translation
translation |
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{
"en": "Hideie UKIATA (possessed lands worth 570,000 koku of rice in the Chugoku region and the eastern half of Kibi Province)",
"ja": "宇喜多秀家（中国地方・吉備東半57万石）"
} |
{
"en": "Takakage KOBAYAKAWA (possessed lands worth 330,000 koku of rice in the northern Kyushu area and Bizen Province) - during the Bunroku era.",
"ja": "小早川隆景（北九州・筑前33万石）※文禄年間"
} |
{
"en": "After the death of Toshiie MAEDA, his heir Toshinaga inherited the post in the council of Gotairo.",
"ja": "前田利家の死後は嫡子の前田利長がその地位を継いだ。"
} |
{
"en": "Roju was a post in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and domains in the Edo period.",
"ja": "老中（ろうじゅう）は、江戸幕府および藩の職名。"
} |
{
"en": "Roju was a permanent post placed immediately under Shogun to control the national administration, and was not a fixed name for the post.",
"ja": "将軍に直属して国政を統轄する常置の職であり、定名ではなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "The name originated in Toshiyori (literally, old persons), which was an important post in the Tokugawa clan when the Tokugawa family was a daimyo, and the use of Roju for the post was established in around the Kanei era (1624 - 1644).",
"ja": "大名時代の徳川氏の年寄に由来し、寛永ごろに老中の名称が定着した。"
} |
{
"en": "In domains, Karo (the chief retainer) was sometimes called Roju.",
"ja": "諸藩では家老のことを老中と称する場合がある。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Edo bakufu, the post of Rokuninshu (literally, six persons; corresponding to the later Wakadoshiyori (literally, younger old persons) post) was established in 1634, and was abolished in 1649, with the job absorbed in that of Roju.",
"ja": "幕府では、1634年（寛永11年）六人衆が置かれ、1649年（慶安2年）に六人衆（後の若年寄に相当）が廃止され、その職掌があわせられた。"
} |
{
"en": "However, in 1662, the Wakadoshiyori post was again established for housekeeping of the Shogun family, sharing the job with Roju.",
"ja": "しかしながら、1662年（寛文2年）に再び若年寄が設置され、将軍家の家政については分掌された。"
} |
{
"en": "In \"Tokugawa Jikki\" (a collection of official records of the Edo bakufu), Roju was also recorded as Shukuro (literally, experienced old persons).",
"ja": "『徳川実紀』には、宿老とも書かれている。"
} |
{
"en": "Initially, Roju was called Toshiyorishu (literally, old persons), and the name of Toshiyorishu was generally used among Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which was a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).",
"ja": "当初、老中は年寄衆と呼ばれていたということで、旗本の間では年寄衆という呼称で定着した。"
} |
{
"en": "Roju of the Bakufu controlled Ometsuke (the post for watching the states of the domains and Imperial court), Machi-bugyo (town magistrate), Ongoku-bugyo (the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period), and Sunpujodai (the person sent for administering the Shunpu castle), and was responsible for the affairs concerned with the imperial court, kuge (court nobles), daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), shrines and temples as well as for allotment of chigyo (a right of controlling a domain).",
"ja": "幕府の老中は、大目付・町奉行・遠国奉行・駿府城代などを指揮監督し、朝廷・公家・大名・寺社に関する事柄、知行割りについてなどを統轄した。"
} |
{
"en": "The number of Roju was four to five, and one of them was in charge of daily affairs in monthly rotation.",
"ja": "定員は4〜5人で、普段の業務は月番制で毎月1人が担当した。"
} |
{
"en": "The room called Goyoubeya, placed in the Honmaru-goten palace of the Edo castle, was used as their office, and for important matters, they met there and conferred together.",
