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{ "en": "Messengers of the emperor or the retired emperor who visited Edo stayed at the bakufu's special residence for imperial messengers, where Kyooyaku entertained them, presented expensive gifts to them, improved the interior of the places where they visited and kept their company.", "ja": "江戸へ下向した勅使と院使は江戸にいる間は幕府の伝奏屋敷に滞在するのだが、ここで御馳走をふるまったり、高価な進物を献上したり、勅使院使の行く先のインテリアを良くしたり、お話し相手になったりするのが饗応役である。" }
{ "en": "In many cases, tozama daimyo who was a lord of a castle with territory of 40,000 to 70,000 koku became Kyooyaku for messengers of the emperor, while tozama daimyo of jinya (regional government office) with territory of 10,000 to 30,000 koku became Kyooyaku for those of the retired emperor.", "ja": "勅使饗応役に就任するのは、4万石から7万石前後の所領を持つ城主の外様大名、院使饗応役に就任するのは1万石から3万石前後の陣屋の外様大名であることが多かった。" }
{ "en": "As entertaining the messengers of the emperor or the retired emperor cost a huge amount of money, the Edo bakufu appointed only tozama daimyo as Kyooyaku to prevent them from saving extra money.", "ja": "勅使と院使の饗応には莫大な予算がかかることから、幕府は余計な蓄財をさせない意味で外様大名ばかりを任命した。" }
{ "en": "However, to prevent boorish daimyo, who served in the position alone, from behaving in an impolite manner toward messengers of the emperor or the retired emperor, there was a rule that Koke-kimoiri (a kind of mentor for nobles who was familiar with manners and rules of etiquette that had to be observed for members of the Imperial Court) served as an instructor (or an adviser) for Kyooyaku daimyo.", "ja": "だが、武骨な大名が一人でつとめて天皇や上皇の使者に対して無礼があったりしてもいけないので、饗応役の大名には朝廷への礼儀作法に通じた高家肝煎が指南役(口添え役とも)につくのが決まりであった。" }
{ "en": "Kyooyaku daimyo also had to give expensive gifts to koke as instruction fees.", "ja": "饗応役の大名はこの高家に対しても指南料として高価な進物を贈らねばならなかった。" }
{ "en": "According to \"Tokugawa Jikki\" (collection of official records of the Edo bakufu), it was 1632 when a series of custom (imperial messengers leave the capital and daimyo entertain them) was established.", "ja": "こうした勅使が下向・大名が饗応という一連の慣例が確立したのは｢徳川実紀｣で見たところ寛永9年(1632年)の時のようである。" }
{ "en": "And except this event, as messengers of the emperor or the retired emperor were sent to Edo and/or Nikko when needed, Kyooyaku was selected each time.", "ja": "またこの行事以外にも必要に応じて勅使や院使が江戸や日光へ送られることがあるので、そのたび饗応役は選任された。" }
{ "en": "Chokushisho was an extra statutory office established in the latter half of the Nara period under the ritsuryo system.", "ja": "勅旨省（ちょくししょう）は日本律令制で奈良時代後期に設置された令外官。" }
{ "en": "Chokushisho attended the emperors and ex-emperors and managed to implement the imperial orders smoothly; it also administered and managed the Imperial estate.", "ja": "天皇・太上天皇に近侍してその勅旨を奉じて円滑な実施を図るとともに、その家産経営を掌った。" }
{ "en": "Empress Koken abdicated the throne in favor of Emperor Junin because of illness; however, she recovered from the illness due to Buddhist priest Dokyo's prayer and began positively intervening in the Emperor Junin's administration.", "ja": "孝謙天皇は病気により淳仁天皇に位を譲位したが道鏡の加持祈祷によって回復し積極的に政治に介入するようになった。" }
{ "en": "Gradually, confrontation emerged between the Retired Empress Koken and the Emperor Junin.", "ja": "これにより上皇側と天皇側が対立し始めた。" }
{ "en": "There the Retired Empress established Chokushisho in 762.", "ja": "そこで762年に上皇によって勅旨省が設置された。" }
{ "en": "Chokushisho functioned as the Retired Empress's secretariat office, procured goods and services over the head of the Great Council of State.", "ja": "勅旨省は上皇の官房機関として働き太政官を介せずに調達を行った。" }
