translation
translation |
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{
"en": "In rare cases, the rank was given as additional honor to middle-rank and lower samurai, not being a chief retainer, who had made major contributions to the Meiji Restoration.",
"ja": "また例外的だが、明治維新に功労のあった志士については、主に家老職にない中堅・下級武士の者が多く追贈されている。"
} |
{
"en": "Today, the title is bestowed posthumously to persons as a honorific title for those who earned the status of professor emeritus at universities, junior colleges and colleges of technology and for those private business entrepreneurs who made outstanding achievements.",
"ja": "現在では、死没者に対する栄典として与えられることとなっており、大学・短期大学・高等専門学校において名誉教授の称号を受けた者、民間企業の経営者のうち秀逸な業績のある者はこの位階に叙せられる例が多い。"
} |
{
"en": "The term \"agatanonushi\" refers to a post or kabane (hereditary title) of Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) before the introduction of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).",
"ja": "県主(あがたのぬし)は、律令制が導入される以前のヤマト王権の職種・カバネ（かばね)の一つである。"
} |
{
"en": "Agata was a kind of province over which Yamato sovereignty had direct control.",
"ja": "ヤマト王権が直轄する行政区分の一つに県（あがた）があった。"
} |
{
"en": "Agata is said to have been a province that ranked below ryoseikoku (a kind of province)",
"ja": "県（あがた）は、令制国の下部に有った行政区分と言われている。"
} |
{
"en": "But there is also a theory that ryoseikoku and agata were treated equally in ancient times.",
"ja": "ただし、古くは国と県を同列に扱っていたとする説もある。"
} |
{
"en": "Agata is considered to have been originally a toparchy governed by a local ruling family in ancient times.",
"ja": "古くはその地方の豪族が治めていた小国家の範囲であったと考えられる。"
} |
{
"en": "However, most of the details are unknown because it was a province in a time when the Japanese nation had not yet been systematized under the ritsuryo codes.",
"ja": "しかしながらその詳細は律令国が整備される前の行政区分であるためはっきりとはしていない部分が多い。"
} |
{
"en": "Agatanonushi gave his great loyalty to Yamato sovereignty, unlike kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) that are said to have been appointed as rulers of the regions formerly governed by them.",
"ja": "地方の豪族がそのまま任じられたと言われている国造（くにのみやっこ）とは違い、県主はヤマト王権への忠誠度が高かった。"
} |
{
"en": "Agatanonushi is considered to have governed the region as a deputy of Yamato sovereignty.",
"ja": "ヤマト王権の代権者としてその地方を治めたと考えられている。"
} |
{
"en": "Agatanonushi concentrated in western Japan, while there were only few agatanonushi in eastern Japan.",
"ja": "県主は、西日本に集中し、東日本には少なかった。"
} |
{
"en": "Yamato sovereignty made the local ruling families belonging to it govern their territory in eastern Japan where its ruling system was established in a later period than in western Japan.",
"ja": "ヤマト王権の支配が確立する時期が遅かった東日本では、ヤマト王権に帰属した豪族達にその支配地域をそのまま治めさせた。"
} |
{
"en": "They were appointed as kuninomiyatsuko who were invested with almost full power.",
"ja": "ほぼ全権を委任する国造として据え置かれた。"
} |
{
"en": "On the other hand, the system to rule the regions formerly governed by the local ruling families was built by Yamato sovereignty from early on in western Japan where the sovereignty was established during an early period, which was the reason why agatanonushi concentrated in western Japan.",
"ja": "(これ)に対し、王権の確立が早かった西日本では豪族の支配地域の地域をヤマト王権が掌握する支配体制の整備が早くから行われた為と考えられる。"
} |
{
"en": "The kabane itself had existed even after the introduction of Yakusa no Kabane, the eight honorary titles, and the ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "八色の姓の導入や律令制度が導入された後も姓自体は存続していた。"
} |
{
"en": "In some cases, agatanonushi has been used as a title also in modern times, and the Kamo agatanonushi family of Kamo-jinja Shrine is a prime example of them.",
