Datasets:
may-ohta
/
kftt

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
translation
translation
{ "en": "It was Ryogekan, and once reorganized in Kansatsushi but then restored.", "ja": "-什倖官・䞀時芳察䜿に改線されるが埩掻" }
{ "en": "Jo", "ja": "刀官じょう" }
{ "en": "Shonagon", "ja": "少玍蚀" }
{ "en": "It presided over Shonagonkyoku.", "ja": "-少玍蚀局を叞る。" }
{ "en": "Sadaiben, Sachuben, Sashoben", "ja": "巊倧匁、巊䞭匁、巊少匁" }
{ "en": "They presided over Sabenkankyoku.", "ja": "-巊匁官局を叞る。" }
{ "en": "They had four ministries under their command.", "ja": "䞋に四省を持぀。" }
{ "en": "Udaiben, Uchuben, Ushoben", "ja": "右倧匁、右䞭匁、右少匁" }
{ "en": "They presided over Ubenkankyoku.", "ja": "-右匁官局を叞る。" }
{ "en": "They had four ministries under their command.", "ja": "䞋に四省を持぀。" }
{ "en": "Sakan", "ja": "䞻兞さかん" }
{ "en": "Daigeki, Shogeki", "ja": "倖蚘、倖蚘" }
{ "en": "They were secretaries belonging to Shonagonkyoku.", "ja": "-少玍蚀局に属しお曞蚘を行う。" }
{ "en": "Daishi, Shoshi", "ja": "倧史、少史" }
{ "en": "They were secretaries belonging to Benkankyoku.", "ja": "-匁官局に属しお事務を行う。" }
{ "en": "Junsatsushi", "ja": "巡察䜿" }
{ "en": "It temporarily conducted province inspections.", "ja": "-臚時に諞囜を監察する。" }
{ "en": "Taikaku", "ja": "台閣" }
{ "en": "In ancient China, 'Taikaku' (or also pronounced Daikaku) was an organization that presided over eight ministries, and assisted the emperor in discussing government policies.", "ja": "叀代䞭囜では、八省の䞊にあっおこれを統括し、たた皇垝を補䜐しお政策を審議する機関のこずを「台閣」ず呌んだ。" }
{ "en": "When the ritsuryo legal code system was introduced to Japan and Daijokan was established to preside over the eight ministries, Giseikan, the policy-making branch of Daijokan, was especially called 'Taikaku' during Chinese Tang.", "ja": "日本でも埋什制が導入されお倪政官が八省の䞊に眮かれるず、政策決定機関である議政官のこずを特に唐名で「台閣」たいかくず呌ぶようになった。" }
{ "en": "Taikaku' was handed over to the Dajokan system during the Meiji period, and in 1885, the Daijokan system was replaced by the cabinet system led by the Cabinet 'Naikaku,' derived from 'Taikaku.'", "ja": "この呌称は明治の倪政官制にもひき぀がれ、やがおこれを蚀い替えた「内閣」を䞭心ずする内閣制床が、1885幎に倪政官制に取っお代わった。" }
{ "en": "Dajokan, which was differentiated from the above-mentioned Daijokan by its pronunciation, was the highest administrative organ established in accordance with Seitaisho in 1868 when the Meiji Restoration took place.", "ja": "倪政官特に「だじょうかん」ず読み分けられるは、明治維新が開始された1868幎慶応4幎/明治元幎、政䜓曞によっお蚭眮された最高行政機関である。" }
{ "en": "It had the functions of a legislative body, an administrative body, and a judiciary body.", "ja": "立法・行政・叞法の機胜を備えおいた。" }
{ "en": "Although the name 倪政官 under the ritsuryo system was adopted, Dajokan during the Meiji period underwent several reforms in the organization.", "ja": "職名は埋什制の名称がそのたた䜿われおいたが、その組織に関しおは幟床か改革がされた。" }
{ "en": "Dajokan was abolished in 1885 when the Cabinet system started.", "ja": "1885幎明治18幎に内閣(日本)制床が発足したこずに䌎い、廃止された。" }
{ "en": "During the period from 1868 to 1885, government organization did not remain stable as it was frequently reformed or broken up.", "ja": "1868幎慶応3幎から1885幎明治18幎に至る期間は、官制の改廃が著しく、垞に䞀定しない。" }
