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{
"en": "TAJIHI no Miyakemaro in the Konin era was the last case to use Dazai no sochi as a stepping stone to a higher position.",
"ja": "だが、こうした大宰帥は弘仁年間の多治比今麻呂が最後となる。"
} |
{
"en": "As Sangi and Chunagon were concurrently appointed Dazai no sochi at that time, some officials abused this situation so as to avoid going to Dazaifu on the pretext of the importance of their duty at a position other than Dazai no sochi so that they received seasonal stipends and untaxed lands as absentee officials.",
"ja": "また、この段階でも通常参議や中納言が兼務して転任する事を逆手に取って、兼務の職の重要性を盾に現地に赴任せず季禄や職分田などの特権のみを受けて遙任を行う者もいた。"
} |
{
"en": "As Imperial Prince Iyo, a son of Emperor Kanmu, was appointed to Dazai no sochi as an absentee official in 806, and the land system Kueiden was introduced in the district of Dazaifu in 823, it became a practice that the Imperial Prince (Imperial Prince Kazuwara at that time) was appointed Dazai no sochi just like Shinoninkoku and called 'Sochinomiya.'",
"ja": "大同_(日本)元年（806年）、桓武天皇の子・伊予親王が遙任で大宰帥に任じられ、弘仁14年（823年）の大宰府管区内での公営田設置を機に親王任国と同様に親王（当時は葛原親王）が任命されるのが慣例となり、こうした皇族を「帥宮（そちのみや）」と呼称した。"
} |
{
"en": "Dazai Gonnosochi or Daini was selected from the retainers of the appointee and dispatched as de facto governor (Gonnosochi was dispatched for the appointee at the rank of Chunagon, and Daini was dispatched for the rank of Sangi).",
"ja": "しかし、実際の政務は臣下から大宰権帥あるいは大弐（任命された者が中納言級ならば権帥、参議級ならば大弐）が派遣されるものとされた。"
} |
{
"en": "Unlike the case of Shinoninkoku, Dazai no sochi was established merely in customary law and not in the ritsuryo nor kyakushiki; therefore, sometimes persons not from the Imperial family were appointed Dazai no sochi.",
"ja": "ただし、この規定は親王任国の場合と違ってあくまでも慣習法であり、律令あるいは格式で定まったものではなかったため、事情によっては非皇族の大宰帥が任命される事もあり得た。"
} |
{
"en": "Examples of that kind of Dazai no sochi are, TAIRA no Korenaka who was appointed in 1001 as an imperial person refused to be a successor to FUJIWARA no Korechika who had been demoted (exiled in fact) to Gonnosochi, and FUJIWARA no Takasue who was appointed in 1179 as a supervisor of Gonnosochi FUJIWARA no Motofusa who was demoted to Gonnosochi (but as Motofusa was exiled to Bizen province in fact, Takasue's appointment of Dazai no sochi was canceled).",
"ja": "長保3年（1001年）の平惟仲、治承3年（1179年）の藤原隆季がその例であるが、前者は左遷（実質流罪）による権帥（藤原伊周）の後任権帥になるのを嫌ったため、後者は左遷による権帥（藤原基房）の監視のためのもの（ただし、実際には備前国配流となったため帥の赴任も中止された）であった。"
} |
{
"en": "It is considered that, after the invasion of northern Kyushu by Toi in 1019, Dazai no sochi including Sochinomiya mostly ceased to go to Dazaifu with a few exceptions for fear that the Imperial Prince as Dazai no sochi would be blamed for invasion.",
"ja": "寛仁3年（1019年）の刀伊の入寇によって外寇時の責任が親王に及ぶ事が危惧されるようになり、以後例外を除いて帥宮も含めて大宰帥の大宰府赴任は殆どなくなったとされている。"
} |
{
"en": "The appointment of Dazai no sochi continued even after the position became merely nominal until the reform of official system in 1869.",
"ja": "ただし、任命だけは律令制が有名無実になった後も続けられ、明治2年（1869年）の官制改革まで存置された。"
} |
{
"en": "The last Dazai no sochi was Prince Arisugawa Taruhito.",
"ja": "ちなみに、史上最後の大宰帥は有栖川宮熾仁親王である。"
} |
{
"en": "The \"hatamoto\" is a general term indicating those who were direct retainers of the Tokugawa shogun family, provided with an amount of rice crop less than 10,000 koku (approximately 180 liters/koku) and the family status of omemie (vassal with the privilege to have an audience with the shogun) or higher who attended the ceremonies in the shogun's presence.",
