translation
translation |
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{
"en": "The term of 'Genro' is sometimes used for indicating a privileged post for a small number of persons who are engaged in assisting a monarch, in appointment and approval in the core of an administrative organization, such as a cabinet.",
"ja": "「元老」という言葉は、内閣などの行政機関の中枢において、君主の補佐、または任命・承認に携わる少人数の特権的地位に対して用いられることがある。"
} |
{
"en": "Furthermore, in the bicameral system in particular, this term is also sometimes used for indicating the members of the Upper House, who legislate in the privileged posts that are hereditary or whose terms are long (Genro-in giin (members of Genro-in [the Chamber of Elders]).",
"ja": "また、特に二院制などで、世襲もしくは長期の任期を与えられ特権的立場で立法を行う上院の議員に対しても用いられることもある（元老院議員）。"
} |
{
"en": "However, this rather oldish-sounding term has not been used except for the members of Genro-in in Rome that often appear in the descriptions of European history.",
"ja": "しかしこの多少古めかしい響きの語は、度々西欧史の記述に登場するローマ元老院議員に対して用いられる以外ではあまり使われることが無くなった。"
} |
{
"en": "Shonii (Senior Second Rank) is one of the ranks in Ikai (court ranks) and Shinkai (ranks granted to Shinto gods) in Japan.",
"ja": "正二位（しょうにい）は、日本の位階及び神階における位の一つ。"
} |
{
"en": "This rank is lower than Juichii (Junior First Rank) and upper than Junii (Junior Second Rank).",
"ja": "従一位の下、従二位の上に位する。"
} |
{
"en": "This rank is the equivalent of Sadaijin (minister of the left) and Udaijin (minister of the right) in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).",
"ja": "律令制における官位相当においては左大臣、右大臣に相当する。"
} |
{
"en": "Seii taishogun (literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\") in Muromachi bakufu and Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal governments headed by a shogun) often stayed in this rank during their tenure as Seii taishogun.",
"ja": "室町幕府、江戸幕府の征夷大将軍もその在職中、この位階に留まることが多い。"
} |
{
"en": "Also, Kugyo (the top court officials) who did not rise to a minister and who were lower in rank than the Urin family (the fourth highest family status for court nobles), including Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), were promoted to this rank.",
"ja": "その他、大納言、中納言など大臣に昇ることがない羽林家未満の公卿も昇叙によってこの位階に叙せられることがある。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Order of Merit, this rank was the equivalent of the Supreme Order or the First Order of Merit.",
"ja": "勲等においては、大勲位ないし勲一等と相当した。"
} |
{
"en": "In the case of people who were conferred Shonii upon as a posthumous rank from the Heian period to the end of Edo period, their Ikai (Court rank) was written as \"Shonii, posthumously conferred.\"",
"ja": "平安時代から幕末にかけて正二位に叙せられた者のうち、贈位により正二位を受けた場合、その位階は贈正二位と表記される。"
} |
{
"en": "From the Meji Period to the end of the Second World War, this rank was conferred on such people as an official appointed by the emperor, an imperial appointee as well as the peerage.",
"ja": "明治時代から終戦前の時代にあっては、親任官他、勅任官及び華族が叙せられる位階であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Since Ikai as an honor stipulated in the Constitution of Japan is conferred posthumously, it is usually conferred on Sanken-no-cho (chiefs of three organization of powers), who rendered distinguished services such as a prime minister, after their death.",
"ja": "日本国憲法に規定される栄典としての位階は死没時に叙位されるため、内閣総理大臣など三権の長として功労ある者が死後に受けることが多い。"
} |
{
"en": "The date is a conferral date.",
"ja": "日付は叙位日。"
} |
{
