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{
"en": "Kagemoto TOYAMA (Saemon no jo [third-ranked officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards], machi-bugyo, ometsuke)",
"ja": "遠山景元（左衛門尉、町奉行、大目付）"
} |
{
"en": "Yasumori NEGISHI (Hizen no kami [Governor of Hizen Province], machi-bugyo.",
"ja": "根岸鎮衛（肥前守、町奉行。"
} |
{
"en": "The author of \"Mimibukuro\" (literally, \"Ear Bag\"; a collection of fantastic tales and intriguing rumors from early modern Japan)",
"ja": "著書『耳袋』）"
} |
{
"en": "Genjo NORO (scholar of herbalism)",
"ja": "野呂元丈（本草学者）"
} |
{
"en": "Nobutame HASEGAWA (commonly called Heizo, an officer of hitsuke tozoku aratame-kata [literally, \"investigative division for arson and organized robbery\"])",
"ja": "長谷川宣以（通称は平蔵、火付盗賊改方）"
} |
{
"en": "Ujinaga HOJO (Ometsuke, the founder of the Hojo-school military science)",
"ja": "北条氏長（大目付、北条流軍学の祖）"
} |
{
"en": "Sadatomo MATSUDAIRA (Shoo MATSUDAIRA, an expert of breeding Japanese irises)",
"ja": "松平定朝（松平菖翁、ハナショウブの育種家）"
} |
{
"en": "Nariyuki MIZUNO (Jurozaemon)",
"ja": "水野成之（十郎左衛門）"
} |
{
"en": "Kyuso MURO (Confucian scholar)",
"ja": "室鳩巣（儒学者）"
} |
{
"en": "Tanehiko RYUTEI (his real name was Hikoshiro Tomohisa TAKAYA.",
"ja": "柳亭種彦（本名は高屋彦四郎知久。"
} |
{
"en": "Author of popular stories)",
"ja": "戯作者）"
} |
{
"en": "Hikotaro SASAMOTO (the founder of the Utazawa melody for shamisen [a three-stringed Japanese banjo], the first head of the school of this type of melodies, commonly called Sasamaru UTAZAWA)",
"ja": "笹本彦太郎（三味線歌曲のひとつ歌沢の創始者、初代家元、通称歌沢笹丸）"
} |
{
"en": "Masamori NAKANE (sobayonin [lord chamberlain] of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, shogun's retainer, ometsuke, and master of calligraphy)",
"ja": "中根正盛（徳川家光の側用人、幕臣、大目付、能書家）"
} |
{
"en": "Ichinojo NAKANE (shogun's direct retainer, member of a bakufu delegation towards the end of the bakufu system and the assassination incident of the bakufu delegation)",
"ja": "中根市之丞（直参旗本、幕末の幕府使節・幕府使節団暗殺事件）"
} |
{
"en": "Jo was the third official among Shitokan under the Japanese ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "掾（じょう）とは、日本の律令制四等官のうち三等官を指す。"
} |
{
"en": "The letter '掾' (Jo) indicates the third official of the provincial governor Kokushi, corresponding to '判官' (Jo) in the central government.",
"ja": "「掾」の文字は国司の三等官（中央政府における「判官」に相当する）を指す。"
} |
{
"en": "Especially in the highest rank of Ryoseikoku provinces called Taigoku, Daijo, meaning Higher Jo, and Shojo, meaning Lower Jo, were established.",
"ja": "特に大国と呼ばれる最上級の令制国には特に大掾・少掾が設置された。"
} |
{
"en": "Regardless of what Chinese characters are used, the letters indicating the third official are read 'Jo', which is considered to have come from the Chinese reading of '丞' (Jo); '丞' was originally the title for the third official in some government offices in Tang dynasty.",
"ja": "三等官は文字にかかわらず「じょう」と訓ぜられるが、これは唐の一部官庁で三等官の呼称とされていた「丞」の借音とされる。"
} |
{
"en": "The letter '掾' is read 'En' in Japanese by onyomi, the Japanese reading derived from the original Chinese pronunciation.",
"ja": "ちなみに、「掾」の日本語での音読みは「エン」である。"
} |
{
