotsuke Province.",
"ja": "多治比縣守（武蔵国守、正四位下）は相模国、上野国、下野国の3国を管する。"
}
|
{
"en": "TAJIHI no Hironari (Echizen no kuni no kami [Governor of Echizen Province], Shogoinoge [Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade]) administered three provinces, namely Noto Province, Ecchu Province, and Echigo Province.",
"ja": "多治比廣成（越前国守、正五位下）は能登国、越中国、越後国の3国を管する。"
}
|
{
"en": "ONO no Umakai (Tanba no kuni no kami [governor of Tanba Province], Shogoinoge) administered three provinces, namely Tango Province, Tajima Province, and Inaba Province.",
"ja": "小野馬養（丹波国守、正五位下）は丹後国、但馬国、因幡国の3国を管する。"
}
|
{
"en": "OKINAGA no Omitari (Izumo no kuni no kami [Governor of Izumo Province], Jugoinoge [Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade]) administered two provinces, namely Hoki Province, and Iwami Province.",
"ja": "息長臣足（出雲国守、従五位下）は伯耆国、石見国の2国を管する。"
}
|
{
"en": "KAMO no Kibimaro (Harima no kuni no kami [Governor of Harima Province], Jushiinoge [Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade]) administered four provinces, namely Bizen Province, Mimasaka Province, Bicchu Province, and Awaji Province.",
"ja": "鴨吉備麻呂（播磨国守、従四位下）は備前国、美作国、備中国、淡路国の4国を管する。"
}
|
{
"en": "TAKAYASU no Okimi (Iyo no kuni no kami [Governor of Iyo Province], Jugoinojo) administered three provinces, namely Awa Province, Sanuki Province, and Tosa Province.",
"ja": "高安王（伊予国守、従五位上）は阿波国、讃岐国、土佐国の3国を管する。"
}
|
{
"en": "OTOMO no Sukunamaro (Bingo no kuni no kami [Governor of Bingo Province], Shogoinoge) administered two provinces, namely Aki Province, and Suo Province.",
"ja": "大伴宿奈麻呂（備後国守、正五位下）は安芸国、周防国の2国を管する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since patrolling and maintaining the public order of the jurisdiction area were the main function of the Azechi, he sometimes received rebels' attack, developing an incident that KAMITSUKENO Hiroto, the Azechi of Mutsu Province, was murdered in the summer of 720.",
"ja": "管轄地域を巡回し治安維持することが按察使の主務であったため賊等の矛先が向けられることもあり、720年（養老4年）夏には陸奥国按察使の上毛野廣人が殺害される事件が発生した。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Imperial court immediately appointed Tajihi agatamori, the Azechi of Musashi Province, as Jisetsu Sei Shogun (the general of conquering east-barbarians), SHIMOTSUKENU no Iwashiro as vice-shogun, and ABE no Suruga as Jisetsu Chinteki Shogun (the general of pacifying north barbarians) to suppress this incident.",
"ja": "朝廷はただちに武蔵国按察使の多治比縣守を持節征夷将軍に任じて下毛野石代を副将軍に、また阿倍駿河を持節鎭狄将軍に据えてこれを鎮圧した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Azechi (in the Meiji Period)",
"ja": "按察使(明治時代)"
}
|
{
"en": "Azechi under the Meiji Government was a government officer to supervise local government.",
"ja": "明治政府における按察使（あぜち）は、地方政治を監督する官である。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was established in 1869 when the governmental regulations were revised after the Ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "1869年（明治2年）政府の官制を律令制にならって改定した際に設置された。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a government post, a director, undersecretary, sei-hangan (inspector), and associate judge were set up.",
"ja": "官職には長官・次官・正判官・権判官を置いた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Only Sanriku (i.e. Rikuzen Province, Rikuchu Province, Mutsu Province), Ryouu (i.e. Uzen Province, Ugo Province), Iwaki Province Azechi Office, and Echigo Azechi Office were established but did not in fact worked and in October 1870, the next year, they were abolished.",
