translation
translation |
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{
"en": "A Duke, which in English is said to be derived from the Latin word dux meaning a Roman General, or a Prince, the son of a member of the Royal Family, are equivalent titles for nobles in Europe and Russia.",
"ja": "ヨーロッパ・ロシアの貴族の称号であるduke（英語の場合、古代ローマの将軍・ドゥクスが語源とされる）やprince（英語での王族の男子の場合）の訳としても用いられる。"
} |
{
"en": "The Japanese peerage system was hereditary.",
"ja": "日本の華族制度では、世襲制であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Since the Japanese word 'Koshaku' is formally translated as Prince rather than Duke, Fumimaro KONOE, a statesman in the Showa Period, is sometimes mistakenly considered to be a member of the Imperial Family in Western documents.",
"ja": "なお、日本の「公爵」の公式英訳にはdukeではなくprinceが当てられるがこのため昭和期の政治家の近衛文麿が欧米圏の文献で皇族と誤解されるような場合がある。"
} |
{
"en": "In Japan the Peerage Law was enacted by the Imperial Household Ministry in 1884 after the Meiji Restoration, and Article 2 stipulated that the Kazoku (peerage) was divided into Gotoshaku or five ranks including Duke, Marquis, Count, Viscount and Baron, under which, a Duke ranked first.",
"ja": "日本では明治維新後の明治17年（1884年）に宮内省達華族令が制定され、第二条において華族を公侯伯子男の五等爵とされ、公爵は第1位とされた。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1889, when Imperial Edict No.11, Kizokuin (the House of Peers) Law was established, Article 1-1 of the edict entitled Dukes to be members of the House of Peers.",
"ja": "明治22年（1889年）、勅令第11号貴族院令が制定されると、公爵は同令第1条の1により、公爵たる者は貴族院議員となる資格を与えられることが規定された。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1907, Koshitsu-rei (the Imperial Families' Act) No.2, the Peerage Law was enacted and precisely defined the inheritance and dignity of peerage and other procedures.",
"ja": "明治40年（1907年）、皇室令第2号華族令が制定され、襲爵、華族の品位その他、手続きが細かく規定された。"
} |
{
"en": "The title of duke was granted according to the following standard ('Joshaku' or conferring a peerage).",
"ja": "公爵は以下の基準（「叙爵内規」）によって授けられた。"
} |
{
"en": "Imperial family",
"ja": "皇族"
} |
{
"en": "Subjects who rank under the Imperial Prince and Princess, and Shoo (Princes without imperial proclamation)",
"ja": "-親王諸王より臣位に列せられた者。"
} |
{
"en": "Though this bylaw existed, there were no examples of conferring the title of Duke due to a member of the Imperial family being demoted to a mere subject.",
"ja": "このような内規はあったが、実際に臣籍降下によって公爵を与えられた例はない。"
} |
{
"en": "Kuge (court noble)",
"ja": "公家"
} |
{
"en": "Former Sekke (line of regents and advisers)",
"ja": "-旧摂家。"
} |
{
"en": "These families were considered to rank the highest in court noble society and were qualified to be promoted to act as a regent to the emperor.",
"ja": "公家社会でも最高位に属するとされ、摂関に昇る資格を持っていた家柄である。"
} |
{
"en": "There are five such families: Konoe, Kujo, Nijo, Ichijo, and Takatsukasa.",
"ja": "近衛家・九条家・二条家・一条家・鷹司家の計5家。"
} |
{
"en": "Buke (military authority)",
"ja": "武家"
} |
{
"en": "Tokugawa clan",
"ja": "-徳川氏。"
} |
{
"en": "It is the so-called former Shogun family and represents the family of Iesato TOKUGAWA.",