"ja": "近代でも県主が使われている例があり、主要な例に賀茂神社の鴨県主家などがある。"
} |
{
"en": "Kuni no miyatsuko was a post, or an official to the post, placed to govern regions across Japan before the Ritsuryo legal code system was introduced.",
"ja": "国造（くにのみやつこ・こくぞう）は、律令制が導入される以前のヤマト王権の地方支配形態の一つである。"
} |
{
"en": "It is said that the Japanese reading 'miyatsuko' came from 'Miyatsuko' meaning servants or 'Miyatsuko' meaning retainers of the monarch.",
"ja": "訓の「みやつこ」とは「御奴（ミヤツコ）」または「御家つ子」の意味とされる。"
} |
{
"en": "Kuni no miyatsuko means the head of kuni, an administrative district of the Yamato Kingdom, although the borders of each Kuni are not clearly known because the Ryoseikoku system, or provinces of Japan, was still not well developled.",
"ja": "ヤマト王権の行政区分の一つである国の長と言う意味で、この国がしめす範囲は、令制国が整備される前の行政区分であるためはっきりと判明していない。"
} |
{
"en": "It is considered that the territories that powerful regional clans had long ruled became recognized as countries (kuni) as they were.",
"ja": "元来、その地域の豪族が支配していた領域がそのまま国として扱われていたと考えられている。"
} |
{
"en": "The prescribed number of Kuni no miyatsuko was not necessarily one; it is supposed that sometimes two or more Kuni no miyatsuko ruled one Kuni.",
"ja": "また国造の定員も1人とは限らず、一つの国に複数の国造がいる場合もあったようである。"
} |
{
"en": "Unlike Agata no nushi, who were highly loyal to the Yamato Kingdom, each Kuni no miyatsuko was originally the regional powerful clan called Kuninushi (lord of the country), and was later appointed as kuni no miyatsuko of his 'country' by the Yamato Kingdom when the 'country' submitted to the Kingdom, being granted to use one of the official family titles of the Kingdom, such as Omi (臣), Muraji (連), Kimi (君), Kimi (公), or Atai (直); and thus each of the district governed by kuni no miyatsuko was autonomous accordingly.",
"ja": "ヤマト王権への忠誠度が高い県主とは違い、元々、国主（くにぬし）と言われていた有力な地方の豪族がヤマト王権に服したときに、そのまま国造に任命され、臣・連・君・公・直などの姓が贈られ、かなりの自主性の下にその地方の支配を任されていた。"
} |
{
"en": "For that reason, the official power of Kuni no miyatsuko was so broad that it covered military forces and jurisdiction.",
"ja": "そのため軍事権、裁判権を持つなどその職権の範囲はかなり広かった。"
} |
{
"en": "It is known that kuni no miyatsuko were involved in various affairs: the kuni no miyatsuko in Togoku took charge of managing Bemin (the people controlled by the authority through various classifications) and Miyake (lands directly held by the Yamato Kingdom); the one in Izumo conducted religious ceremonies to govern the territory by religion; and the one in Ki got involved in foreign affairs.",
"ja": "国造には、東国の国造のように部民や屯倉の管理なども行っていたり、出雲の国造のように神祇を祀り、祭祀により領内を統治することなども行っていたり、紀国造などのように外交に従事したりしたことなどが分かる。"
} |
{
"en": "And there were some Kuni no miyatsuko who oppsed to the Yamato Kingdon, including the one in Tsukushi, who conquered the entire northern Kyushu.",
"ja": "また、筑紫の国造のように北九州を勢力下に入れ、ヤマト政権に反抗する者もいた。"
} |
{
"en": "There is an opinion that the Yamato Kingdom had a well-organized Kokkensei system (country-province system), in which each Kuni ruled by Kuni no miyatsuko included subdistricts called Agata.",
"ja": "国造の下に県（あがた）があり、かなり整備された国県制があったとする見解もある。"
} |
{
"en": "The actual conditions of regional rule before introduction of the ritsuryo system is not apparent, because there are a lot of things unknown including the actual conditions of the Kuni no miyatsuko system and the relationship between Kuni no miyatsuko and the powerful clans in the capital.",
"ja": "しかし、国造制の実態や中小豪族との関係で不明な点が多く、律令制以前の地方支配の実態は明確になっていない。"
} |
{
"en": "After the Taika reform, the positions of Kuni no miyatsuko became honorary, succeeded by heredity, as many kuni no miyatsuko dedicated themselves to preside over religious ceremenies, and the conventional duties of Kunino no miyatsuko were took over by Gunji accordingly",
