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{
"en": "Masanori FUKUSHIMA (lord of Kiyosu-jo Castle in Owari Province)",
"ja": "福島正則（尾張国清洲城主）"
}
|
{
"en": "Kiyomasa KATO (lord of Kumamoto-jo Castle in Higo Province)",
"ja": "加藤清正（肥後国熊本城主）"
}
|
{
"en": "Terumasa IKEDA (lord of Yoshida-jo Castle in Mikawa Province)",
"ja": "池田輝政（三河国吉田城(三河国)主）"
}
|
{
"en": "Tadaoki HOSOKAWA (lord of Miyazu-jo Castle in Tango Province)",
"ja": "細川忠興（丹後国宮津城主）"
}
|
{
"en": "Yoshinaga ASANO (lord of Kofu-jo Castle in Kai Province)",
"ja": "浅野幸長（甲斐国甲府城主）"
}
|
{
"en": "Yoshiakira KATO (lord of Matsuyama-jo Castle in Iyo Province)",
"ja": "加藤嘉明（伊予国松山城主）"
}
|
{
"en": "Nagamasa KURODA (lord of Nakatsu-jo Castle in Nakatsu Province)",
"ja": "黒田長政（豊前国中津城主）"
}
|
{
"en": "These are the seven generals.",
"ja": "以上の7人のことである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Some sources include Iemasa HACHISUKA (lord of Tokushima-jo Castle in Awa Province) and Takatora TODO (lord of Uwajima-jo Castle in Iyo Province).",
"ja": "資料によっては蜂須賀家政（阿波国・徳島城主）、藤堂高虎（伊予・宇和島城主）も加わっている。"
}
|
{
"en": "April 27, 1599",
"ja": "1599年（慶長4年）閏3月3日。"
}
|
{
"en": "Toshiie MAEDA, one of the five regents of Hideyoshi and a mediator between the Militarist Faction (including Masanori FUKUSHIMA and Kiyomasa KATO who rose to power using their military forces) and the Civilian Faction (including Mitsunari ISHIDA and Nagamasa ASANO who rose to power through their statesmanship) died.",
"ja": "五大老の一人で武断派（福島正則、加藤清正ら武力でのし上がった者）と文治派（石田三成、浅野長政ら政治向きなことでのし上がった者）の対立を仲裁していた前田利家が死去。"
}
|
{
"en": "Without any mediator, the feud between the two factions turned violent.",
"ja": "2派の関係を仲裁するものがいなくなったのでさらに2派の確執が増した。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Seven Generals, with long-harbored resentment, schemed to defeat Mitsunari by heading their armies to Kiyomasa KATO's residence near the Osaka-jo Castle and attack Mitsunari together.",
"ja": "以前から三成に深い恨みを抱いていた七将は手勢を率いて大坂城下の加藤清正の屋敷に集合し、そこから三成を襲い三成を討ち取る計画を立てていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Mitsunari perceived their scheme and fled with his chief vassal Kiyooki SHIMA (also known as Sakon SHIMA) to the residence of his ally Yoshinobu SATAKE (Ukyo no daibu).",
"ja": "しかし三成はそれを察知し盟友・佐竹義宣(右京大夫)の屋敷に重臣・島清興（左近）らとともに逃れた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Having noticed that Mitsunari had fled, the Seven Generals started to raid each one of the feudal lords' residences near the Osaka-jo Castle, and the army of KATO headed for Satake's residence.",
"ja": "七将は三成がいないことが分かり、大坂城下の諸大名の屋敷をしらみつぶしに探し、佐竹邸にも加藤軍が迫った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Now, Mitsunari decided to take refuge in the residence of his political opponent Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in Fushimi.",
"ja": "すると三成は伏見にある政敵・徳川家康の屋敷に逃れることにした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Sneaked out of Satake's residence in female attire, a band of Mitsunari and Sakon arrived at Tokugawa's residence in Fushimi--Reported on their arrival by Masanobu HONDA, Ieyasu decided to give refuge to Mitsunari to increase military capability during the internal trouble of the Toyotomi.",
"ja": "三成、左近一行は女装して佐竹邸を抜け出し、伏見の徳川邸に到着、家康は本多正信から伝えられ家康は豊臣家が内で争っている間に力を蓄えておく思惑があったので三成を匿うことにした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Ieyasu flatly rejected the request by the Seven Generals in the next morning to extradite Mitsunari, saying 'Over my dead body'.",
"ja": "翌朝、七将が家康に三成を引き渡すように要求したが家康は「三成を斬るならば先にこの家康を斬れ」と言って要求をはねつけた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Ieyasu forced Mitsunari to promise to retire in exchange for being saved from extradition, and had his second son Hideyasu YUKI send Mitsunari to his home caste, Sawayama-jo Caste.",
"ja": "家康はその代わり三成を隠居させると約束させ、次男・結城秀康に三成を三成の居城・佐和山城に送り届けた。"
}
|
{
"en": "All the Seven Generals took the leading role in the Eastern army in the Battle of Sekigahara, which broke out about one and half years later.",