"ja": "いわゆる旧将軍家であり、徳川家達家がこれにあたる。"
} |
{
"en": "Only one such family exists.",
"ja": "1家のみ。"
} |
{
"en": "Those who rendered a deed of valor",
"ja": "勲功者"
} |
{
"en": "Those who rendered distinguished service to the state",
"ja": "-国家に偉勲ある者。"
} |
{
"en": "They are classified broadly into three groups.",
"ja": "三種に大別できる。"
} |
{
"en": "One group consists of those who were qualified to be given a peerage, but received a higher title than they should have been given, due to their great service being taken into account, although they did not make distinguished achievements.",
"ja": "一つは「偉勲」がなくとも華族たる資格を持っていた家のうち、功績が加味されて本来よりも高い爵位を与えられたグループである。"
} |
{
"en": "It includes four families of Sanjo (due to the achievement of Sanetomi SANJO), Iwakura (due to the achievement of Tomomi IWAKURA), Shimazu (of the former Kagoshima Domain) and Mori (of the former Choshu Domain), and in addition three more families of Saionji which were later promoted from the rank of Marquis (due to the achievement of Kinmochi SAIONJI), Tokudaiji (due to the achievement of Sanetsune TOKUDAIJI) and Mito-Tokugawa (due to the achievement of Atsuyoshi TOKUGAWA).",
"ja": "三条家（三条実美の功績）、岩倉家（岩倉具視の功績）、島津家（旧鹿児島藩家）、毛利家（旧長州藩家）の4家がこれにあたり、後年侯爵から陞爵した西園寺家（西園寺公望の功績）、徳大寺家（徳大寺実則の功績）、水戸徳川家（徳川篤敬の功績）の3家もこれに含めて考えられる。"
} |
{
"en": "Another group consists of those who were granted the title of Duke after they were allowed to make a new family with their special achievement taken into account, although their head families already had the title.",
"ja": "次に本家がすでに公爵となっているにもかかわらず、その人物の特別な功績が認められて別に家を立てることをゆるされ、さらに公爵位を授けられたグループがある。"
} |
{
"en": "There are specifically two such families: that of Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, who was not the Lord of the Shimazu domain but had a great influence on the domain at the end of Edo Period as a guardian, and his descendants, and that of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who transferred the headship of the family to an adopted child, Iesato TOKUGAWA, and lived in seclusion after Taisei Hokan (the transfer of power back to the Emperor), and his descendants.",
"ja": "具体的には、藩主ではなかったがその後見人として幕末の薩摩藩に大きな影響を与えた島津久光とその子孫、大政奉還後養子の徳川家達に家督を譲って隠棲した徳川慶喜とその子孫の2家である。"
} |
{
"en": "The other group consists of those who were granted the title of Duke because of their great achievements although their families were not peers such as court nobles or Lords.",
"ja": "公家・諸侯等の華族に相当する家の出身でないにもかかわらず「偉勲」によって公爵を叙爵されたグループ。"
} |
{
"en": "They are the so-called new nobility.",
"ja": "いわゆる新華族である。"
} |
{
"en": "There are five such families: Hirobumi ITO, Iwao OYAMA, Aritomo YAMAGATA, Masayoshi MATSUKATA and Taro KATSURA, and if the Saionji family is included, six of nine Genro (elder statesmen) have received the title of Duke.",
"ja": "伊藤博文、大山巌、山縣有朋、松方正義、桂太郎の5家がこれにあたり、西園寺家を含めると元老9人のうち6人が公爵を与えられていることになる。"
} |
{
"en": "They received the title on July 7, 1884, if not otherwise specified.",
"ja": "特記のない限り、明治17年（1884年）7月7日に受爵。"
} |
{
"en": "Baron (called danshaku in Japanese) is a title of nobility.",