"ja": "大化の改新以降は世襲制の名誉職、主に祭祀を司るものになり、従来の国造の職務は郡司に置き換えられた。"
} |
{
"en": "Regions ruled by kuni no miyatsuko were gradually reorganized and merged, or divided to replaced by a 'country' (kuni or province) designated in the legal system (Ritsuryo) of the ancient Japan",
"ja": "また、国造が治めていた国は整理・統合、あるいは分割されていき、律令国に置き換えられていった。"
} |
{
"en": "There is 'Kuni no miyatsuko Hongi' ('Sendai kuji hongi' Vol. 10), which is a record on the periods of establishment of 135 Kuni no miyatsuko across the country which was founded in the 9th century and the persons who were appointed Kuni no miyatsuko.",
"ja": "9世紀成立の全国135の国造の設置時期・任命された者らの記録「国造本紀」（「先代旧事本紀」巻10）がある。"
} |
{
"en": "Kuni no miyatsuko hongi ko'",
"ja": "国造本紀考"
} |
{
"en": "Kuni no miyatsuko hongi ko' written by Hiroshi KURITA in 1861 provides the origin of the document 'Kuni no miyatsuko', indication that it is a forged book, and detailed commentaries on the respective Kuni no miyatsuko.",
"ja": "文久元年(1861年)の栗田寛著作の国造本紀考に、国造本紀という文献の来歴や偽書の指摘、国造各々の詳細な解説が記述されている。"
} |
{
"en": "It has been pointed out that 'Kuni no miyatsuko hongi' was a highly esteemed document and not spread widely.",
"ja": "国造本紀は、珍重な書物で一般に広く普及したものではないという指摘がある。"
} |
{
"en": "Kuni no miyatsuko that continued after the Taika reform (latter half of the 7th century)",
"ja": "大化の改新（7世紀後半）以降も存続した国造"
} |
{
"en": "Main new Kuni no miyatsuko",
"ja": "主な新国造"
} |
{
"en": "Izumo no Kuni no miyatsuko - The highest priest of the Izumo-taisha Shrine, worshiped as a living god.",
"ja": "出雲国造-出雲大社の最高神職として、現人神のように信仰を集めた。"
} |
{
"en": "Izumo no Kuni no miyatsuko was divided into the Senge family and the Kitajima family during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and both families have been survived as the hereditary priestly families.",
"ja": "南北朝時代に千家・北島の両家に分裂したが、現在も出雲大社社家として存続。"
} |
{
"en": "Kii no Kuni no miyatsuko - The hereditary priestly families of Hinokuma Jingu and Kunikakasu Jingu.",
"ja": "紀伊国造-日前神宮・国懸神宮社家。"
} |
{
"en": "During the first half of the Heian period and the middle of the Edo period, the family lost its heirs but managed to survive by the female line.",
"ja": "平安時代前期と江戸時代中期に後嗣を欠いたことがあったが、女系相続により辛うじて家を維持した。"
} |
{
"en": "Now, the family takes the family name of Fujiwara.",
"ja": "現在は藤原姓。"
} |
{
"en": "Families of kuni no miyatsuko, having been inherited as priestly families",
"ja": "社家として系譜を伝えた国造家"
} |
{
"en": "Asaka no kuni no miyatsuko (written as 阿尺国造 or 安積国造) - The Ando family that is the priestly family in Koriyama City in Fukushima Prefecture.",
"ja": "阿尺国造（安積国造）-福島県郡山市・社家の安藤家。"
} |
{
"en": "The family claims that it is descended from Asaka no Kuni no miyatsuko and takes the family name of Asaka.",
"ja": "安積国造家の末裔であるとして安積姓を名乗る。"
} |
{
"en": "Iwase no kuni no miyatsuko",
"ja": "石背国造"
} |
{
"en": "Musashi no kuni no miyatsuko",
"ja": "武蔵国造"
} |
{
"en": "Izu no kuni no miyatsuko",
"ja": "伊豆国造"
} |
{
"en": "Owari no kuni no miyatsuko",
"ja": "尾張氏"
} |
{
"en": "Kumano no kuni no miyatsuko",
"ja": "熊野国造"
} |
{
"en": "Tsunuga no kuni no miyatsuko",
"ja": "角鹿国造"
} |
{
"en": "Tajima no Kuni no miyatsuko",
"ja": "但島国造"
} |
{
"en": "Tanba no kuni no miyatsuko - The Kaifu family that is the priestly family of the Kono-jinja Shrine in Miyazu City, Kyoto Prefecture.",
"ja": "丹波国造-京都府宮津市・籠神社（このじんじゃ）社家の海部家。"
} |
{
"en": "The present chief priest of the shrine calls himself the 82nd Tanba no kuni no miyatsuko.",
"ja": "現宮司は第82代丹波国造を称する。"
} |
{
"en": "Oushikochi clan",
"ja": "凡河内氏"
} |
{
"en": "Kayo no kuni no miyatsuko",
"ja": "賀陽国造"
