translation
translation |
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{
"en": "The Soba-Yonin is said to have mainly handled the lord's 'general business including private and political affairs' and, dealings with others.",
"ja": "側用人は、主君の「私事・家政の用向き」を伝え、相手方と折衝して庶務を司ることを主な役目とする。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, the Yonin was mainly responsible for keeping the lord informed of 'official matters' within the domain and family and, handling general negotiations and dealings with other parties.",
"ja": "一方の用人は、主君の「公的な用向き」を藩内・家中に伝えて、相手方と折衝して庶務を司るとを役目とする。"
}
|
{
"en": "he Yojin had to be careful as the person who actually informed the lord of matters within the domain and his family was not the Yojin themselves.",
"ja": "藩主の公的な用向きを藩内・家中に伝えるのが公用人ではないので、注意が必要である。"
}
|
{
"en": "At the beginning of the Edo period, it was not unusual for domains not to have an established Yonin role.",
"ja": "江戸時代初期には、用人職を設置しなかった藩も珍しくなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, with the coming of peace, Yonin that were responsible for office clerical and related roles were appeared in place in various provinces across Japan.",
"ja": "しかし、泰平の世となり、いわば事務屋・連絡役・折衝役としての性格を持つ用人は、ほぼ全国諸藩に設置されるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In larger domains, the role of Yonin could not be said to be chief retainer but, was a role that handled business, dealing and general affairs for the lord and elders of the domain.",
"ja": "大きな藩では、用人の地位は重臣とは言えず、藩主・老職などの公的な用向きを関係方面に伝えて、折衝して庶務を司ることを役目とする。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the smaller domains, the Yonin was second to the elders as chief retainers and, it was common to provide the elders with a whole range of assistance.",
"ja": "小さな藩では、用人は家老に次ぐ重臣であって、家老の職務を全般を補佐していることが多い。"
}
|
{
"en": "At times, there were occasions when the Yonin made their own decisions.",
"ja": "時には用人身分のままで加判の列に加わることもあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The status of Yonin differed between the various provinces in Japan however, generally speaking, in the larger domains the Yonin's status was not higher than the senior retainers and, there is no doubt that the smaller the domains there was a tendency for the Yonin's status to be relatively higher.",
"ja": "用人の地位は、全国諸藩においてまちまちであるが、大雑把に云って、大藩であるほど上級家臣の中でその地位は相対的に高くなく、小藩であるほどその地位は相対的に高い傾向があることは疑いがない。"
}
|
{
"en": "In many provinces the Yojin were senior vassals who were permitted to ride on horseback.",
"ja": "諸藩の用人は、いずれも馬上を許された上級家臣である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also, in many provinces where the Yojin worked as highly paid senior vassals, those vassals engaged retainers themselves to act as their own Yojin.",
"ja": "また、諸藩に仕えたの高禄の重臣は、その家臣として陪臣身分となる用人を召し抱えていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "However with the exception of the high ranking families and alternative arrangements, as a general rule as vassals of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Yonin were not provided for family elders and the elderly within families.",
"ja": "ただし、交代寄合・高家以外の江戸幕府の旗本にあっては、原則としてその家中に家老・年寄は設置されなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In many provinces it was customary for Yojin to be treated the same as senior vassals and on a par with family elders.",
"ja": "用人は、諸藩の家老と同じ職権を持つ重臣であるのが通例であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "As vassals of the Shogun, the role of Yonin had a high ranking cachet.",
"ja": "その旗本家において最高の役職名となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "For example, it was common for 500 koku (2500 bushel) vassals to be allowed one Yonin.",
"ja": "例えば、500石級の旗本では、用人の定数は1名が一般的である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kokumo (or Kokubo) is the title for real mothers of emperors or kings.",