"ja": "男爵（だんしゃく）とは爵位の一つである。"
} |
{
"en": "It is the fifth highest rank of peerage (Gotoshaku) in ancient China, modern Japan, and England.",
"ja": "古代中国、近代日本、イギリスなどでは五等爵の第5位にあたる。"
} |
{
"en": "It is ranked below Viscount.",
"ja": "子爵の下位に相当する。"
} |
{
"en": "There is a title that corresponds to baron in the peerage systems of France, Germany, and Russia.",
"ja": "フランス、ドイツ、ロシアなど各国の爵位制度でも該当する爵位が存在する。"
} |
{
"en": "Danshaku in Japanese corresponds to Baron in English.",
"ja": "日本語の男爵に相当する爵位を英語ではバロン(称号)（Baron）という。"
} |
{
"en": "The feminine equivalent of Baron is Baroness, and is used for the wife of a Baron or a woman having the title of Baron (female Baron).",
"ja": "バロンの女性形はバロネス（Baroness）で、イギリスの制度では男爵の妻（男爵夫人）や男爵の爵位をもつ女性（女男爵）に用いる。"
} |
{
"en": "In England, a Baron is the lowest-ranked title that is eligible for a peerage.",
"ja": "イギリスでは男爵は上院議員になることができる貴族の最下位の称号である。"
} |
{
"en": "In England, it is rare to call a man of this peerage Baron; rather, they use the general title Lord, such as 'Lord Smith.'",
"ja": "英国ではこの爵位をもつ男性をBaron何々と呼ぶことはめったになく、貴族への一般的敬称であるLordを用いてLordSmithなどと言う。"
} |
{
"en": "In Scotland, a Baron is not a title of peerage, and the corresponding peerage is called 'Lord of Parliament.'",
"ja": "スコットランドではバロンは爵位の称号ではなく、イングランドの男爵に相当する爵位はロード・オブ・パーラメントという。"
} |
{
"en": "Although almost all other European countries including Russia use the title Baron, Germany uses Freiherr instead.",
"ja": "ヨーロッパのその他の国はロシアを含めてほとんどがバロン系統の称号を男爵の爵位に用いているが、ドイツのみ男爵に相当する爵位はフライヘル（Freiherr）という。"
} |
{
"en": "It was established after the Meiji period, and it was determined as the peerage of the lowest rank.",
"ja": "明治以降の華族制度において創設され、最下位の爵位とされた。"
} |
{
"en": "The following people received the title of Baron.",
"ja": "以下のような人々が男爵位を与えられた。"
} |
{
"en": "Kuge (court nobles)",
"ja": "公家"
} |
{
"en": "People who were raised to the peerage after the Meiji Restoration",
"ja": "維新後華族に列せられたる者。"
} |
{
"en": "Families separated from their head families (26 families) and a number of Buddhist monks (those who were originally court nobles of the Kofuku-ji Temple) who returned to secular life during the time when anti-Buddhist movement was getting stronger (called the Nara peerage, 27 families).",
"ja": "すなわち明治以降に分家した家（26家）と、廃仏毀釈の風潮のなかで還俗した公家出身の興福寺の僧侶（いわゆる奈良華族。27家）がこれにあたる。"
} |
{
"en": "Furthermore, the following families received the title of Baron: the Oshikoji family and the Mibu family, whose social standings were particularly high among the Jige-ke (family status of non-noble retainers who are not allowed into the Emperor's living quarters in the imperial palace); the Tamamasu family (Kanin-ryu, one of the Fujiwara faction); the descendants of Misao TAMAMATSU, who was from court nobility and made a great contribution to the Meiji Restoration; and the Nishitakatsuji family, who served as Guji (chief of those who serve shrines, control festivals and general affairs) of Dazaifu Tenman-gu Shrine and who were a branch family of the Takatsuji family.",