"ja": "この約1年半後に関ヶ原の戦いが起こり七将は皆、東軍の中核となって戦った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Naijusho was an extra statutory office established in the latter half of the Nara period under the ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "内豎省（ないじゅしょう）は日本律令制で奈良時代後期に設置された令外官。"
}
|
{
"en": "Naijusho controlled over the Naiju officials who attended the emperor and the female attendants, while guarded the Imperial Palace.",
"ja": "天皇に近侍する内豎及び後宮十二司を統括するとともに、内裏の警護にあたった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Naiju' originally meant the middle and low ranked court officials and government officials who were in charge of miscellaneous affairs and guard in the Imperial Palace, which were gradually organized into a leading agency 'Naijusho' (内豎所) to be established.",
"ja": "内豎は元々内裏の雑務や警備を担当する童子や中小役人の事を指していたが、次第に組織化されて内豎所という統率機関が設置されていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "On August 12, 767, Naijusho was established to expand the duties of the Naijudokoro (Royal Pages Office).",
"ja": "神護景雲元年7月10日(旧暦)（767年8月8日）に内豎所の機能を拡大する形で設置される。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to \"Shoku Nihongi\" (Chronicle of Japan Continued), it was supposedly staffed by one Kyo (minister), one Taifu (senior assistant minister), one Sho (junior assistant minister), two Daijo (senior secretary), two Shojo (junior secretary), one Daisakan (senior recorder), and three Shosakan (junior recorder), with subordinate staff such as Shojo (a low-rank official to convey petitions), Shisho (a person doing miscellaneous duties about documents), Shibe (low rank bureaucrats), Jikicho (factotum) and Naiju officials, in the same way as Hassho (eight ministries and agencies).",
"ja": "『続日本紀』によれば、卿・大輔・少輔が各1名、大丞・少丞が各2名、大録が1名、少録が3名であり、その下に八省と同じように省掌・史生・使部・直丁などの職員や内豎がいたと考えられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "YUGE no Kiyohito (Senior Third Rank, concurrently served as Vice-Councilor of State and Outer Palace Guard, a real younger brother of Dokyo) was appointed Naijukyo (Minister of Naijusho); FUJIWARA no Korekimi (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade, Head of the Headquarters of the Palace Guards of Left) concurrently took the office of Naijutaifu (Senior Secretary of Naijusho), and FUJIWARA no Oyori (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade, Head of the Headquarters of the Palace Guards of Right) concurrently took the office of Naijusho (Junior secretary of Naijusho).",
"ja": "内豎卿には、道鏡の実弟の弓削浄人（正三位中納言兼衛門督）が任じられ、内豎大輔に藤原是公（従四位上左衛士督）、内豎少輔藤原雄依（従五位下右衛士督）が現職を兼務したまま就任した。"
}
|
{
"en": "The above-mentioned officials led the Palace Guards, which were the military organizations of the Imperial Palace, and played leading roles of the administrations of Empress Koken, Empress Shotoku, and priest Dokyo (In 769, FUJIWARA no Odamaro [Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade, middle controller of the left at the Great Council of State, later concurrently served for Headquarters of the Military Guards of the Right] was appointed to Naijutaifu to replace Korekimi.).",
"ja": "これらの人々は孝謙天皇称徳天皇・道鏡政権の中核を担う人々であり、宮廷内における軍事組織である衛府を指揮していた（なお、神護景雲3年（769年）に是公に代わって藤原雄田麻呂（従四位上左中弁、後に右兵衛督兼務）が大輔に任じられている）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Just at that time, Chokushisho (Bureau of Edicts) was established as an economic organization to support the key position of the administration of Empress Shotoku and priest Dokyo; In contrast, Naijusho was considered as a military organization to support the key position of the administration--It is considered that the administration formed these offices as a kind of high ranked court official organization to maintain their own political and military power based in the Grand Council of State to cope with the main steam of the FUJIWARA clan (potential rival of the administration) and the Imperial family's influence.",