"ja": "江戸城本丸御殿にあった御用部屋と呼ばれる部屋を詰め所・執務室とし、重大な事柄については合議した。"
} |
{
"en": "When they conferred on an important matter, they exchanged their opinions through writing on ash placed in the Goyobeya as the best measure to prevent their talks from being eavesdropped and not to leave any documentary evidences.",
"ja": "また、外部に漏れてはいけない重要なことを話し合う時には盗聴をされないよう、更に文書として証拠も残らない最善策として御用部屋に置かれていた灰の上に筆談をした。"
} |
{
"en": "Actually, the Roju other than the one in charge for the month also conferred on and dealt with important matters.",
"ja": "実際には担当ではない者も月番の者と同じように、重要な事柄を合議・処理をしたりしていた。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1680, one of the Roju was assigned a job specialized in financial affairs as Katte-gakari (literally, kitchen-handling) Roju.",
"ja": "1680年（延宝8）には1人を勝手掛老中とし、財政を専任させた。"
} |
{
"en": "This Roju was also called Roju-shuza (head Roju) and administered the affairs of the state as the chief of Roju..",
"ja": "これを老中首座ともいい老中の筆頭として政治を行った。"
} |
{
"en": "In addition, Nishinomaru Roju (Roju at the western compound) was sometimes placed.",
"ja": "この他､時によって西の丸老中を置いた。"
} |
{
"en": "Nishinomaru Roju was not engaged in the affairs of the bakufu but was solely responsible for housekeeping of Ogosho (leading or influential figure) or the heir of Shogun who resided in Nishinomaru.",
"ja": "西の丸老中は幕政には関与せず専ら西の丸に居住する大御所や将軍嗣子の家政を総括していた。"
} |
{
"en": "In the reformation of the shogunate government in 1867, at the end of the Edo period, the tsukibansei system (in which one of the Roju was in charge of daily affairs in monthly rotation) was abolished and a new system was established in which each of five presidents was exclusively responsible for domestic affairs, accounting, foreign affairs, the army, or the navy.",
"ja": "1867年（慶応3年）に幕末の幕政改革で月番制を廃止し、国内事務・会計・外国事務・陸軍・海軍の5人の総裁がそれぞれ専任する体制となった。"
} |
{
"en": "It was specified that ordinarily a Roju had to be Fudai daimyo (a daimyo who had belonged to the Tokugawa group before the Battle of Sekigahara) with 50,000 koku (approx. 180 liters/koku) rice yields.",
"ja": "老中になるためには、通常5万石以上の譜代大名という規定があった。"
} |
{
"en": "However, there were exceptions, and some daimyo with less then 30,000 koku rice yields became Roju from the Roju-kaku post (a post at the Roju level).",
"ja": "しかし、例外もあり3万石以下の大名でも、老中格から老中になるものもいた。"
} |
{
"en": "Although no Tozama daimyo (a daimyo who did not belong to the Tokugawa group before the Battle of Sekigahara) could become Roju, it seems that some Tozama daimyo became 'Negai daimyo' (who was allowed to become a Fudai daimyo from a Tozama daimyo) and then became Roju.",
"ja": "また、実際役職に就くのは不可能である外様大名でも、「願い譜代」（外様から譜代にしてもらうこと）をしてなるものもいたようである。"
} |
{
"en": "Most Roju came from posts under the immediate control of Shogun, such as Sobayonin (lord chamberlain), Kyoto-shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy), and Osaka-jodai (the person sent for administering the Osaka castle).",
"ja": "だいたいは側用人、京都所司代、大坂城代など将軍直属の役職からなるものが多かった。"
} |
{
"en": "It was custom that the rank of the daimyo who was appointed to Osaka-jodai was promoted to Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) from Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank).",
"ja": "大坂城代に任じられた大名は、それまで従五位であった者は従四位下に昇任するのが通例である。"
} |
{
"en": "Furthermore, it was also custom that, when a person was appointed to Kyoto-shoshidai or Roju, the rank of the person was raised to Jushiinoge and jiju (a chamberlain).",