"ja": "三陸（陸前国・陸中国・陸奥国）、両羽（羽前国・羽後国）、磐城国按察使府、越後按察使府が置かれただけで実際に活動することはなく、翌1870年（明治3年）10月に廃止された。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Seven Great Spearmen in Japan are the seven people who were praised for their yaribataraki (spear works) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.",
"ja": "日本槍柱七本は豊臣秀吉によってその槍働きを賞賛された七人。"
}
|
{
"en": "They are also referred to as '日本七槍.'",
"ja": "日本七槍とも。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shigeyuki ONO",
"ja": "小野鎮幸"
}
|
{
"en": "Tadakatsu HONDA",
"ja": "本多忠勝"
}
|
{
"en": "Tadatsune SHIMAZU",
"ja": "島津忠恒"
}
|
{
"en": "Mototsugu GOTO",
"ja": "後藤基次"
}
|
{
"en": "Kanetsugu NAOE",
"ja": "直江兼続"
}
|
{
"en": "Naokage IIDA",
"ja": "飯田直景"
}
|
{
"en": "Hiroie KIKKAWA",
"ja": "吉川広家"
}
|
{
"en": "It is said that the seven people above are the Seven Great Spearmen in Japan.",
"ja": "の七人といわれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Otogishu is the official duties, which existed in families of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period) from the the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) to the early Edo period.",
"ja": "御伽衆（おとぎしゅう）とは、戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代初期にかけて戦国大名家に存在した職掌。"
}
|
{
"en": "Otogishu were the close advisers who were called to their lord's side and gave advice about politics and military affair, while they also reported buhenbanashi (anecdotes about the life of samurai) or situation of various districts to their lord.",
"ja": "主君の側に召し出されて政治や軍事の相談役となり、また武辺話や諸国の動静を伝えたり、世間話の相手も務めた側近。"
}
|
{
"en": "Otogishu was also known as Ohanashi-shu (collocutor of the load), Gohobanshu (officials who accompany shogun) and the brains.",
"ja": "御咄衆、相伴衆、談判衆など、数多くの別称がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the the Sengoku period, otogishu was more likely to be a counselor, therefore, people like Buddhist priest, chief retainer who retired and withdrew to the sidelines, downfallen daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and busho (Japanese military commander) in the form of a Buddhist priest served as otogishu.",
"ja": "戦国時代は参謀としての面が強かったため、僧侶や隠居して第一線から退いた重臣、没落した大名、武将が僧形となり務めることが多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the turbulent age died down, the role of comforting lord's boredom also became to be emphasized, and townspeople who rose suddenly and became innovative power were also called to the lord's presence as otogishu and became new culture bearers at the time of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.",
"ja": "戦乱の世が治まってからは、主君の無聊を慰める役割も重視され、豊臣秀吉の頃には、勃興した新勢力である町人らも召し出され新たな文化の担い手となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "After Edo Period, shogun and territorial lords still had otogishu, however, as political power passed into the hands of chief retainers, power of otogishu had gradually weakened.",
"ja": "江戸時代以降も将軍や諸大名は御伽衆を召し抱えたが、政治の実権が重臣に移るにつれ、次第に勢力は衰えた。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is said that their storytelling spread among the common people and became the origins of kodan storytelling and rakugo (traditional comic storytelling).",
"ja": "彼らの講釈話が庶民に広がり、江戸時代以降の講談や落語の源流となったとも言われている。"
}
|
{
"en": "As Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI was not very good at reading and writing, in order to make up for that he had many otogishu for learning by the ear.",
"ja": "豊臣秀吉は、読み書きが不得手であり、それを補うべく耳学問として御伽衆を多く揃えた。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to one theory, he had 800 otogishu.",
"ja": "一説には800人とも言われる。"
}
|
{
"en": "And also, many otogishu of Hideyoshi came from a good line such as the old shugo family, the family of former his master, or higher ranking busho (Japanese military commander) than him.",