"en": "Based on Jo used for Kokushi under the ritsuryo system, the Imperial Court (Sagagosho during the Edo period, and branches of the imperial family after the Meiji period) gave the official title Jo to regular merchants, sword smiths, performers including Joruri performers and the like to honor their accomplishments in later generations.",
"ja": "律令国司における掾が転じて、後世、朝廷（江戸時代は嵯峨御所、明治以後は宮家）から、出入の商人や刀匠、浄瑠璃の芸人などに対して、その技芸を顕彰する意味で下賜された官名。"
} |
{
"en": "The title Jo remained last for the Joruri performers.",
"ja": "もっとも後代まで残存していたのは浄瑠璃における掾号であった。"
} |
{
"en": "After WWII, Kotsubodayu TOYOTAKE II was given Yamashiro no Shojo from Chichibunomiya-ke in 1947, and Bungoro YOSHIDA IV was given Naniwa no Jo from Higashikuninomiya-ke in 1956.",
"ja": "戦後では、1947年に2代目豊竹古靱太夫が秩父宮家から山城少掾を、1956年には4代目吉田文五郎が東久邇家から難波掾を受領している。"
} |
{
"en": "Shonagon was a post in Daijokan, which was the highest organization in the Imperial Court.",
"ja": "少納言（しょうなごん）は、朝廷の最高機関である太政官の職の一つ。"
} |
{
"en": "Its Chinese name in the Tang dynasty, i.e., Chinese style name, was Kyujichu.",
"ja": "唐名（漢風名称）は給事中。"
} |
{
"en": "Shonagon corresponds to Jo among the four officials.",
"ja": "四等官の中の判官（じょう）に相当する。"
} |
{
"en": "Its corresponding court rank was Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).",
"ja": "官位相当は従五位下。"
} |
{
"en": "The prescribed number of the position was three, but Ingai no shonagon and gon no shonagon were extraordinary established in some periods.",
"ja": "定員は3人だが、員外少納言・権少納言が置かれた時期がある。"
} |
{
"en": "Together with Sabenkankyoku and Ubenkankyoku, Shonagon configured Shonagonkyoku, which was one of three Kyoku (bureaus) of Daijokan engaged in business under Giseikan (Daijin, Dainagon, Chunagon, Sangi), and had Geki, Shisho and Tsukaibe as its subordinates.",
"ja": "左弁官局・右弁官局とともに議政官（大臣(日本)・大納言・中納言・参議）の下で実務を担う太政官三局の一つ少納言局（しょうなごんきょく）を構成し、下僚として外記・史生・使部が属した。"
} |
{
"en": "Their major duties were clerical works related with official documents of imperial edicts, maintenance and keeping of the seal of Emperor, the seal of Daijokan, and bells Ekirei.",
"ja": "主な職務は詔勅宣下の事務とそれに必要な御璽・太政官印・駅鈴の管理。"
} |
{
"en": "As Shonagon was defined as the official position to 'report minor matters to the emperor and announce the emperor's messages on minor matters' in the Taiho ritsuryo legal code, Shonagon functioned like private secretaries closely attending the emperor while concurrently holding the position of chamberlain, but the duties of chamberlain were so complicated that their duties of Shonagon were gradually absorbed by their subordinates Geki.",
"ja": "大宝律令では「小事を奏宣す」官と位置づけられ、侍従を兼任して天皇に近侍する秘書官的な役職であったが、侍従の職務の方が繁雑であったため次第に下僚である外記に職掌を奪われた。"
} |
{
"en": "Further, when Kurododokoro, an extra statutory office, was established, the status and duties of Shonagon as personal attendants to the emperor were significantly absorbed by Kurododokoro so that Confucians were mostly appointed Shonagon to merely maintain and keep the seals and bells.",
"ja": "さらに令外官である蔵人所が設置されると天皇の近臣的な地位・職掌も大幅に弱まり、主として儒学者が任用されてただ印と鈴を管理するだけの役職となる。"
} |
{
"en": "As the practical business of Shonagon was performed by Daigeki and Shogeki (prescribed number was two for each), Shonagonkyoku began to be called Gekikyoku.",
"ja": "少納言局の実務は外記・外記（定員各2）が行い、外記と呼ばれるようになった。"
} |
{