"ja": "国母（こくも/こくぼ）は、天皇、国王の生母の称号。"
}
|
{
"en": "As Shokugensho tsuko (Consideration on \"Shokugensho\" [history of governmental post]) describes 'Kokumo is the real mother of the reigning emperor', 'Kokumo' does not indicate the status of the Emperor's lawful wife as the Empress and the Empress Dowager; rarely though, 'Kokumo' is improperly used for the Empress Dowager.",
"ja": "『職原抄通考』によれば「国母、治世天子御母也」とあり、あくまで現天皇の生母であり、皇后・皇太后など（天皇の正室）の地位とは異なるが、まれに皇太后の意で誤用されることもある。"
}
|
{
"en": "The word of 'kokumo' first appeared in an article of \"Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan\" (Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku), dated on March 25 of the third year of the Gangyo era which says 'empress to Emperor Junna demised. On that day, Kokumo made a call of condolence' when the empress to Emperor Junna, Imperial Princess Masako passed away.",
"ja": "『日本三代実録』の元慶3年3月25日(旧暦)（879年4月20日）条に、淳和天皇の皇后・正子内親王が崩御した時の記事として「淳和太后崩、既曰国母、可謂至尊」とあるのが初見。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, although not the real mother of the crown prince but an empress or princess who fostered the crown prince as an adoptive mother or a woman who played the role of his mother is titled 'junbo' (a woman who was given the status equivalent to the emperor's birth mother).",
"ja": "また、天皇の生母ではないが、養母として天皇の養育にあたった后妃や、母に準ずる存在に擬せられた女性を「准母」という。"
}
|
{
"en": "FUJIWARA no Senshi, the real mother of Emperor Ichijo, became a nun and entitled Higashi Sanjoin, which set a precedent for kokumo and Junbo to become nun and then entitled nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing).",
"ja": "一条天皇生母の藤原詮子が出家して東三条院となって以来、国母・准母は出家後に女院号を受けるのが通例となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "At later times, there were cases of exception where the title nyoin was given to kokumo or junbo who did not become a nun, or even to those who were not kokumo or junbo.",
"ja": "後の時代になると出家しなくとも女院となったり、また国母・准母以外にも女院号を受ける例も出た。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the Meiji Restoration, the title of kokumo has not been used.",
"ja": "明治維新以降は、国母の称は用いられなくなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Who were Hikan?",
"ja": "被官（ひかん）とは"
}
|
{
"en": "Under the Ritsuryo system (administrative and legal system adopted by Japan from China in the seventh and eighth century) the term \"Hikan\" referred to clerks who were attached to low ranked officials who in turn were attached to senior officials.",
"ja": "律令制下、日本の官制において上級官庁に附属する下級官庁ないし下級官庁に附属する官吏をいった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Hikan (low ranking clerks) were attached to bureaus within the eight ministries that existed under the Ritsuryo system and, were also attached to offices, sections and village offices in the provinces.",
"ja": "八省の下に属する寮(律令制)や司、署、国司に属する郡司などがそれにあたる。"
}
|
{
"en": "(Opposed to Shokan (Local Officials))",
"ja": "（↔所管）"
}
|
{
"en": "The term \"Shokan\" refers to samurai who were subordinate (i.e. of lower rank) to high ranking samurai.",
"ja": "上級の武士に隷属する武士をいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shokan were mainly provincial lords who were subordinate to the shugo (provincial governor).",
"ja": "主に守護に従属する国人領主をいった。"
}
|
{
"en": "From the Edo period onwards, the term referred to peasants who were affiliated to a landlord.",
"ja": "江戸時代以前、地主に附属する百姓をいった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shugo Daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) and the Hikan",
"ja": "守護大名と被官"
}
|
{
"en": "Hikan were also initially called Hihan-nin.",
"ja": "被官とは、当初は被官人ともいった。"
}
|
{
"en": "They indicated the concept of those lower ranked bureaucrats attached to senior level bureaucrats.",