"ja": "旗本（はたもと）とは、主として江戸時代に徳川将軍家直属の家臣団のうち、石高が1万石未満で儀式などで将軍が出席する席に参列する御目見以上の家格をもつものの総称。"
} |
{
"en": "Since it originally used to indicate a samurai group who guarded the battle flag of their lord in war areas, it is not a system only in Tokugawa period.",
"ja": "もとは戦場で主君の軍旗を守る武士団を意味しており、徳川氏時代のみの制度ではない。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Sengoku period (Japan), this term sometimes indicated the retainers who were under direct control of a lord, to separate them from the makusita-so samurai belonging to an independent military service such as kokujin (who were not retainers of the lord but were subordinated to the lord militarily).",
"ja": "戦国時代(日本)には、国人等の独立的軍団を構成している幕下層（家臣ではないが臣下の礼をとり軍事的に従属）とは別に、主君の指揮下に属する直属部隊の家臣を指す場合もある。"
} |
{
"en": "Hatamoto was organized mostly by hereditary vassals, and constituted the samurai group for guarding the main war base of the lord in fighting.",
"ja": "とくに譜代の家臣を中心に編成され、戦闘時には、主君の本陣備を構成した。"
} |
{
"en": "At that time, the local samurai lords who were subordinated to a lord but controlled their territories independently aligned and realigned with each other freely.",
"ja": "当時は、幕下の礼をとり家臣の立場にあったが領国経営では独立していた国人領主層の離合集散が当然のように行なわれていた。"
} |
{
"en": "Under such a background, it is considered that lords relied on the hatamoto strongly and that the hatamoto were involved in the governments centrally.",
"ja": "そのような背景から、主君からすれば、直属の旗本家臣団への信頼は極めて強く、国政にも中心的に関与したと見られる。"
} |
{
"en": "It would not be too much to say that, of the retainers, the hatamoto played the central role in the Sengoku period, although they could not attain brilliant military achievements, because they, for example, Kagechika CHIZAKA (CHISAKA), a retainer of Kenshin UESUGI, were deployed around the main war base in fighting..",
"ja": "例えば上杉謙信の家臣の千坂景親のように戦闘時に常に本陣周辺に配置されるため、華々しい戦果を残すことはあまりないが、戦国時代の家臣団の中枢を担うのは、この旗本家臣層にあったといっても過言ではない。"
} |
{
"en": "Typical examples of hatamoto in the Edo period were retainers of the Tokugawa clan who originated in Mikawa.",
"ja": "江戸時代の旗本は、三河から勃興した徳川氏の家臣が代表的である。"
} |
{
"en": "In addition, hatamoto also included surviving vassals of the Gohojo clan and of the Takeda clan, and the Akamatsu clan, the Hatakeyama clan, the Bessho clan, the Hojo clan, the Togashi clan, the Mogami clan, the Yamana clan, the Takeda clan, the Imagawa clan, the Otomo clan, the Oda clan, the Kanamori clan, the Takigawa clan, the Tsutsui clan, the Toki clan, and the direct descendant families of and the branch families of Masanori FUKUSHIMA, all of whom were a daimyo family, the person succeeding the name of daimyo whose properties had been confiscated, a noble family that was a powerful clan in a remote area and could not become a daimyo, a former daimyo in the Sengoku period, or a shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords).",
"ja": "ほかに後北条氏、武田氏、今川氏の遺臣、大名の一族や、改易大名の名跡を継ぐ者、遠隔地の豪族で大名になりきれなかった名族、かつて戦国大名や、守護大名などであった赤松氏、畠山氏、別所氏、北条、富樫氏、最上氏、山名氏、武田、今川、大友氏、織田氏、金森氏、滝川氏、筒井氏、土岐氏、福島正則の嫡流、庶流の末裔などから構成されている。"
} |
{
"en": "Taishin-Hatamoto,' who earned a rice crop of around 8,000 koku and was provided with a family status treated daimyo as well, and the Matsudaira family in the Matsudaira-go area (with a 420 koku of rice crop), where the Tokugawa shogun family originated, were called Kotai-yoriai.",