"en": "In and after the late medieval period, Shonagon was known as the official position appointed to the court nobles from the Funabashi family in the Kiyohara clan line, after having served as a tutor to the emperor.",
"ja": "中世後期以後は、清原氏系の舟橋家の公卿が天皇の侍読を経た後に任じられる官職として知られていた。"
} |
{
"en": "Benkan collectively means the posts of Sadaiben, Udaiben, Sachuben, Uchuben, Sashoben, and Ushoben in Daijokan which is the highest organization of the Imperial Court.",
"ja": "弁官（べんかん、辨官）は、朝廷の最高機関、太政官の職である左大弁（さだいべん）・右大弁（うだいべん）・左中弁（さちゅうべん）・右中弁（うちゅうべん）・左少弁（さしょうべん）・右少弁（うしょうべん）の総称である。"
} |
{
"en": "Its Chinese name in the Tang dynasty, i.e., Chinese style name, was Shosho.",
"ja": "唐名（漢風名称）は尚書。"
} |
{
"en": "It is commonly accepted that Benkan corresponds to Jo among the four official ranks, but there is another opinion that the bureau Benkankyoku including Benkan was established separately from Daijokan and Benkan was originally Honkan, which was not included in the system of four official ranks.",
"ja": "通説においては四等官の中の判官（じょう）に相当するが、異説として弁官を含めた弁官局を太政官の別局として捉え、元は本来の四等官の系列には含まない品官であったする説もある。"
} |
{
"en": "Daiben corresponded to Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade, and Chuben corresponded to Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade (Taihorei Kanirei.)",
"ja": "大弁は従四位上、中弁は正五位下相当（大宝令官位令）。"
} |
{
"en": "The prescribed number of Benkan was six as it was one for each of right (U) and left (Sa) Daiben, Chuben, and Shoben, respectively, but as provisional posts were permitted up to two for each of Chuben and Shoben, it was called 'Eight Ben.'",
"ja": "定員は左右の大弁・中弁・少弁各1名の合計6名であるが、中弁・少弁において合計2名まで権官の設置が許されて「八弁」と称された。"
} |
{
"en": "Later, as the prescribed number of the provisional posts established for Benkan was decided one, it was called 'Seven Ben.'",
"ja": "後に弁官に置かれる権官は1名となり「七弁」と称された。"
} |
{
"en": "During the middle of the Heian period, Gon no Sachuben was established in many cases, but during the reign of the cloistered emperor, Gon no Uchuben was usually established.",
"ja": "平安時代中期には権左中弁が置かれる例が多かったが、院政期には権右中弁が置かれる例が一般的となった。"
} |
{
"en": "The duties of Benkan was to direct and supervise the government offices; therefore, they were ranked higher than Shonagon later, and some officials concurrently held the posts of Sangi and Daiben.",
"ja": "官庁を指揮監督する役を負っていたため、後には少納言より高位に位置づけられ、参議と大弁を兼任する者もいた。"
} |
{
"en": "Some officials who concurrently held the posts of Kurodonoto and Daiben or Chuben were especially called Tonoben.",
"ja": "また、蔵人頭と大弁または中弁を兼ねる者もおり、特に頭弁（とうのべん）と称された。"
} |
{
"en": "Sachuben was considered the first step on the ladder of the promotion to Third Rank or above, as the officials who served as Sachuben or above were qualified to be promoted to Sangi, but those who served as Uchuben and below were not qualified.",
"ja": "左中弁以上の経験者には参議に昇進する資格があり（右中弁以下にはない）、将来三位以上に昇る道が開かれた出世の登竜門であった。"
} |
{
"en": "The duties of Benkan were mainly supervising the officials of the ministries and the organizations under the ministries, as well as administering the ruling of reception of general notification, examination and decision of the matters inside the government, signatures to drafts, judgment on delay or negligence in public services, night-watch duties of the government offices and morning ceremony Choshu of Kokushi (Taihorei Shokuinrei).",