{ "en": "An outline of the reformed government organization will be described below.", "ja": "官制は倧芁、䞋蚘のように改線された。" }
{ "en": "When a grand edict for the Restoration of Imperial Rule was issued on January 3, 1868, a new political system was urgently needed to replace the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which still remained in power with its strong system.", "ja": "1868幎1月3日慶応3幎12月9日(旧暊)に王政埩叀(日本)が出されるず、䟝然ずしお匷力な政治䜓制を維持しおいた江戞幕府に代わる政治䜓制の確立が急務ずなった。" }
{ "en": "Then, the three posts to replace the bakufu, the seii taishogun (literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\"), and the regents sessho and kanpaku were established: Sosai, which was held by Prince ARISUGAWA Taruhito; Gijo, which was held by ten members consisting of two members of the Imperial family, three court nobles, and the lords of the five domains Satsuma, Owari, Echizen, Hiroshima, and Tosa; and Sanyo, held by twenty members consisting of five court nobles, and three members from each of the above-mentioned five domains.", "ja": "そこで、幕府・埁倷倧将軍・摂政・関癜に代わるものずしお、総裁䞉職の総裁有栖川宮熟仁芪王、議定皇族2名・公卿3名・薩摩藩・尟匵藩・越前藩・広島藩・土䜐藩の各藩䞻の蚈10名、参䞎公卿5名、議定5藩より各3名の蚈20名の䞉職が任呜された。" }
{ "en": "In January 1868, seven branches Jingi, Naikoku, Gaikoku, Kairikugun, Kaikei, Keiho, and Seido were placed under the three posts so that the three posts and seven branches administered the government for the time.", "ja": "慶応4明治元幎1月には、この䞋に神祇・内囜・倖囜・海陞軍・䌚蚈・刑法・制床の䞃科を眮いお䞉職䞃科ずし、圓面の政務に圓たるこずになった。" }
{ "en": "In February, the seven branches were established as bureaus and a new bureau Sosaikyoku was added so, there were three posts and eight bureaus (Kairikugun branch was renamed Gunbokyoku.)", "ja": "翌2月には、科を局ずしお総裁局を蚭眮し、䞉職八局ずしたなお、海陞軍科は軍防局ず改称された。" }
{ "en": "Fukusosai, meaning deputy Sosai, was established in the Sosaikyoku, and held by two of Gijo Tomomi IWAKURA and Sanetomi SANJO to assist the Sosai Prince Taruhito.", "ja": "総裁局には副総裁を眮き、議定の岩倉具芖ず䞉条実矎をこれに任呜しお、熟仁芪王を補䜐するこずずなった。" }
{ "en": "On June 11, 1868, Seitaisho (the fourth year of the Keio era, Dajokantasshi No. 331), which was drafted by Taneomi SOEJIMA and Takachika FUKUOKA and can be regarded as the Constitution, was promulgated under the name of Dajokan.", "ja": "1868幎6月11日慶応4幎4月21日(旧暊)、副島皮臣・犏岡孝匟の起草による、基本法ずもいえる政䜓曞慶応4幎倪政官達第331号が、倪政官の名で垃告された。" }
{ "en": "Seitaisho prescribed that the form of the new government should be based on a Charter Oath of Five Articles 'the Gokajo no Goseimon' and defined Separation of Power, Election of Officials, and Local Administration units Fu, Han, and Ken.", "ja": "政䜓曞は、新政府の政䜓を「五箇条の埡誓文」に基づくものずし、暩力分立・官吏公遞・府藩県䞉治制などに぀いお芏定しおいる。" }
{ "en": "Based on Seitaisho, a new government system started on June 17.", "ja": "この政䜓曞に基づいお6月17日4月27日(旧暊)新しい䜓制が発足した。" }
{ "en": "The new government aimed at establishing a firm control over the territorial lord's Daimyo and the Japanese people by organizing Dajokan for ruling over the entire state power, while securing Separation of Power inside the government to prevent an emergence of any autocratic power.", "ja": "囜家暩力党䜓を支配する組織を倪政官ず称しお、同時に内郚では暩力分立を行っお専制暩力の発生を阻止しながら、諞倧名や囜民を匷力に支配しおいく䜓制を組織しようずしたのである。" }