"ja": "石高が8,000石前後で大名待遇の家格を持つ「大身旗本」及び、徳川将軍家の本家筋に当たる松平郷松平家（420石）は、交代寄合と呼ばれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Those who were from the families of former noble clans and responsible for protocol, such as the Kira clan, the Hatakeyama clan, the Imagawa clan, and the Takeda clan were called koke (master of ceremonies) and separated from other retainers.",
"ja": "儀礼等を司る役目を負う吉良氏・畠山・今川・武田等の旧名門の家格出身者は家臣団とは別格の高家と呼ばれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Initially, the number of koke families including the Kira family was three, but gradually increased up to 26.",
"ja": "高家ははじめ吉良家など3家であったが、次第に増加して26家となった。"
} |
{
"en": "Being mostly provided with the rice crop of around 1,000 koku, the earnings of these koke were often smaller compared with their family statuses or their governmental post levels.",
"ja": "高家は1,000石級の者が多く、家柄や官位に比して、家禄は少ないことが多い。"
} |
{
"en": "Governmental posts that should be given to a 100,000-koku class daimyo were sometimes given to koke-kimoiri (dominant families of the koke families), but their earnings were always less than 5,000 koku.",
"ja": "高家肝煎は、10万石級の大名と同じ官位が与えられることもあったが、石高は最高でも5,000石未満であった。"
} |
{
"en": "The retainers who belonged to the social standing of omemie (vassal with the privilege to have an audience with the shogun or under that were called \"gokenin\" (immediate vassal of the shogunate).",
"ja": "御目見以下の家格の者は御家人と呼ばれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Life of Hatamoto",
"ja": "旗本の生活"
} |
{
"en": "Hatamoto and Gokenin were governed by Buke shohatto (Laws for the Military Houses), and were placed under control of wakadoshiyori (junior councilor).",
"ja": "旗本・御家人は武家諸法度により統制され、若年寄の支配下におかれた。"
} |
{
"en": "They had to reside basically in Edo, but the Kotai-yoriai families were provided with a jinya (a regional government office) in their chigyosho (hatamoto's fief).",
"ja": "江戸集住（定府）が原則で、交代寄合には知行所に陣屋が与えられた。"
} |
{
"en": "Generally, the hatamoto with the rice crop of 3,000 koku or more (hatamoto yoriaiseki [a family rank of high-ranking hatamoto, direct vassal of the shogun]) were provided with the right to manage their fief like daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), and executed administrative rights and judicial rights except trials for grave penalty such as death penalty.",
"ja": "一般には3,000石以上の旗本（旗本寄合席）には大名に準じた知行権（統治権）を有して死刑などの重刑裁判以外の行政権・司法権を行使した。"
} |
{
"en": "For the hatamoto with 500 koku or less, who constituted most of hatamoto, the right to manage their fief except collecting tax, were entrusted to governmental officers of the bakuku, called Daikan or Gundai.",
"ja": "大部分を占めた500石以下は徴租権（年貢の納入）以外の知行権は幕府の代官または郡代に委任される事になっていた。"
} |
{
"en": "The bakufu disliked the execution of right to manage their fief by the Hatamoto retainers who possessed their own territories, and took the policy of curbing the execution.",
"ja": "幕府は基本的には領主である旗本が知行権を行使することを好まずこれを抑制する方針を取った。"
} |
{
"en": "However, because they needed securing tax and were also responsible for scandals in their territories, some hatamoto executed their right to manage their fief actively, even though they earned a 500 koku or less of rice crop.",
"ja": "しかしながら、税収の確保や領内の不祥事は領主である旗本の責任とされるために、500石以下であっても自らの知行権を積極的に行使する旗本も存在していた。"
} |
{
"en": "It was commonly said that 'the number of hatamoto was 80,000.'",
"ja": "俗に「旗本八万騎」と呼ばれた。"
} |
{
"en": "However, in a survey in 1722, the number was approximately 5,000, and was 17,000 including even the gokenin of omemie or under.",
"ja": "しかしながら、1722年の調査では総数約5,000人、御目見以下の御家人を含めても17,000人の規模であった。"
} |
{