"en": "In the case of a posthumous conferral, an antemortem Ikai is additionally indicated for reference.",
"ja": "没時追賜の場合は直前の位階を参考付記。"
} |
{
"en": "The following are all posthumous conferrals.",
"ja": "いずれも没時追賜。"
} |
{
"en": "Hyojoshu was a government post established during the periods of Kamakura and Muromachi.",
"ja": "評定衆（ひょうじょうしゅう）とは、鎌倉時代・室町時代時代に置かれた役職の一つである。"
} |
{
"en": "During the Kamakura period, Hyojoshu was the highest organ of government, which presided over all of administration, jurisdiction, and legislation.",
"ja": "鎌倉時代においては鎌倉幕府の最高政務機関であり、行政・司法・立法のすべてを司っていた。"
} |
{
"en": "Hyojoshu originated from the council system with 13 councilors started in 1199 to restrain the dictatorship of MINAMOTO no Yoriie, and was established as a system by Yasutoki HOJO, the regent of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), in 1225 to operate the government under the nominal control of the young Lord of Kamakura, FUJIWARA no Yoritsune from a regent family, by the leading immediate vessels of the Lord.",
"ja": "鎌倉殿である源頼家の独裁権を掣肘するため1199年に開始された十三人の合議制が原型であるが、評定衆として制度化されたのは1225年、鎌倉幕府の執権北条泰時が、摂家から迎えた若年の鎌倉殿の藤原頼経が名目上支配する幕府政治を、有力御家人による合議により運営するべく設置したのが最初である。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1225, Masako HOJO and Hioromoto OE, who had supported the Kamakura bakufu from the beginning, died, which is considered a reason that the government needed a new council system.",
"ja": "この年は北条政子・大江広元が亡くなり、鎌倉幕府創設時から幕府を支えてきた人々がいなくなってしまったことも、新たな評定組織の必要性が発生したと考えられている。"
} |
{
"en": "As Hyojoshu was headed by the regent, the head was handed down by the HOJO clan for generations.",
"ja": "なお、評定衆の長が執権であり、その地位は代々北条氏により継承された。"
} |
{
"en": "During the latter half of the Kamakura period, Hyojoshu turned into a mere formality as the private council presided by the main line of the HOJO clan, the then head of the HOJO family, gradually came into power.",
"ja": "しかし、鎌倉時代後期には、北条宗家である得宗を中心とした寄合が実質的な権力を掌握し始め、評定衆は形式だけのものになる。"
} |
{
"en": "During the Muromachi period, Hyojoshu was established as an organization of the Muromachi bakufu mainly as just an honorary post with little authority.",
"ja": "室町時代においても幕政の一機関として設定されたが、栄誉職的な色合いが濃く、実質的な権力はなかったとされている。"
} |
{
"en": "Danjonokami (also known as Danjoin) was the head of Danjodai under the ritsuryo legal code system.",
"ja": "弾正尹（だんじょうのかみあるいはだんじょういん）は律令制度における弾正台の長官である。"
} |
{
"en": "The corresponding court rank was Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).",
"ja": "従三位相当。"
} |
{
"en": "It took charge of censuring and impeaching violations of the law.",
"ja": "非違の糾弾、弾劾を司る。"
} |
{
"en": "Its office Danjodai became independent of the two departments and eight ministries to be in charge of prosecution.",
"ja": "二官八省から独立して検察を行う。"
} |
{
"en": "It mainly engaged in investigating and arresting all the officials who violated the law except for Dajodaijin.",
"ja": "太政大臣を除くすべての役人の不正を摘発するのが主な任務である。"
} |
{
"en": "After the police and judicial chief Kebiishi, which was not originally specified in the ritsuryo system, was established in the early ninth century during the Heian period, Danjonokami became an honorary post given to the Imperial family member with little authority.",
"ja": "平安時代の9世紀初頭に令外官の検非違使が設置された後は、皇族に与えられる名誉職のようになり実権は余りなかったという。"
} |
{
"en": "Seijisosaishoku was one of the three most important posts in the Edo bakufu, which was newly established towards the end of the bakufu system in the late Edo period, together with Shogun-kokenshoku (the post for the guardian of shogun) and Kyoto shugoshoku (the military governor of Kyoto).",
