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translation |
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{
"en": "After the establishment of Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of sessho [regent] and kanpaku [the chief advisor of the emperor]), a set of the government post of sessho or kanpaku, the position of To-shi choja (head of the Fujiwara clan) and watari-ryo (or denka no watari-ryo, which was the land the Fujiwara family hereditary succeeded) were passed round among the heads of the Gosekke families.",
"ja": "五摂家の確立以後、摂関の官職・藤氏長者の地位・渡領（殿下渡領）がセットで五摂家の当主間を交替で移動した。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition to the watari-ryo, the Gosekke families possessed their own private estates which were called keryo (the original ancestral holding of a family).",
"ja": "渡領とは別個に五摂家は家領と呼ばれる各家固有の所領を有していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "All the keryo consisted solely of lands which had honke shiki (the right that the head family had) or controlling shomu (shoen administration) as honjo (the principal, which was a chief tenant and almost always a religious institution), and there was no example of controlling kakyu shoshiki (a low class officer governing a shoen estate) of the other shoen including the imperial estate.",
"ja": "家領は全て本家職を有しているか、本所として荘務を掌握している所領のみで成立しており、皇室領も含めた他の荘園の下級所職を知行している例はなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the case of a family whose class was as high as seiga-ke family, ryoke shiki (proprietorship) and azukaridokoro shiki (the right that azukaridokoro or a custodian held) of the imperial estates (of the retired emperor or empress in particular) were mainly controlled, and keryo which could become honke or honjo (property of the head family or the principal institution) was limited to those which had directly been developed by the family.",
"ja": "清華家級の場合、皇室領（主に上皇や女院の所領）の領家職・預所職の知行が主で本家・本所となり得る家領は自己が開発に関わったものなどに限定されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "(This applied to some kuge whose class were lower that of the seiga-ke families, but the control of estate affairs was even harder for them without funds and political power.)",
"ja": "（これはそれ以下の公家も同様で、資力・政治力がない分一層厳しいものになる）"
}
|
{
"en": "Even so, some of the kuge possessed chigyo koku (provincial fiefdom) and its succession was hereditary (e.g. the Nakanoin family of the Kozuke Province, the Saionji family of the Iyo Province, and the like).",
"ja": "それでも、彼らのうちには知行国を有して子孫に世襲させる例もあった（上野国の中院家、伊予国の西園寺家など）。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the case of the other kuge who did not possess chigyo koku, they served as keishi (household superintendent) or kerei (lower class kuge who served the superior kuge) for generations, so that they were often granted the shoshiki (the right of an officer governing a shoen estate) of shoryo (fief) in the lieu of horoku (stipend).",
"ja": "それ以下の公家の場合は、皇室や摂関家の家司・家礼として代々奉仕して、その俸禄の代わりに所領の下級所職が宛がわれる例が多い。"
}
|
{
"en": "The shoryo (fief) of the kuge of a middle and lower class was largely classified into two kinds: 'soden' (hereditary succession) and 'onryo' (rewarded land).",
"ja": "中下級の公家の所領は大きく分けて「相伝」と「恩領」の2つに分れていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The former, soden, was a piece of land for which hereditary succession as the shoryo (territory) and shoshiki (the right of a shoen governor) by the descendents of an owner family was allowed, whereas the latter, onryo, was the shoryo and shoshiki which had been granted by the honke (the head family) and the honjo (the principal institution and a chief tenant) as the reward in return for service, and the right to grant or deprive of the fief was held by the honke and honjo.",
"ja": "前者はその家に代々伝えられてきた所領・所職として子孫への継承が許された土地であり、後者は奉仕の代償として本家・本所から与えられた所領・所職でその付与・剥奪は本家・本所側にあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Note that, there were such exceptions that, in order to avoid being plundered by others, a soden was secured by the powerful honke and honjo, and that an onryo was approved as a soden by the honke and honjo, as a reward for longtime service.",
"ja": "もっとも、相伝であっても他者からの侵奪を避けるために有力権門である本家・本所による保障を受ける例や恩領であったものが長年の奉公の褒賞として相伝として本家・本所から認められる例もあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Therefore, a conflict occasionally arose between the honke (the imperial and sekkan-ke families) and the ryoke (the kuge of a middle and lower class) as to whether an individual kuge-ryo territory was a soden or an onryo.",