"ja": "さらに、京都所司代または老中に任じられると、従四位下・侍従に昇任するのが通例であった。"
} |
{
"en": "A person whose rank was Jushiinoge or higher was allowed to have an audience with Emperor.",
"ja": "なお、従四位下以上は天皇への謁見ができる。"
} |
{
"en": "When a Roju had an official title (for example, XX kami or XX taifu), use of the same title by other persons was voluntarily avoided.",
"ja": "老中と同じ官名（○○守、○○大輔など）は、自主的に避けられた。"
} |
{
"en": "When a person was appointed to Roju, the daimyo and the hatamoto who possessed the same official title as that of the new Roju, except those whose shikoseki (waiting room) was Oroka (a big corridor), Ohiroma (a big hall), or Tamarinoma (literally, a gathering-together hall), changed their official titles voluntarily.",
"ja": "新たな老中が就任すると、同じ官名の伺候席大廊下（おおろうか）、伺候席大広間（おおびろま）、伺候席溜間以外の大名や旗本は自主的に官名を変更したのである。"
} |
{
"en": "When a Roju talked to another Roju, the name and title 'XX dono,' with the official name inserted into them, was used.",
"ja": "老中が老中に話しかける時は「～殿」のところに官名を付けて呼んだ。"
} |
{
"en": "It is said that their working hours were around four hours.",
"ja": "執務時間は約4時間程度だったと言う。"
} |
{
"en": "Ordinarily, Roju came to the Edo castle at around 10 AM and left there at around 2 PM.",
"ja": "一般的には老中は午前10時ごろ江戸城に登城、午後2時ごろに退出した。"
} |
{
"en": "Roju resided mostly around the Nishinomaru (the western compound of the Edo castle) (the present outer garden of the Imperial Palace).",
"ja": "老中に就任した者は屋敷を西之丸下（現在の皇居外苑）に構えることが多かった。"
} |
{
"en": "In domains, the post which was equivalent to Karo (the chief retainer) was sometimes called Roju.",
"ja": "諸藩では、いわゆる家老に該当する役職を老中と称する場合がある。"
} |
{
"en": "For example, when it is found that 'Roju' was written in an application form, it is necessary to conduct historical investigations to determine whether it indicated Karo under a lord or Roju at the bakufu.",
"ja": "例えば、願書類の宛先が「老中」とある場合、個別領主の家老なのか、幕府の老中を指すのか、史料批判が必要になる。"
} |
{
"en": "What is Wakadoshiyori?",
"ja": "若年寄（わかどしより）とは"
} |
{
"en": "It was a post in the Edo bakufu government.",
"ja": "江戸幕府の職名。"
} |
{
"en": "Its details are described in a main paragraph.",
"ja": "本項で詳述する。"
} |
{
"en": "The post with the same title was placed at domains as well as at the bakufu.",
"ja": "幕府と同様に、諸藩に置かれた役職名。"
} |
{
"en": "This term is also used for indicating a male who looks older than his real age.",
"ja": "年齢の割に老けた外見の男性。"
} |
{
"en": "While Roju were in charge of national affairs, Wakadoshiyori were responsible for housekeeping of the Shogun family and mainly controlling Hatamoto (direct retainers of Shogun) and Gokenin (also direct retainers of Shogun, but generally speaking, lower-ranked than Hatamoto).",
"ja": "全国支配の担当である老中に対し、旗本や御家人の支配を軸とする将軍家の家政を担当した。"
} |
{
"en": "This post originated in that Iemitsu TOKUGAWA appointed his six close advisers, Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA, Masamori HOTTA, Tadaaki ABE, Sukemune OTA, and Shigetsugu ABE, to the 'Rokunin-shu' (six persons) post for handling daily affairs in 1633.",
"ja": "1633年（寛永10年）に、徳川家光が側近6人（松平信綱、堀田正盛、三浦正次、阿部忠秋、太田資宗、阿部重次）を日常の雑務を扱う「六人衆」としたことに由来する。"
} |
{
"en": "However, because four of them were promoted to Roju and consequently the meaning of the existence of the post was lost, the Rokuninshu post was abolished once, with its jobs were absorbed in Roju.",
"ja": "しかし、そのうち4人は老中に昇進したため存在意義を失いにいったん廃止され、老中にその職務は吸収された。"
} |
{
"en": "Later, the post was restored as the Wakatoshiyori post.",
"ja": "その後に、若年寄として復活した。"