"ja": "その職掌は各省とその傘下の役職の監督が主であり、庶事の受け付け、官内の糺断と決裁、起案文への署名、公務の遅滞や過失の判断、諸官庁の宿直と諸国司の朝集の裁定をつかさどった（大宝令職員令）。"
} |
{
"en": "Although it was prescribed that Sabenkankyoku was responsible for Nakatsukasasho, Shikibusho, Jibusho, and Minbusho, and Ubenkankyoku was responsible for Hyobusho, Gyobusho, Okurasho, and Kunaisho, it is considered that Benkankyoku was as a whole responsible for the eight ministries in fact.",
"ja": "律令の規定では、八省のうち中務省・式部省・治部省・民部省を左弁官局が、兵部省・刑部省・大蔵省・宮内省を右弁官局が受け持つこととされていたが、実際には弁官局総体で八省を管轄したようである。"
} |
{
"en": "Benkan had subordinates of Shi (ritsuryo system) (Sadaishi, Udaishi, Sashoshi, Ushoshi), Tsukaibe, Kajo, Shisho, Jikicho, and the like and formed left and right Benkankyoku with them.",
"ja": "弁官の下には史(律令制)（左大史・右大史・左少史・右少史）や使部・官掌・史生・直丁などが属して左右の弁官局を構成する。"
} |
{
"en": "Benkankyoku was an important office that was in charge of practical business of Daijokan under the Giseikan (Daijin, Dainagon, Chunagon, Sangi), and was collectively called Daijokan Sankyoku together with Shonagon.",
"ja": "議政官（大臣(日本)・大納言・中納言・参議）の下で太政官の実務を担う枢要の部署であり、少納言と合わせて太政官三局という。"
} |
{
"en": "Daishi corresponded to Senior Sixth Rank and Shoshi corresponded to Senior Seventh Rank (Taihorei Kanirei), and until the Kamakura period, it became a practice that Sadaishijoshu was promoted to Fifth Rank and called Taifushi.",
"ja": "大史は正六位、少史は正七位相当であった（同官位令）が、鎌倉時代までに左大史上首が五位に昇る慣例ができ、大夫史と呼ばれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Daishi and Shoshi administered recording of received official documents, drawing up and signing of drafts, examining delay or negligence in public services, and reading up of official documents (Taihorei Shokuinrei.)",
"ja": "大少史は、受領した公文の記録、起案文の作成と署名、公務の遅滞や過失の調査、公文の読申を所掌した（同職員令）。"
} |
{
"en": "The others such as Shisho, Kajo, and Jikicho were Zoninkan without corresponding court ranks, and engaged in miscellaneous businesses including copying documents, announcing of an accuser, and the like.",
"ja": "その他の史生、官掌、直丁らは、官位相当対象外の雑任官であり、文書筆写や訴人案内などの雑務に従事した。"
} |
{
"en": "The prescribed numbers were two for each of left (Sa) and right (U) Daishi and Shoshi, ten for Shisho, and two for Kajo.",
"ja": "定員は左右の大史・少史各2名、史生10名、官掌2名。"
} |
{
"en": "As Daishi and Shoshi, who were engaged in the practical business in Benkankyoku, were required to have a special skill of Sando and knowledge of practices in drawing up official documents, a sense of solidarity was formed among them; therefore, Sadaishijoshu which was the head of Daishi and Shoshi became a leader of Benkankyoku, presiding over Daishi and Shoshi.",
"ja": "弁官局で実際に実務を運営したのは大少史であり、特殊技能である算道、文書作成の慣行に関する知識が求められることから、専門職として一体意識が醸成され、大少史の筆頭である左大史上首が大少史を統括する弁官局の主催者となった。"
} |
{
"en": "After OTSUKI no Tomochika was appointed Sadaishi at the end of the 10th century, descendants of his stem family succeeded Sadaishi for generations.",
"ja": "10世紀末に小槻奉親が左大史に補任されて以来、小槻氏の嫡系は代々左大史に昇った。"
} |
{
"en": "Around the 12th century, the Otsuki clan conventionally monopolized the post of Sadaishi.",
"ja": "12世紀ごろには小槻氏が左大史を独占する人事が定着した。"
} |
{
"en": "Sadaishi, which presided over Benmukyoku, was called Kanmu, and the Otsuki clan handing down the title of Kanmu for generations began to be called Kanmu family.",