"ja": "そのため、個々の公家領が相伝か恩領かを巡って本家（皇室・摂関家）と領家（中下級公家）の間で対立する場合もあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Meanwhile, there was a case that certain guji (a chief priest of a shrine) possessed guji-ryo territory by the hereditary succession of kashoku (profession and post which were inherited within a family, and particularly the privileges approved by the administrative authority in return for the retainership) (e.g. the Mibu Kanmu family of Shudenryo [which was also called Tonomoryo and was the Bureau of Grounds] and the Yamashina family of Kuraryo [Palace Storehouse Bureau]).",
"ja": "また、家職の世襲によって当該官司が有する官司領を実質的に保有する場合（主殿寮の壬生官務家、内蔵寮の山科家など）もあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Furthermore, as the monetary economy had developed in and after the Kamakura period, the kaeki-ken right (the right to levy duty, which was alternatively considered as the trade rights in Kyoto) was exercised against the 'za' (trade guilds) which had been descended from kugonin (purveyors to the imperial household) as well as merchants and traders (who had to provide guji on his behalf with the produce and products by means of production and acquisition), and an income which was resulted from the set-up of sekisho (barriers) and ritsubunsho (tax storehouses) supported both public and private economy.",
"ja": "更に鎌倉時代以後の貨幣経済の発達に乗って官司の供御人の系譜を引く座や商工業者（官司の代わりに生産物を生産・調達して官司に納める義務を有するとされていた）に対する課役権を行使（京都における営業権の意味合いもある）や関所・率分所の設置による収入なども公私の経済の資を支えた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kuge-ryo territory was originally inherited by founding a new branch family (e.g. the Takatsukasa family branched out from the Konoe family) based on the division and grant of keryo to the second or younger son, and, alternatively, matrilineal succession was possible, but in the late Kamakura period an expansion of kuge-ryo territory slowed down and merely a division of the kuge-ryo progressed.",
"ja": "公家領は当初は次男以下への家領の分割による新しい家の分立（例、近衛家からの鷹司家分立）や女系による継承の例も見られたが、鎌倉時代後期になると公家領の拡大が鈍化して分割のみが進行する様になった。"
}
|
{
"en": "This caused a frequent occurrence of the conflicts concerning shoryo (fief), which resulted in increasing calls for judgments of the head family or the Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power), commencing the end of the Kamakura period, and the trend thus shifted to patrilineal inheritance to the eldest son (heir).",
"ja": "このため、所領を巡る争いが頻発するようになり、鎌倉時代末期より本家や治天の君の裁許を求める例が増えるようになり、嫡男への男系相続へと移行するようになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In response to that, under the Kenmu regime the Emperor Godaigo adopted a mechanism such that katoku (family estate), kaki (family record) and residence were incorporated into 'kamon' (family), keryo (territory of a family) was positioned as the economic basis needed to maintain the kamon, collectively providing 'shoryo ando' (act of providing authorization for land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure) to kamon and keryo for each family, regardless of its being the honke or ryoke.",
"ja": "それを受けて建武政権においては後醍醐天皇が家督・家記・邸宅などを合わせて「家門」とし、家領を家門維持のために必要な経済的な基盤としてと位置づけ、本家・領家を問わず家門と家領を家単位で一括安堵をする仕組を取り入れたのである。"
}
|
{
"en": "This mechanism of the collective provision of 'shoryo ando' (which was called 'ikkatsu ando' in Japanese) with respect to the kamon and keryo was also adopted and succeeded by the Northern Court (of Japan) which had been established by toppling the Kenmu regime, thereby determining the shift to patrilineal succession to the eldest son (heir).",
"ja": "家門・家領の一括安堵は建武政権を倒す形で成立した北朝(日本)においても継承され、嫡男への男系相続への移行を決定づけたのである。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, the hanzeirei (an order allowing military governors, or shugo, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund) was enacted by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) during internal disturbances between the Northern and Southern Courts, and besides, the shitaji chubun (the territorial division of a shoen between competing central and local claimants) was performed with shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors that became daimyo) with an exception of the case of watari ryo (the land which the Fujiwara family hereditarily succeeded) including the territories of the imperial household and the sekkan-ke families, due to the Jisha honjoryo no koto Act (an act issued by the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, which was a collection of basic policies of the Muromachi bakufu regarding territorial lawsuits).",