"ja": "同じ頃、称徳天皇及び道鏡の政権中枢を支える経済機関として勅旨省も設置されており、対して内豎省は政権中枢を支える軍事機関として構想され、太政官を拠点に政権とは潜在的な競争関係にある藤原氏主流や皇親勢力に対抗するための政治・軍事力を保持するために組織された一種の家司機関であったと考えられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later, when Empress Shotoku demised and priest Dokyo and his younger brother were exiled (ironically, Naijutaifu FUJIWARA no Odamaro headed the exile), the organization became meaningless and abolished on March 28, 772, and Naiju was divided and incorporated into Konoefu (Inner Palace Guard), Chuefu (Middle Inner Palace Guard), Sayuhyoefu (Left and Right Division of Middle Palace Guards).",
"ja": "その後、称徳天皇が崩御し、道鏡兄弟が追放される（皮肉にも、その中心人物は内豎大輔藤原雄田麻呂であった）と組織の存在意義は失われ、宝亀3年2月16日(旧暦)（772年3月24日）に廃止され、内豎は近衛府・中衛府・左右兵衛府に分割編入された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later, Naiju was revived in the original form, then abolished with the duties replaced by Otoneri (Imperial Attendants), but finally after the Konin era, Naiju and Naijusho (内豎所) were revived as subordinate organizations of Kurododokoro (Board of Archivists).",
"ja": "その後、旧来の形での内豎が復置されたり、廃止されて大舎人が替わりに職務を担ったりしたが、弘仁年間以後に内豎・内豎所が蔵人所の下部組織の形で復活することになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "The term \"gokenin in Kyoto\" (zaikyo gokenin) refers to a gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) who was permanently stationed in and around Kyoto under jurisdiction of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).",
"ja": "在京御家人（ざいきょうごけにん）とは、鎌倉幕府傘下の京都及びその周辺部に常駐する御家人のこと。"
}
|
{
"en": "A gokenin in Kyoto is also referred to as zaikyonin.",
"ja": "在京人とも呼ばれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, they were often excluded from Kyoto obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) because the job was a shift work only for a short period of time.",
"ja": "ただし、短期間での交替勤務である京都大番役は除外される場合が多い。"
}
|
{
"en": "A gokenin in Kyoto in the early days referred mainly to the ones who owned a shoryo (territory) in Saigoku (western part of Japan ([especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki]).",
"ja": "初期の在京御家人は西国に所領を持つ御家人が主であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "But there were also gokenin sent from Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region).",
"ja": "だが、東国から派遣された御家人も存在していた。"
}
|
{
"en": "They served under the command of the Kamakura bakufu in principle.",
"ja": "彼らは原則的には鎌倉幕府の指揮下で行動した。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, the right to judge criminal cases used by the bakufu at that time was based on the approval given by the Imperial Court.",
"ja": "だが、当時の幕府の持つ検断権は朝廷の承認に基づくものであった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Therefore, they could not refuse any command given by the Imperial Court which was superior to the bakufu in rank.",
"ja": "だから、幕府より上位に位置する朝廷からの命令を拒否できなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "(For that reason), they also worked as guards, etc. by the commands of the Imperial Court.",
"ja": "(そのため)、その命令に基づいて警固などの活動も行った。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Retired Emperor Gotoba took advantage of these circumstances to appoint gokenin in Kyoto to kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) or government official (especially one of low to medium rank) to be efu (a palace guard).",
"ja": "後鳥羽院はその事情を利用して在京御家人を検非違使や衛府の官人に任命した。"
}
|
{
"en": "He often gave shoryo to them or added them in the Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side) or the Saimen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the west side) in his own right.",
"ja": "独自に所領を与えたり、北面の武士・西面の武士に加えることが多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The same was true of kyoto-shugo (military governor of Kyoto) who was the representative of the Kamakura bakufu in Kyoto.",
"ja": "それは、鎌倉幕府において京都の代表を務める京都守護にも言える事であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The kyoto-shugo was chosen from among the pro-bakufu court nobles, except for a certain period of time.",
"ja": "(京都守護は)一時期を除いて親幕派公家から選ばれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "The gokenin in Kyoto began to be strongly influenced by the Imperial Court which was before their eyes, rather than the Kamakura bakufu,",