{ "en": "Even after the Retired Empress ascended the throne again, Chokushisho remained as Dokyo's strong organization.", "ja": "上皇が再び即位した後も機能し続け､道鏡政権の有力な権力機関として存在し続けた。" }
{ "en": "After Emperor Konin was enthroned (succeeding to Empress Shotoku), Chokushisho kept functioning as a procurement office, though the size was reduced.", "ja": "光仁天皇が即位した後も規模を縮小しながら調達機関として働いた。" }
{ "en": "Regulations for Chokushisho were mostly unknown--It was supposedly staffed by one Kyo (Minister), one Taifu (Senior Assistant Minister), two Shoyu (Junior Assistant Minister), two Taijo (Senior Secretary), two Shojo (Junior Secretary), two Daisakan (Senior Recorder), and two Shosakan (Junior Recorder).", "ja": "官制については不明な点が多いが、卿・大輔が各1名、少輔・大丞・少丞・大録・少録は各2名の定員であったと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "FUJIWARA no Tadamaro was the only Chokushisho official whose name appears in a record: He served as Chokushi-Kyo and died in 779 during his service.", "ja": "なお、記録上唯一勅旨卿として名前が知られているのは、779年に在任中に死去した藤原縄麻呂のみである。" }
{ "en": "Under the control of Dokyo, major organizations such as Zogusho (Ministry of Making and Mending Palaces), Nijusho (Ministry of Royal Pages), Hoogushiki (a post of domestic governing institution for Dokyo), Zojishi (officials in charge of building temples), Konoehei-Ryoge no kan (a post outside the original Ritsuryo code created by Imperial edicts) were established one after the other, and that weighed on the Imperial Court financially: In 782, an administrative reform was carried out and Chokushisho was abolished, with its business succeeded by Chokushisho (Imperial Decree Office).", "ja": "道鏡政権ではこの他､造宮省・内豎省・法王宮職・造寺司・近衛兵令外官など巨大機関が乱立し朝廷財政を圧迫したため782年に行政改革の一環として廃止され業務は勅旨所に引き継がれた。" }
{ "en": "Later, Kurodo dokoro (Board of Archivists) was established and took over the Chokushisho.", "ja": "しかし、やがて蔵人所の設置により業務を奪われて消滅した。" }
{ "en": "This organization is considered to have imitated Shibi chudai, which transmitted orders from Empress Dowager Komyo.", "ja": "この機関は光明皇太后の命令を伝達する紫微中台を模倣したものと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "Tenjobito/Uebito was a court official of fifth rank or above in Japanese pre-modern government organization and permitted to enter the emperor's private living quarters, i.e., the south side of the emperor's residence Seiryoden.", "ja": "殿上人（てんじょうびと/うえびと）は、日本の官制において五位以上の者のうち、天皇の日常生活の場である清涼殿南廂へ昇ることを許された者のこと。" }
{ "en": "The Japanese term \"Shoden\" means to enter the Tenjo no ma (anteroom for nobles) in the emperor's residence, and an official below the fifth rank (for example, a chamberlain of sixth rank) who was permitted to enter the Tenjo No Ma under exceptional circumstances belonged to Tenjobito.", "ja": "清涼殿の殿上の間（ま）に昇ることを昇殿（しょうでん）と呼び、五位以上でない六位蔵人も例外的に昇殿を許され殿上人に含まれる。" }
{ "en": "Tenjobito had their names registered in the court roster called 'Senseki', which also meant Tenjobito.", "ja": "殿上の名簿にその名を記されたため、仙籍ともいう。" }
{ "en": "Tenjobito was ordered to undertake the night duty in the Imperial Palace in exchange for the permission to enter the emperor's residence.", "ja": "殿上人は昇殿許可に対して宿直（とのい）を命ぜられ、これに従う。" }
{ "en": "Tenjobito included those who were permitted to enter the retired emperor's residence and the crown prince's residence.", "ja": "院や東宮の昇殿を許されたものも指す。" }