"ja": "だが、南北朝の内乱の中で室町幕府による半済令が行われ、更に寺社本所領事によって、皇室領・摂関家の渡領などを例外として実質上の守護大名との下地中分が行われた。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was impossible, however, to resist the kuge administration which was maintained by the military force of the Muromachi bakufu.",
"ja": "しかし、室町幕府の軍事力によって維持される存在となっていた公家政権に抗うことは不可能であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, as Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA began to take hold of the political authority (sovereignty) which the Chiten no kimi used to possess, Yoshimitsu also took control of the authority to perform the 'ikkatsu ando' which was also held by the Chiten no kimi, thus requiring not only the rinji (the personal edict of the emperor) but the shogun's migyosho (a documented shogunal order) and gonaisho (a letter issued over the signature of the shogun) which were issued at the Muromachi dono Palace, even after the Yoshimitsu's reign.",
"ja": "そして、足利義満が治天の君が持っていた政治的権限（王権）を自己の手中に収めていく過程において従来治天の君が保有していた一括安堵の権限をも掌握していき、義満以後においても天皇の綸旨のみならず室町殿の御教書・御内書を必要とした。"
}
|
{
"en": "The emperor's rinji (order) played a role of providing an authorization called 'ando' for the ownership of the family estate and guaranteeing the family business, while the shogun's migyosho and gonaisho played a role of providing an 'ando' authorization for the ownership of keryo (territory of a family).",
"ja": "天皇の綸旨は家督や家業の安堵の役目を、室町殿の御教書・御内書は家領の安堵の役目を果たした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Note that the question of which authority, the emperor or the shogun, took the initiative with regard to the 'ando' authorization depended on the period of time.",
"ja": "ただし、安堵の主導権を天皇と室町殿のどちらが握っているかは時期により差があった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Even at the time of Yoshimochi and Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, there could be seen many cases of the kamon ando (guarantee to a family) by the Muromachi dono (the Shogun), but after the Kakitsu Incident, it was mainly the emperor who first provided the ando authorization to the families, which was then followed by the shogun providing the ando authorization to keryo territories.",
"ja": "義持・足利義教の時代に入っても室町殿による家門安堵の例が多く見られるものの、嘉吉の変以後はもっぱら天皇が家門を安堵し、それを受けて室町殿が家領の安堵する形式がほとんどとなる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Further, in contrast to the keryo ando which was handled by the shogun, there was the confiscation of the shoryo properties of the kuge who had objected a decision of the shogun, as the Hirohashi family who was deprived of the keryo property by Yoshimochi and Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the two successive seii taishogun (literally, the \"great general who subdues the barbarians\").",
"ja": "また、室町殿による家領安堵とは反対に室町殿の意向に反した公家の所領没収も行われる場合もあり、広橋家のように足利義持・義教の2代の征夷大将軍から家領を没収された例もあった。"
}
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{
"en": "It is clear that the Muromachi dono (the Shogun) did not completely lose his authority to grant the keryo ando after the Onin War and the Meio Coup, from this two following facts: (1) when Haruyoshi NIJO and Haresuke KAJUJI disputed the Inoie sho manor in Kaga Province at the end of the reign of the Muromachi shogunate, despite the Emperor Ogimachi's decision to provide an ando guarantee to Haresuke, the Shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA neglected this imperial decision and provided the ando to Haruyoshi on the grounds that Haresuke had supported the previous shogun Yoshihide ASHIKAGA, (2) Nobunaga ODA who backed up Yoshiaki issued shuinjo (a shogunal license for foreign trade which was bearing the scarlet seal of the shogun) to the kuge nobles in response to Yoshiaki's 'gyo' and 'gogeji' (shogunal directive).",
"ja": "応仁の乱・明応の政変以後も室町殿による家領安堵の権限が完全には失われていなかったことは、(1)室町幕府最後の時期に加賀国井家荘を巡って二条晴良と勧修寺晴右が争った際に正親町天皇が晴右に安堵する裁決を下したにも関わらず、将軍足利義昭が晴右が前将軍足利義栄の支持者であったことを理由に勅命を無視して晴良に安堵したこと、(2)義昭の後ろ盾である織田信長から公家に対する朱印状が義昭の「仰」「御下知」に従って発給されていたことからも理解できる。"
}
|
{
"en": "During the time between the beginning of the internal disturbances between the Northern and Southern Courts and the shitaji chubun (the territorial division of the land, shoen, between competing central and local claimants) which was handled according to the Jisha honjoryo no koto Act, the land and land rights of a large number of kuge-ryo territories outside the capital area (Kyoto and the neighboring regions) were unlawfully seized by local warriors ('bushi') and no longer functioned as chigyo ('fuchigyo'), thus plundered ex-chigyo remained nominal and ceased to be the source of income for its lawful proprietors.",