"ja": "上級の官庁に附属する下部機関ないしその官僚を指す概念であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "This changed from the Muromachi period following the appropriation of police powers by shugo where during the Kamakura period where a shift took place whereby local provincial lords became affiliated with daimyo as shugo daimyo.",
"ja": "転じて、室町時代以降、諸国の警察権を掌握していた守護が、鎌倉時代の地頭を出自とする国人を傘下に収め大名化し守護大名として成立した。"
}
|
{
"en": "With this, the term \"hikan\" was also used to generally refer to the status of the populace of a province who were subordinate to the shugo.",
"ja": "すると、守護に従属する国人の地位を指す概念としても用いられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also besides this, provincial feudal lords along with shoke (households not part of the family of the direct lineage chief), local clans and provincial samurai, influential peasants were also in certain cases considered to be hikan.",
"ja": "その他にも国人領主にも庶家をはじめ土豪や地侍、有力百姓を被官としている場合もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "The term was also used to refer to the general concept of those who were somewhat subordinate but not satisfying a fully independent master-servant relationship.",
"ja": "一定の独立性を持った主従君臣関係未満の半従属化された者を指す概念としても用いられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "A governor's hikan or provincial folk was a general combination of: Regional lords (besides those in receipt of rank and titles from the imperial court), lower ranking vassals in the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and regional lords of manors.",
"ja": "守護の被官たる国人は独立した領主であり、朝廷から官位を受ける他、幕府の御家人、或いは荘園領主の庄官の地位も併有している場合が一般的であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "These were different to the true vassals of a governor.",
"ja": "純粋な守護の家臣とは異なる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In amongst these, were governors from governors' families who served as daikan (provincial magistrate governors) or shugodai (military governors).",
"ja": "中には、守護家より守護の代官たる守護代に任ぜられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In cases where the governor vassals, there were lower ranked vassals who under pressure from the governor family were pressed into paying tributes.",
"ja": "守護家の家臣となる場合や、守護家の圧力により臣下の礼をとった者もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, while many regional lords managed to exist independently and their situations mirroring the fortunes of the governor, it was not unknown for betrayal of governor families to occur, insurrections fomented by joining with groups of provincial folk and for rejection of a shugo's military command.",
"ja": "しかし、多くの国人領主はそれぞれが独立した存在であり、利害に応じて守護に随従したり他の守護家に寝返ったり、複数の国人と共同して国人一揆を形成、守護の軍令を拒否する場合もなきしもあらずであった。"
}
|
{
"en": "When fellow shugo battled each other, the hikan or regional folk and regional lords had a great influence on events.",
"ja": "守護同士の戦いの場合には、被官たる国人領主の力も大きく左右した。"
}
|
{
"en": "As such, when looking at cases where the hikan contributed to a victory, there is no lack of examples where the fortunes of battle shifted because of betrayals to hostile forces.",
"ja": "そのため、被官が勝利に貢献する場合もあれば、敵対勢力に寝返ったために、戦況が変わる例が少なくなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In this way, the hikan held a degree of influence stemming from autonomous self independence.",
"ja": "このように、室町時代における被官の地位は独立した自治権を有する勢力であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, with the onset of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in Japan, the shugo and shugodai in turn forcefully oppressed the hikan in the provinces and in addition, through a feudal vassal system there was a power shift to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).",
"ja": "しかし、戦国時代(日本)に入ると、守護や守護代が次第に武力を以って他の被官国人を滅ぼし、または臣従させることで戦国大名と化した。"
}
|
{
"en": "There were more than a few regional lords who lost both status and the autonomy.",