"en": "However, it is said that the number became roughly 80,000, when the retainers of hatamoto and of gokenin were further included (for this, the number of military personnel allowed for a 100,000-koku daimyo was 2,155).",
"ja": "ただし、旗本・御家人の家臣を含めると、およそ80,000人になると言われている（これに対して10万石の大名に許された兵力は2,155人である）"
} |
{
"en": "The hatamoto who earned a 5,000 koku or more of rice crop including kotai-yoriai was approximately 100.",
"ja": "旗本で、5,000石以上の者は、交代寄合を含み約100人。"
} |
{
"en": "Those who earned a 3,000 koku or more of rice crop was approximately 300, and 90 percent of hatamoto earned a 500 koku or less of rice crop..",
"ja": "3,000石以上の者は約300人であり、旗本の9割は500石以下である。"
} |
{
"en": "According to a record in the Hoei era (1704 - 1711), the amount of chiho-daka of hatamoto (the total earnings of hatamoto who were granted their chigyo-chi [fief]) was a 2,754,000 koku of rice crop, occupying 64% of all earnings of the hatamoto, and a 1,534,000 koku of rice crop as salary called, kirimai, kuramai (rice preserved in a depository by Edo Shogunate and domains), or fuchi (stipend).",
"ja": "なお、宝永年間の記録によれば、旗本の地方高（知行地を与えられていた者の総禄高）は275.4万石で全体の64%を占め、切米・蔵米・扶持受給が石高換算で153.4万石を占めていた。"
} |
{
"en": "Although the chigyo-chi existed throughout the nation, 80 % of it was concentrated in the Kanto region, in particular, with 21% of all Hatamoto chigyo-chi in the Musashi Province where Edo was located, 12.5 % in the neighboring Kazusa Province, and 11% in the Shimosa Province.",
"ja": "知行地は全国に広がっているものの、関東地方が全体の8割を占め、特に江戸のある武蔵国が全国の旗本知行地の21％、近隣の上総国が12.5%、下総国が11.0％を占めていた。"
} |
{
"en": "Hatamoto were obliged to bear larger military burden for smaller earnings (the amount of rice crop), and in addition, aikyu practice (dividing control of an area among more than one person) was done to adjust the amounts of rice crop among the hatamoto: For example, control right of a village was divided among 13 hatamoto in a particular case, making the control extremely difficult.",
"ja": "旗本は石高が低い割には軍役負担が大きく、また石高調整のために相給が行われる事が多く、極端な場合では13名の旗本が1村を分割知行するなどその支配は困難を極めた。"
} |
{
"en": "Because, in addition, hatamoto had to reside basically in Edo, their life styles became more and more like those of consumers regardless of whether they were chigyo-tori (recipients of land revenue) or kuramaidori (retainers who received rice preserved in a depository by Edo Shogunate and domains as their salary).",
"ja": "更に江戸集住の原則から知行取・蔵米取を問わず早くから消費者化が進んだ。"
} |
{
"en": "In as early as in the Kanei era (1624 - 1644) in 30 years after the bakufu was established, 'impoverishment of Hatamoro' became a problem.",
"ja": "幕府成立から30年後の寛永年間には早くも「旗本の窮乏化」が問題とされている。"
} |
{
"en": "Kienrei (a relief measure to help the gokenin and hatamoto who fell into economic difficulties during the Edo period) in the Kansei Reforms was enacted under such a situation as well.",
"ja": "寛政の改革の棄捐令の背景もこうした事情があった。"
} |
{
"en": "Even if having the right to have an audience with the shogun, a hatamoto actually could have an audience with the shogun only in the occasion of succession to family headship or Atoshiki-sozoku (inheriting the family head post because his father died), if he earned a small amount of rice crop or was provided with no post.",
"ja": "また、小禄や無役の旗本は将軍に拝謁の資格があったものの、実際に拝謁できたのは家督相続・跡式相続のときのみであった。"
} |
{
"en": "In the early Edo period, rowdy hatamoto called hatamoto-yakko (servants of the shogun) organized a group, called themselves otokodate (ones who seek to right wrongs), and confronted rowdy people in the general public called machi-yakko (town servants), which was written in kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) or kodan storytelling.",