"ja": "また、秀吉の御伽衆には、旧守護家出身など出自が高い者や元々は主筋や目上の武将だった者も多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is said that Hedeyoshi appointed those people as otogishu to show that the man like him from low-class now rose to the highest rank (possible for the subject) in a country and even people of good birth and people from historic families served him.",
"ja": "それは、出自が低い自分が今では位人臣を極め、由緒ある血筋や家柄の者すら従うという意味を込めていたと言われている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Hideyoshi's otogishu from samurai family include Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, Nobukatsu ODA, Nagamasu ODA, Narimasa SASSA, Toyokuni YAMAYA, Keijhun MIYABE, Katsutoshi TAKIGAWA, Shigenari FURUTA and Nagachika KANAMORI.",
"ja": "秀吉の御伽衆として、武家では足利義昭、織田信雄、織田長益、佐々成政、山名豊国、六角義治、宮部継潤、滝川雄利、古田重然、金森長近ら。"
}
|
{
"en": "Those from townspeople include SEN no Rikyu, Sokun IMAI and Shinzaemon SORORI.",
"ja": "町人では千利休、今井宗薫、曽呂利新左衛門らが挙げられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "They supported the reign of Hideyoshi at domestic affairs and gave rise to magnificent Momoyama Culture, while they formed a part of later Japanese Culture, such as completion of wabicha (wabi style of tea ceremony) that pursued simplicity.",
"ja": "彼らは、秀吉の治世を内政面から支えるとともに、壮麗な桃山文化を生み出し、一方で簡素さを追求したわび茶を完成させるなど、のちの日本文化の一面を形づくった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Vice shogun is the post of military officer which was ranked the next position of \"Dai Shogun (the great general)\" or shogun in Japan.",
"ja": "副将軍（ふくしょうぐん）は、日本においては大将軍或いは将軍の次席に位する武官の職である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Under the Ritsuryo system, ranking in order of Dai Shogun, shogun, vice shogun was stipulated, however, in fact, vice shogun was directly placed to Dai shogun, eliminating shogun.",
"ja": "律令制では大将軍、将軍、副将軍という序列が規定されたが、実際には大将軍に対しても将軍を中抜きして副将軍がつけられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Moreover, there was government post as adjutant, a vice-Fukushogun (Vice-Shogun).",
"ja": "さらに副官としての権副将軍という官職もあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Vice shogun under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code)",
"ja": "律令制下の副将軍"
}
|
{
"en": "Under the Ritsuryo system in Japan, there was stipulations concerning vice shogun in Article 24 of Gunboryo (the Statute on Military Defense).",
"ja": "日本の律令制では、軍防令24条に副将軍の規定がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to this, when a commander went to fight, if the number of soldiers was more than 10,000, one shogun and two vice shogun were supposed to be placed.",
"ja": "それによれば、将帥が出征するとき兵一万人以上なら将軍一人、副将軍二人を置く。"
}
|
{
"en": "And, Dai shogun was placed in every three troops.",
"ja": "また、三軍ごとに大将軍一人を置く。"
}
|
{
"en": "In fact, against the stipulations, one to a few vice shogun were appointed.",
"ja": "しかし実際の任命はこの規定通りではなく、任命された副将軍は一人から数人の幅があった。"
}
|
{
"en": "And, shogun was never placed under Dai shogun but vice shogun was directly placed under Dai shogun.",
"ja": "また、大将軍の下に将軍がつけられることはなく、直接に副将軍がつけられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the history book, vice shogun is also written as \"Vice Commander\" (the Chinese character of commander used in the book had almost the same meaning as shogun).",
"ja": "史書には「副使」（使≒将軍）とも記される。"
}
|
{
"en": "For example, OTOMO no Otomaro was appointed as Seito vice shogun in February, 784.",