"ja": "南北朝の内乱から寺社本所領事による下地中分の過程で京都周辺以外の公家領の多くは「不知行」化されて収入が全く入ってこない名目上だけの存在となる。"
}
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{
"en": "The income from the kuge-ryo in Kyoto and the surrounding area, along with the revenue of the tax levied on the trade guilds ('za') and the merchants and tradesmen, as well as the income from the barriers ('sekisho') and tax storehouses ('ritsubunsho'), managed to be sustained to the Muromachi period by the shogunal guarantee on the family estate ('keryo ando').",
"ja": "京都周辺の公家領からの収入は室町殿の家領安堵によって座や商工業者への課役や関所・率分所などからの収入とともに室町時代においても辛うじて維持されてきた。"
}
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{
"en": "After the Onin War, however, most of the kuge-ryo turned to 'fuchigyo' which ceased to function properly due to the unlawful seizure of land and land rights by the local warriors ('bushi'), and the confused status of economy and social security made it difficult to maintain the income of barrier fees.",
"ja": "しかし、応仁の乱以後は現地の武士達に対する押領によってほとんどの公家領は「不知行」となり、経済・治安の混乱は関銭収入の維持も困難とした。"
}
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{
"en": "The nobles ('kuge') in need had to flee from Kyoto to distant regions where they resorted to the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) for help, or alternatively, some of them embarked on the direct management ('jikimu') of their own shoen manor wherein they lived.",
"ja": "公家たちは生活のために京都を離れて地方の戦国大名を頼ったり、自己の荘園に移住して直務（荘園の直接経営）を行ったりする例も現れるようになった。"
}
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{
"en": "The two prominent Sengoku daimyo, Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, guaranteed ('ando') the remaining landholding ('shoryo') of the kuge nobles and provided them with new fiefs ('chigyo').",
"ja": "織田信長や豊臣秀吉は公家に対して残された所領の安堵や新規の知行の給付を行った。"
}
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{
"en": "Next, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, on his victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, commenced the research on the kuge-ryo (the land and land rights of the kuge nobles), thereby allotting the fiefs ('chigyo') among the court nobles, which included the kinri goryo (the imperial property), the kuge-ryo and the monzeki-ryo (the property of an imperial priest of a temple at which the head priest had always been a member of the imperial family or of the nobility).",
"ja": "続いて徳川家康も関ヶ原の戦いに勝利すると直ちに公家領の調査を行い、禁裏御料（皇室領）以下の公家・門跡領の知行を宛がっている。"
}
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{
"en": "On that occasion, the sum of the size of the landholdings of the Miyake (house of an imperial prince) and the kuge was nearly 30,000 koku, wherein the Miya-ke families included the Hachijonomiya family of 3,000 koku and the Fushiminomiya family of 1,000 koku, whereas the kuge included the Konoe family of 2,295 koku as the top, and a newly founded family of 50 koku which was not rare.",
"ja": "この際、宮家・公家領はあわせて3万石弱であり、宮家では八条宮家の3,000石、伏見宮家の1,000石などとされ、公家では近衛家の2,295石余以下、新設の新家に至っては50石という事例も珍しくなかった。"
}
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{
"en": "Incidentally, in the middle of the Edo period, the sum of the size of the landholdings of the Miyake and kuge, 106 families in total, was 46,600 koku.",
"ja": "なお、江戸時代中期には宮家・公家106家で合わせて46,600石となっている。"
}
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{
"en": "It depends on various conditions, such as the family status ('kakaku'), the length of the history of a family, and a question of whether a family was close to the Edo bakufu or the emperor (some kuge nobles called 'jikkon shu' [literally, people on friendly terms] had large 'keryo' landholdings even if their family status was not high.)",
"ja": "これは家格や家自体の新旧、江戸幕府や天皇との親疎による（昵懇衆とされた公家は家格が低くても家領は多い）。"
}
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{
"en": "When the shogun guaranteed fiefs ('chigyo ando') to the kuge nobles, the document with autographic signature of the seii taishogun which was called 'hanmono' was granted to the daijin-ke families (the third highest status for court nobles) or the superior and those of the Junior First Rank, and the 'shuinjo' letter to the others of lower rank (in the case of warrior households called 'buke,' the hanmono was granted to those of 100,000 koku or more, and the shuinjo to the others of less koku than that.)",