"ja": "弁官局を主宰する左大史は官務と呼ばれ、官務を世襲する小槻氏は官務家と称されるようになった。"
} |
{
"en": "Genkun (the statesmen who contributed to Meiji Restoration) refer to the politicians who made considerable achievements in the overthrow of the Shogunate and the Meiji Restoration, played an important role in the Meiji Government, and were from Kinno-no-Shishi (a royalist).",
"ja": "元勲（げんくん）は、倒幕・明治維新に絶大な功があり、明治の政治に重きを為した勤皇志士出身の政治家たちの一群のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "In a narrow sense, it refers to 9 people: Sanetomi SANJO, Tomomi IWAKURA, Takayoshi KIDO, Takamori SAIGO, Toshimichi OKUBO, Hirobumi ITO, Kaoru INOUE, Aritomo YAMAGATA and Kinmochi SAIONJI (however, Takamori SAIGO, who retired from public life for a long time and initiated Seinan War, might come into question).",
"ja": "狭義では三条実美、岩倉具視、木戸孝允、西郷隆盛、大久保利通、伊藤博文、井上馨、山縣有朋、西園寺公望の九名を指している（ただし、下野期間が長く、西南戦争を引き起こした西郷隆盛に関しては、疑問符が付くかもしれない）。"
} |
{
"en": "After the republican-style Councillor-Cabinet System of the Meiji Government was established on June 25, 1871, Genkun who survived the Restoration and were from Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa or Hizen, were assigned to be Sangi (a councillor) which was practically the highest position.",
"ja": "維新後を生き延びた薩長土肥出身者の場合、明治政府の共和制的な参議内閣制が確立された1871年（明治4年）6月25日以降、実質上の最高職である参議に採用されている。"
} |
{
"en": "Among the 9 people, the latter four people lived long until the period under the Meiji Constitution: Hirobumi ITO, Kaoru INOUE, Aritomo YAMAGATA and Kinmochi SAIONJI.",
"ja": "九名のうち、明治憲法下の世まで長生きしたのは後半の四名、伊藤博文、井上馨、山縣有朋、西園寺公望。"
} |
{
"en": "Since the society had already changed drastically toward the Restoration at that time, being Genkun became really rare and valuable, and thus the word Genkun became popular in the newspapers and books as a word indicating that they were historically and socially important like God.",
"ja": "既に維新の方向で社会が大きく変化していたため、元勲であること自体が希少価値と共に燻銀（いぶしぎん）的価値を持つこととなり、元勲という言葉が彼らの神がかり的な歴史と社会的重要性を示す言葉として新聞・書籍などで有名になった。"
} |
{
"en": "Sobayonin was a post in the bakufu and domains in the Edo period.",
"ja": "側用人（そばようにん）は、江戸時代、幕府および諸藩に置かれた役職。"
} |
{
"en": "The official post name was Osoba-goyonin.",
"ja": "正式な名称は御側御用人（おそばごようにん）。"
} |
{
"en": "The Sobayonin placed in domains was sometimes called Osoba for short.",
"ja": "諸藩に置かれた側用人は、略して御側（おそば）と呼ばれることもあった。"
} |
{
"en": "For lords, there were the public sphere and the private sphere, and Karo managed whole domain administration, while the Sobayonin managed the family affairs of the lord family and played a role of a secretary of the lord and his heir.",
"ja": "藩主にも公私の別があり、藩政を統括したのが家老なら、藩主の家の家政を取仕切ったり、藩主藩主や世子の秘書的な役割を担ったのが側用人だった。"
} |
{
"en": "However, the name and jobs of the Sobayonin were not universal, and importance of the post depended on the domain.",
"ja": "ただしこうした呼称や職掌は、すべての藩で普遍的に見られたものではなく、その軽重には大きな違いがあった。"
} |
{
"en": "In the bakufu, the Sobayonin sometimes gained more power than Roju (the second highest post in the bakufu government or a person (s) in the post), but in domains, such an example scarcely existed.",
"ja": "幕府では老中より側用人のほうが権勢をもつこともあったが、諸藩にあってはそうした例はまずない。"
} |
{