} |
{
"en": "The number of the Wakatoshiyori members was roughly four, and the post became a step for Roju or Sobayonin (lord chamberlain).",
"ja": "およそ4人を定員とし、老中・側用人などに出世するために経験する職となっていった。"
} |
{
"en": "Tairo was the highest post in the Edo bakufu government system, provisionally placed above Roju as an assistant to Shogun.",
"ja": "大老（たいろう）は、江戸幕府の職制で、将軍の補佐役、臨時に老中の上に置かれた最高職。"
} |
{
"en": "In a broad sense, this term was used for indicating the highest responsible persons in a daimyo family or in an administrative body (Gotairo [Council of Five Elders] in the Toyotomi government were well known).",
"ja": "より広義には、大名家・執政機関の最高責任者群を指す（豊臣政権の五大老などがよく知られる）。"
} |
{
"en": "It was not a permanent post, and the number of its members was ordinarily one.",
"ja": "非常置の職で定員は通常１名。"
} |
{
"en": "Tairo was involved only in important policy decisions (called Taisei-sanyo), and was exempted from doing daily jobs, such as commuting to Hyojosho (the conference chamber) and handling daily affairs in monthly rotation.",
"ja": "重要な政策の決定にのみ関与し（大政参与）、評定所への出勤や月番などの日常業務は免除されていた。"
} |
{
"en": "In the cabinet officials of the Shogunate in the early Edo period, Tokugawa family members, who were deeply trusted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, such as Sadakatsu MATSUDAIRA and Tadaakira MATSUDAIRA, (Masayuki HOSHINA in the Ietsuna TOKUGAWA era occupied a similar position), or senior vassals, such as Naotaka II and Tadayo SAKAI (there are different opinions about whether both of Ii and Sakai were appointed to the Tairo post) played a role of Genro (an elder statesman), and it is considered that this Tairo post was established for having this role assumed by the senior member of Roju.",
"ja": "初期の幕閣では松平定勝や松平忠明といった徳川家康の信頼が厚い親族（徳川家綱時代の保科正之もこれに近い）や井伊直孝・酒井忠世などの重臣（井伊・酒井両名が大老に就任したかどうかについては意見が分かれている）が元老としての役割を果たしていたが、その役割をベテランの老中に担わせた職掌とみることができる。"
} |
{
"en": "In that sense, Tairo was rather a honorary post for Fudai daimyo (a daimyo who had belonged to the Tokugawa group before the battle of Sekigahara), but some at the post, such as Tadakiyo SAKAI and Naosuke II, concentrated power into their hands.",
"ja": "その意味では譜代大名の名誉職的な意味合いが強い職であったが、酒井忠清・井伊直弼のように自らに権力を集中させる者もいた。"
} |
{
"en": "The first persons recorded as Tairo in the history were Toshikatsu DOI and Tadakatsu SAKAI (the lord of Obama Domain in Wakasa Province) who were promoted to the post in 1638 by Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.",
"ja": "記録で明らかところでは、1638年に徳川家光が土井利勝・酒井忠勝(若狭国小浜藩主)を大老に格上げしたのが始まりとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "After that, Tadakiyo SAKAI and Naozumi II assumed the post in the era of Ietsuna TOKUGAWA, and the style of Tairo as the highest governmental post was established in the era of Masatoshi HOTTA who was appointed the post by Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the fifth shogun",
"ja": "その後、徳川家綱の時代に酒井忠清・井伊直澄が就任し、5代将軍徳川綱吉が任命した堀田正俊の時に最高職としての体裁が整った。"
} |
{
"en": "Only the members of four families: Ii, Sakai (in the linage of Uta no kami [Director of the Bureau of Music]), Doi and Hotta were allowed to assume the Tairo post.",
"ja": "大老職に就けるのは井伊・酒井（雅楽頭流）・土井・堀田の四家に限定された。"
} |
{
"en": "A Fudai daimyo with 100,000 koku (approx. 180 liters/koku) rice yields was sometimes appointed the post, but he was called Tairo-kaku (Tairo level) instead of Tairo.",
"ja": "この四家以外にも譜代10万石以上の大名が任命されることもあったが、大老ではなく大老格と呼ばれた。"
} |
{