{ "en": "Seitai (the fourth year of the Keio era, Dajokantasshi No. 331)", "ja": "政䜓慶応4幎倪政官達第331号" }
{ "en": "(omitted)", "ja": "略" }
{ "en": "All power and authority in the empire shall be vested in the Dajokan and thus the grievances of divided government shall be done away with and the power and authority of the Dajokan shall be divided into three powers; legislative, judicial, and executive and thus the grievances of bias shall be done away with.", "ja": "䞀　倩䞋ノ暩力総テコレヲ倪政官ニ垰ス則チ政什二途ニ出ルノ患無カラシム倪政官ノ暩力ヲ分ツテ立法叞法行政ノ䞉暩トス則偏重ノ患無カラシムルナリ" }
{ "en": "Legislative officials shall not be allowed to fill the positions of executive officials, and executive officials shall not be allowed to fill the positions of legislative officials; however, provisional tours of inspection in Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka as well as the reception of missions from abroad shall be supervised by legislative officials.", "ja": "䞀　立法官ハ行政官ヲ兌ヌルヲ埗ス行政官ハ立法官ヲ兌ヌルヲ埗ス䜆シ臚時郜府巡察ト倖囜応接トノ劂キ猶立法官埗管之" }
{ "en": "(omitted)", "ja": "略" }
{ "en": "Sosai was abolished among the three posts while Prince ARISUGAWA Taruhito was staying in Edo, and two Fukusosai held the position of the virtual head of the government called Hosho.", "ja": "䞉職のうち総裁が廃止されお圓時、有栖川宮熟仁芪王は、江戞に滞圚䞭、副総裁2人が茔盞ず称しお事実䞊の政府銖班に就いた。" }
{ "en": "Giseikan that was responsible for legislation was made of Jokyoku consisting of Gijo and Sanyo, and Kakyoku consisting of representatives called Koshi from the domains.", "ja": "立法を叞る議政官は、議定・参䞎からなる䞊局ず諞藩の代衚貢士からなる䞋局から構成された。" }
{ "en": "Five bureaus of Gyoseikan, Jingikan, Kaikeikan, Gunmukan, and Gaikokukan were responsible for administration; especially Gyoseikan, headed by Hosho, supervised the other four offices.", "ja": "行政暩を叞るのは、行政・神祇・䌚蚈・軍務・倖囜の各官官庁からなる五官であり、特に行政官は茔盞を長ずしお他の4官を監督する圹割も担った。" }
{ "en": "Among the three offices in which three powers of the state were vested, Shihokan, that exercised judicial power, was under the supervision of Gyoseikan like the above-mentioned four bureaus, which made the independence of the Judiciary a mere formality.", "ja": "䞉暩を担う官のうち叞法暩を扱う叞法官は、実際には4官同様、行政官の監督を受けおいたため、叞法暩の独立は圢骞化した。" }
{ "en": "As two Hosho were members of Jokyoku of Giseikan, the status of Gijo, the Separation of Power, was merely nominal.", "ja": "さらに、茔盞は議定の資栌で議政官䞊局の構成メンバヌでもあったため、暩力分立は圢ばかりずなっおいた。" }
{ "en": "In 1869 after the Boshin War, surrender of domain registers was undertaken, and the domains became local administrative divisions of the government.", "ja": "戊蟰戊争終了埌の1869幎明治2幎に入るず、版籍奉還が実斜されお、諞藩は政府の地方機関ずしお䜍眮づけられた。" }
{ "en": "Then, Minbukan, supervising the local administration, was separated from Kaikeikan.", "ja": "そこで、䌚蚈官から地方行政を扱う民郚官が独立した。" }
{ "en": "Subsequently, the Election of Officials was carried out according to Seitaisho so the conservative court nobles and lords were removed.", "ja": "続いお政䜓曞に基づく「官吏公遞」が行われお守旧掟の公家や諞䟯は事実䞊排陀される圢ずなった。" }
{ "en": "As an inspector organization, Danjodai was established.", "ja": "たた、監察機関ずしお匟正台が蚭眮された。" }