"ja": "公家に対する知行安堵は大臣家以上及び従一位には征夷大将軍からの判物、それ以下には朱印状をもって行われた（武家の場合は10万石以上を判物、それ未満を朱印状としている）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Further, there were some cases that landholding called 'horyo' (fief) was granted to a court attendant ('shusshisha') who was the heir of a family and was called 'okata,' on condition that the grant was available until he inherited his family estate.",
"ja": "この他に御方と呼ばれた嫡子の出仕者に方領と呼ばれる所領が家督継承までの間与えられることがあった。"
}
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{
"en": "Except for a few families, however, the okata was merely granted fief ('chigyo') which was as little as the low stipend ('sho rokudaka') samurai, and therefore, they had to endure poverty.",
"ja": "だが、一部の家を除けば、小禄高の武士並の知行しか与えられず、その生活は苦しかった。"
}
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{
"en": "Genji Shoguns (Warrior Generals) were the Minamoto clan members given the responsibility of seii taishogun (literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\").",
"ja": "源氏将軍（げんじしょうぐん）とは、征夷大将軍に任ぜられた源氏。"
}
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{
"en": "In particular, it is said he was a Shogun (general) who hailed from the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan).",
"ja": "特に清和源氏出身の将軍をいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "In a narrow sense, the Genji Shoguns are identified as three generations of Shoguns that commenced with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (who set up the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)), MINAMOTO no Yoriie and MINAMOTO no Sanetomo.",
"ja": "源氏将軍とは、狭義には鎌倉幕府を開いた源頼朝、源頼家、源実朝の三代の将軍を指す。"
}
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{
"en": "In a broader sense, seii taishogun who preceded Yoritomo can be included: MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka and the founder of the Muromachi bakufu of the same Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan).",
"ja": "広義には頼朝より先に征夷大将軍となった源義仲や室町幕府を開いた河内源氏の同族。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also included is Takauji ASHIKAGA, the patriarch of the Ashikaga Shogun family line.",
"ja": "足利尊氏を初代とする足利将軍家。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also supposedly laying claim to the Minamoto clan line is the family of Tokugawa Shoguns who established the Edo bakufu.",
"ja": "源氏を称して江戸幕府を開いた徳川将軍家も含まれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "At the layman's level, a myth about Genji Shogun that being Minamoto clan was required to assume the position of seii taishogun.",
"ja": "俗に、源氏であることが征夷大将軍に任ぜられる条件であるという源氏将軍神話が誕生する。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, initially no such requirement existed.",
"ja": "しかし、もとよりそうした条件は存在しない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Of course, there are those amongst the Ashikaga and Tokugawa shogun families and so on that took to using the Minamoto clan as part of their name and, their relatives' monopolized aspects of government service on a hereditary basis.",
"ja": "もちろん、足利将軍家や徳川将軍家など源姓を称する一族に世襲の官職として独占されていた側面はある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Looking back further still to the Heian period, in the timeframe following OTOMO no Otomaro and SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro's duties as seii taishogun, taking on the role of seii taishogun was not limited to the Minamoto clan.",
"ja": "古く遡れば平安時代、征夷大将軍に任ぜられた大伴弟麻呂や坂上田村麻呂以来、征夷大将軍の任免は源氏に限らず。"
}
|
{
"en": "By contrast, until Yoritomo cousin MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka assumed the mantle of seii taishogun, the Minamoto clan had no claim at all to the title of seii taishogun.",
"ja": "むしろ頼朝の従弟である源義仲が征夷大将軍に任じられるまで、源氏は征夷大将軍になる資格すらなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "This was because in the first instance, the role was assumed by Chinju-fu (Pacification and Defense Headquarters) and Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North) both located in Mutsu Province.",
"ja": "それは、そもそも、鎮守府及びその長官である鎮守府将軍の職が陸奥に置かれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "From around the middle of the Heian period, role of seii taishogun was held as a matter of course by this individual.",
"ja": "平安時代も中期以降は征夷大将軍の任命すら行われなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Furthermore, the appointment of Yoshinaka as the initial Seiwa-Genji's seii taishogun was unprecedented as Yoshinaka was initially overlooked for the role.",