"en": "For example, Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA's post was Tairo-kaku.",
"ja": "たとえば、柳沢吉保は大老格である。"
} |
{
"en": "However, why the Tairo post had to be solely occupied by the members of the four families is not thoroughly clear, for example, descendents of Tadatsugu SAKAI, of Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, and of Tadakatsu HONDA, who were important Fudai daimyo and called Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals of the Tokugawa clan) surpassing the Hotta family even in the amount of rice crop, were not appointed the post.",
"ja": "しかし、徳川四天王と称せられ、石高でも堀田家を上回っていた譜代重鎮の酒井忠次・榊原康政・本多忠勝の末裔はこれに任じられないなど、大老四家を固定した基準はいまひとつ不明である。"
} |
{
"en": "Only Toshikatsu DOI was appointed the Tairo post from the Doi family.",
"ja": "なお、土井家は土井利勝ただ一人だけが大老に登用された。"
} |
{
"en": "However, Toshihisa, the fourth head of the Doi family, could produce no heir, so the linage of the Doi family was once terminated, and use of the family name was permitted again with 70,000 koku rice yields (later 10,000 koku were added).",
"ja": "しかしながら、4代目の利久のときに無嗣廃絶となり、7万石（後に1万石加増）で家名再興が許可された"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, the family lost the qualification of a certain amount of rice yields for Tairo.",
"ja": "そのため、石高で大老となる資格を喪失した。"
} |
{
"en": "However, the Doi family continued occupying an important post in the cabinet officials of the Shogunate, for example, Toshitsura DOI assumed the head of Roju (the post immediately under Tairo) after Tempo Reforms failed.",
"ja": "しかし天保の改革が頓挫したあとで土井利位が老中筆頭になるなど、幕閣に連綿と重きをなした。"
} |
{
"en": "Two persons in the Tairo post were killed while in office.",
"ja": "在職中に殺害された大老は2人いる。"
} |
{
"en": "Masatoshi HOTTA was killed in the Edo castle by Wakadoshiyori, Masayasu INABA, who was his male cousin.",
"ja": "堀田正俊は江戸城内で、従兄弟の若年寄・稲葉正休に殺害された。"
} |
{
"en": "Towards the end of the Edo bakufu, Naosuke II was killed in the Sakuradamongai incident by roshi (master-less samurai) of the Mito domain and Satsuma domain.",
"ja": "また、幕末の大老井伊直弼は江戸城桜田門外の変で水戸藩・薩摩藩の浪士に殺害されている。"
} |
{
"en": "The Ii family",
"ja": "井伊氏"
} |
{
"en": "Tairo in a domain was a temporary post set up to assist the lord of the domain, for example, when the lord was young..",
"ja": "藩主が幼少のときなどに、藩主を補佐するために設置された非常置の役職。"
} |
{
"en": "This post name was mainly used in big Shinpan domains (whose lords were relatives of the Tokugawa family), such as Aizu domain.",
"ja": "主にこの職名は、会津藩などの親藩の大藩に見ることができる。"
} |
{
"en": "Not all domains had this post.",
"ja": "諸藩に、ほぼ統一的に設置されていたポストではない。"
} |
{
"en": "Machi-bugyo was a name of a governmental post in the Edo period that was in charge of administration and judicature in an urban area (called machi-kata) in a territory.",
"ja": "町奉行（まちぶぎょう）とは江戸時代の職名で、領内の都市部（町方）の行政・司法を担当する役職。"
} |
{
"en": "This post was also set up not only in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) but in domains.",
"ja": "江戸幕府だけでなく諸藩もこの役職を設置した。"
} |
{
"en": "However, when just mach-bugyo was used, it generally indicated the Edo machi-bugyo that was the governmental post in the bakufu.",
"ja": "しかしながら、一般に町奉行とのみ呼ぶ場合は幕府の役職である江戸町奉行のみを指す。"
} |
{
"en": "The bakufu machi-bugyo in the Tenryo cities (the cities directly controlled by the bakufu) other than Edo were called with the city name added to their heads, for example, Osaka machi-bugyo, and was generically called ongoku-bugyo (literally, bugyo in remote provinces).",