"ja": "国人領主の中にはそれまでの地位や自立性を失った者も少なくなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, as in the case of the Mori clan, there were examples of provincial folk who were subordinates of governors who managed to overcome the power of the shugo and shugodai and gained prominence as Sengoku Daimyo.",
"ja": "一方では、毛利氏のように守護の被官であった国人が守護や守護代の勢力を打倒して戦国大名として台頭する例もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Most hikan had to decided which power they should comply with, or how to keep their independent existence.",
"ja": "多くの被官人たちはいずれの勢力に随従すべきか、或いは自分たちの自立性を如何に維持させるべきか決めた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The rule of force reigned and toyed with the fortunes of the hikan common folk.",
"ja": "実力主義的な世相の中で翻弄されていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In spite of this, throughout the Sengoku Period there were hikan common folk who maintained an independent existence.",
"ja": "それでも、戦国時代を通じて被官として独立した地位を有する者もあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, from around those times onwards, hikan were absorbed into the ranks of vassals of the bakufu or daimyo (with the exception of individuals who had gained status of Sengoku Daimyo or a more recent daimyo military lord).",
"ja": "しかし、近世以降は、戦国大名または近世大名としての地位を勝ち得た者以外は、幕府又は大名の家臣として組み込まれていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Zojishi was an extra statutory office established in the Nara period for building national temples or those corresponding to national temples.",
"ja": "造寺司（ぞうじし）とは、奈良時代に官寺あるいはこれに准じた寺院を造営するために設置された令外官のこと。"
}
|
{
"en": "Zojishi was established for each temple for building facilities and making Buddhist ceremony utensils used in the temple, including copying a sutra.",
"ja": "寺院単位で設置され、施設の建築やそこで使われる用具の製造（経典の写経も含む）にあたった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The oldest example of Zojishi was SOGA no Zentoko (son of SOGA no Umako) appointed at the construction of Hoko-ji Temple, and Zojishi was also established at the construction of Asuka-dera Temple (a great number of Fuhonsen coins were found from the facilities); however, Zojishi was formally established after the introduction of the ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "最古の例は法興寺創建時において蘇我善徳（蘇我馬子の子）が任じられたとされ、飛鳥寺創建の際にも設置されていた（その施設内から大量の富本銭が発掘されている）が、本格的な設置は律令制導入以後とされている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Originally, it was mainly the Bureau of Carpentry that was in charge of the construction of temples; however, in light of the temple construction boom that arose out a growing awareness of national protection and the transfer of the capital, the position of Zojishi was established in order to avoid such work being conducted exclusively by the Bureau of Carpentry, as well as to prevent the power and interests being concentrated in their hands.",
"ja": "本来こうした造営は木工寮などが担当することとなっていたが、鎮護国家の高まりによって造寺が盛んになり、更に遷都なども重なって木工寮への業務の集中を避けると同時に、権力や利権の集中を防ぐことも目的であったとされている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Zojishi which undertook a large-scale construction installed the four-tiered hierarchy (kami, suke, jo, sakan) and followed the number of employees and official court rank equivalence system of the central government in some cases; besides, sometimes further installed a subordinate office 'Sho'.",
"ja": "大規模な寺院造営を行う造寺司では四等官（長官・次官・判官・主典）が導入されて人員や官位相当は八省に准じる場合もあった他、下部の官司として「所」が設置されることもあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Under the four-tiered hierarchy, Zojishi had Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official), toneri (servant) and further, a great number of artisan which were ranked according to their skills and mastery from top to downward, ookitakumi, sukunatakumi, chojoko, banjoko, and others.",