"ja": "江戸時代初期には無頼化した旗本奴が存在し、男伊達を称して徒党を組み、市井の町奴と対立し、歌舞伎や講談の題材にもなった。"
} |
{
"en": "Governmental Posts for Hatamoto",
"ja": "旗本の役職"
} |
{
"en": "In Edo, Hatamoto took the post of Oban (or bankata; great guards) for guarding the Edo-jo Castle and the shogun, or civil officers (or yakugata; in charge of administration, judicature, or finance), such as machi bugyo (town magistrate), kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), ometsuke (inspector general) and metsuke (inspector).",
"ja": "江戸では江戸城の警備や将軍の護衛を行う大番（番方）、文官（役方、行政・司法・財政を担当）である町奉行・勘定奉行・大目付・目付などの役職についた。"
} |
{
"en": "The hatamoto without governmental post who earned a 3,000 koku or more of rice crop were organized into hatamoto yoriaiseki (a family rank of high-ranking hatamoto), and those who earned a less than 3,000 koku of rice crop were organized into a group called Kobushin-gumi (samurai without official appointments who receive small salaries).",
"ja": "無役の旗本は3,000石以上は旗本寄合席、それ以下は小普請組に編入された。"
} |
{
"en": "The highest post available for hatamoto was the keepers of Edo-jo Castle.",
"ja": "旗本の最高の役職は江戸城留守居である。"
} |
{
"en": "After Yoshimune, the eighth shogun, established the Gosankyo (Three Lords: three junior collateral houses of the Tokugawa family), the position of karo (chief retainers) at these families were considered to be equivalent in the status to the keepers of Edo-jo Castle.",
"ja": "8代将軍吉宗が御三卿を創設してからは、その家老職も江戸城留守居に準ずる地位とされた。"
} |
{
"en": "However, it was not rare that a hatamoto at the 3,000-koku level was selected for such a post.",
"ja": "しかしながら、3,000石級の旗本から抜擢されることも珍しくなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "The Gosankyo had their residences in the Edo-jo Castle, and they were treated as the members of shogun family.",
"ja": "御三卿は江戸城内に屋敷を持ち、将軍家の家族として取り扱われた。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, the Karo of Gosankyo were not baishin (indirect vassal).",
"ja": "そのため、御三卿の家老は陪臣ではない。"
} |
{
"en": "In addition, the taishin hatamoto (greater vassal) with a 5,000 koku or more of rice crop could assume the posts of Sobashu (aide of the shogun), Sobagoyo-toritsugi (attendant who serves Shogun by informing of a visitor and convey the message), Oban gashira (captains of the great guards), Head of military patrol, chief of the bodyguard of the Shogun or the keeper of Sunpo-jo Castle.",
"ja": "この他、5,000石以上の大身旗本は、将軍側衆、側御用取次、大番頭、書院番頭、小姓組番頭、駿府城代に就任することができた。"
} |
{
"en": "The ongoku-bugyo (magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government) placed by the bakufu at important cities was selected among the thousand-koku class hatamoto.",
"ja": "幕府が重要都市に置いた遠国奉行は1,000石級の旗本から任じられた。"
} |
{
"en": "However, the Fushimi magistrate was an exceptional post to which a fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) was appointed as well.",
"ja": "しかしながら、伏見奉行は譜代大名からも任じられた別格のポストであった。"
} |
{
"en": "Fushimi was a key point to enter Kyoto from the Tokai-do Road, and in Sankin-kotai (daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo), it was prohibited to proceed to the Kyoto side from Fushimi, to prevent daimyo from making contact with the Imperial court.",
"ja": "東海道から京に入る要所であり、大名と朝廷を近づけないために、参勤交代の途中で伏見より京側に進むことは認められていなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "The Nikko magistrate where shogun was used to visit was provided with a status slightly higher than that of other ongoku-bugyo.",