"en": "However, because of the characteristics of the post, a person from a low social standing family was often appointed to the Sobayonin post when he was a competent close confidant trusted deeply by the lord, so the load of the post was invariably heavy.",
"ja": "しかしその性質上、側用人には特に家格が高くなくても、藩主の信頼が厚く有能な側近であれば任じられる場合が多く、重責であることに変わりはなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "In some domains, a Sobayonin officer was also provided with the title of Osoba-goyo-toritsugi, and in this case, the function of the officer was almost the same as those of a Sobayonin officer in the bakufu.",
"ja": "藩によっては側用人が御側御用取次という肩書きを併せ持っていることもあるが、この場合は幕府の側用人とほぼ同義となる。"
} |
{
"en": "The Sobayonin officer in domains are generally selected from at least Kyujin (lower-ranked one of the upper class retainers) or upper class retainers ranked at moshitsugi (or toritsugi) (an official for conveying a message).",
"ja": "諸般の側用人は、少なくとも給人（上級藩士の下位）または申次（取次）以上の上級家臣の出自から選ばれるのが一般的だった。"
} |
{
"en": "Furthermore, in many domains throughout the nation, heirs of senior retainers served as Kosho (pages) or Sobayonin officers when they were in the heyazumi status (living in their parents' houses) before inherited their family head positions",
"ja": "また、重臣の嫡子を教育上の観点から家督相続をする前の部屋住み身分の時代に小姓や側用人として出仕させる例は全国諸藩にあった。"
} |
{
"en": "The Sobayonin post was mostly placed under the Yonin post, but in some domains, for example, the Mito domain and the Kaga domain, it was placed above the Yonin post.",
"ja": "側用人は、用人より格下の役職であることが多いが、水戸藩や加賀藩のように格上とされている藩もある。"
} |
{
"en": "Compared to the Yonin post and the Banto post, the status level depended on the domain.",
"ja": "用人、番頭と比較した場合は藩によってさまざまである。"
} |
{
"en": "Sobayonin officers in the Edo bakufu were close confidants of seii taishogun (literally, \"the great general who was to subdue the barbarians\"), and played a role of informing Roju or other officers of instructions from Shogun.",
"ja": "江戸幕府における側用人は、征夷大将軍の側近であり、将軍の命令を老中らに伝える役目を担った。"
} |
{
"en": "A rice yield of 10,000 koku (approx. 180 liters/koku) was given to the post.",
"ja": "役料は、1万石。"
} |
{
"en": "Famous Sobayonin officers were Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA in the era of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the fifth shogun; Akifusa MANABE in the eras of Ienobu TOKUGAWA, the sixth shogun and Ietsugu TOKUGAWA, the seventh shogun; Tadamitsu OKA in the era of Ieshige TOKUGAWA, the ninth shogun; Okitsugu TANUMA in the era of Ieharu TOKUGAWA, the tenth shogun; and Tadaakira MIZUNO in the era of Ienari TOKUGAWA, the eleventh shogun.",
"ja": "5代将軍徳川綱吉時代の柳沢吉保、6代将軍徳川家宣・7代将軍徳川家継時代の間部詮房、9代将軍徳川家重時代の大岡忠光、10代将軍徳川家治時代の田沼意次、11代将軍徳川家斉時代の水野忠成などが有名。"
} |
{
"en": "In the early Edo period, officers in this post, called kinju shuttoyaku (an attendant to Shogun) at that time, were selected from 5000-koku class hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) who were involved in important affairs as close aides of Shogun, and in particular, played a role of relaying important matters.",
"ja": "江戸時代初期には近習出頭役と呼ばれ、5000石級の旗本で、将軍の側衆として枢機に預かる者の中から選任され、特に重要事項の伝奏を役目とした。"
} |
{
"en": "After becoming the fifth shogun, Yoshitsuna made Narisada MAKINO, who was Karo (chief retainer) of the Tatebayashi domain at that time, succeed the former kinju shuttoyaku post as the newly named 'Sobayonin' post, converting his status to Fudai daimyo (a daimyo who had belonged to the Tokugawa group before the Battle of Sekigahara), and made him handle important matters, preparing for dictatorship.",