"ja": "例としては、延暦3年（784年）2月に大伴弟麻呂が征東副将軍に任ぜられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "This appointment of vice shogun was done before the appointment of shogun, a commander in chief of the army to subdue the eastern barbarians, and next year of the appointment of vice shogun, OTOMO no Yakamochi was appointed as Jisetsu Seito Shogun (the general of conquering east-barbarians) and sent punitive force of Ezo.",
"ja": "この副将軍人事は、征東軍の総司令官たる将軍人事よりも前に行われており、副将軍人事の翌年に大伴家持が持節征東将軍に任ぜられ、蝦夷討伐の軍を発している。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, it is well known that SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro was appointed as Seii vice shogun on February 5, 794 as the adjutant for OTOMO no Otomaro, Seii taishogun (Seii great shogun, literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\") who was dispatched to conquer Ezo in Ou by the Imperial Court.",
"ja": "さらに延暦13年（794年）1月1日、朝廷が奥羽の蝦夷を征伐するために派遣した征夷大将軍大伴弟麻呂の副官として坂上田村麻呂を征夷副将軍に任じたのが有名である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Vice-Fukushogun was placed under vice shogun.",
"ja": "さらに、副将軍の下位には権副将軍も置かれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Then, in 811, after FUNYA no Watamaro was appointed as seii shogun (great general who subdues the barbarians), OTOMO no Imando, SAEKI no Mimimaro and SAKANOUE no Takakai received an official appointment as vice shogun.",
"ja": "その後、弘仁2年（811年）に文屋綿麻呂が征夷将軍に任ぜられると、大伴今人・佐伯耳麻呂・坂上鷹養の3名が副将軍を拝命している。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 815, ONO no Himi was appointed as seito vice shogun Mutsu no suke (vice shogun who subdues the eastern barbarians, and assistant governor of Mutsu Province); like this, appointments of vice shogun for the sake of conquest of Ezo in Ou were done several times.",
"ja": "弘仁6年（815年）にはさらに征東副将軍陸奥介に小野氷見が任ぜられており、たびたび奥羽の蝦夷征伐の人事がなされた。"
}
|
{
"en": "With an end of conquest of ezo and appointment of shogun and Daishogun, appointment of vice shogun had became rare.",
"ja": "蝦夷征伐が一応の区切りを見せて、将軍・大将軍の任命がなされなくなったのに伴い、副将軍の任命も稀になった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In mid Heian period, there is a written record that MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto was appointed as Seii vice shogun during the Johei and Tengyo War on March 19, 940.",
"ja": "平安時代中期では、承平天慶の乱の最中の天慶3年(940年)2月8日に源経基が征夷副将軍に任ぜられたとする記録がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "After MINAMOTO no Yoritomo became seii taishogun and established Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and formed military government, there was almost no one who was appointed as vice shogun and in Kamakura period there was no one who was appointed as vice shogun.",
"ja": "源頼朝が征夷大将軍となり鎌倉幕府を開き、武家政権が成立するようになった後も、副将軍を任ずる人事はほとんどなされることはなく、鎌倉時代には一度も副将軍が任ぜられる例はなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Vice shogun in Muromachi period",
"ja": "室町幕府における副将軍"
}
|
{
"en": "In Muromachi period, vice shogun was not permanent, but appointed once or twice.",
"ja": "室町時代においても副将軍は常設ではなかったが、何度か任命された例はある。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1338, the early Muromachi period, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, younger brother of Takauji ASHIKAGA was appointed as Seii fukushogun.",
"ja": "初期の建武(日本)5年（1338年）、足利尊氏の弟足利直義が征夷副将軍に任ぜられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "And also, there is a written record that Norimasa IMAGAWA, who played a role in quelling War of Zenshu UESUGI, was appointed as vice shogun.",
"ja": "また、上杉禅秀の乱の鎮圧に功績があった今川範政が副将軍に任ぜられたとする記録が残されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the late Muromachi period, Koga kubo Ashikaga Clan boasted authority over Kanto Samurai in Kanto region, then Yoshiaki Ashikaga from the same clan proclaimed himself Oyumi kubo in rivalry with Koga kubo's father and son, Takamoto ASHIKAGA and Haruuji ASHIKAGA.",