"ja": "政事総裁職（せいじそうさいしょく）は、江戸時代後期、幕末に新設された将軍後見職、京都守護職と並ぶ江戸幕府三要職の一つである。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1862, the Imperial court in Kyoto and the Satsuma domain pressured the bakufu so as to appoint Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, the lord of the Fukui domain of Echigo Province, to Tairo (the highest post in the bakufu government) and Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI to Shogun-kokenshoku.",
"ja": "文久2年（1862年）に京都の朝廷と薩摩藩は、越前国福井藩主松平春嶽を大老職に、徳川慶喜の将軍後見職就任を求めるように幕府に圧力をかける。"
} |
{
"en": "For this, the bakufu decided to pardon the lords of the Hitotsubashi group, including Yoshinaga and Yoshinobu, on May 23 and appointed Yoshinaga to Seijisosaishoku, on August 4.",
"ja": "これに対して幕府は4月25日に慶喜・慶永ら旧一橋派諸侯の赦免を決定し、7月9日に慶永を政事総裁職とした。"
} |
{
"en": "It is said that this measure was taken because there was no precedent which a lord of Shinpan (the domains whose lords were male descendents of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA) assumed Tairo (the highest position in the bakufu government).",
"ja": "これは親藩から大老が出された先例が無かったことによるものとされている。"
} |
{
"en": "Yoshinaga, together with Yoshinobu, conducted the reformation of shogunate administration in the Bunkyu era(1861 - 1864).",
"ja": "慶永は慶喜らとともに文久の幕政改革を行う。"
} |
{
"en": "However, while staying in Kyoto to arrange a visit to Kyoto by Iemochi TOKUGAWA in 1863, seii taishogun (literally, \"the great general who was to subdue the barbarians\"), Yoshinaga suffered from confrontation between the Imperial court and the bakufu, and returned to Echizen, his own domain, after his resignation from his post submitted on April 19, was turned down.",
"ja": "だが、翌文久3年（1863年）、征夷大将軍徳川家茂の上洛工作のために京都に滞在中、朝廷と幕府間の意見対立に苦悩した慶永は3月2日に辞表を提出するが受け入れられないまま、領国の越前に帰国してしまう。"
} |
{
"en": "For this, he was placed in confinement on May 12, and was dismissed from the Seijisosaishoku post.",
"ja": "このため、3月25日に逼塞処分にされて総裁職を罷免された。"
} |
{
"en": "After that, on November 21, Naokatsu MATSUDAIRA, the lord of the Kawagoe Domain, was appointed as his successor and endeavored to coordinate opinions of the Sanyo-kaigi (councilors' meetings) and the bakufu.",
"ja": "その後、10月11日になって後任として川越藩主松平直克が任命され、参与会議と幕府の意見調整にあたった。"
} |
{
"en": "However, the post was abolished on July 25, 1864.",
"ja": "しかしながら、元治元年（1864年）6月22日に廃止される。"
} |
{
"en": "Taishin (person of high rank and income) refers to a person who has a high rank and a high stipend.",
"ja": "大身（たいしん）とは、身分が高く、禄高の多い人。"
} |
{
"en": "It refers to a person from a high-ranked wealthy family.",
"ja": "位が高く富んだ家の人のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "From the Muromachi period to the Sengoku period (Japan), among Kokujin Ryoshu (local samurai lords), a feudal lord who was descended from a clan in the Kamakura period, possessed more than several Gun and had the power equivalent to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), was called Taishin.",
"ja": "室町時代から戦国時代(日本)にかけては、国人領主の中でも数郡以上を領有し大名並の勢力を持った領主で、鎌倉時代以来の氏族を、一般に大身と呼んだ。"
} |
{
"en": "For example, Chikugo 15 castles.",
"ja": "例、筑後十五城。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Edo period, Hatamoto Yoriaiseki (a family rank of high-ranking Hatamoto, direct vassal of the shogun) who had more than 3000 koku (a unit of volume: rice 1-koku is 180.39 liter, lumber 1-koku is 0.278 cubic meter) as well as Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) who had more than 2000 koku and managed to do Kaminanori (announcing as a provincial vice-governor), were called 'Taishin Hatamoto' (greater vassal).",