"ja": "さらにいわゆる地下家の中でも殊に家格が高かった押小路家、壬生家の2家、及び公家出身で明治維新に功績のあった玉松操の子孫である玉松家（閑院流出身）、太宰府天満宮宮司で高辻家傍流とされる西高辻家にも特に男爵が与えられている。"
} |
{
"en": "People who were raised to the peerage after the Meiji Restoration",
"ja": "維新後華族に列せられたる者。"
} |
{
"en": "They are the people of the families who were separated from the Daimyo (Feudal Lord)'s family after the Meiji period (35 families).",
"ja": "すなわち明治以降に大名家から分家した家（35家）がこれにあたる。"
} |
{
"en": "The following 11 families and the Yoshikawa clan of Suo Iwakuni Domain, who had been raised to the peerage since the Meiji era, received the title of Baron: 5 families who owned more than 10,000 koku of crop yields as the attendant chief retainer of three privileged branches - the Ando family of the Kii Tanabe Domain, the Takenokoshi family of the Mino Imao Domain, the Nakayama family of the Hitachi Matsuoka Domain, the Naruse family of the Owari Inuyama Domain and the Mizuno family of the Kii Shingu Domain, and 6 families of kotaiyoriai, a family status of samurai warriors in the Edo period, who owned more than 10,000 koku of rice during the Meiji Restoration - the Ikeda family of the Harima Fukumoto Domain, the Ikoma family of the Dewa Yashima Domain, the Hirano family of the Yamato Tawaramoto Domain, the Hondo family of the Hitachi Shizuku Domain, the Yamazaki family of the Bitchu Nariwa Domain and the Yamana family of the Tajima Muraoka Domain.",
"ja": "その他、御三家付家老として1万石以上を領していた紀伊田辺藩安藤家、美濃今尾藩竹腰家、常陸松岡藩中山家、尾張犬山藩成瀬家、紀伊新宮藩水野家の5家、交代寄合のうち維新時に現米1万石以上であった播磨福本池田家、出羽矢島生駒家、大和田原本平野家、常陸志筑本堂家、備中成羽山崎家、但馬村岡山名家の6家、長州藩の支藩とされてきた周防岩国藩吉川氏の計11家も、「江戸時代以前は藩とは見なされなかったが明治以後に華族になった」と見なして男爵を与えられた。"
} |
{
"en": "The Hayashi family, who were deprived of their samurai status during the Boshin War, received the title of Baron, having been raised to the peerage from the warrior class.",
"ja": "また戊辰戦争で改易された上総請西藩林家は士族から再度華族に列せられたという扱いで男爵を授爵されている。"
} |
{
"en": "The Inada family, Hitto karo (the head of chief retainers) of the Tokushima Domain, were bestowed the title of Baron as an award for their great achievement in the development of Hokkaido.",
"ja": "徳島藩筆頭家老稲田家は戊辰戦争、北海道開拓に功績があったとして男爵を与えられている。"
} |
{
"en": "The Honda family, who were the chief retainers of the Matsudaira family of the Fukui domain, were first judged as baishin (indirect vassal) and were given the class of warriors, however, they were finally given the title of Baron after the petition and riots known as the Takefu incident.",
"ja": "越前福井藩松平家の家老であった本多家（二万石）は、陪臣であると解釈されて一旦士族とされたが、旧家臣・領民らによる陳情・騒動（武生騒動）の結果、男爵となった。"
} |
{
"en": "Buddhist priesthood and Shinto priesthood",
"ja": "僧職・神職"
} |
{
"en": "None of these were particularly suitable as a Baron under the bylaw, however, the following were raised to the peerage: Shinto priests of local areas, especially from the old families (the Arakita family of Ise Jingu Shrine, Kawabe family, Matsumoto family of Ise Jingu Shrine, Aso family of Aso-jinja Shrine, Itouzu family and Miyanari family of Usa-jingu Shrine, Ono family of Hinomisaki-jinja Shrine, Kaneko family of Mononobe-jinja Shrine (in