"ja": "5代将軍となった綱吉は館林藩主当時の家老であった牧野成貞を初めて「側用人」の役職名で従来の近習出頭役の役職を引き継がせ、譜代大名に取り立てて幕府内で重用、これを独裁政治の足がかりとした。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1684, Masatoshi HOTTA, Tairo (the highest post in the bakufu government to the person in the post) was slain with a sword in the Edo castle by Masayasu INABA, his cousin and a wakadoshiyori officer.",
"ja": "特に1684年、大老・堀田正俊が江戸城内にて若年寄で従兄・稲葉正休に斬殺された事件が起きた。"
} |
{
"en": "This incident led the goyobeya room (office room) of Roju to be moved to a place far away from the residence of the shogun, in the pretext of worrying about his safety.",
"ja": "この事件を契機に、将軍の身を案ずるという名目で、老中の御用部屋が将軍の居所から遠ざけられた"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, power of the Sobayonin officer, who mediated between the shogun and the Roju and played the role of relaying instructions from shogun to Roju, increased suddenly.",
"ja": "そのため、両者を仲介し、将軍の命令を老中に伝える側用人の権威が急上昇した。"
} |
{
"en": "The politics style which the government was operated by Sobayonin rather than by Roju was called 'Sobayonin seiji' (Sobayonin-based politics) by historians in later eras.",
"ja": "このように老中よりも側用人が政権を運営する政治形態を、後代の史家は「側用人政治」と呼んだ。"
} |
{
"en": "Shogun exercised dictatorship through the Sobayonin officer, and the officer came to be used by Shogun as a means of containing power of Roju.",
"ja": "将軍が側用人を通じて独裁政治を行ったことから、将軍が譜第の老中を抑える手段として用いられるようになった。"
} |
{
"en": "After Narisada MAKINO retired, Tsunayoshi appointed Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA, who had been MAKINO's close aide since MAKINO was Karo of the Tatebayashi domain, and showed more favor to Yoshiyasu than to Makino.",
"ja": "牧野成貞引退後は、やはり館林時代からの側近であった柳沢吉保を側用人に任じ、牧野を上回る重用をした。"
} |
{
"en": "In addition, around this time, Tsunayoshi started losing enthusiasm for politics, and the intention of Yanagisawa was sometimes conveyed as that of the shogun.",
"ja": "そのほか、この頃になると綱吉が政治に熱意を失いだして、柳沢の意向が将軍の意向として伝えられることもあった。"
} |
{
"en": "Furthermore, it became custom that the Sobayonin officer could refuse a matter which Roju requested to relay to the shobun but the Sobayonin officer was against it.",
"ja": "また、老中から将軍に側用人が取り次ぐ案件の中で側用人に異論があれば、取り次ぎ拒否が慣習として認められるようになった。"
} |
{
"en": "Although having never been appointed to Roju, Yanagisawa was given Kamiza (seat of honor) of Roju and the title of Roju-kau (Roju level), occupying the highest post of the bakufu government both in name and reality.",
"ja": "柳沢は正式に老中に就任することは無かったが、老中上座、大老格の名を与えられ、名実共に幕臣最高の位置を占めた。"
} |
{
"en": "Although no such a title was provided for Akifusa MANABE in the next generation, he possessed more power than Roju accutually.",
"ja": "次代の間部詮房にはこうした肩書きは無かったものの、実質としては老中を上回る権限を有していた。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Tsunayoshi era and later, the bakufu operation was conducted mainly through Sobayonin (or Goyotoritsugi), completing the political style called dictatorship by shogun.",
"ja": "この綱吉の代以後は、もっぱら側用人（または御用取次）を通じた政治運営が主流となり、将軍専制という政治形態が完成された。"
} |
{