"ja": "在京御家人は鎌倉（幕府）よりも目の前にある朝廷の影響を強く受けるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Accordingly, many of them took the side with the Retired Emperor Gotoba in the Jokyu War then lost their power.",
"ja": "承久の乱ではその多くが後鳥羽院側について没落した。"
}
|
{
"en": "As Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) was founded after the war, the system of gokenin in Kyoto was reconstructed under its control.",
"ja": "乱後、六波羅探題が設置されてそのもとで在京御家人が再建される。"
}
|
{
"en": "The bakufu assigned gokenin in Kyoto who remained loyal to it during the war to keep their position and shoryo, and those who moved to Saigoku after given shoryo there after the war, to Rokuhara Tandai.",
"ja": "乱に際して幕府側に留まって地位・所領を保全された既存の在京御家人に加えて乱後に西国に所領を与えられて拠点を移した御家人が配属された。"
}
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{
"en": "They came to be engaged in military and security activities under the command of Rokuhara Tandai.",
"ja": "探題の指揮下で軍事・治安活動を行うようになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "They were exempted from duties such as Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) in exchange for being permanently stationed in Kyoto.",
"ja": "彼らは京都に常駐する代わりに大番役などを免除された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later Kagariya (a guardhouse for soldiers placed at street corners in Kyoto and Kamakura during the Kamakura period) were built in Kyoto.",
"ja": "後に篝屋が京都に設置された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Gokenin in Kyoto took charge of maintaining the security of the city as kagariya guards in exchange for receiving a shoryo called kagariya ryosho (a granted estate for kagariya guarding service) as a benefit.",
"ja": "在京御家人は篝屋料所と呼ばれる所領を手当として与えられた代わりに篝屋守護として京都市中の警固にあたった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Therefore, they came to be also called kagariya gokenin.",
"ja": "このため、在京御家人は篝屋御家人とも称されるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "But they were also often recruited for such occasions, including the conflicts against some powers such as the Imperial Court, Enryaku-ji Temple and so on, or battles against Akuto (a villain in the medieval times) who became active in Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) and Saigoku after the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan,",
"ja": "だが、朝廷や延暦寺などの諸権門との対立や元寇以後には畿内・西国で活発化した悪党との戦いに駆り出される事も多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The burden on the gokenin in Kyoto became heavier and heavier.",
"ja": "在京御家人の負担は重くなる一方であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, miuchibito (private vassals of the tokuso) sent to Rokuhara Tandai came to supervise the gokenin in Kyoto.",
"ja": "更に六波羅探題に派遣された御内人が在京御家人の監督をするようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The confrontation with gokenin in Kyoto who offended it became worse.",
"ja": "これに反発する在京御家人との対立が深まった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Most of the samurai who eventually went down with Rokuhara Tandai, in the assault on it by Takauji ASHIKAGA on the eve of the fall of the Kamakura bakufu, were the members of the Hojo clan and miuchibito.",
"ja": "鎌倉幕府滅亡前夜、足利高氏による六波羅探題攻撃において、最終的に六波羅探題と運命をともにした武士のほとんどが北条氏一族及び御内人であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Only few gokenin in Kyoto were included among them because many gokenin switched to the Ashikaga side or withdrew from the front after judging the movement of Takauji.",
"ja": "在京御家人がほとんどいないのは、高氏の動向を見て足利氏に寝返ったり戦線を離脱した者が多かったことを物語っている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Gokenin who survived it were reorganized into hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate), etc. under the jurisdiction of the Muromachi bakufu.",
"ja": "生き残った在京御家人は室町幕府のもとで奉公衆などに再編成されることになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Major gokenin in Kyoto in the early days:",
"ja": "初期の主な在京御家人"
}
|
{
"en": "Mitsusue IGA",
"ja": "伊賀光季"
}
|
{
"en": "Koreyoshi OUCHI",
"ja": "大内惟義"
}
|
{
"en": "Korenobu OUCHI",
"ja": "大内惟信"
}
|
{
"en": "Tomomasa HIRAGA",
"ja": "平賀朝雅"
}
|
{
"en": "OE no Chikahiro",
"ja": "大江親広"
}
|
{
"en": "MINAMOTO no Yorikane",
"ja": "源頼兼"
}
|
{