{ "en": "On August 15, 1869, a new Dajokan system was introduced based upon government structure that underwent the above-mentioned reforms.", "ja": "こうした政治情勢の倉動に察応しお、1869幎8月15日明治2幎7月8日(旧暊)に、新しい倪政官制が導入された。" }
{ "en": "The government organization based on Seitaisho that was created under the influence of the United States of America was abolished, and the government organization that was close to the old form and was based on the unity of religion and government called 'Saisei Icchi,' in principle, was adopted as the new system.", "ja": "これは、アメリカ合衆囜の圱響を受けた政䜓曞䜓制を廃止しお、「祭政䞀臎」を原則ずした埩叀的な官制であった。" }
{ "en": "The new government system took the form of two offices and six ministries such that Jingikan was restored to be placed above Dajokan at first, and six ministries of Minbusho, Okurasho, Hyobusho, Gyobusho, Kunaisho, Gaimusho were established, and other organizations including Jishoin, Danjodai, Shugiin, and Daigakko were also established.", "ja": "たず神祇官が埩掻しお倪政官よりも䞊䜍に眮かれ、倪政官の䞋には民郚省・倧蔵省・兵郚省・刑郚省・宮内省・倖務省が蚭眮されるずいう二官六省制が採られ、䟍詔院・匟正台・集議院・倧孊校などの諞機関が眮かれた。" }
{ "en": "The new government system was characterized by placing the offices, to which three powers were vested, under Dajokan.", "ja": "たた、䞉暩がいずれも倪政官の䞋に眮かれた事が特城である。" }
{ "en": "Dajokan had 'the three posts,' consisted of Sadaijin, Udaijin, three Dainagon, and three Sangi, to take the command of the office.", "ja": "倪政官には巊右䞡倧臣ず3名の倧玍蚀、3名の参議からなる「䞉職」が眮かれお指揮をずった。" }
{ "en": "Those at the three posts took an oath of allegiance and fair administration to Emperor Meiji by putting their pledge called 'Sanshoku meiyaku' and 'Yakusoku shijo' into effect to the emperor.", "ja": "䞉職は明治倩皇に察しお「䞉職盟玄」・「玄束四条」ず呌ばれる誓玄を行っお倩皇ぞの忠誠ず公正な政務を誓った。" }
{ "en": "Along with the renewal, 'the chart of court ranks with posts and offices' was amended such that Sadaijin and Udaijin were given the title of Junior First Rank or Senior Second Rank, Dainagon was given the title of Junior Second Rank, Sangi and Kyo were given the title of Senior Third Rank, Taifu (also known as Tayu) was given the title of Junior Third Rank, Shoyu was given the title of Senior Fourth Rank, and Junior and Senior Ninth Ranks were added between Eighth Rank and the Starting Rank.", "ja": "たた、これに䌎い「官䜍盞圓衚」が改正され、巊右䞡倧臣は埓䞀䜍たたは正二䜍、倧玍蚀は埓二䜍、参議・卿は正䞉䜍、倧茔は埓䞉䜍、少茔は正四䜍ずされ、たた八䜍ず初䜍の間に正・埓の九䜍の䜍階が远加された。" }
{ "en": "In the appointment procedure, appointments of Fourth Rank and above were called Chokuju, those of Sixth Rank up to Fourth Rank were called Soju, and those of Seventh Rank and below were called Hanju, but they were immediately amended to Chokunin, Sonin, and Hannin with the court ranks remaining as they were.", "ja": "たた、任呜手続きにおいおは四䜍以䞊を「勅授」・六䜍以䞊を「奏授」・䞃䜍以䞋を「刀授」ず呌んだがすぐに改められお、䜍階の授䞎に぀いおは埓来通り、圹職の任呜に぀いおは勅任・奏任・刀任ず改称されるこずになった。" }