"ja": "室町後期の関東にあっては古河公方足利氏が関東武士の間において権威を誇っていたが、同氏の出身である足利義明は古河公方足利高基・足利晴氏父子に対抗し、小弓公方を自称した。"
}
|
{
"en": "At this time, Satomi clan, daimyo in the Sengoku period proclaimed himself as Kanto vice shogun, following Yoshiaki.",
"ja": "このとき、安房の戦国大名里見氏は義明を奉じて関東副将軍を自称したとされる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Appointment by Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA",
"ja": "足利義昭による任命例"
}
|
{
"en": "On August, 1568, there is a written record that the fifteenth shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA asked Nobunaga ODA, who performed great deeds for Yoshiaki's assumption of the post of shogun, to serve as vice shogun or administrative post.",
"ja": "永禄11年（1568年）7月、15代将軍足利義昭が自らの将軍職就任に功のあった織田信長に対して副将軍か管領職への就任を要請したという記録が残されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, it is said that Nobunaga declined this offer.",
"ja": "しかし、信長はこれを辞退したとされる。"
}
|
{
"en": "After Yoshiaki and Nobunaga were opposed to each other, Yoshiaki asked Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, an ally of Nobunaga, to become the vice shogun in order to win him to Yoshiaki's side, but it is said that Ieyasu declined this offer.",
"ja": "その後、義昭と信長が対立すると、義昭は信長の同盟者である徳川家康を味方に取り込むために副将軍への就任を要請したが、家康は応じなかったとされる。"
}
|
{
"en": "After Yoshiaki was expelled from Kyoto by Nobunaga and came under the patronage of Mori clan in Tomo, Bingo Province, he appointed Terumoto Mori as vice shogun and tried to re-establish Muromachi bakufu in Tomo.",
"ja": "義昭が信長によって京都を追放され、備後国の鞆にて毛利氏の庇護に入ると、義昭は毛利輝元を副将軍に任じ、鞆において幕府の再建を目指した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although Nobunaga was killed by rebellion of Mitsuhide AKECHI, the ruling power was shifted to the hand of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and Yoshiaki was not able to re-establish Muromachi bakufu.",
"ja": "しかし、信長は明智光秀の謀叛に倒れるものの、天下は豊臣秀吉の手に移り、幕府の再興はならなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Vice shogun in Edo period",
"ja": "江戸時代における副将軍"
}
|
{
"en": "After the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who won The Battle of Sekigahara was appointed as seii taishogun and established Edo bakufu, however, the post \"vice shogun\" was not placed, therefore, no one was appointed as vice shogun in Edo period.",
"ja": "豊臣秀吉の死後、関ヶ原の戦いに勝利した徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任ぜられ、江戸幕府が開かれたが、幕府内に「副将軍」という役職はなく、江戸時代において副将軍が任ぜられることは一度もなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, the lord of the Mito Domain, one of the Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family) is often called as a vice shogun in the world or vice shogun in Mito.",
"ja": "しかし、徳川御三家の一角である水戸藩主は天下の副将軍或いは水戸の副将軍と称されることが多い。"
}
|
{
"en": "Status of the lord of Mito Domain was different from other daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), and they were required to Jofu (a Daimyo feudal lord's retainer who remained permanently in the Edo with the lord's and their own family in the Edo period) in stead of Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) and they were more likely to be the assistant for shogun.",
"ja": "これは、水戸藩主の地位が他の大名と違って、参勤交代せずに常に江戸に留まる定府が義務付けられていたこと、将軍の補佐役としての色彩が強かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "For these reasons, it is said that the lord of Mito Domain became to be called the vice shogun.",
"ja": "ことなどから、そのように呼ばれるようになったとされる。"
}
|
{
"en": "This is not an official but familiar name, that was named by the fact written above.",