"ja": "四等官の下には官人雑任・舎人、更には技術や熟練度によって位置づけられた大工・少工・長上・番上以下多数の工匠を抱えていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "A major revenue source for Zojishi was originally fuko (salary); however, after the Law Permitting Permanent Ownership of Newly Cultivated Land was enacted, early manor and the like was added to the source.",
"ja": "財源は封戸が主であったが、墾田永年私財法施行以後は初期荘園なども加えられるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "These revenue sources were, accordingly, for the temple through Zojishi; therefore, the sources could be used as a way of supervising and controlling priests at the positions with management roles and lower called 'sango' as well as the temple in a sense, other than the regulations and the central monastic office.",
"ja": "こうした財源は造寺司を経由して寺院の財源となるために、一面においては僧尼令や僧綱とは別の意味で寺院や三綱以下の僧侶を監督・統制する手段ともなり得たのである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Due to the tightening of regulations on Buddhism after the Dokyo Incident occurred at the end of the Nara period and the financial trouble of the Imperial Court, temple construction had slowed down and most of Zojishi were abolished by the early Heian period; since then, temples and their revenue resources were supervised by betto (head priest) and sango.",
"ja": "だが、奈良時代末期の道鏡事件をきっかけとした仏教に対する規制強化や朝廷の財政難などによって造寺事業は縮小され、遅くても平安時代初期には殆どの造寺司は廃止され、財源や寺院の監督は別当や三綱に移ることになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Nara Yakushi-ji Temple",
"ja": "奈良薬師寺"
}
|
{
"en": "* Office of Nara Yakushi-ji Temple Construction",
"ja": "－造薬師寺司"
}
|
{
"en": "Daian-ji Temple",
"ja": "大安寺"
}
|
{
"en": "* Office of Daian-ji Temple Construction",
"ja": "－造大安寺司"
}
|
{
"en": "Todai-ji Temple",
"ja": "東大寺"
}
|
{
"en": "* Office of Todai-ji Temple Construction",
"ja": "－造東大寺司"
}
|
{
"en": "Ishiyama-dera Temple",
"ja": "石山寺"
}
|
{
"en": "* ZoIshiyamaderasho (subordinate office under Office of Todai-ji Temple Construction)",
"ja": "－造石山寺所（造東大寺司の下部官司）"
}
|
{
"en": "Shimotsuke Yakushi-ji Temple",
"ja": "下野薬師寺"
}
|
{
"en": "* Office of Shimotsuke Yakushi-ji Temple Construction",
"ja": "－造下野薬師寺司"
}
|
{
"en": "Hokke-ji Temple",
"ja": "法華寺"
}
|
{
"en": "* Office of Hokke-ji Temple Construction",
"ja": "－造法華寺司"
}
|
{
"en": "Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City)",
"ja": "西大寺(奈良市)"
}
|
{
"en": "* Office of Saidai-ji Temple Construction",
"ja": "－造西大寺司"
}
|
{
"en": "Kofuku-ji Temple",
"ja": "興福寺"
}
|
{
"en": "* Office of Constructing a Buddha Hall in Kofuku-ji Temple",
"ja": "造興福寺仏殿司"
}
|
{
"en": "Sairyu-ji Temple",
"ja": "西隆寺"
}
|
{
"en": "* Office of Sairyu-ji Temple Construction",
"ja": "－造西隆寺司"
}
|
{
"en": "Zogusho was an extra statutory office responsible for castle building and repairing headed by Zogukyo (Minister of Making and Mending Palaces).",
"ja": "造宮省（ぞうぐうしょう）とは、宮城の造営・修理を掌る造宮卿（ぞううぐうきょう）を長とする令外官。"
}
|
{
"en": "When the Taiho Ritsuryo Code was enacted in 701, Zogushiki (Office of Making and Mending Palaces) was established, and in 708, Zogushiki was raised to Zogusho.",
"ja": "大宝律令制定時（大宝(日本)元年（701年））に設置された造宮職（ぞうぐうしき）が、和銅元年（708年）に省に昇格したものである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although it is unknown the period of the establishment, there had been an office 'Zogukan' before the ritsuryo system was established; on September 8, 701, immediately before the completion of the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), Zogukan was renamed Zogushiki.",
"ja": "律令制の確立する以前に造宮官（ぞうぐうかん）という官司が存在していた（設置時期は不詳）が、大宝律令が完成する直前の大宝元年7月27日(旧暦)（701年9月4日）に造宮職に改められた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later, the idea of removing the capital to Heijokyo turned into reality; on April 12, 708, Zogushiki was raised to Zogusho with OTOMO no Tauchi appointed the first minister of Zogusho.",