"ja": "江戸時代には、3,000石以上の旗本寄合席や旗本で守名乗り（かみなのり）ができた二千石以上の者を「大身旗本」と称した。"
} |
{
"en": "Even after the Meiji period, 'Taishin' remained as a word referring to a high government official, a head of Zaibatsu (a financial clique or group, or company syndicate), and the peerage until the time of World War II in the Showa period.",
"ja": "明治時代以降になっても「大身」は政府高官や財閥の当主、華族などを指す語として、第二次世界大戦の昭和期ごろまでは残った。"
} |
{
"en": "Oe was an appellation and title for powerful Imperial Princes, used in Wa (ancient Japan) from the first half of the 6th century to the middle of the 7th century.",
"ja": "大兄（おおえ）とは、6世紀前期から7世紀中期までの倭（日本）において、一部の有力な皇子が持った呼称・称号である。"
} |
{
"en": "It is considered that the holder of the title was a successor to the Ookimi of the Yamato Kingdom (it was also called as Amenoshita shiroshimesu ookimi, the emperor in the later ages.)",
"ja": "大王(ヤマト王権)（治天下大王、後の天皇）の皇位継承資格者と考えられている。"
} |
{
"en": "There is no contemporary sources that directly describe the meaning of 'Oe'.",
"ja": "大兄の意味について直接説明した同時代的史料はない。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, the present historians are inducing the meaning of 'Oe' by comparing the Imperial Princes who held the title of Oe.",
"ja": "そこで現代の歴史学者は、大兄の名を持つ皇子を比較して帰納的にその意味を探っている。"
} |
{
"en": "Although the opinions are different from one another in details, it is generally considered that Oe was the title for the Imperial Prince who were most probably inherit the throne among a lot of the Imperial Princes.",
"ja": "細かな点で異なる諸説があるが、多数の皇子の中で王位を継承する可能性が高い者が持つ称号とみなされている。"
} |
{
"en": "In those days, the order of succession to the Amenoshita shiroshimesu ookimi passed through the ookimi's sons like the eldest son -> the second son -> … -> the youngest son (Kyodai Shokei), and if the youngest son died, the next successor would be the eldest son of the eldest son of ookimi.",
"ja": "当時、治天下大王の地位承継は、長兄→次兄→・・・→末弟というように、兄弟間で行われ（兄弟承継）、末弟が没した後は、長兄の長男に皇位承継されることが慣例となっていた。"
} |
{
"en": "The eldest son of the eldest son of ookimi was called Oe.",
"ja": "この長兄の長男が大兄と呼ばれていた。"
} |
{
"en": "In those days, as the polygynous system was adopted, it seems that there were several Oe during the same period, which often led conflicts over the right of succession to the throne.",
"ja": "ただし、当時は一夫多妻であり、大兄も複数存在した時期もあったようであり、しばしば皇位承継の紛争が起こった。"
} |
{
"en": "(On the contrary, there is a theory that insists Oe was limited to one person.)",
"ja": "（大兄は1人に限られていたとする説もある。）"
} |
{
"en": "The first Oe appeared in 'Nihon shoki' was the eldest son of Emperor Keitai, Magari no Oe (later, Emperor Ankan), who was active during the first half of the 6th century.",
"ja": "日本書紀によると、6世紀前期にいた継体天皇の長子の勾大兄（まがりのおおえ、安閑天皇）が大兄として初めて現れている。"
} |
{
"en": "As Emperor Ankan did not have a son, his next oldest brother Emperor Senka succeeded him; however, as Emperor Senka neither had a son, their youngest brother Emperor Kinmei succeeded Emperor Senka (There are other opinions that Emperor Kinmei defeated Emperor Ankan and Emperor Senka, and that there existed the Court of Emperor Kinmei and the Court of Emperors Ankan and Senka during that period.)",
"ja": "安閑天皇には男子がおらず、次兄の宣化天皇が後継したが同様に男子がいなかったため、末弟の欽明天皇が代を継いだ（欽明天皇が安閑・宣化を滅ぼしたとする説、さらには欽明朝と安閑・宣化朝が並立していたとする説もある）。"
} |