Ota city), the Ki family of Hinokuma-jingu Shrine and Kunikakasu-jingu Shrine, Kitajima family and Sen family of Izumo-taisha Shrine, Senshu family of Atsuta-jingu Shrine, the Tsumori family of Sumiyoshitaisha Shrine, Takachiho family of Tendai Shugen zasu (head priest of the temple) of Hikosan; Family names in bold letters indicate that they were kuninomiyatsuko (the heads of local governments), and Buddhist priests' families which inherited positions (the Kibe family, the chief abbot of the Kibe school of Jodo Shinshu - the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism, the Shibuya family, the chief abbot of the Shibuya school of Jodo Shinshu, and the Hanazono family, the chief abbot of the Kosho-ji Temple of Jodo Shinshu).",
"ja": "特に内規としてあてはまるものはなかったが、各地の神職のうち特に古い家柄のもの（伊勢神宮荒木田家・河辺家、伊勢神宮松木家、阿蘇神社阿蘇家、宇佐神宮到津家・宮成家、日御碕神社小野家、物部神社(大田市)金子家、日前神宮・國懸神宮紀家、出雲大社北島家・千家家、熱田神宮千秋家、住吉大社津守家、英彦山天台修験座主高千穂家。太字は国造家）、及び僧職のうち血縁によって職を世襲している家（浄土真宗木辺派管長木辺家、同渋谷派管長渋谷家、同高田派管長常盤井家、同興正寺派管長華園家）は華族に列せられた。"
} |
{
"en": "Among them, 18 families, except the Otani family of Nishi Hongan-ji Temple, were given the title of Baron.",
"ja": "このうち東西本願寺の大谷家を除く18家は男爵とされた。"
} |
{
"en": "New nobility",
"ja": "新華族"
} |
{
"en": "People who have made outstanding contributions to the country.",
"ja": "国家に勲功ある者。"
} |
{
"en": "Except politicians, bureaucrats, and members of the armed forces, the title of Baron was also given to businesspeople such as the Mitsui family, Sumitomo family, Konoike family, and Iwasaki family.",
"ja": "政治家・官僚・軍人以外に、三井家、住友家、鴻池家、岩崎家のような実業家にも男爵が与えられた。"
} |
{
"en": "Also, many families of karo (chief retainer of daimyo, Japanese territorial lord) of taihan (large scale domains) received the title of Baron as a reward for their outstanding contribution to the country during the Meiji Restoration.",
"ja": "また維新時の功績などといった名目により、大藩の家老家のうちかなりの数が「国家に勲功ある者」として男爵を授けられている。"
} |
{
"en": "Others",
"ja": "その他"
} |
{
"en": "Takeomi KIKUCHI, Yorisada GOJO, Nagayasu NAWA, Yukiyoshi NANBU, Toshizumi NITTA were also raised to the peerage and given the title of Baron as the descendants of meritorious retainers of the Southern Court (Japan).",
"ja": "菊池武臣、五条頼定、名和長恭、南部行義、新田俊純などが南朝_(日本)の功臣の子孫であることを理由に新たに華族に列せられ、男爵を与えられた。"
} |
{
"en": "The councilors of the Japanese House of Peers were chosen from barons by a mutual vote among themselves.",
"ja": "貴族院(日本)へは男爵中で互選した者が議員となった。"
} |
{
"en": "In Japan, Baron is the most well known title as well as Duke and Hakushaku (Count, Earl in England); Barons often appear in Japanese literary works and comic books.",
"ja": "日本においては公爵、伯爵と並んで知名度の高い爵位であり、文学作品、漫画作品などにも多くの男爵が登場する。"
} |
{
"en": "In many cases, they are described as gentleman types wearing traditional suits or riding suits; Baron is recognized more as the title for a gentleman rather than for aristocrats.",
"ja": "その多くは大礼服よりも伝統的なスーツや乗馬服をまとった紳士風の人物として描かれており、貴族と言うよりは上位の紳士の称号として認識されている感が強い。"
} |
{
"en": "Danshaku imo (Baron potato)",
"ja": "男爵いも"
} |
{
"en": "A breed of potato",
"ja": "ジャガイモの品種の1つ。"
} |
{