"ja": "その後、平城京への遷都構想が本格化した和銅元年3月13日(旧暦)（708年4月8日）に造宮省に昇格して初代造宮卿に大伴手拍が任命された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Construction of the new castle in the new capital was considered an important project--The head of Zogusho was given Junior Second Rank, as equivalent to its government post, which was the highest among all ministers, while the head of the Ministry of Central Affairs ranked Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade, which was the highest among the statutory eight ministries; besides, the head of Zogusho was appointed among military clans like the Otomo clan, as their ability to supervise the laborers mobilized for the construction project was counted on.",
"ja": "八省の卿のうち、最も高い中務卿は正四位上であるにも関わらず、造営卿の官位相当が最高で従二位とされ、また工事に動員された人士の監督のために造宮卿には大伴氏などの軍事を司ってきた氏族より任命されるなど、遷都に際して新しい宮殿の造営を重視していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Under the four-tiered hierarchy of government officials, there were Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official), Shoryo (chief), Sanshi (court official in charge of calculation), Ko (workman [a craftsman in the \"chojo\" rank and a carpenter in the \"banjo\" rank]) and so on.",
"ja": "四等官の下には官人雑任・将領・算師・工（長上・番上）などが属していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Zogusho was abolished with Chokushisho on May 31, 782, as government reorganization in preparation for the administrative reform and the removal of capital to Nagaokakyo led by Emperor Kanmu.",
"ja": "だが、桓武天皇による行政改革と長岡京遷都に向けた組織の再編成を目的として、延暦元年4月11日(旧暦)（782年5月27日）に勅旨省とともに廃止された。"
}
|
{
"en": "After that, Zogusho revived with FUJIWARA no Oguromaro appointed the head when the removal of capital to Heiankyo took place; however, it was abolished when 'Tokusei dispute' broke out between FUJIWARA no Otsugu and SUGANO no Mamichi in 805 and the construction of Heiankyo was canceled.",
"ja": "その後、平安京遷都時に藤原小黒麻呂を長官とする造宮職が復活したが、延暦24年（805年）の藤原緒嗣と菅野真道による「徳政論争」によって平安京造営が中止された際に廃止された。"
}
|
{
"en": "\"Machidai\" was a town official in Kyoto in the Edo period.",
"ja": "町代（まちだい）とは、江戸時代の京都における町役人のこと。"
}
|
{
"en": "Machidai originally represented Kyoto citizens as a manager of town officials; Later, it became authorized to act as a proxy in execution of secretarial works of the Kyoto city magistrates, gradually recognized as a subordinate organization of the city magistrates.",
"ja": "元は町役人の元締役として京都市民の代表的な地位にある存在であったが、後に京都町奉行の事務業務の代行を委任される事が多くなり、町奉行の下部組織として認識されるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Some town officials in Edo and Osaka adopted another way of pronunciation 'Chodai' for 'Machidai' and assisted town councilors and town chief.",
"ja": "町代を「ちょうだい」と読ませた町役人は江戸・大坂にも存在したが、町年寄や町名主を補佐する事を職掌とした。"
}
|
{
"en": "In contrast, Machidai in Kyoto headed town officials including the town chiefs: There was one Machidai for each group of towns (i.e., each district) with one or two subordinate Machidai below, for heading town officials including town chief in each town of the group (Kamigyo area had 12 groups of towns and Shimogyo area had 8 groups of towns).",
"ja": "これに対して京都の町代は京都のうち上京に12、下京に8あった「町組」と称される組（地域）単位に1名、その下に１ないし2名の下町代が付属され、組内にある各町の町名主以下の町役人を統率した。"
}
|
{
"en": "There was documents exchanged between Machidai and the Kyoto city magistrates called 'Machidaiyaku no Oboe' consisting of 17 Articles compiled on January 7, 1669 (prior to the establishment of the Kyoto city magistrates), which states duties of Machidai as follows: Outside works of transmission of ordinance and notification issued by the city magistrates, submission of various applications and written reports entrusted by the town, New Year visit to the shogun in Edo-jo Castle as a representative of Kyoto citizens, collection of levy from towns, examination of the scene of a fire and a confiscated estate, and patrol; and Machidai alternately does desk works in Machidai room of the Kyoto city magistrates' office to assist court clerical on the day when a court is held.",