"ja": "また、江戸以外の天領都市の幕府町奉行は大坂町奉行など地名を冠しており、遠国奉行と総称された。"
} |
{
"en": "On this page, descriptions are made about the Edo machi-bugyo and the Edo machi-bugyo-sho office (the office for machi-bugyo) (hereafter, bugyo and bugyo-sho office indicates machi-bugyo and machi-bugyo-sho office, respectively, if not specifically mentioned).",
"ja": "このページでは江戸町奉行および江戸町奉行所について記述する（以後、特別断りが無い場合、奉行とは町奉行、奉行所とは町奉行所を指す）。"
} |
{
"en": "Edo machi-bugyo, jisha-bugyo (in charge of temples and shrines), and kanjo bugyo (in charge of finance) were generically called san (three) bugyo.",
"ja": "江戸町奉行は寺社奉行・勘定奉行とあわせて三奉行と称された。"
} |
{
"en": "The members in this post, together with those in the other two bugyo posts were also members of Hyojosho (the conference chamber), and were also concerned with affairs in the bakufu government.",
"ja": "他の二奉行と同様評定所の構成メンバーであり、幕政にも参与する立場であった。"
} |
{
"en": "The number of officers in this post was basically two.",
"ja": "基本的に定員は2人である。"
} |
{
"en": "In the early Edo period, daimyo were appointed this post, and later hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu).",
"ja": "初期は大名が任命され、以後は旗本が任命された。"
} |
{
"en": "In the era when hatamoto became to be appointed this post, the amount of rice yields for this post was around 3000 koku (approx. 180 liters/koku)",
"ja": "旗本が任命されるようになってから以降の町奉行の石高は3000石程度であった。"
} |
{
"en": "A machi-bugyo officer went to the Edo castle in the morning, reporting to Roju members or holding meetings, and in the afternoon, made decisions and held trials, working until late night.",
"ja": "その職務は午前中は江戸城に登城して老中などへの報告や打ち合わせを行い、午後は奉行所で決裁や裁判を行なうというもので、夜遅くまで執務していた。"
} |
{
"en": "The work in the post was known to be hard, and the rate of death while in office was conspicuous.",
"ja": "激務で知られており在任中のまま死亡する率は有数であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Yoriki (police sergeants) and doshin (police constables) were subordinates of the bugyo officer, but were retainers of the shogun family and worked at a bugyo-sho office hereditarily.",
"ja": "役職上与力や同心は部下にあたるが、これらはあくまで将軍家の家臣であり、世襲制で奉行所に勤めていた。"
} |
{
"en": "The bugyo officer was merely a hatamoto controlled by Roju, therefore there were no direct master-servant relationship between the officer and yoriki and doshin.",
"ja": "奉行はあくまで老中所轄の旗本に過ぎず、そのため、与力や同心たちとは直接の主従関係は無かった。"
} |
{
"en": "If a bugyo officer and a yoriki member were in a master-servant relationship, the yoriki was called uchi-yoriki to differentiate from other ordinary yoriki members.",
"ja": "逆に奉行と主従関係にあった与力を内与力と呼び、通常の与力とは区別された。"
} |
{
"en": "It is generally depicted, for example, in storytelling, that the kita (north) bugyo-sho office and the minami (south) bugyo-sho office were in a rival relationship and didn't get along with each other.",
"ja": "一般に講談などでは南北奉行所は互いにライバル関係にあり仲が悪かったかのように描写される。"
} |
{
"en": "However, as shown in the later-described relationships between the two bugyo-sho offices, it is said that bugyo officers were outsiders in the area and their relationship of mutual trust was not firm.",
"ja": "しかしながら、後述する南北奉行所の関係からもわかるように、むしろ、奉行の方が余所者であって信頼関係が薄かったとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "Until 1631when the bakufu built machi-bugyo-sho offices, the person appointed a machi-bugyo officer used his residence as the office, executing his job by providing a court (called shirasu: literally, a white sand area) in the premise.",