"ja": "源氏初の征夷大将軍義仲もはじめは清和源氏を征夷大将軍にした前例がないとして一度は退けた程である。"
}
|
{
"en": "It goes without saying therefore, key samurai families with pedigree are not limited to the Minamoto clan.",
"ja": "まして、武家の棟梁といわれる系譜は源氏に限らない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Whichever historical period is reviewed, it is not inevitable that to be shogun one had to be a Minamoto clan.",
"ja": "いずれの時代においても源氏でなければ将軍になれないという必然性は存在しない。"
}
|
{
"en": "What is certain is, the Seiwa-Genji was representative of the Minamoto samurai family.",
"ja": "確かに清和源氏は武家源氏の代表格である。"
}
|
{
"en": "From a standpoint of amalgamating the samurai forces in the eastern provinces, they were proud of their efforts and having been the family to overwhelm other samurai families.",
"ja": "東国武士をまとめあげたという点で他の武門を圧倒する家格と勢力を誇った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Members of the Seiwa-Genji and in particular Yoritomo's Kawachi-Genji clan were held in high regard for their bravery (along with Minamoto no Yoshiie).",
"ja": "清和源氏のうち特に頼朝の属した河内源氏は源義家のように武勇に名高い。"
}
|
{
"en": "As a leading samurai military family, the leaders of the Minamoto clan and its line of eldest sons was the family lineage that managed to unify and amalgamate the forces of the samurai of the eastern provinces.",
"ja": "武家の棟梁、源氏の大将、源氏嫡流と称され東国武士の求心力たり得る家系であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "For a brief period of time, the Minamoto clan were commanded by imperial order to pursue the enemy Taira family (who had seized real power from the imperial court) and subsequently ordered to hunt down and kill the Taira family.",
"ja": "一時は源氏を朝敵に追いやり朝廷の実権を掌握した平家に対して、後に追討の宣旨が発せられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Receiving these commands, the Minamoto clan mobilized its army again but, samurai military government powers were established when the Minamoto clan would not take orders from the imperial court ensconced in the eastern provinces.",
"ja": "これを受けて再び挙兵した源氏によって滅ぼされると東国に朝廷の支配を受けない武家政権が樹立された。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is thought this outcome is proof positive that the social standing of the Minamoto clan as the supreme military family presence was forged.",
"ja": "結果的に源氏が唯一にして最大の武門の棟梁たる氏族としての地位を形成していったことは確かだろう。"
}
|
{
"en": "That said, the first Japan-wide military rule by a military family was in fact set up by Yoritomo with the Kamakura bakufu following the assassination of Sanetomo and after that even though it could be said that Yoritomo was a distant relative (great grandchild), he was invited to establish a system of shogun regents by FUJIWARA no Yoritsune; a fourth generation oldest son lineage from the Fujiwara family line of regents.",
"ja": "とはいいながら、実際には頼朝により初の全国的な武家政権として発足した鎌倉幕府において実朝が暗殺されて以降、頼朝の遠縁（妹の曾孫）とはいえ藤原氏の嫡流である摂家より4代将軍として藤原頼経が招かれ摂家将軍が成立した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Subsequently, it appears he was welcomed as a miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) from the Imperial families, so the precedent that one could not become a shogun unless of the Minamoto clan stock was overturned at the behest of the Kamakura bakufu itself.",
"ja": "後に皇族から宮将軍が招かれたように、源氏でなければ将軍になれないという慣例は鎌倉幕府自身によって否定されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, Yoritomo was treated as an outsider (even though he came from the same family in the Seiwa-Genji) and, was ruined due to doubts about his allegiances.",
"ja": "むしろ、頼朝の同族である清和源氏は外様として処遇されたり、謀叛の疑いにより滅ぼされている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Of course, there are absolutely no doubts that it was commonly thought that Minamoto clan members should be shoguns as it was they who had marshaled the collective power of Japan's samurai.",
"ja": "もちろん、全国の武士の求心力たり得た源氏が将軍であるべきという観念がまったくの幻想であったわけではない。"
}
|
{
"en": "FUJIWARA no Yoritsune became the Shogun following the assassination of Sanetomo.",
"ja": "藤原頼経が実朝暗殺後の将軍となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Upon his return to Kamakura, there were also discussions about him changing his name to Minamoto clan.",
"ja": "鎌倉に迎えられる際、源氏改姓が評議されたこともありました。"
}
|
{
"en": "At the time of the Shimotsuki Sodo (political change of Kamakura bakufu), TAIRA no Yoritsuna's opponent Yasumori ADACHI defamed Regent Sadatoki HOJO by claiming 'there is a plot in essence that Yasumori's child Munekage ADACHI is Fujiwara clan therefore unless he changes his name to Minamoto clan he can not become Shogun.'",