{ "en": "Later, Tenjobito began to mean those who were permitted to wait on the emperor as trusted vessel; whichever the meaning, the privilege was untransferable and only effective until the emperor, the retired emperor or the crown prince changed.", "ja": "後代には近臣としての伺候を許されたものを指すようになるが、いずれも天皇や院、東宮の一代限りであり、代替わりにあたっては殿上人の身分を失った。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, when the privilege ended, the nobles needed to have the imperial permission anew to enter the emperor's residence.", "ja": "このため、再び昇殿するには再勅許が必要であった。" }
{ "en": "Saiguryo was an extra statutory office established under the ritsuryo system, placed in Ise Province.", "ja": "斎宮寮（さいぐうりょう）は日本の律令制において伊勢に置かれた令外官。" }
{ "en": "Saiguryo looked after the dairy life of maiden Imperial princesses Saigu (Ise Saio), who served as priestesses of the Ise-jingu Shrine.", "ja": "斎宮寮は伊勢神宮に奉仕していた未婚の皇女斎宮（伊勢斎王）一般の世話を職掌とする。" }
{ "en": "Saigu lived in the innermost house of the Saiguryo office, which was placed in Taki County in Ise Province.", "ja": "斎宮寮の役所は伊勢国多気郡に置かれ斎宮はその内院で暮らした。" }
{ "en": "For convenience of Saigu, Saiguryo took after the Imperial Court in Kyoto with a large organization of more than 120 officials including the head and its subordinate thirteen offices shared the duties including secretariat, cleaning, and medical care.", "ja": "斎宮が不便をしないよう､京都の朝廷を模した長官の頭以下120名以上に及ぶ大規模な官司で配下にある十三の役所が出納・清掃・医療などの事務を分掌した。" }
{ "en": "Saiguryo was divided into three areas: the innermost area was Saigu's residence; the middle area was the residence of the head and other leading members; and the outer area was the residence and working place of the lower-level officials.", "ja": "斎宮寮は三つも区域に分かれ､最奥部の内院に斎宮が､中院に頭以下の幹部が､そして外院に下級職員が暮らし､そして事務を行っていた。" }
{ "en": "The remains of Saiguryo is designated a national historic site as 'Saiku ato' (the remains of Saiku).", "ja": "寮跡は斎宮跡として国の史跡に指定されている。" }
{ "en": "Although the established period of the organization relating to Saigu has not been determined, it is recognized that the predecessor of Saiguryo existed as an extra statutory office when the Taiho Ritsuryo codes were enforced.", "ja": "斎宮に関する組織の設置起源は判明していないが大宝律令施行当初から令外官として斎宮司が存在していたことが確認されている。" }
{ "en": "At first, the organization ranked Tsukasa (Office), then raised to Ryo (Bureau) in 718.", "ja": "最初は司で718年に寮に昇格した。" }
{ "en": "In March 27, 1979, the remains of Saiku was designated a national historic site.", "ja": "斎宮跡は、1979年（昭和54年）3月27日、国の史跡に指定されている。" }
{ "en": "Meiwa-cho, Taki County, Mie Prefecture", "ja": "三重県多気郡明和町(三重県)" }
{ "en": "Cavalry was a military force formed by soldiers mounting on horseback, armed with swords, spears, and guns.", "ja": "騎馬隊（cavalry）（きばたい）とは、兵士が馬にまたがり刀剣や槍、銃などで武装した兵士たちを集めて戦闘団にしたもの。" }
{ "en": "Mounted soldiers had the advantages of high speed and great impact over their opponents on foot.", "ja": "歩兵と比較して高い機動力、衝力を誇る。" }
{ "en": "In the Medieval ｐeriod, only a person of high rank (samurai or knight) was able to join cavalry.", "ja": "中世当時、位の高い者達(侍・騎士)しかなれなかった。" }
{ "en": "Today, it almost lost its original function and became one of the features of ceremony.", "ja": "現在では、本来の役目ではなく式典の名物のひとつとなっていることが多い。" }
{ "en": "The police cavalry often patrol the city even now.", "ja": "現在でも警察の騎馬隊が町をパトロールする姿は少なくない。" }
{ "en": "(In England and other countries)", "ja": "(ｲｷﾞﾘｽなど)" }
{ "en": "History", "ja": "歴史" }