{
"en": "After that, there were several Oe such as Yatatamakatsu no Oe, who was a son of Emperor Kinmei; Oshisaka no hikohito no Oe, who was a son of Emperor Bidatsu who succeeded Emperor Kinmei; Tachibana no toyohi no Oe (later, Emperor Yomei), who was an older maternal half-brother of Emperor Bidatsu; Yamashiro no Oe, who was the eldest son of Shotoku Taishi, a son of Emperor Yomei and a regent for Empress Suiko; and Furuhito no Oe, who was the eldest son of Emperor Jomei, however, only a few of them succeeded to Amenoshita shiroshimesu ookimi.",
"ja": "その後の大兄には欽明天皇の子である箭田珠勝大兄（やたたまかつのおおえ）、欽明天皇を後継した敏達天皇の子である押坂彦人大兄皇子（おしさかのひこひとのおおえ）、敏達天皇の異母弟である橘豊日大兄（たちばなのとよひのおおえ、用明天皇）、用明天皇の子聖徳太子（推古天皇の摂政）の長子である山背大兄王（やましろのおおえ）、舒明天皇の長子である古人大兄皇子（ふるひとのおおえ）がいるが、これらの大兄のうち治天下大王位に就いた例の方が少ない。"
} |
{
"en": "That means that the order of succession to the throne had not been clearly established in those days, and that the Imperial Princes held the title of Oe did not necessarily succeed to Amenoshita shiroshimesu ookimi.",
"ja": "このことは、当時の皇位承継の決定方法が明確に規定されていなかったこと、たとえ大兄の地位にあっても治天下大王を承継できる訳ではなかったことを表している。"
} |
{
"en": "Instead, after the death of Empress Suiko, there was a conflict over the succession to the throne between the heir to Oe (Tamura no Miko, later Emperor Jomei) and Oe, who was the heir to the regent, (Yamashiro no Oe).",
"ja": "逆に推古天皇の死後には、大兄の嫡男（田村皇子・後の舒明天皇）と摂政の嫡男である大兄（山背大兄皇子）のどちらが皇位継承に相応しいかで紛争を起こしたケースも存在する。"
} |
{
"en": "Naka no Oe (later, Emperor Tenchi) is supposed to be the last Oe.",
"ja": "最後の大兄と見られるのが中大兄（なかのおおえ、天智天皇）である。"
} |
{
"en": "Ootomo no miko (Emperor Kobun) who succeeded Emperor Tenchi was no longer called Oe, and thereafter, the title Oe was not used.",
"ja": "天智天皇の後を継いだ大友皇子（弘文天皇）はもはや大兄と呼ばれることはなく、その後も大兄の称号は絶えている。"
} |
{
"en": "That means that the order of succession to the throne had supposedly been clearly established in those days.",
"ja": "すなわち、皇位承継者の決定方法がこの頃に明確に定められたのではないかと考えられる。"
} |
{
"en": "Probably, the established order was not to pass the throne to his brothers, but to his eldest son immediately after the emperor died.",
"ja": "その皇位承継法とはおそらく、兄弟間の承継を廃し、没したと同時にその長子へ承継する方式だったと推測される。"
} |
{
"en": "That might have been a reason that Ooama no miko (later Emperor Tenmu) rose in revolt (the Jinshin War), because Ootomono miko, the eldest son of Emperor Tenchi, succeeded to the throne and Ooama no miko failed to succeeded the throne.",
"ja": "このため、天智天皇の長子である大友皇子が即位することになり、皇位承継の道を閉ざされた大海人皇子（天武天皇）が叛乱（壬申の乱）を起こした一因となったのであろう。"
} |
{
"en": "Dazai Gonnosochi was the Provisional Governor General of Daziafu in Kyushu.",
"ja": "大宰権帥（だざいごんのそち）は大宰府の副司令官のことである。"
} |
{
"en": "The first Dazai Gonnosochi was the Imperial Prince Abo shinno who was demoted to the position in 810 for his implication in the Kusuko Incident, the second Dazai Gonnosochi was FUJIWARA no Tsunetsugu who was appointed in 837 in recognition of his services as an ambassador to the Tang Dynasty, and the third Dazai Gonnosochi was a son of the Imperial Prince Abo shinno, ARIWARA no Yukihira who was appointed in 873; therefore, ARIWARA no Yukihira is considered virtually the first Dazai Gonnosochi because he was appointed the position for no special reason unlike his predecessors.",
"ja": "初代は弘仁元年（810年）の阿保親王、2代目は承和(日本)4年（837年）の藤原常嗣であるが、前者は薬子の変による連座、後者は遣唐大使としての功労による特殊事情による任命であるため、貞観_(日本)15年（873年）に任じられた3代目の在原行平（阿保親王の子）が事実上の初代とされている。"
} |
{