"ja": "1631年に幕府が町奉行所を建てるまで、町奉行所は、町奉行に任ぜられた者がその邸宅にお白洲を作ってその職務を執り行っていた。"
} |
{
"en": "Its territory of control was limited to machikata (the town area) of Edo, and its authority did not cover samurai residences, shrines and temples that occupied more than a half of Edo.",
"ja": "管轄区域は江戸の町方のみで、面積の半分以上を占める武家地・寺社地には権限が及ばなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "However, the control of the town areas in front of the shrines and the temples was transferred to the machi-bugyo.",
"ja": "ただ寺社の門前町についてはのちに町奉行管轄に移管された。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1818, the Edo area was officially specified on a map with a red line (called shu-biki), and at the same time, the area to be controlled by the machi-bugyo was shown with a black line (called sumi-biki).",
"ja": "1818年には江戸の範囲が地図上に赤い線（朱引）で正式に定められたが、同時に町奉行の管轄する範囲も黒い線（墨引）で示された。"
} |
{
"en": "The area roughly corresponds to that of 15 wards of Tokyo, or the area of Tokyo City when the city system started.",
"ja": "これは後の東京15区、即ち市制施行時の東京市の範囲とほぼ一致する。"
} |
{
"en": "The term of machi-bugyo-sho came from the name of the governmental post, therefore, the office was actually called go-bansho (a police station) or o-yakusho (a government office) by townspeople.",
"ja": "町奉行所と言う名称は、その役職から来た名であるため、町人たちからは御番所や御役所と呼ばれていた。"
} |
{
"en": "As the term of kita-machi-bugyo (-sho) and minami-machi-bugyo (-sho) were often used, two Edo-machi-bugyo-sho offices were placed (except for a certain period).",
"ja": "よく北町奉行（所）・南町奉行（所）と言われるように、（一部の時期を除き）江戸町奉行所は2ヶ所あった。"
} |
{
"en": "However, this did not mean that the control territory was divided between the two offices.",
"ja": "しかしながら、これは管轄区域を二分していた訳ではなった。"
} |
{
"en": "The job was actually conducted in a monthly rotation system (however, for each of the doshin officers who walked around watching town situations, jishinban [the town-watching places operated by townspeople themselves] to patrol were specified, and in that sense, a control territory existed naturally.",
"ja": "月番制によって交互に業務を行っていたという制度であった（ただし、市中を巡回する廻り方同心は巡回すべき自身番を指定されておりそういった意味での管轄は存在した。"
} |
{
"en": "However, the jishinban places allotted to a doshin officer were scattered all over the Edo city area, and were not concentrated in an area, like the XX direction in the present police).",
"ja": "しかし、この各同心が担当する自身番も、江戸市中に散在する形で割り当てられており、現今の警察の○○方面というような地域的にまとまったものではなかった）。"
} |
{
"en": "This monthly rotation system indicated that civil suits were accepted by the kita (north) office or by the minami (south) office alternatively, and ordinary jobs of the office except for the acceptance of civil suits (including criminal suits whose examinations were underway) were conducted naturally.",
"ja": "この月番制は、民事訴訟の受付を北と南で交替で受理していたことを指すものであり、民事訴訟の受理以外の通常業務（職権開始の刑事訴訟を含む）は当然行われていた。"
} |
{
"en": "In addition, the bugyo-sho office being its off duty turn handled unfinished law suits that were accepted by the office in its on duty turn.",
"ja": "また月番でない奉行所は、月番で受理し、未処理となっている訴訟の処理等も行っていた。"
} |
{
"en": "The term of kita and minami were used for identifying a location where the bugyo-sho office was placed, and were not used officially",
"ja": "その南北と言う名称にしても、奉行所所在地の位置関係によりそう呼ばれていたということであり、南北は正式な呼称ではなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "Officially, each of them was called \"machi-bugyo-sho office\" uniformly.",
"ja": "公式には一律で町奉行とのみ呼ばれた。"
} |
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