"en": "The eighth shogun, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, who adopted as his slogan 'Everything should be done as Ieyasu TOKUGAWA specified,' abolished this system, which did not exist when the bakufu started, immediately after he assumed the Shogun post, gaining the confidence of Fudai daimyo.",
"ja": "「万事、徳川家康様の掟之通り」を標榜した8代将軍徳川吉宗は、幕府創業時にはなかったこの制度を将軍就任後ただちに廃止、これで譜代大名の信任を得た。"
} |
{
"en": "However, he established the Osoba-goyotoritsugi post for relaying messages between Shogun and Roju to appoint Hisamichi KANO and Ujinori ARIMA, his confidants who accompanied Yoshimune from the Kishu domain and became retainers of the bakufu (Hatamoto), to the post, and operated the bakufu through them, retaining the 'Sobayonin seiji' effectively.",
"ja": "ただし将軍と老中との間を取り次ぐ御側御用取次を設け、紀伊藩から吉宗に随従して幕臣（旗本）となった加納久通と有馬氏倫という腹心を任命、彼らを通じた政治運営を行って、側用人政治を事実上継続した。"
} |
{
"en": "However, Yoshimune did not make them daimyo immediately after appointing them to the new post, and did not permit them to deliver political remarks that were allowed for Roju nor to refuse relaying messages from Roju to Shogun.",
"ja": "それでも彼らを任命後すぐに大名にしたりはせず、また老中と対等になるような政治的発言や取り次ぎの拒否なども許さなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "When the ninth shogun,Ieshige, who is said to have suffered from speech disorder, became the ninth shogun, only his confidants who had been his attendantspersons could understand his ambiguous speech.",
"ja": "言語障害があったといわれる9代将軍家重が就任すると、彼の不明瞭な言葉が解るのは近習の頃からの側近だった者に限られた。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, Tadamitsu OOKA, one of his confidants, became in charge of important matters, restoring the sobayonin system.",
"ja": "そのため、そのうちの一人である大岡忠光が登用されて側用人制度が復活した。"
} |
{
"en": "However, Ieshege and Ieharu, the shogun who succeeded the Ieshige, did not want to be involved in political matters actively, therefore, it can also be said that the Sobayonin officers, such as OOKA and Okitsugu TANUMA, came to have strong power naturally.",
"ja": "ただし、家重や次の家治はそもそも政治には積極的に関わろうとしなかったため、大岡や田沼意次といった側用人たちが必然的に強い権勢をもつことになったともいえる。"
} |
{
"en": "Of them, Tanuma was the first person who officially assumed Roju from Sobayonin through Roju-kaku.",
"ja": "このうち田沼は初めて側用人から老中格を経て正式に老中に就任している。"
} |
{
"en": "Kizoku indicated persons whose social privileges were generally recognized due to their blood lines or their family statuses and also indicated the clans of such persons.",
"ja": "貴族（きぞく）とは、血統や門地の故に社会的特権を認められている人やその一族。"
} |
{
"en": "This term was also used for indicating their social status.",
"ja": "またはその身分。"
} |
{
"en": "The Kizoku status was mostly inherited, but there were also persons who were promoted to Kizoku newly due to their distinguished contributions.",
"ja": "多くは世襲されるが、特別な功績により新たに貴族になることもある。"
} |
{
"en": "In some terminologies, the clan of the monarch, which was called \"Kozoku\" (皇族), \"Ozoku\" (王族), or \"Kozoku\" (公族), was excluded from the coverage of the term of Kizoku.",
"ja": "君主の一族を特に「皇族」「王族」「公族」などと称し、これを貴族に含めない用語法もある。"
} |
{
"en": "The range of meaning covered by the term Kizoku (nobles) depended upon the nation, and therefore, use of the term must be done carefully.",
"ja": "まず貴族と一口に言っても、国によってその意味する範囲が違うので注意が必要である。"
} |
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