"en": "The name Danshaku imo comes from the fact that the Baron Ryukichi KAWATA cultivated a breed of potato called Irish Cobbler at Kamiiso town (present day: Hokuto city) in Hokkaido and popularized the potato.",
"ja": "男爵いもは高知県出身の男爵・川田龍吉が北海道上磯町（現・北斗市）でアイリッシュ・コブラーという品種の芋を試験栽培し、普及させたことに由来する。"
} |
{
"en": "Kuki danshaku (Air baron)",
"ja": "空気男爵"
} |
{
"en": "Kuki danshaku is the debut volume of the cartoonist Takao SATO.",
"ja": "漫画家さいとうたかおのデビュー作。"
} |
{
"en": "Hige danshaku",
"ja": "髭男爵"
} |
{
"en": "a Japanese comic duo of Sun music group (entertainment agency)",
"ja": "サンミュージック所属の漫才コンビ。"
} |
{
"en": "Tanemichi AOYAMA, principal of Tokyo Imperial Medical University",
"ja": "青山胤通東京帝国大医科大学校長"
} |
{
"en": "Shigekata ITAMI, recipient of Kinkei no mashiko and Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure",
"ja": "伊丹重賢 錦鶏間祗候・勲一等瑞宝章"
} |
{
"en": "Kiyoshi WATANABE, recipient of Kinkei no mashiko and Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure",
"ja": "渡辺清 錦鶏間祗候・勲一等瑞宝章"
} |
{
"en": "Kijuro SHIDEHARA, the 44th prime minister, the 40th chairman of the House of Representatives, recipient of Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flower of the Junior First Rank",
"ja": "幣原喜重郎 第44代内閣総理大臣、第40代衆議院議長、従一位勲一等旭日桐花大綬章"
} |
{
"en": "Shozo KAWASAKI, the founder of Kobe Kawasaki Zaibatsu and a member of Kizokuin (the House of Peers)",
"ja": "川崎正蔵 神戸川崎財閥創立者、貴族院議員"
} |
{
"en": "Tsunatsune HASHIMOTO, general office director of Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), leader of the Ministry of Defense, professor at the University of Tokyo",
"ja": "橋本綱常 大日本帝国陸軍軍医総監、陸軍省医務局長、東京大学教授。"
} |
{
"en": "Doctor of Medicine",
"ja": "博士(医学)。"
} |
{
"en": "Masanao KOIKE, army surgeon general and member of Kizokuin (the House of Peers)",
"ja": "小池正直 陸軍軍医総監、貴族院議員。"
} |
{
"en": "Kanehiro TAKAGI, head of the Medical Bureau of the Navy and the general office director of the a Navy Medical Service",
"ja": "高木兼寛 海軍医務局長・海軍軍医総監。"
} |
{
"en": "The founder of the Jikei University School of Medicine",
"ja": "東京慈恵会医科大学の創設者。"
} |
{
"en": "Kanehiro was dedicated to the eradication of beriberi and was called the 'barley rice baron.'",
"ja": "脚気の撲滅に尽力し、「麦飯男爵」と呼ばれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Minoru FUKUHARA, Army Major General who was awarded with Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure and Kinkei no mashiko",
"ja": "福原実 陸軍少将勲一等瑞宝章・錦鶏間祗候"
} |
{
"en": "Takeichi NISHI, Colonel of the Army, Colonel of the 21st tank regiment and gold medal winner in Equestrianism in the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Games.",
"ja": "西竹一 陸軍大佐、戦車二十一連隊長、ロサンゼルスオリンピック(1932年)馬術障害飛越競技金メダリスト。"
} |
{
"en": "Tsuneyoshi MURATA, feudal retainer of Satsuma, Army Major General, inventor of the first domestic rifle of the Japanese army, Murataju (Murata rifle)",
"ja": "村田経芳薩摩藩士、陸軍少将、日本陸軍の最初の国産小銃「村田銃」発明者。"
} |
{
"en": "Shigeru HONJO, Army General, military attache to the palace, Kwantung Army (Japanese armed forces in Manchuria)",