} |
{
"en": "Minu no kuni no miyatsuko",
"ja": "三野国造"
} |
{
"en": "Nuta no Kuni no miyatsuko - The priestly family of the Nuta-jinja Shrine.",
"ja": "沼田国造-沼田神社社家。"
} |
{
"en": "In ancient times, the family ruled the area of the present Nuta in Mihara City, Hiroshima Prefecture.",
"ja": "古代には、現在の広島県三原市の沼田（ぬた）地域を支配していた。"
} |
{
"en": "Oki no Kuni no miyatsuko",
"ja": "億岐国造"
} |
{
"en": "Usa no Kuni no miyatsuko",
"ja": "宇佐国造"
} |
{
"en": "Aso no Kuni no miyatsuko",
"ja": "阿蘇国造"
} |
{
"en": "Hyuga no Kuni no miyatsuko",
"ja": "日向国造"
} |
{
"en": "Inaba no kuni no miyatsuko - The Ifukube clan, a family of the priest of the Ube-jinja Shrine, took the name of Inaba no Kuni no miyatsuko; but the Inaba clan (Inaba no kuni no miyatsuko clan) was the real kuni no miyatsuko and the Ifukube clan was a branch family of the Inaba clan.",
"ja": "因幡国造-宇倍神社の神主であった伊福部氏は因幡国造を名乗っていたが、実際の国造は因幡氏（因幡国造氏）であり、伊福部氏はこの一族から分れた支流に当る。"
} |
{
"en": "Daijokan",
"ja": "太政官"
} |
{
"en": "Daijokan 太政官 (also known as Ooimatsurigotonotsukasa) was the highest organ of state power controlling jurisdiction, administration, and legislation of Japan under the Ritsuryo legal code system.",
"ja": "太政官（だいじょうかん、おおいまつりごとのつかさ）とは、日本の律令制における司法・行政・立法を司る最高国家機関を指す。"
} |
{
"en": "The chief of the office was Daijodaijin.",
"ja": "長官は太政大臣（だいじょうだいじん）。"
} |
{
"en": "Usually, Sadaijin and Udaijin, both of which ranked next to Daijodaijin, filled the role of the chief of the office.",
"ja": "通常はこれに次ぐ左大臣と右大臣が長官としての役割を担った。"
} |
{
"en": "The bureaus Shonagonkyoku and Benkan were placed under the Daijokan.",
"ja": "事務局として少納言局と弁官が付属する。"
} |
{
"en": "Daijokan was also called Shoshosho or Tosho, its Tang name.",
"ja": "唐名から尚書省（しょうしょしょう）、都省（としょう）とも呼ばれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Dajokan was a government office established in the new Japanese government after the Meiji Restoration.",
"ja": "太政官（だじょうかん）とは、日本の明治維新政府に設けられた官庁名。"
} |
{
"en": "It was established based upon the provisional constitution Seitaisho (in the fourth year of the Keio era, Dajokantasshi No. 331) promulgated on June 11, 1868.",
"ja": "1868年6月11日（慶応4年/明治元年4月21日(旧暦)）に公布された政体書（慶応4年太政官達第331号）に基づいて置かれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Under Dajokan, there were seven offices including Giseikan.",
"ja": "太政官とは、議政官以下7官の総称。"
} |
{
"en": "After government organizational reform during the next year in 1869, Dajokan presided over the six ministries including the Minbusho.",
"ja": "翌1869年（明治2年）の官制改革で、民部省以下6省を管轄することとなった。"
} |
{
"en": "Later, the chief of the office Dajodaijin was established.",
"ja": "後に、長官として太政大臣（だじょうだいじん）が置かれた。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1885, the Cabinet was established, and accordingly, Dajokan was abolished.",
"ja": "1885年（明治18年）、内閣(日本)が発足したことに伴い廃止された。"
} |
{
"en": "When the ritsuryo legal code system was introduced from China to ancient Japan, two main ministries, Jingikan, responsible for worship, and Daijokan, responsible for politics, were clearly separated.",
"ja": "古代日本において中国から律令制を導入する際、祭祀を行う神祇官と政治を司る太政官を明確に分けた。"
} |
{
"en": "Daijokan was the highest organ of state power presiding over eight ministries of Nakatsukasasho, Shikibusho, Minbusho, Jibusho, Hyobusho, Gyobusho, Okurasho, and Kunaisho (Injikanrei).",
"ja": "太政官は中務省、式部省、民部省、治部省、兵部省、刑部省、大蔵省、宮内省の八省を統括する最高機関である（因事管隷）。"
} |
{
"en": "When sessho and kanpaku attended the government in place of the emperor during the Heian period, Daijokan still functioned as the highest organ of government, although its position was relatively lowered.",
"ja": "平安時代になると、摂政や関白が天皇の代理として政治を執り行ったため、相対的に地位が低下したが、国政に関する最高機関として機能し続けた。"