"en": "Dazaifu was headed by the Governor General, Dazai no sochi, and the Provisional Governor General, Dazai Gonnosochi.",
"ja": "大宰府は大宰帥を長官とし、権帥を長官代理とする。"
} |
{
"en": "Dazaifu was the general headquarters of the Imperial Western Defense army and controlled over the military power in the Kyushu area.",
"ja": "朝廷の鎮西総司令部であり、九州地域の兵権を掌握した。"
} |
{
"en": "Dazai no sochi was regarded as the head of Dazaifu, but as there was a convention to appoint the Imperial family members to the position after the Konin era, the virtual control was held by Dazai Gonnosochi.",
"ja": "この大宰府の長官として帥は位置づけられるが、弘仁年間以後には皇族が列せられる慣例があることから、実質的な支配権は権帥が握った。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, Dazai Gonnosochi was the virtual head of Dazaifu.",
"ja": "従って、大宰権帥は実質的な大宰府の長官である。"
} |
{
"en": "After this period, it became a practice that Dazai Gonnosochi and Dazai Daini, an undersecretary to Dazai no sochi, were not appointed at the same time.",
"ja": "また、これ以降、大宰権帥と大宰府の次官大宰大弐を同時には任命できない慣習が生まれた。"
} |
{
"en": "As all the interests of trade with the Song dynasty of China were held by Dazaifu, the former Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) and Dainagon (chief councilor of state) frequently became Dazai Gonnosochi for the interests.",
"ja": "更に、中国（宋(王朝)）との交易の利権も大宰府に集中したことからその利権を目当てに大宰権帥には中納言・大納言経験者がなることが多かった。"
} |
{
"en": "Examples of that kind of Dazai Gonnosochi includes FUJIWARA no Takaie who successfully commanded the army to repulse the pirates that tried to invade the northern Kyushu, TACHIBANA no Kimiyori who fought against FUJIWARA no Sumitomo when Sumitomo conquered Dazaifu, and OE no Masafusa who was active during the reign of the cloistered Emperor Shirakawa Hoo.",
"ja": "それらの例として自らが陣頭指揮を執って刀伊の入寇を撃退した藤原隆家や、大宰府を制圧した藤原純友に対抗した橘公頼、白河法皇の院政時代に活躍した大江匡房等が挙げられよう。"
} |
{
"en": "In contrast, Dazai Gonnosochi was sometimes the position to which the former Ministers who had fallen in the central government were demoted.",
"ja": "だが、他方で大宰権帥は中央で失脚した大臣経験者の左遷ポストとなることも多かった。"
} |
{
"en": "Examples of that kind of Dazai Gonnosochi includes the Imperial Prince Abo shinno, SUGAWARA no Michizane, MINAMOTO no Takaakira, FUJIWARA no Korechika, and FUJIWARA no Motofusa.",
"ja": "例としては阿保親王・菅原道真・源高明・藤原伊周・藤原基房などが挙げられる｡"
} |
{
"en": "Although those demoted nobles were titled Dazai Ingainosochi to be distinguished from the regular Dazai no sochi and Dazai Gonnosochi (e.g., FUJIWARA no Toyonari, FUJIWARA no Hamanari, and FUJIWARA no Yoshino were appointed Dazai Ingainosochi), the above-mentioned Imperial Prince Abo was especially titled 'Dazai Gonnosochi' to be distinguished from the traditional Dazai Ingainosochi by taking account of the fact that he was punished for the Incident which had nothing to do with him in fact and that he was a son of the cloistered emperor.",
"ja": "本来こうした貴族は大宰員外帥と呼ばれ、正規の帥・権帥とは区別されていた（大宰員外帥に任じられた例としては藤原豊成・藤原浜成・藤原吉野など）が、前述の阿保親王左遷の際に本人に直接関わりない事件である事と太上天皇の皇子である事への配慮から特に「権帥」の称号を与えて従来の員外帥とは区別した。"
} |
{
"en": "In the middle of the Heian period, Ingainosochi became not to be differentiated from Gonnosochi so that both of them were titled 'Gonnosochi'.",
"ja": "やがて、平安時代中期になると員外帥と権帥の区別は失われて、ともに「権帥」と称される事となった。"
} |
{
"en": "Accordingly, some of those who were appointed the regular Dazai Gonnosochi worried about their reputation such that TAIRA no Korenaka appealed to the government to appoint him Dazai no sochi.",
"ja": "そのため、正規の権帥の中には外聞を気にするものもおり、平惟仲のように懇願して大宰帥として任命されるものもあった。"
} |
{