"ja": "京都町奉行の成立に先立つ寛文8年12月5日(旧暦)に作成された「町代役之覚」という17ヶ条の町代と町奉行間で交わされた文書によると、町奉行から出された法令・触書の伝達、町から出された様々な請願・届出の提出、京都市民を代表して江戸城の征夷大将軍への年頭拝礼、町人役（町々への賦課）の徴収、火災・闕所・見廻などの出役などがあり、訴訟事務などのために公事・訴訟が行われる日には交替で1名が奉行所内の町代部屋に出仕して事務処理の補佐を行った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Several clerks (up to six) and a copyist were assigned to the Machidai room for miscellaneous duties and note taking.",
"ja": "町代部屋には雑用・筆者のために数名の小番（定員6名）と筆耕が配属された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Generally, these roles were inherited by the selected influential town chiefs, and their salaries called 'Yakugin' and the maintenance costs of the Machidai room were charged to the towns.",
"ja": "これらの役職は有力な町名主から選ばれて代々世襲されるのが原則であり、町代の給料にあたる役銀及び町代部屋の維持費用は町々の負担とされた。"
}
|
{
"en": "During the Kyoho era (1716-1735), the duties of Machidai were expanded to cover supervising temples and shrines, examination of replacement of the town officials and purchase and sale of an estate, guard at festivals and events, arrest of a criminal, participation in city magistrates' examination, and so on.",
"ja": "享保年間には更に職務が拡大され、寺社の管理や町役人の交替及び家屋敷の売買に関する吟味、祭事の際の警備、罪人の捕縛・吟味への参加なども担当した。"
}
|
{
"en": "As ordinance and convention had been established in the towns in Kyoto before the Edo period, which ranged too wide for police sergeants and constables to comprehend, it became also an important duty for Machidai to answer the questions from the police sergeants and constables based on the precedents--As such, Machidai became authorized to act as a proxy in execution of secretarial works necessary for facilitating the duties and operations of the Kyoto city magistrates' office, thereby contributed to keep organization of the city magistrates' office.",
"ja": "更に京都の町は江戸幕府以前からの様々な法令・慣習などが定められており、奉行所の与力・同心がこれらを把握する事が困難となっていたために、彼らからの諮問を受けた町代が先例などに基づいて回答を行う事も町代の重要な職務となるなど、奉行所の職務・運営を円滑化に必要な事務業務の代行が町代に委任されるようになって、町奉行の組織維持のための一端を担うようになっていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Machidai, a townsman who originally represented the Kyoto citizens, gradually built up a position in the Kyoto city magistrates' office, and also formed relationship with the court nobles, temples, and shrines, which were quite influential in legislature and administration of Kyoto.",
"ja": "だが、本来は京都市民の代表であった町人身分の町代が次第に町奉行所において地位を固めるようになると、京都の司法・行政に大きな影響力を与えた公家や寺社などとも関係を結んでいくようになってきた。"
}
|
{
"en": "To counter the trend, the Kyoto city magistrates managed to keep the class system and the Kyoto citizens had antipathy toward Machidai, who had become the ruler's proxy--Machidai caught between these two sides.",
"ja": "こうした風潮に対して身分制度を維持しようとする町奉行側、支配側の代理人と化した町代への反感と嫉妬を抱く市民側の双方から、町代が圧迫を受けるようになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "To make matters worse, as the position of Machidai was hereditary, some incompetent Machidai emerged.",
"ja": "また、世襲によって町代としての能力の無い人物が町代になる例も発生した。"
}
|
{
"en": "From 1871 to 1872, the groups of towns filed a suit against Machidai ('Machidai kaigi' suit) and the city magistrates supported the groups side, which made a great impact on Machidai.",
"ja": "文化(日本)14年（1817年）から翌年にかけて町組による町代改義と呼ばれる訴訟が起こされて町奉行側が町組側を支持したことにより、町代は大きな打撃を受けることになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Seven Generals (or \"Nanasho\") are the feudal lords who were reared by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI from an early age and famous as the brave generals.",
"ja": "七将（ななしょう）とは豊臣秀吉子飼い大名で猛将として知られた7人の武将をあらわす。"
}
|
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