{ "en": "After the ancient Japanese military system based on the Ritsuryo codes was replaced with the Kokuga forces system (provincial forces system), the term \"Japanese cavalry\" was used to refer to troops composed of units of mounted warriors, which amounted to a major military force, and their attendants (known as Jusotsu [officer's servants] or Buke hokonin [servants to samurai families] depending on the times).", "ja": "日本の騎馬隊は古代日本の軍制が律令制に基づく軍団(古代日本)から国衙軍制へ転換して以降、軍事力の中心となった騎馬武者とその供(時代により従卒、武家奉公人と言われる)を基本単位として構成された部隊を指していた。" }
{ "en": "Until the emergence of ashigaru (foot soldiers) as combat personnel, it was generally accepted that official battles were basically conducted only by cavalry of samurai groups.", "ja": "足軽が戦闘要員として台頭するまでは基本的に公儀の戦闘は武士団騎馬隊のみが行うものと認識されていた。" }
{ "en": "After the Sengoku period (Japan), when ashigaru began to be recognized as a new fighting force, the military system of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku peiord) shifted to that in which defense was regarded as a fundamental.", "ja": "戦国時代(日本)以降、足軽が新たな戦闘力として認識されると、戦国大名の軍制は備を基本としたものへ変貌した。" }
{ "en": "Under these circumstances, the main duty of the cavalry as a defense force was to break through the front-line of ashigaru troops or to launch counterattacks against the opponent's ashigaru troops.", "ja": "その中で騎馬隊は備の一隊として足軽隊の形成した前線の突破、又はそれらに対する逆襲が主な任務とされた。" }
{ "en": "Cavalry deployed for a defence force unit was composed of twenty to fifty horsemen; each horseman received an annual stipend of about 200 to 300 koku.", "ja": "一備に配備される騎馬隊は二十～五十騎で編成されており、騎馬隊々士の知行は二百石から三百石程度である。" }
{ "en": "In principle, each samurai paid his own expenses during the military service; his attendants (Buke hokonin) accompanying him were mostly rearguard supporters such as spear carriers or provision transporters except young samurai who served to protect him (one to two persons for each horseman).", "ja": "彼ら侍の軍役は自弁が原則である為、引き連れてゆく供(武家奉公人)は自身の援護に付く若党(1騎に対し1~2人)を除けば、槍持や小荷駄といった後方要員がその殆どを占めていた。" }
{ "en": "Speaking of cavalry, the one that belonged to Shingen TAKEDA in the Kai Province during the Sengoku period was famous because of following reasons; the imperial pastures were established in the Kai and Shinano Provinces from ancient times, so there were many people who excelled in handling horses, and also many places for breeding horses; these areas had an image symbolized by the legend of a black horse of Kai; the horses bred in these areas showed high mobile ability in mountainous regions.", "ja": "また、騎馬隊といえば、戦国期甲斐国の武田信玄の騎馬隊が有名であるが、これは古来から甲斐や信濃国に御牧が設置され騎馬の扱いに長けた者や馬の産地が多く甲斐の黒駒伝承に象徴されるイメージ的な要素や、かの地の馬が山岳機動に優れた能力を示したといった様々な説が唱えられている。" }
{ "en": "Cavalry operations", "ja": "戦術" }
{ "en": "In the Heian period, shooting arrows on horseback was the main battle style of mounted warriors; after the Jisho-Juei Civil War, a new battle style appeared, in which a mounted warrior crushed into the enemy together with his horse, wrestled the enemy on horseback, killed the enemy by thowing him off from the horse.", "ja": "騎馬武者の戦闘法は平安時代においては騎射が主流であったが、治承・寿永の乱の頃より馬ごと相手にぶつかり、馬上で相撲を行い、落馬させて首を取るという新たな戦闘スタイルが登場する。" }
{ "en": "Even until the Kamakura period, shooting arrows on horseback as typified in Yabusame (horseback archery) was the main style; from the late Kamakura period to the Muromachi period, this trend was accelerated due to the emergence of villains and armed peasants, and the battle style of mounted warriors shifted to the use of cutting weapons such as a long sword or a Japanese halberd.", "ja": "鎌倉時代まではそれでも流鏑馬に代表される様に騎射が主流であったが、鎌倉時代後期から室町時代になると悪党・野伏などの出現によりこの傾向は更に加速され、騎馬武者の戦闘は斬撃武器である長巻や薙刀を用いる様になる。" }