"ja": "また、将軍の行幸があった日光奉行も他の遠国奉行よりやや格が高かった。"
} |
{
"en": "The Nagasaki magistrate post was the most coveted one, because additional income, being close to bribes, was expected in relation with trade, and therefore, various maneuvers were conducted to get the post.",
"ja": "猟官運動が盛んに行われたのは長崎奉行であり、貿易に絡む賄賂に近い副収入が見込めたことで人気が高かった。"
} |
{
"en": "Some hatamoto who became Nagsaki magistrate established a big fortune.",
"ja": "長崎奉行となって大きな財産を築いた旗本もいた。"
} |
{
"en": "On the other hand, the governmental posts assumed by the Hatamoto with a small salary of around 100 koku to 200 koku included the following: a member of Kojunin-ban (Kojunin group), Nando, Kanjo, daikan (local governor), hiroshiki (inner apartment supply officer for Edo-jo Castle), Yuhitsu, Doho-gashira, Kofukinban-shihaigashira, Hinoban-kumigashira, Gakumonshokinban-kumigashira, Kumigashira of Kachi-metsuke, Sukiya-gashira, makanai-gashira (chief of cooks), Kura-bugyo, Kane-bugyo, Hayashi-bugyo, Fushinkata-shitabugyo, Tatami-bugyo, Zaimokuishi-bugyo, Gusoku-bugyo, Yumiyayari-bugyo, Fukiage-bugyo, Zen-bugyo, Shomotsu-bugyo, Teppodamayaku-bugyo, Jisha-bugyo-ginmimonoshirabeyaku, Kanjo-Ginmi-aratame yaku (inspector of the documents inspected by assistant minister of treasury) and Kawabune-aratameyaku.",
"ja": "一方、100石から200石程度の小禄の旗本は、小十人の番士、納戸、勘定、代官、広敷、祐筆、同朋頭、甲府勤番支配頭、火之番組頭、学問所勤番組頭、徒（徒士）目付の組頭、数寄屋頭、賄頭、蔵奉行、金奉行、林奉行、普請方下奉行、畳奉行、材木石奉行、具足奉行、弓矢槍奉行、吹上奉行、膳奉行、書物奉行、鉄砲玉薬奉行、寺社奉行吟味物調役、勘定吟味改役、川船改役をはじめとする諸役職についた。"
} |
{
"en": "Some gokenin assumed lower posts for hatamoto.",
"ja": "旗本の下位の役職には御家人が就任することもあった。"
} |
{
"en": "Hiroshiki, makanai-gashira, and Kanjo-Ginmi-aratame yaku were selected among the competent hatamoto with small stipend.",
"ja": "広敷の役人、賄頭、勘定吟味改役は、小禄の旗本の中から有能な者が選ばれていた。"
} |
{
"en": "After the mid-Edo period, no gokenin has promoted to hatamoto in the military and guard spheres.",
"ja": "江戸時代中期以降になると、軍事・警備部門で御家人から旗本に昇進する例はほとんどなくなった。"
} |
{
"en": "On the other hand, some gokenin who assumed lower-level governmental posts under hiroshiki or Kanjo-bugyo promoted to hatamoto.",
"ja": "その一方で、広敷や勘定奉行の下役人となり、旗本に昇進した者が出た。"
} |
{
"en": "In order for a person not entitled to be a hatamoto to become hatamoto, it was basically required his family to have assumed posts for hatamoto for three consecutive generations.",
"ja": "旗本の資格がない者が旗本になる場合は、旗本の役職に3代続けて就任することが原則であった。"
} |
{
"en": "However, once permitted to have an audience with the shogun, he was immediately recognized as hatamoto as Omemie-no-shi (vassal with the privilege to have an audience with the shogun).",
"ja": "しかしながら、将軍に謁見が許されれば御目見得の士として直ちに旗本として認められた。"
} |
{
"en": "As a piping time of peace continued, the following trend appeared; while officers in the governmental posts concerned with guard or military affairs called bankata were selected on a family status basis, civil officers called yakugata were selected considering their competence as well.",
"ja": "太平の世が続くと、番方と呼ばれる警備や軍事に関する役職は家柄で選ばれる一方で、役方と呼ばれた行政職（文官）は能力主義を加味した人事が行われる傾向が出てきた。"
} |
{
"en": "In these situations, the highest posts reachable by the catamite retainers with 200 koku to less than 500 koku generally were the Kanjo ginmiyaku post, being just under the kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), whose officers checked accounts directly under the roju (senior councilor), or the hiroshiki-yonin post (officer responsible for general affairs in O-oku [the inner halls of the Edo-jo Castle], where one-fourth of the bakufu revenue was consumed, and was provided with accounting right there as well as the right to select suppliers to O-oku.",