"en": "Later, the authority of Dazai Gonnosochi was absorbed into the local resident officials who assisted Dazai Gonnosochi; MINAMOTO no Shigetaka during the Hoan era was the last Dazai Gonnosochi who served in the office at Dazaifu, and thereafter, Dazai Gonnosochi became held by absentee officials (During the Jisho era, FUJIWARA no Motofusa was demoted to Dazai Gonnosochi and FUJIWARA no Takasue was appointed Dazai no sochi to keep an eye on Motofusa, but as Motofusa entered into priesthood in Bizen Province on the way to Dazaifu and permitted to stay there, the dispatch of the two officials was canceled.)",
"ja": "その後、在庁官人に権力が移り、保安(元号)年間の源重賢を最後に権帥も遙任化していった（治承年間に藤原基房が左遷によって大宰権帥となりその監視の為に藤原隆季が大宰帥に任じられた例があるが、基房が途中の備前国で出家して同地に留まる事を許されたために派遣が中止されている）。"
} |
{
"en": "Sojaban (or Soshaban) was a governmental post in the Edo bakufu or domains.",
"ja": "奏者番（そうじゃばん/そうしゃばん）は江戸幕府および藩の役職の一つである。"
} |
{
"en": "The officers in this post managed etiquette of samurai in castles.",
"ja": "城中における武家の礼式を管理する。"
} |
{
"en": "Specifically, when daimyo or hatamoto (a direct retainer of the bakufu) were going to have an audience with seii taishogun (literally, \"the great general who was to subdue the barbarians\") or when a messenger taking a present from a daimyo was sent to the Edo castle, Sojaban checked the person's name and the content of the present to report them to the shogun, and, when the shogun gave a grant, notified the person of the message.",
"ja": "具体的には大名・旗本が征夷大将軍に拝謁する際、あるいは在国の大名が献上品を使者に持たせて江戸城に派遣した場合に、その氏名と献上品の内容を確認して将軍に報告し、将軍が下賜を行う際にその伝達にあたった。"
} |
{
"en": "In addition, when a daimyo's territory was changed or someone of a daimyo family died, one of the officers was sent as an envoy of the shogun, and an officer in this post sometimes participated in Buddhist memorial services of the Tokugawa shogun family or gosanke (three privileged Tokugawa branch families) in place of the shogun when the shogun had to be absent.",
"ja": "更に大名の転封などの重大な決定や大名家の不幸に際して上使として派遣されたり、徳川将軍家及び御三家の法要において、将軍が参列できない場合の代参を行うこともあった。"
} |
{
"en": "The officer was also in charge of teaching the etiquette concerned with the genpuku ceremony (the ceremony of celebrating the coming of age) for the heirs of daimyo who would attend the ceremony in front of shogun.",
"ja": "また、将軍の御前で元服を行う大名・世子に礼儀作法を教える役目も担った。"
} |
{
"en": "The number of Sojaban was 20 to 30 customarily, though no specification existed in the bakufu.",
"ja": "幕府では、定員の定めは特にないが20-30名とされている。"
} |
{
"en": "According to a commonly accepted theory, Nobutomi HONGO was the first person appointed to the post in 1603, but there is another theory insisting that he was not the first.",
"ja": "通説では慶長8年（1603年）の本郷信富の任命を最初とするが、それ以前に求める異説もある。"
} |
{
"en": "Later, Sojaban became a post for Fudai daimyo (a daimyo who had belonged to the Tokugawa group from the Battle of Sekigahara) as a gateway to success, being mostly the first post for them.",
"ja": "後に譜代大名が就任する役職となり、多くの場合初任の役職となるため大名にとっては出世の登竜門的な役職となっている。"
} |
{
"en": "As a liaison officer between a daimyo or a hatamoto and the shogun, this post was an important together with Ometsuke (an inspector) and metuke (an inspector under Ometsuke).",
"ja": "また、大名・旗本と将軍との連絡役となるため、大目付・目付と並ぶ枢要な役職でもあった。"
} |
{
"en": "Four of the Sojaban officers also assumed the jisha-bugyo post (the post in charge of affairs concerned with shrines and temples) concurrently (in 1658 and later).",
"ja": "奏者番の内4名は寺社奉行を兼任する（万治元年（1658年）以後）。"