{ "en": "The style of a body-armor also shifted from Oyoroi (heavy armor) to Haramaki (a breast protection); a shallow saddle was more used than a deep one.", "ja": "甲冑も大鎧から腹巻へと変わり、鞍の深さも浅いものへとなった。" }
{ "en": "When the Sengoku period started, spears introduced around the same time became the main weapon used by mounted warriors, and also listed as must-have items for a military service.", "ja": "戦国時代に突入すると、騎馬武者の使用武器は同時期に発案された槍が主流となり、軍役にも装備するべき武器として記載される様になる。" }
{ "en": "However, since each samurai paid his own expences during the military service as mentioned before, the war outfit was almost left to the discretion of individuals; each samurai used various arms such as a bow, a gun, a spear or even a Japanese halberd carried by Buke hokonin.", "ja": "もっとも、先述した様に侍は自弁である為、軍装に関してはかなりの自由裁量が認められており、弓・鉄砲又は槍の替わりに薙刀を武家奉公人に持たす事で様々な武器を扱った。" }
{ "en": "In addition, unlike other arms, a Japanese sword was consistently worn in person from the Heian period mainly to show social status, and was regarded as a supplementary outfit for practical purposes.", "ja": "因みに日本刀は他の武器とは異なり、平安時代より一貫して自身が持つ武器であるが、これは身分を示すものとして佩用されるのが主な理由で、実用としては副武装の位置にある。" }
{ "en": "(It does not mean that nobody used a Japanese sword as a main weapon.)", "ja": "（刀を主要武器として使わない者が皆無であったという意味ではない。）" }
{ "en": "Initially, mounted warriors in the Sengoku period seemed to rush at the enemy's position by riding on horseback.", "ja": "戦国時代の騎馬武者も当初は騎乗突撃をもって敵陣に突入していた様である。" }
{ "en": "(For that occasion, young samurai, who followed close behind mounted warriors, probably caught up with them easily because the distance to the enemy was only 100 meters in consideration of shooting range of a matchlock gun.)", "ja": "(この時、若党は後続させていたが敵陣との距離は火縄銃の射程を考慮すれば100m以下であるので、追い付くのは容易であろう。)" }
{ "en": "However, with the increase of ashigaru and the emergence of its military strategy against cavalry, rushing at the enemy's position on foot by dismounting from the horse became common first in the western part of Japan, and later throughout the country.", "ja": "しかし足軽の増大と彼らが繰り出す対騎馬隊戦法により、先ず西国から、後には全国的に馬から降りて徒歩で突撃する様になった。" }
{ "en": "(Aming at horses was considered very important in both Yaribusuma [a line of long spears held ready to attack] and shooting by musket troops against mounted warriors.)", "ja": "(騎馬武者に対する長槍による槍衾、鉄砲隊による射撃は双方とも馬を狙う事が肝要とされている)。" }
{ "en": "However, back from the Heian period, mounted warriors performed land battle when necessary; after land battle became common, they fought from horseback whenever occasion arose, and responded flexibly to the enemy's strategy.", "ja": "しかしそれ以前、平安時代より騎馬武者は必要があれば下馬戦闘も行ってきたし、下馬戦闘が主流になった後も機会があれば騎乗突撃を行っているなど、相手の戦法によって柔軟に運用している。" }
{ "en": "The Genjina (professional names) are nomenclature named after the classic book Genji Monogatari (The Tale of Genji).", "ja": "源氏名（げんじな）とは、源氏物語にちなんで付けられた名前のこと。" }
{ "en": "The Genjina is a professional name that is assumed by or given to women and the practice owes its origins to the classic book Genji Monogatari.", "ja": "源氏名とは、源氏物語にちなんで女性に付けられた（あるいは女性が名乗った）名前のことである。" }
{ "en": "From the middle ages at first through to recent times such names were used by ladies at court who served the nobility.", "ja": "当初は中世から近世にかけて公家に仕えた女官の名のことであった。" }
{ "en": "However, subsequently the Genjina were apparently used by waiting maids of samurai family.", "ja": "しかし、後に武家の奥女中などにおいても用いられるようになった。" }