{ "en": "Nevertheless, the major posts were monopolized by Imperial family members and the court nobles after all such that Udaijin were held by SANJO, Dainagon was held by IWAKURA and Sanetsune TOKUDAIJI, with a small number of members from samurai warrior families who were selected so, Sangi was held by Issei MAEBARA and Taneomi SOEJIMA, and Minbukyo was held by the former lord of Fukui domain, Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA.", "ja": "だが、蓋を開けおみるず右倧臣に䞉条、倧玍蚀に岩倉ず埳倧寺実則が぀いたのを始めずしお䞻芁官職を皇族ず公家が独占しお、わずかに参議に前原䞀誠・副島皮臣、民郚卿に前犏井藩束平慶氞が歊士階局から遞ばれただけであった。" }
{ "en": "The conservatives succeeded in their scheme of driving out those including Takayoshi KIDO, Toshimichi OKUBO, and Taisuke ITAGAKI to the sinecures of Jishoingakushi.", "ja": "保守掟の画策によっお朚戞孝允・倧久保利通・板垣退助らは閑職であった䟍詔院孊士に远いやられおしたったのである。" }
{ "en": "IWAKURA opposed that and additionally appointed OKUBO and Saneomi HIROSAWA (Takayuki SASAKI was added later) to roll back the situation by consulting SANJO.", "ja": "これに反発した岩倉は、䞉条ず盞談しお倧久保ず広沢真臣埌に䜐々朚高行も加えおを远加任呜しお巻き返しを図ったのである。" }
{ "en": "During the period, the issue of merging Minbusho and Okurasho emerged.", "ja": "こうした䞭で問題ずなったのは、民郚省ず倧蔵省の合䜵問題であった。" }
{ "en": "On October 23, 1868, the ministries were merged for the purpose of integrating the tax collection and finance systems, and Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, the Minbukyo, held the position of Okurakyo, and Shigenobu OOKUMA, the Okurataifu, held the position of Minbutaifu.", "ja": "城皎機構ず財政機構の䞀本化を目指しお明治2幎8月11日(旧暊)に䞡省を合䜵、民郚卿束平慶氞が倧蔵卿を倧蔵倧茔倧隈重信が民郚倧茔を兌任した。" }
{ "en": "That was the scheme of the young officials of Kaimeiha faction including OOKUMA and Hirobumi ITO, the Okurashoyu, whom Takayoshi KIDO, who urged the need of establishing a centralized government, supported.", "ja": "今床は䞭倮集暩䜓制の確立を急ぐ朚戞孝允の支持を埗た倧隈や倧蔵少茔䌊藀博文ら開明掟若手官僚の画策であった。" }
{ "en": "OKUBO and others, in alliance with other Sangi and local officers, opposed the movement by insisting that the newly merged ministry possessed authority more so than the Dajokan, and demanded the expulsion of OOKUMA and ITO and the separation of the ministry.", "ja": "䞀方、倧久保らはこうした動きに察しお、新省が倪政官を䞊回る暩限を持぀ずしお反発し、他の参議や地方官ず結んで倧隈・䌊藀の排撃ず再分離を求めた。" }
{ "en": "Then in August 6, 1870, OKUBO led the decision to separate the ministry.", "ja": "その結果、1870幎8月6日明治3幎7月10日(旧暊)に倧久保が䞻導しお䞡省の再分離が決定された。" }
{ "en": "In the end, however, the factions compromised on that matter and on December 12, 1870, they decided to merge the Minbusho and Okurasho again on September 11, 1871 in exchange for the separation of the Kobusho, that was specialized in promoting industry.", "ja": "だが、最終的に䞡掟の間で劥協が成立しお、1870幎12月12日に明治3幎閏10月20日(旧暊)殖産興業を専門に扱う工郚省の分離ず匕き換えに1871幎9月11日明治4幎7月27日(旧暊)に民郚・倧蔵䞡省の再合䜵が決定された。" }
{ "en": "It is considered that the compromise was made because OKUBO recognized the importance of a centralized government in the process of promoting Haihanchiken, the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures, and agreed on the policy of KIDO and others; separation of the part that specialized in the promotion of industry divided the power concentrated in the new merged ministry; and the OKUBO's faction wanted to avoid an all-out conflict with the young officials of the Kaimeiha faction who were to lead the future government.", "ja": "これは廃藩眮県などの掚進の過皋で倧久保が䞭倮集暩の必芁性を認めお朚戞らの方針に同意する方向ぞず倉わるず同時に、殖産興業の分離で合䜵埌の新省が持぀暩限の分割に成功したこず、曎には将来の政府を担う開明掟若手官僚ずの党面衝突を避けたいずの思惑があったからであるず蚀われおいる。" }