"ja": "霜月騒動の折には、安達泰盛と対立した平頼綱が「泰盛の子安達宗景が藤原氏から源氏に改姓し将軍にならんとする陰謀あり」と執権北条貞時に讒言している。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also, presiding as the seventh Shogun, Imperial Prince Koreyasu was the first prince to be made Shogun without an imperial edict however, subsequently in actuality he became a member of the royal family that was subject to the state and took the Minamoto clan of Koreyasu MINAMOTO.",
"ja": "また、7代将軍として推戴された惟康親王ははじめ親王宣下がなされず惟康王であったが、後に実際に臣籍降下して源姓を賜り源惟康となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "It has been said that Koreyasu (prince of the sixth Shogun Imperial Prince Munetaka, who himself was Imperial Prince of Emperor Gosaga) had to be demoted from nobility to subject at the behest of the bakufu and, not at the wish of the Imperial family side.",
"ja": "後嵯峨天皇の皇子・6代将軍宗尊親王の王子である惟康が臣籍降下せねばならぬ理由は朝廷側にはなく幕府側の要請によるとの説もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "This was because the view that the leader of the Bakufu had to be a Minamoto (Genji) Shogun was deeply rooted amongst lower ranked vassals at that time.",
"ja": "これは幕府の主宰者は源氏将軍たるべき理想観念が当時、御家人の中に根強かったのではないかといわれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, at the time the real power of the bakufu was held in the hands of the Shogun's Regents, the Hojo clan.",
"ja": "しかし、当時、幕府の実権は執権北条氏の手中にあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Shogun's position to be precise was no more than as a puppet or symbolic figurehead.",
"ja": "将軍の地位はまさに傀儡か象徴的意味しか持ち合わせず。"
}
|
{
"en": "From the Hojo clan's viewpoint, they wished to offset a situation where cohesive unifying power were held by the Minamoto clan.",
"ja": "北条氏からしてみれば将軍が源氏として求心力を持つことは回避したい事態でありました。"
}
|
{
"en": "In fact, besides Imperial Prince Koreyasu received the title of Imperial Prince by Imperial Order from status of a subject, he was also removed from being shogun.",
"ja": "事実、惟康親王は臣籍の身から親王宣下がなされた上で将軍の座を追われた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Koreyasu's male cousin Imperial Prince Hisaaki (Imperial Prince of Emperor Gofukakusa) was a very young child when he assumed the position of shogun.",
"ja": "従兄弟（後深草天皇の皇子）の久明親王が幼くして将軍として擁立された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Furthermore, there was no demotion from nobility to subject and, Imperial Prince Morikuni, who also received backing to become a shogun as a miyashogun.",
"ja": "かつ臣籍降下も行われることなく、その王子守邦親王も宮将軍として将軍擁立がなされた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Process of Revival of the Genji Shoguns and Creation of Genji Shogun Legends",
"ja": "源氏将軍復活と源氏将軍神話誕生の過程"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1333 the Kamakura bakufu collapsed and Emperor Godaigo moved towards setting up a new Kenmu Administration amongst a escalating disturbances across Japan.",
"ja": "元弘3年（1333年）、鎌倉幕府が滅亡し、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政をめぐる国内の動揺のさなかであった。"
}
|
{
"en": "With this in mind as well, the Seiwa-Genji also looked towards a Genji Shogun of the ilk of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.",
"ja": "清和源氏それもかつての源氏将軍たる頼朝と同じ。"
}
|
{
"en": "Takauji ASHIKAGA who also shared Kawachi-Genji origins backed the Northern Dynasty and, served as seii taishogun at the opening of the Muromachi bakufu that went on to see a revival in the Genji Shoguns for around the next 120 years.",
"ja": "河内源氏の出身である足利尊氏が北朝を擁立し、征夷大将軍に任ぜられ室町幕府を開いたことで、約120年ぶりの源氏将軍が復活することとなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to the epic war tale \"Taiheiki\" (the Record of the Great Peace), in 1335 when under the direct rule of Emperor Godaigo, spouting rebellion Tokiyuki HOJO (orphan of Takatoki HOJO who had been destroyed along with the Kamakura bakufu) marched on Kamakura.",
"ja": "『太平記』によれば、後醍醐天皇の親政下の建武(日本)2年（1335年）、鎌倉幕府とともに滅亡した北条高時の遺児北条時行が叛旗を翻し鎌倉に攻め上った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Whereupon, Takauji ASHIKAGA stated more or less as follows.",
"ja": "その際、足利尊氏は、次のように述べた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Initially for generations seii taishogun was a fellow Genpei (Minamoto clan and Taira clan) clansman but that status has no bearing.'",
"ja": "「そもそも征夷将軍の任は代々の源平の輩、其の位に居するの例、計らず。」"
}
|
{
"en": "This matter at hand in places has deep significance on the profound wishes of Imperial Court and, the families.'",
"ja": "「此の一事、殊に朝の為、家の為、望み深き所なり」"
}
|
{