"ja": "正式な呼称ではなく、上記のような事実から付いた俗称である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since the lord of Mito Domain was in such an unique status, the bakufu half approved this familiar name, and for example, bakufu didn't crack down on Kodanshi, professional storytellers in Edo called Mitukuni TOKUGAWA \"world-famous vice shogun.\"",
"ja": "水戸藩主はそうした色彩の強い立場ではあったため、幕府もこの俗称を半ば黙認し、例えば江戸市中の講談師が徳川光圀を「天下の副将軍」と語っても、何ら取り締まりをしなかったという。"
}
|
{
"en": "These theories are still believed to be common saying, but feudal retainers of Mito Domain at that time strongly believed these stories.",
"ja": "こうした説は俗説の域を出ないが、当時の水戸藩士はこれを強く信じていたという。"
}
|
{
"en": "Unlike other Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family), the Owari-Tokugawa family and the Kishu-Tokugawa family, the Mito-Tokugawa family was not allowed to produce an heir at the time of extinction of the shogunate family, and official court rank was low status, Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state), and kokudaka (crop yield) was two hundred thousands Goku crop yields smaller than others.",
"ja": "水戸徳川家は同じ御三家である尾張徳川家や紀州徳川家のように、将軍家断絶の際の嗣子を輩出することは許されず、官位も権中納言と低く石高も両家に比べ表高で20万石ほど小さかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Instead, as the Mito-Tokugawa family was held in high esteem as the assistant for shogun, Kodanshi, professional storyteller told that the Mito-Tokugawa family was the world famous vice shogun.",
"ja": "その代わり将軍の補佐役として重きをなしたことなどから、もっとも講談師が水戸藩主を天下の副将軍として語った。"
}
|
{
"en": "At any rate, Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) was done by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA from the Mito-Tokugawa family itself, and post and naming of vice shogun was completely abolished with the end of Edo bakufu and samurai government.",
"ja": "いずれにせよ、当の水戸徳川家の出身である徳川慶喜により大政奉還がなされ、江戸幕府、武家政権そのものが終焉を迎えたことで、副将軍の職及び呼称は完全に消滅したといってよい。"
}
|
{
"en": "\"Vice shogun\" today",
"ja": "現代における「副将軍」"
}
|
{
"en": "In the period drama \"Mito Komon\", which depicts Mitukuni TOKUGAWA's journey through various districts in the nation on the basis of the fact that the head of Mito-Tokugawa family, one of the gosanke, was called \"the world famous vice-shogun\" although it was common saying, he was portrayed as \"world famous vice shogun\" and \"former vice shogun\" (because he resigned his post and was retired).",
"ja": "俗説とはいえ御三家の一つ水戸徳川家の当主が「天下の副将軍」などと称されたことを元に、徳川光圀の諸国漫遊の旅を描いた時代劇「水戸黄門」では光圀を「天下の副将軍」「前の副将軍」（水戸藩主の地位を譲って隠居の身であるので）として描いている。"
}
|
{
"en": "The popularity of this drama has made people identify Mitukuni TOKUGAWA with the world famous vice shogun, causing a misunderstanding that he was officially appointed as the vice shogun or the post of vice shogun was officially established in Edo bakufu.",
"ja": "このドラマの人気が、徳川光圀＝天下の副将軍という認識が定着する要因となっており、正式に副将軍に任ぜられた、或いは江戸幕府の公式な役職として副将軍が設置されていたという誤解を生んでいる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Today, at each city, town and village in Ibaraki Prefecture including Mito City where was old territorial land of the Mito Domain, jizake (local sake) and local product named \"vice shogun\" are sold in connection with Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA, and the naming \"vice shogun in Mito\" is used as one of the brand.",
"ja": "現在、水戸藩の旧領地であった水戸市をはじめとする茨城県内各市町村においては、徳川光圀にちなみ、「副将軍」と称する地酒や産物を販売しており、「水戸の副将軍」という呼称はひとつのブランドとしても用いられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Joshi was an upper-class feudal retainer in the Edo period.",
"ja": "上士（じょうし）は、江戸時代の上級藩士である。"
}
|
{
"en": "When samurai were classified from the upper to lower classes as Joshi, Heishi, and Goshi, Joshi was the highest social standing among them.",