} |
{
"en": "The officers in this post were appointed mostly from Tsume-shu (the persons watching and serving the shogun family), whose waiting room in the Edo castle was the fuyo (cotton rose) room.",
"ja": "詰衆からの登用が多く、江戸城内の詰席は芙蓉の間であった。"
} |
{
"en": "This post was once abolished in September of 1862 due to Bunkyu Reform, but was restored again in October of the next year.",
"ja": "文久2年（1862年）閏8月、江戸幕府の文久の改革により、廃止されたが翌年10月に復活している。"
} |
{
"en": "This section \"Successive Ministers of Education\" carries lists of successive Ministers of Education, Monbukyo (chief of Ministry of Education), which was the predecessor of Minister of Education, and Ministers of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (the present title of the former Minister of Education) in Japan.",
"ja": "歴代の文部大臣（れきだいのもんぶだいじん）では、日本における歴代の文部大臣、およびその前身である歴代の文部卿、ならびに後身である歴代の文部科学大臣の一覧を記載する。"
} |
{
"en": "Monbukyo, the Minister of Education, or the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology is the head of the Ministry of Education (from September 2, 1871 to January 5, 2001), or the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (since January 6, 2001), which is an administrative agency in charge of educational affairs in Japan.",
"ja": "文部卿・文部大臣・文部科学大臣は、文教行政を担う日本の行政機関である文部省（明治4年7月18日（1871年9月2日）から2001年(平成13年)1月5日まで）、または文部科学省（2001年(平成13年)1月6日から）の長である。"
} |
{
"en": "Refer to each section on official duties of the Minister, the Ministry of Education, or the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.",
"ja": "大臣の職掌、文部省・文部科学省については、それぞれの記事を参照のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "Successive Ministers of Education after the effectuation of the Constitution of Japan",
"ja": "日本国憲法施行後"
} |
{
"en": "Successive Ministers of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology",
"ja": "文部科学大臣"
} |
{
"en": "Dazai no sochi was the head of Dazaifu.",
"ja": "大宰帥（だざいのそち/だざいのそつ）は、大宰府の長官。"
} |
{
"en": "Under the Ritsuryo legal system, Dazai no sochi was the position responsible for diplomacy and defense in Kyushu, ruling nine ryoseikoku provinces and two islands in Saikaido in Kyushu.",
"ja": "律令制においては西海道の9令制国2島を管して九州における外交・防衛の責任者となった。"
} |
{
"en": "Its undersecretary was Dazai Gonnosochi or Dazai Daini.",
"ja": "次官は大宰権帥及び大宰大弐である。"
} |
{
"en": "There are several opinions about the origin of Dazai no sochi such as Tsukushi Ohomikotomochi (also known as Tsukushi Taisai) that was the position to supervise the Natsunomiyake family; a kingdom in Kyushu; and Tsukushi Totokufu in the Tang dynasty, but it is commonly accepted that SOGA no Himuka was appointed Tsukushi no sochi, which was the beginning of Dazai no sochi, though Tsukushi no sochi was renamed Tsukushi no Soryo later.",
"ja": "その前身については那津官家の管理者、筑紫大宰、九州王朝説、唐の筑紫都督府など諸説混在するが、通説によれば蘇我日向が筑紫率に任じられたのを嚆矢とし、後に筑紫惣領と改められたとされている。"
} |
{
"en": "After the Taiho ritsuryo legal code was enacted, the title 'Dazai no sochi' was established and the Imperial Prince at Third Rank or Fourth Rank or the retainer at Junior Third Rank or sometimes Senior Third Rank were appointed.",
"ja": "大宝律令以後、「大宰帥」の称号が成立し、親王は三品もしくは四品、臣下であれば従三位（場合によっては正三位）が任じられた。"
} |
{
"en": "In the beginning, Dazai no sochi sometimes worked as a stepping stone to Dainagon or above as can be seen in the example of OOTOMO no Tabito.",
"ja": "初期は大伴旅人の例のように大納言以上への昇進への足がかりとなる場合もあった。"
} |
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