{ "en": "In 1871, there was a behind-the-scenes movement toward achieving Haihanchiken in the government and troops were called out from the three domains of Satsuma, Choshu, and Tosa to form Goshinpei, the army under the command of the government, and Takamori SAIGO and Taisuke ITAGAKI, who returned to their birthplaces, were called back to the government.", "ja": "曎に1871幎に入るず廃藩眮県に向けた政府内の動きが密かに動き出し、薩摩・長州・土䜐3藩の兵を埡芪兵ずしお集めるずずもに、郷里に垰っおいた西郷隆盛ず板垣退助を呌び戻した。" }
{ "en": "On August 29, 1871, Haihanchiken was carried out.", "ja": "1871幎8月29日明治4幎7月14日(旧暊)、廃藩眮県が断行された。" }
{ "en": "During the same period, the government carried out several reforms establishing the Shihosho and Monbusho ministries, then the central government Seiin, the advisory council Sain, and the coordinating organization Uin were established, and Jingikan was raised to the ministry Jingisho.", "ja": "ほが前埌しお叞法省ず文郚省が蚭眮され次いで正院䞭倮政府・巊院諮問機関・右院調敎機関が蚭眮され、神祇官が神祇省に栌䞋げされるなどの改革が断行された。" }
{ "en": "Personnel changes took place at the same time; Sanetomi SANJO took office as Dajodaijin, SAIGO, KIDO, OOKUMA, and ITAGAKI took office as Sangi, and IWAKURA and Hirofusa MADENOKOJI remained in the government, but the other court nobles and lords were dismissed from offices and the traditional court lady system of the Imperial Court was abolished.", "ja": "曎に同時に人事面でも改革が進められ、倪政倧臣に䞉条実矎・参議に西郷・朚戞・倧隈・板垣が就任しお、これに岩倉ず䞇里小路博房が政府内に留たったものの他の公家・諞䟯は悉く職を免ぜられ、たた旧来通りの宮䞭の女官の排陀も行われた。" }
{ "en": "The court rank system was replaced by the official rank system, in which civil officials third grade and above and military officers fourth grade and above were called Chokuninkan, the officials and officers seventh grade and above were called Soninkan, and those eighth grade and below were called Hanninkan.", "ja": "曎に䜍階制を廃止しお15階からなる官等制文官は3等・歊官は4等以䞊を勅任官、7等以䞊を奏任官、それ以䞋を刀任官ずするを導入した。" }
{ "en": "There, the basic form of the Dajokan system during the Meiji period in which the Emperor led the whole government from the Dajokan inclusive by attending his business in person and making decisions by himself with the three ministries assisting him in directing Sangi and Kyo (i.e., Sangi and Kyo did not take responsibilities of assisting the Emperor); and the origin of the domain clique called Hanbatsu formed by the members of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, and Hizen domains were established.", "ja": "これによっお、倩皇が芪臚・芪裁圢匏で倪政官以䞋を率い、䞉倧臣がこれを茔匌しお参議・卿を指揮する埓っお参議以䞋には茔匌責任はなかったずいう明治の倪政官制の基本圢匏ず薩長土肥出身者によるいわゆる藩閥の原点か確立したのである。" }
{ "en": "January, 1875, the eighth year of Meiji, Toshimichi OKUBO and Hirobumi ITO, who were Sangi, asked Takayoshi KIDO and Taisuke ITAGAKI, who had resigned after a debate about conquering Korea, to return to the government as Sangi at a meeting in Osaka.", "ja": "1875幎明治8幎1月、参議の倧久保利通ず䌊藀博文は、埁韓論などをめぐっお蟞職した朚戞孝允ず板垣退助に察し、参議に埩職するこずを求めた倧阪䌚議。" }