} |
{
"en": "When it came to the age of the warrior government, during the Kamakura period, Daijokan still functioned as an organ of government, but during the Muromachi period, the Daijokan gradually lost its essential power to become just a nominal title to indicate rank in the government.",
"ja": "武家社会の時代に入っても、鎌倉時代には政務機関として機能していたが、室町時代になると次第に形骸化が進み、単純に格式を表わす職名になった。"
} |
{
"en": "Daijokan was abolished as the ritsuryo system was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.",
"ja": "明治維新で律令制が廃止されるまで存在した。"
} |
{
"en": "As other governmental organizations under the ritsuryo legal code system, Daijokan was also divided into four ranks of kami, suke, jo, and sakan.",
"ja": "太政官も、律令制の他の官制と同じように、長官（かみ）、次官（すけ）、判官（じょう）、主典（さかん）の四階級（四等官）が存在する。"
} |
{
"en": "The organization of Daijokan was divided into Giseikan as the policy-making branch, Shonagonkyoku, Sabenkankyoku, and Ubenkankyoku as bureaus, and Junsatsushi as the extraordinary inspector.",
"ja": "太政官は、機構としては政策決定機関である議政官（ぎじょうかん）と、事務部門である少納言局・左弁官局・右弁官局および臨時監察官である巡察使に分かれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Under these offices, there were eight ministries.",
"ja": "その下に八省が置かれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Daijokan was established as an organization integrating the roles of two ministries in the Tang government, Monkasho, responsible for deliberation of imperial documents, and Shoshosho, responsible for administration, with two ministries of Shonagonkyoku, that functioned as Monkasho, and Benkankyoku, that functioned as Shoshosho; however, Giseikan functioned as a deliberation branch, the essential power of Shonagonkyoku was lost, while Benkankyoku, responsible for civil service, gained power to exert its influence on Geki, the office placed under Shonagonkyoku.",
"ja": "太政官は唐の制度における門下省（審議）と尚書省（行政）の役割を統合した性格を有しており、門下省的な役割を担った少納言局と尚書省的な役割を担った弁官局が並立したが、議政官が実際の審議機関となったことによって少納言局の権限が形骸化される一方で、行政事務を管轄する弁官局の力が強まって、外記に対しても影響を行使するようになったとされている。"
} |
{
"en": "When Gekikyoku was separated from Shonagonkyoku later, officials belonged to Shonagonkyoku, Sabenkankyoku, Ubenkankyoku, and Gekikyoku, were called Jokan.",
"ja": "後に少納言局から外記局が分立して少納言局・左弁官局・右弁官局・外記局に属する官人を政官（じょうかん）と称した。"
} |
{
"en": "Local administrative officials, Chihokan, were placed under the joint control of Sabenkankyoku, and Ubenkankyoku.",
"ja": "なお、地方官も左右弁官局の共同管理下に置かれている。"
} |
{
"en": "Kami",
"ja": "長官（かみ）"
} |
{
"en": "Daijodaijin",
"ja": "太政大臣"
} |
{
"en": "Before the Heian period, Daijodaijin was not a standing position, as Sokketsu no Kan, but during the Heian period, it was established as a standing position.",
"ja": "-平安時代以前は常設の職では無かった（則闕の官という）が、平安以降は常設される。"
} |
{
"en": "Sadaijin",
"ja": "左大臣"
} |
{
"en": "An actual chief executive administrator.",
"ja": "-事実上の行政最高責任者"
} |
{
"en": "Udaijin",
"ja": "右大臣"
} |
{
"en": "Assistant to Sadaijin.",
"ja": "-左大臣の補佐を行う"
} |
{
"en": "Naidaijijn",
"ja": "内大臣"
} |
{
"en": "The reconstituted organization of Naishin, a post that existed before the Taihoritsuryo legal code, but not prescribed in the code.",
"ja": "-大宝律令以前からの内臣（令外官）の後身。"
} |
{
"en": "Naidaijin was established as a standing position of Ryogekan, a post that was not prescribed in the code.",
"ja": "平安時代に令外官として常制化する。"
} |
{
"en": "Suke",
"ja": "次官（すけ）"
} |
{
"en": "Dainagon",
"ja": "大納言"
} |
{
"en": "Chunagon",
"ja": "中納言"
} |
{
"en": "It was abolished from the Taihoritsuryo legal code, but was restored as Ryogekan.",
"ja": "-大宝律令では廃止され、令外官として復活する。"
} |
{
"en": "Sangi",
"ja": "参議"
} |
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