"ja": "本庄繁 陸軍大将、侍従武官長、満洲事変当時の関東軍司令官。"
} |
{
"en": "Mineo OSUMI, full admiral, Minister of the Navy at the time of May 15th Incident and February 26th Incident",
"ja": "大角岑生 海軍大将、五・一五事件、二・二六事件当時の海軍大臣。"
} |
{
"en": "Shibasaburo KITASATO, medical scholar and bacteriologist",
"ja": "北里柴三郎 医学者の一覧・細菌学。"
} |
{
"en": "Founder of Kitasato University",
"ja": "北里大学の創設者。"
} |
{
"en": "Shibasaburo made remarable achievements in the health services and public health administration.",
"ja": "医療行政や衛生行政の面でも大きな業績を残す。"
} |
{
"en": "Kantaro SUZUKI, the 42nd prime minister, Chairman of the Privy Council, Grand Chamberlain, department director of the Navy Department, navarch of the combined fleet, and full admiral",
"ja": "鈴木貫太郎 第42代内閣総理大臣、枢密院議長、侍従長、海軍軍令部長、連合艦隊司令長官、海軍大将"
} |
{
"en": "Tomoshige SAMEJIMA, vice admiral, captain of the battleship Nagato",
"ja": "鮫島具重 海軍中将、戦艦長門(戦艦)艦長。"
} |
{
"en": "Kishichiro OKURA, the founder of Hotel Okura",
"ja": "大倉喜七郎 ホテルオークラ創業者"
} |
{
"en": "Gotairo indicates the five most powerful daimyo clans, appointed as Karo (or Tairo) of the Toyotomi family, and acted as executive organs of the Toyotomi Administration at the last days of the administration, during the Bunroku era (1593-1598).",
"ja": "五大老（ごたいろう）とは、豊臣政権末期（文禄年間）に豊臣家の家老（大老）として政務にあたった有力五大名を指した言葉である。"
} |
{
"en": "In those days, they were called 'Gonin bugyo,' but it became quite confusing with 'Gonin gobugyo' during the Edo period (though they were mainly called 'Gonin otoshiyori' at the time); as a result, the term 'Gotairo' was coined later to indicate the former to distinguish between them.",
"ja": "なお、当時は「五大老」の呼び名は無く、「五人御奉行」などと呼ばれていたが、江戸時代にいわゆる五奉行（こちらは主に「五人御年寄」などと呼ばれていた）と混乱し、後に「五大老」と呼ばれるようになったものである。"
} |
{
"en": "Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI established a council system of Gotairo to support his son Hideyori in case of his death, expecting the five members to balance each other to prevent the possible emergence of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.",
"ja": "豊臣秀吉は己の死後、その息子・豊臣秀頼を五大老が補佐し、合議制をとることにより徳川家康の台頭を防ごうと考えていた。"
} |
{
"en": "However, the council system became merely nominal through Ieyasu's frequent covenant violations.",
"ja": "しかし、家康の度重なる盟約違反により有名無実化した。"
} |
{
"en": "Gotairo prevented Ieyasu TOKUGAWA from surpassing the Toyotomi family until the death of Toshiie MAEDA in 1599, though they could not stop Ieyasu to be dominating.",
"ja": "ただし、前田利家の存命だった慶長4年（1599年）までは、家康の専横までは防げなかったものの、家康が豊臣家より上回る権威を持つことを防ぐことはできた。"
} |
{
"en": "Ieyasu TOKUGAWA (possessed lands worth 2,560,000 koku of rice in Kanto)",
"ja": "徳川家康（関東に256万石）"
} |
{
"en": "Toshiie MAEDA (possessed lands worth 830,000 koku of rice in the Hokuriku region and in other areas including Kaga Province)",
"ja": "前田利家（北陸地方・加賀など83万石）"
} |
{
"en": "Terumoto MORI (possessed lands worth 1,200,000 koku of rice in the Chugoku region, and in other areas including the western half of Kibi Province and Aki Province)",
"ja": "毛利輝元（中国地方・吉備西半・安芸など120万石）"
} |
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