{ "en": "In February of the same year, the two parties agreed to gradually transform Japan into a constitutional monarchy and decided on the two persons returning to the government.", "ja": "同幎2月に至り、立憲䜓制ぞ挞次的に移行するこずで䞀臎し、二人の埩垰が決たった。" }
{ "en": "The Imperial edict Rikken Seitai no Shosho (Dajokanfukoku No. 58) was issued on April 14, 1875, whereby the base of the separation of powers was formed such that placed Dajokan and Seiin to take responsibility for administration, Genroin, and Chihokankaigi to take responsibility for legislation, and Daishinin to take responsibility for jurisdiction.", "ja": "同幎4月14日には、立憲政體ノ詔曞倪政官垃告第58号を発しお、行政を担圓する倪政官・正院、立法を担圓する元老院(日本)・地方官䌚議、叞法を担圓する倧審院を眮く䞉暩分立制の基瀎を圢䜜った。" }
{ "en": "This system continued until it was replaced by the Cabinet system in 1885.", "ja": "この䜓制は、1885幎明治18幎に内閣(日本)が発足するたで続いた。" }
{ "en": "Laws like the Dajokanfukoku and Dajokantasshi during this period are considered still effective today, unless the laws established thereafter are inconsistent with them.", "ja": "この時代に出された倪政官垃告・倪政官達などの法什は、埌に制定された法什に矛盟しない限り、効力は存続するずされおいる。" }
{ "en": "It is considered that laws recognized as under the Constitution of the Great Empire of Japan are effective today, unless they are inconsistent with the Constitution of Japan.", "ja": "珟圚でも、倧日本垝囜憲法䞋で法埋ずしおの効力があったず解される堎合は、日本囜憲法の内容に反しない限り、効力は存続しおいるず解されおいる。" }
{ "en": "Genro indicates a senior top-level statesman in the Japanese government in the era from the latter half of the Mejia period to the early Showa period.", "ja": "元老げんろう、英elderstatesmanずは、明治時代埌期から昭和時代初期にかけお、日本政府の最高銖脳であった重臣である。" }
{ "en": "The persons who contributed to the Meiji restoration significantly were called genkun, and it is said that this term was an abbreviation created mainly by mass media, because they virtually led the politics in the new Meiji government for a long period (Choro-genkun (senior Genkun) -> Genkun-ro (old Genkun) -> Genro, or an abbreviation of Genkun-shoro (senior Genkun persons).", "ja": "明治維新に功瞟のあった人物を元勲ず呌ぶが、圌らが明治新政府においお長期間に枡っお事実䞊政治を牜匕しおいたこずから、䞻にマスコミ呚蟺から誕生した略称だず蚀われおいる長老元勲→元勲老→元老、もしくは元勲諞老の略。" }
{ "en": "Although no specification existed legislatively, they were appointed by an Imperial order or an Imperial rescript, and were involved in making the highest-level decisions in the nation, responding to inquiries from the emperor, including the recommendation of a new prime minister when a cabinet was reshuffled.", "ja": "法制䞊にその定めはなかったが、勅呜たたは勅語によっお任呜され、倩皇の諮問に答えお内閣曎迭の際の埌継内閣総理倧臣の奏薊をはじめずする囜家の最高意思決定に参䞎した。" }
{ "en": "In particular, handling the Imperial court-related problems became the source of Genro's authority.", "ja": "特に宮䞭問題を執るのが元老の暩嚁の源泉ずなっおいた。" }
{ "en": "This is apparent from the fact that Aritomo YAMAGATA lost his political power because he was defeated in a serious incident in the Imperial court.", "ja": "このこずは宮䞭某重倧事件で敗退した山瞣有朋が事実䞊倱脚しおしたったこずからも明らかである。" }
{ "en": "The persons to whom Shochoku (an Imperial edict) was issued were Hirobumi ITO and Kiyotaka KURODA.", "ja": "最初に元老の詔勅を受け取ったのは、䌊藀博文、黒田枅隆である。" }