"ja": "こうした中で200石以上、500石未満の旗本の場合は、老中直属の会計検査役で勘定奉行の次席格でもある勘定吟味役か、幕府収入の4分の1を消費した大奥の庶務責任者として出納の権限や出入り業者の選定権を持った広敷用人となるのが、一応の出世の到達点とされた。"
} |
{
"en": "By the way, the bankata were classified into the five posts of koshogumi (page corps), shoinban (the castle guards), oban (castle guards), shinban (new guard) and kojunin (escort guard).",
"ja": "なお、番方は小姓組・書院番・大番・新番・小十人組の5つに分類される。"
} |
{
"en": "These posts were called Goban (kata) (five Ban posts).",
"ja": "これを五番（方）という。"
} |
{
"en": "Yoriki (police sergeant) attached to the town magistrate's offices were allowed to ride on a horse and often provided with a salary of a 200 koku (200 straw bags) of rice crop, but they were not hatamoto.",
"ja": "町奉行所附きの与力は馬上が許され200石（200俵）以上の俸禄を受ける者も少なからずいたが、旗本ではなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "The hatamoto system was changed drastically for the first time when, in 1856 after Japan was opened to the world, Masahiro ABE, a roju, opened a military training school in Tsukiji and ordered hatamoto for the training of group-fighting tactics, including rifle-shooting and gunnery.",
"ja": "旗本の仕組みに大きな変化を見せるのは、開国日本の開国後の安政3年（1856年）に老中阿部正弘が築地に講武所を開いて、西洋の銃術・砲術を含めた集団戦の訓練を旗本に命じてからである。"
} |
{
"en": "In the following Bunkyu Reforms (reforms in the Bunkyu era [1861 - 1864]), the military system was reformed rapidly: For example, military officers were selected among the hatamoto who had completed the training of rifle shooting and gunnery, based on their competence.",
"ja": "続く文久の改革によって銃術・砲術を修めた旗本たちの中から実力主義によって士官が選抜されるなどの急速な軍制改革が行われるようになった。"
} |
{
"en": "However, for the hatamoto who were at the peak of financial poverty, there was no power remained to support the military service.",
"ja": "だが、既に財政的に窮乏の極地にあった旗本には軍役を負担するだけの余力は失われていた。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, in September 1867, the military service imposed on hatamoto was actually abolished, and it was decided that a half of the revenue from their fief to be collected (in four installments) as money for military use.",
"ja": "そこで遂に慶応3年（1867年）9月、旗本に対する軍役が事実上廃止され、知行所からの収益金の半分を軍役金に徴収（年4回の分納）する事になった。"
} |
{
"en": "Due to the Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) occurred during the first collection, the bakufu had collapsed before this system functioned fully.",
"ja": "この制度は1回目の納付の途中で大政奉還を迎えてしまい、十分に機能する前に幕府が崩壊することになった。"
} |
{
"en": "However, if this system functioned, the meaning of hatamoto would have changed drastically even if the Edo bakufu remained, because, losing the military roles, hatamoto would have become only an existence that could have been 'candidates for military officers' or 'candidates for governmental officers.'",
"ja": "しかしながら、もしこの制度が機能していれば、軍役を失った旗本の存在は幕府の「士官候補生」・「官僚予備軍」にしか過ぎなくなり、仮に江戸幕府が存続していたとしても旗本の意味合いは大きく変質していたであろう。"
} |
{
"en": "In historical textbooks, hatamoto in the Edo bakufu (the Tokugawa shogun family) was defined as the persons who were direct retainers of the shogun with a less than 10,000 koku of rice crop and were entitled to have an audience with the shogun (omemie or higher), but strictly considered, the situation was not so simple.",
"ja": "歴史教科書では、江戸幕府（徳川将軍家）の旗本は1万石未満の将軍直属の家臣で、将軍との謁見資格（御目見得以上）を持つ者と定義されているが、厳密にはそう単純ではない。"
} |
{