{ "en": "The earliest use of 'Genjina' that can be validated is the name which appears in the book \"Sanetaka koki\" (the journal of Sanetaka SANJONISHI).", "ja": "「源氏名」を使用したことが確認できる最も早い事例は、『実隆公記』に記載されている。" }
{ "en": "Umegae' (died December 11, 1505) was the Genjina of a woman who served as a maid servant to Sanetaka SANJONISHI.", "ja": "「梅枝」という名の三条西実隆に下女として仕え永正2年（1505年）11月6日に死去した女性である。" }
{ "en": "There were conditions associated with assuming a Genjina as follows:", "ja": "源氏名とされるための条件は以下のようなものである。" }
{ "en": "In the strictest sense, the names were limited to the 54 chapter titles of Genji Monogatari.", "ja": "最狭義には五十四帖の巻名のいずれかそのものに限られる。" }
{ "en": "In addition to this strict sense of meaning can be added the names of protagonists appearing in the Genji Monogatari.", "ja": "狭義にはそれに加えて源氏物語の登場人物にちなむものを含む。" }
{ "en": "In a broader sense, Genjina could be interpreted to mean names that bear no direct relationship with Genji Monogatari however, are names that are reminiscent of the grace that is encapsulated by the Genji Monogatari.", "ja": "広義には源氏物語とは直接の関係ないが源氏物語を連想させるような雅な名前を含む。" }
{ "en": "Initially in the bygone Heian period there was a custom that prostitutes assumed elegant names.", "ja": "もともと遊女には古くは平安時代から本名とは異なる優雅な名前を名乗る習慣があった。" }
{ "en": "In the Edo period Genjina were used by prostitutes in the red light districts (at which stage the \"Genjina\" bore no relationship with the previous usage and there was a proliferation of such names).", "ja": "江戸時代の遊郭で遊女が源氏名を使用した（但しこの段階で源氏物語とは余り関係の無い『源氏名』が多くなったとされる）。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, from that point onwards the names lost all sense of linkage with the Genji Monogatari once workers in the bar and nightlife industry called themselves by such names in the workplace and now it bacame tradition.", "ja": "このことから、水商売の現場で働く人々が仕事の上で使う名前を源氏物語とは特に関係が無くとも源氏名と呼ぶようになり、慣習となっている。" }
{ "en": "Kihei Taishogun was a military official established in the Nara period under the ritsuryo system.", "ja": "騎兵大将軍(きへいたいしょうぐん)とは、奈良時代、日本の律令制において設置された武官。" }
{ "en": "Kihei Taishogun was a commander to head cavalrymen who were conscripted throughout Japan, and led the cavalry to escort and dignify the entrance of foreign envoy or Imperial visit.", "ja": "外国の使臣入京や天皇行幸の列などの威儀を張るため、または警衛のために諸国より徴発された騎兵を率いる指揮官のこと。" }
{ "en": "It is also called 'Kiheishi'.", "ja": "騎兵司。" }
{ "en": "Summary", "ja": "概要" }
{ "en": "Kihei Taishogun first appeared in \"Shoku Nihongi\" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) entry dated the eleventh month, the day of Kinoto-Ushi in 705, when KI no Komaro was appointed Kihei Taishogun to meet and escort the Shilla envoy; it was also recorded that when FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu raised the army in Kyushu against the throne at the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu in 740, Emperor Shomu went to Iga and Ise Provinces with FUJIWARA no Nakamaro as Zen (front) Kihei Taishogun and KI no Maro as Go (rear) Kihei Taishogun, guarded by 400 cavalrymen.", "ja": "騎兵大将軍は『続日本紀』の慶雲2年(705年)11月乙丑条の新羅使を迎えた迎えた際に、紀古麻呂を任じたのが初見であり、天平12年(740年)に藤原広嗣が九州で謀叛した藤原広嗣の乱において、聖武天皇が伊賀国、伊勢国に行幸した際、藤原仲麻呂を前騎兵大将軍、紀麻路を後騎兵大将軍に任じ、400もの騎兵に警衛させたことが記録されている。" }
{ "en": "When Emperor Shotoku visited Yuge, Kawachi Province in 765, FUJIWARA no Tadamaro and Kyofuku KUDARANOKONIKISHI were appointed respective Kihei Taishogun.", "ja": "天平神護元年(765年)、称徳天皇が河内国弓削に行幸した際には、藤原縄麻呂、百済王敬福を各騎兵大将軍に任じた。" }