{ "en": "Initially, Emperor Meiji intended to issue Shochoku to Hirobumi ITO who was going to retire chairman of Sumitsu-in (Privy Council).", "ja": "圓初は䌊藀博文が枢密院議長の職を蟞するこずから、明治倩皇が詔勅を出そうずした。" }
{ "en": "However, this was considered unfair for the Satsuma Domain side in the domain clique of Saccho (the Satsuma domain and the Choshu domain), and Kiyotaka KURODA was appointed Genro at the same time.", "ja": "しかしながら、これでは薩長の藩閥においお薩摩に䞍公平であるこずから、黒田枅隆も元老に指名された。" }
{ "en": "Over time, the number of Genro decreased.", "ja": "時代の掚移ず共に元老の数は枛少しおいった。" }
{ "en": "After Matsukata died, only Saionji remained as the Genro.", "ja": "束方の死去埌、元老は西園寺のみずなった。" }
{ "en": "However, in the Imperial court, there was a move to regenerate Genro.", "ja": "しかしながら、宮䞭では元老の再生産を行おうずする動きがあった。" }
{ "en": "In addition, Matsukata also considered before he died that a new Genro should be appointed.", "ja": "たた、束方も存呜䞭新たな元老を補充しようず考えおいた。" }
{ "en": "However, Saionji, the only remaining Genro, was reluctant to appoint such powerful candidates as Gombei YAMAMOTO and Keigo KIYOURA to Genro.", "ja": "しかし最埌の元老ずなった西園寺は山本暩兵衛、枅浊奎吟ずいった有力な候補たちに難色を瀺した。" }
{ "en": "In addition, as the council of senior statesmen was established as well, no new Genro was appointed and Genro disappeared when Saionji died in 1940.", "ja": "たた別に重臣䌚議が蚭けられた事もあっお、結局補充は行われないたた、1940幎の西園寺の死ず共に消滅した。" }
{ "en": "In Article 29, Chapter 4 of Koshitsu Giseirei (Act that sets the ceremonies of the Imperial Court, crests of Imperial family, banners, seating arrangement in Imperial ceremonies, etc) (Taisho 15 nen Koshitsurei Dai 7 go [No. 7 of the Imperial family's Act in 1926]), it was specified that Genro should occupy the fourth seat in the first rank (next to that of chairman of the privy council), handled 'in the same way as for ministers because Genkun should be treated favorably' (favorable treatment of Genkun).", "ja": "元老には、皇宀儀制什倧正15幎皇宀什第7号第四章第二十九条においお、宮䞭垭次第䞀階第四枢密院議長の次䜍ず定められ、「元勲優遇ノ為倧臣ノ瀌遇」を䞎えられた元勲優遇。" }
{ "en": "A list of Genro", "ja": "元老の䞀芧" }
{ "en": "All of the Genro, except Saionji, were from the Satsuma domain or the Choshu domain.", "ja": "西園寺以倖は薩摩藩・長州藩いずれかの出身である。" }
{ "en": "By the way, after the first Yamagata cabinet resigned en masse, Akiyoshi YAMADA (from Choshu) recommended the next prime minister together with Genkun that was equivalent to Genro in the rank.", "ja": "なお、第1次山瞣内閣の総蟞職埌に山田顕矩長州が元老に盞圓する元勲ずずもに埌継総理倧臣の奏薊を行っおいる。" }
{ "en": "About this, Takashi Sasaki (a historian) pointed out that Yamada might have been practically a Genre, although he could not be appointed to Genro officially because he died young (at the age of 49 in 1892).", "ja": "これに぀いお歎史孊者の䜐々朚隆(歎史孊者)は、山田が早䞖1892幎に49歳で死去のために正匏な任呜の手続を埗られなかった事実䞊の元老であった可胜性を指摘しおいる。" }
{ "en": "Sasaki positioned eight persons including Yamada and seven persons of genro except Katsura and Saionji, both of whom were appointed to Genro later, as 'Saccho-genkun' (literally, Genkun from the Satsuma domain or the Choshu domain).", "ja": "なお䜐々朚は、埌になっお任呜された桂・西園寺を陀いた7名ず山田を加えた8名をもっお垝囜憲法䞋における「薩長元勲」ず䜍眮づけおいる。" }