"ja": "上士や平士、郷士等と分けたときの最上位の家格のことである。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Tosa Domain was known for creating a strict distinction between Joshi and Goshi (country samurai).",
"ja": "土佐藩は上士と郷士の区別が厳しかったことで知られる。"
}
|
{
"en": "When the Yamauchi clan entered the Tosa Province, retainers and followers of the Chosokabe clan, which had ruled the Tosa Province by then, were designated as Goshi, and retainers of the Yamauchi clan from the early age as Joshi; this is the beginning of this classification.",
"ja": "山内氏の土佐入封時、それまで土佐を支配していた長宗我部氏の家臣団や郎党らを郷士とし、それ以前からの山内家家臣らを上士としたのが始まり。"
}
|
{
"en": "The difference is analogous to that between Fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassalage to the Tokugawas) and Tozama daimyo (a daimyo who was not a hereditary vassal of the Tokugawa family).",
"ja": "いわば徳川氏にとっての譜代大名と外様大名の差異に近いもの。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the Tosa Domain, a strict distinction between Joshi and Goshi was rigidly maintained; the spectrum of distinction ranged widely such that only Joshi was allowed to wear Tabi (split-toe socks), Geta (a Japanese wooden clog), and Higasa (a parasol).",
"ja": "土佐藩では上士と郷士の間では厳然たる差別が徹底され、たとえば足袋や下駄、日傘の着用は上士にしか認められないなど多岐に渡っていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Hanpeita TAKECHI, who organized the Tosakinno Party in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, and Ryoma SAKAMOTO were Goshi while Hisamoto HIJIKATA, Shojiro GOTO, and Taisuke ITAGAKI, who assumed key posts after Meiji Restoration, belonged to Joshi.",
"ja": "幕末に土佐勤皇党を結成した武市半平太や坂本竜馬らは郷士であり、一方明治維新後に重役に就いた土方久元、後藤象二郎や板垣退助らは上士であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) established the post of 'Kyooyaku' during the Edo period to have someone provide entertainment for messengers of the emperor (who were known as \"chokushi\"), messengers of the retired emperor (who were known as \"inshi\"), or messengers of the empress (who were known as \"nyoinshi\") that had been sent to Edo.",
"ja": "饗応役(きょうおうやく)とは、江戸時代、天皇・太上天皇・皇后より派遣されて江戸に下向してきた使者(それぞれ勅使・院使・女院使)を接待するために江戸幕府が設けた役職である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Mostly, tozama daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lord) was appointed as kyooyaku.",
"ja": "主に外様大名が任命された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kyooyaku was also called \"gochisoyaku\", \"settaiyaku\"or \"kanbanyaku.\"",
"ja": "御馳走役・接待役・館伴役ともいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is known that ASANO Takumi no Kami, who was famous for Chushingura (The treasury of Loyal Retainers), served as kyooyaku for the imperial messenger when he had a sword fight with KIRA Kozuke no Suke.",
"ja": "忠臣蔵で有名な浅野内匠頭は吉良上野介への刃傷の際に勅使饗応役を務めていたことで知られる。"
}
|
{
"en": "On every New Year's Day, Seii Taishogun (literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\") of the Edo bakufu dispatched hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) called koke (privileged family under Tokugawa Shogunate) to Kyoto to make New Year's greetings to the emperor and the retired emperor.",
"ja": "毎年正月には幕府征夷大将軍は、高家という旗本たちを派遣して京都の天皇と上皇に対して年賀を奏上する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In response, the emperor and the retired emperor dispatched their messengers to Edo for a return visit from the end of February to mid-March.",
"ja": "これに対して天皇と上皇は、答礼として2月下旬から3月半ばにかけて勅使(天皇の使者)と院使(上皇の使者)を江戸へ派遣する。"
}
|
{
"en": "This was an annual event in the Edo period.",
"ja": "これが江戸時代の毎年の恒例行事であった。"
}
|
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