"en": "In a narrow sense, hatamoto indicated direct retainers of the shogun with a 200 koku (200 straw bags) or more but less than 10,000 koku of rice crop, excepting the families with the Kotaiyoriai status, the Koke families and the Kiregawa clan that was treated as a daimyo though earned less than a less than 10,000 koku of rice crop.",
"ja": "狭義の旗本は、200石（200俵）以上、1万石未満の将軍直属の家臣で、交代寄合、高家、及び1万石未満でありながら大名扱いを受けた喜連川氏を除くということになる。"
} |
{
"en": "In a broad sense, hatamoto included, in addition to the hatamoto in the narrow sense, the direct retainers of shogun who earned less than a less than 200 koku (200 straw bags) of rice crop, wore Setta (Japanese traditional sandals), were not entitled to ride on a horse, but was allowed to have an audience with shogun.",
"ja": "広義の旗本には、狭義の旗本に加えて、200石（200俵）未満で、雪駄履きで馬上となる資格がなく、将軍に謁見できる直参も含まれる。"
} |
{
"en": "Because the Kiregawa family with a less than 10,000 koku of rice crop was treated as a daimyo, the family was not included in the hatamoto in the broad sense as well.",
"ja": "1万石未満の喜連川家は、大名扱いをされたので、広義の旗本にも含まれない。"
} |
{
"en": "Also, as the retainers of shinpan (Tokugawa's relatives) and of Fudai daimyo are not direct vassals, they could not have an audience with the shogun basically; however, the hatamoto status was sometimes specially given to members of the families with a distinguished history.",
"ja": "また、親藩や譜代大名の家臣は陪臣であるから、将軍に謁見できないのが原則であるが、由緒ある家系に対しては、特別に旗本の格式が与えられることがあった。"
} |
{
"en": "In this case, they were entitled to have an audience with the shogun, and was allowed to dismount a horse at check points during their sankin kotai.",
"ja": "この場合、将軍に謁見の資格を持ち、参勤交代のときに関所で下馬することを免除された。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, in the broadest sense, the hatamoto indicated those who were entitled to have an audience with the shogun, excluding daimyo and those who were treated as daimyo.",
"ja": "従って最広義の旗本とは、大名及び、大名の扱いを受ける者以外で、将軍に謁見の資格をある者を指す。"
} |
{
"en": "Konyo AOKI",
"ja": "青木昆陽"
} |
{
"en": "Hakuseki ARAI",
"ja": "新井白石"
} |
{
"en": "Tadanari IWASE",
"ja": "岩瀬忠震"
} |
{
"en": "Tadasuke OOKA (Echizen no kami [Governor of Echizen Province], Yamada-bugyo, machi-bugyo [town magistrate], and jisha-bugyo [magistrate of temples and shrines].",
"ja": "大岡忠相（越前守、山田奉行、町奉行、寺社奉行。"
} |
{
"en": "Later became a 10,000-koku daimyo of the Nishi-Ohira domain)",
"ja": "後に西大平藩一万石の大名となる）"
} |
{
"en": "Tadataka OKUBO (Hikozaemon)",
"ja": "大久保忠教（彦左衛門）"
} |
{
"en": "Shigehide OGIWARA (Omi no kami [Governor of Omi Province], kanjo bugyo [commissioner of finance])",
"ja": "荻原重秀（近江守、勘定奉行）"
} |
{
"en": "Tadamasa OGURI (Oguri Kozuke no suke [Assistant Governor of Kozuke Province])",
"ja": "小栗忠順（小栗上野介）"
} |
{
"en": "Yasuyoshi KATSU (Kaishu KATSU)",
"ja": "勝安芳（勝海舟）"
} |
{
"en": "Umanojo TSUCHIYA",
"ja": "土屋馬之上"
} |
{
"en": "Manjiro NAKANOHAMA (commonly called John Manjiro.",
"ja": "中浜万次郎（通称・ジョン万次郎。"
} |
{
"en": "Although coming from a fisherman family, he was invited to the bakufu as an exceptional case.)",
"ja": "漁民の生まれだが特例的に召聘された）。"
} |
{
"en": "Toshiakira KAWAJI (gaikoku-bugyo [magistrate of foreign affairs])",
"ja": "川路聖謨（外国奉行）"
} |
{
"en": "Kigin KITAMURA (poet)",
"ja": "北村季吟（歌人）"
} |
{
"en": "Yoshinaka KIRA (from koke, Kira Kozuke no Suke)",
"ja": "吉良義央（高家、吉良上野介）"
} |
{
"en": "Shigekatsu KUBOTA (intendant of Saigoku region [western Japan] under the shogun's order, also named Shigekatsu KAMACHI)",
"ja": "窪田鎮勝（西国郡代、蒲池鎮克）"
} |
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