{ "en": "Jigenin' or 'Shimobito' is one of the statuses of aristocrats in Japan.", "ja": "地下人（じげにん/しもびと）は、日本における貴族身分の一つ。" }
{ "en": "Jigenin can also be called simply 'jige.'", "ja": "単に地下（じげ）ともいう。" }
{ "en": "Jigenin was a court official who was not given imperial sanction to access to the imperial court.", "ja": "昇殿の勅許を得ていない官吏・官人のこと。" }
{ "en": "Later, samurai warriors and commoners of the corresponding status were also called Jigenin.", "ja": "後に同様の身分である武士や庶民も含んで呼称されるようになった。" }
{ "en": "Even the families which were conferred upon the title of the peerage such as count or viscount after the Meiji period were called Jigenin if they were not originally court nobles.", "ja": "明治時代以降、侯爵や伯爵などの華族に列せられた家でも、元公家でなければ地下人と呼ばれた。" }
{ "en": "In principle, if an official obtained the third rank, i.e., status of high court noble, he was permitted to enter the Imperial Palace; however, a noble of the fourth or fifth rank, or even a chamberlain of the sixth rank were permitted to enter the Imperial Palace ('Tenjobito') if they were given imperial sanction.", "ja": "原則として三位の位階を得れば（公卿身分の獲得）昇殿が許され、四位・五位の貴族や六位でも蔵人の地位にあるものは勅許があれば昇殿が許されていた（殿上人）。" }
{ "en": "Conversely, those who do not match these conditions are Jigenin--A high ranked noble, who should have been given imperial sanction according to the principle but was not given due to political or personal reasons, was classified as Jigenin, called 'a high ranked noble of Jige' 'kandachime of Jige'.", "ja": "逆に言えば、これに当てはまらない者が地下人にあたるわけであるが、原則的には当然に勅許を得られるはずの公卿であっても政治的・個人的理由で勅許を得られない者も地下人であり、これを「地下の公卿」・「地下の上達部」と呼んだ。" }
{ "en": "Jigenin of fourth or fifth rank was called 'shodaibu (masters) of Jige'.", "ja": "四位・五位の地下人は「地下の諸大夫」と呼ばれた。" }
{ "en": "When the family ranks were gradually defined after the middle ages, the families were clearly divided without regard to the official ranks: Toshoke, the families permitted to enter the Imperial Palace; and Jigeke, the families held the status of Jigenin.", "ja": "中世以後、次第に家格が定められると、位階に関係なく昇殿できる家柄（堂上家）と地下人のままの家柄（地下家）に厳格に分けられるようになった。" }
{ "en": "Yonin was a member of the organization that formed part of a samurai family during the Edo period.", "ja": "用人（ようにん）は、江戸時代の武家の職制のひとつ。" }
{ "en": "The Yonin handled feudal related matters on behalf of the whole samurai family and, was the key figure responsible for administering a broad range of matters.", "ja": "封建制の用向きを家中に伝達して、庶務を司ることを主たる役目とした。" }
{ "en": "As such, it was common to select a capable individual for the role of Yonin.", "ja": "有能な者から選ばれることが多かった。" }
{ "en": "It is also known as Goyonin.", "ja": "御用人（ごようにん）とも。" }
{ "en": "Yonin were also known to be called Soba-Yonin (adjutant steward), Ko-Yonin (assistants of Daimyo (feudal lords) and Komyo (minor feudal lords)), Hiroshiki-Yonin (Daimyo's wife's steward or, key steward in a merchant household).", "ja": "用人には、側用人・公用人・広敷用人と呼ばれる用人が知られている。" }
{ "en": "However, in a broader sense, the role of Yonin included all the above roles however, in this text the Yonin meaning is interpreted in a narrow sense.", "ja": "しかし、広義の用人にはこれらの全てが含まれるが、ここでは主に狭義の用人の意味について解説する。" }
{ "en": "The Yonin role was mainly responsible for taking care of the lord's affairs.", "ja": "用人は、主君の用向きを伝えることを主たる役目とする。" }
{ "en": "However, the role Soba-Yonin refers to the individual mainly responsible for dealing with a lord's domain and senior vassals.", "ja": "しかし、側用人が設置されている諸藩・大身旗本にあった。" }

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