"en": "In other words, in relation to the countless examples of members of the Minamoto and Taira clans serving as seii taishogun, and besides being the recipient of Shogun proclamations, he wished to report to the Emperor that the Hojo clan had been subjugated.",
"ja": "即ち、源氏平氏が征夷大将軍の任についた例は数えきれないとして、自らも将軍宣下を受けた上で北条討伐を行いたいと奏上したという。"
}
|
{
"en": "Dismissing these wishes, Takauji ASHIKAGA took it upon himself to raise an army to suppress the Hojo clan.",
"ja": "その願いを却下された足利尊氏は勝手に北条討伐の軍を起こした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Without notifying the Imperial Court, in order to make plans to subjugate samurai families in various provinces, it was made to look as if the subjugation drive emanated from the Imperial court.",
"ja": "朝廷の断りなく諸国の武家を従える挙に及んだため、朝廷から討伐されることとなりました。"
}
|
{
"en": "With fresh backing from the Northern Dynasty and serving as seii taishogun, he established Muromachi bakufu and revived the Genji Shogun.",
"ja": "新たに北朝を擁立して征夷大将軍に任ぜられることで室町幕府を開府、源氏将軍を復活させた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The house of Ashikaga Shogun families was the same as what was previously the house of Genji Shoguns.",
"ja": "足利将軍家がかつての源氏将軍と同族であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Monopolization of the role of Shogun continued and emphasis on the legitimacy of their control possible misunderstandings can be seen such as 'the chief of military government should be Minamoto clan ' or 'to be shogun one had to be Minamoto clan.'",
"ja": "将軍職を独占し続け、その支配の正統性を主張する中であたかも「武家政権の長は源氏であるべき」、「源氏でなければ将軍になれない」という誤解ともいえる観念が生じたものと考えられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, the Muromachi bakufu was substantially destroyed during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).",
"ja": "しかし、戦国時代(日本)、室町幕府を実質的に滅ぼした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Nobunaga ODA calling himself a Taira, distinguished himself as the new pre-eminent leader at a that time, is said to have been assumed by the Imperial Court whatever official role he wished: Seii taishogun, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) or Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) ('sanshoku suinin mondai' (the question of the three alternative positions)).",
"ja": "平氏を称する織田信長が新たな天下人かと目された折 朝廷は信長に征夷大将軍、太政大臣、関白いずれの官職が希望かを問うた（三職推任問題）といわれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "It therefore can not be justified to say only Minamoto clan were allowed to be Shogun as there were limitations to a Genji Shogun obtaining any role they happened to desire.",
"ja": "このように、源氏将軍がその地位をほしいままにしている場合でない限り、源氏でなければ将軍にしないという理由はやはりなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, Nobunaga's successor, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI managed to unify the whole country and also sought the role of Shogun.",
"ja": "しかし、信長の後継者として天下統一を果たした豊臣秀吉も将軍職を欲した。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is said that Hideyoshi took it upon himself to dismiss requests from Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, 15th generation of Shogun in the Muromachi bakufu, to adopt Hideyoshi as his child.",
"ja": "室町幕府15代将軍の足利義昭に猶子とするよう要請し断られたといわれる説もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, subsequently Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who had assumed the Fujiwara clan was as a Minamoto clan appointed as seii taishogun and, notwithstanding in each case the three founders of the bakufu regimes in Japan's history had come from Minamoto clan stock, the Minamoto clan legend that only a Minamoto clan could be shogun and, Minamoto clan belief came into existence.",
"ja": "さらにその後、藤原姓を称したこともある徳川家康が源氏として征夷大将軍に任ぜられ、日本史上3人しかいない幕府開府者がいずれも源氏となったこともあって、源氏でなければ将軍になれないという源氏将軍神話、源氏将軍信仰が生まれたと考えられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shogun is a job grade and title given to the commander of a relatively large armed force and is also the rank of a military clique leader.",
"ja": "将軍（しょうぐん）は、比較的大きな軍隊の指揮官に与えられる官職および称号の一つ、また軍閥の指導者の地位でもある。"
}
|
{
"en": "As title, it is also called Shogun-go (title of General).",
"ja": "称号としての将軍を将軍号ともいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "It has been the title of the military commander in the Orient since ancient times.",
"ja": "古来より東洋における軍隊の指揮官の役職名の一つであった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In diplomatic situations and inside the armed forces, the commander is addressed as \"Kakka\" (Your Excellency).",
"ja": "外交上または軍隊内の敬称としては閣下が用いられる。"
}
|
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