"en": "MINAMOTO no Yorimochi",
"ja": "源頼茂"
}
|
{
"en": "NAKAHARA no Chikayoshi",
"ja": "中原親能"
}
|
{
"en": "NAKAHARA no Suetoki",
"ja": "中原季時"
}
|
{
"en": "Junsatsushi (a circuit-riding inspector or investigating commissioner) was a government official title which originated in the Tang Dynasty of China.",
"ja": "巡察使（じゅんさつし）は、中国・唐代に置かれた官名である。"
}
|
{
"en": "The junsatsushi was later given alternative names, such as 'azechi' and 'anbushi.'",
"ja": "後には、按察使・安撫使などと称せられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "As an imperial commissioner which was unregulated by the ritsuryo codes (ryoge no kan), 'junsatsushi' was in charge of the inspection of the operations of local governments under the command of the emperor himself, directly reporting to the emperor on the performance evaluation of the local officials, such as 'shishi' (provincial governors) and 'kenrei' (prefectural governors).",
"ja": "律令には規定のない使職（令外官）の一つであり、皇帝の命令によって、地方の監察を行い、州の刺史や県の県令などの地方官の勤務評定を上進した。"
}
|
{
"en": "For the most part 'gyoshi' (imperial censors) were appointed junsatsushi, but neither its title nor its personnel was fixed.",
"ja": "任命されるのは御史が多いが、その職名や人員は定まってはいなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is believed that the first junsatsushi were designated as early as in 634 in the Shoto period (in early Tang), which consisted of 13 'shodo chucchoku taishi' (literally, a traveling commissioner in charge of promoting and downgrading one's office and rank based on the presence or absence of his achievements), one of which was a 'kan fuzoku shi' (literally, an inspector to supervise local customs).",
"ja": "その始まりは、早くも初唐の貞観(唐)8年（634年）に、諸道黜陟大使（一名、観風俗使）13名が任命されたのが、それであるとされる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Thereafter, many examples of junsatsushi can be seen until circa 713.",
"ja": "その後、開元年間の初期（713年頃）までは、多くの例を見ることができる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Li Qiao's report to the throne which was written in 696 referred to 44 subjects of shodo junsatushi (travelling commissioners) and 30 and more investigative visits in accordance with 'kyaku' (supplementary imperial ordinances which were augmented to revise a preceded administrative law in the statutes [Ling 令] of the ritsuryo law).",
"ja": "696年の李喬の上奏文によれば、686年の諸道巡察使の科目は44件を数え、その他、格（勅令）による訪察が30余ヵ所あったという。"
}
|
{
"en": "Junsatsushi were sent out on the circuit in March and returned to report the emperor in November, and during that period they were required to rate thousands of local governors, which Li Qiao had described to be quite hard.",
"ja": "巡察使は、3月に出発して、11月に帰還し報告をするが、その間に、千人単位の地方官を評定する必要があったので、それだけの数をこなすのはとても難しいと述べられている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Saiho Shochishi (an investigating commissioner) was a title of the government official in Tang dynasty of China.",
"ja": "採訪処置使（さいほうしょちし）は、中国・唐代の官名である。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 733, the empire under the Tang dynasty, which had previously been divided into 10 administrative regions called 'dao' circuits of inspection, was redivided into 15 dao circuits, each of which had a 'saiho shochishi' stationed.",
"ja": "開元20年（733年）に、それまで10道に区分されていた唐朝治下の諸地方を、15道に区分し直し、各道に採訪処置使を設置した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Prior to the redividing of the circuits in 733, when 10 circuits were divided in the reign of the Emperor Jungjong (Tang), 'junsatsushi' (a circuit-riding inspector or investigating commissioner) had been stationed in each circuit.",
"ja": "それ以前、中宗(唐)代に10道に分割した時には、巡察使(中国)が置かれていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The official duties of saiho shochishi corresponded to those of 'shu shishi' (provincial governors) in the Han dynasty.",
"ja": "その職掌は、漢代の州刺史に相当する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Accordingly, a 'keikido saihoshi' (a Jingji circuit investigating commissioner) corresponded to a colonel director of retainers which was called 'Sili xiaowei' (garrison the capital of the Executive) in the Han dynasty.",
"ja": "よって、京畿道採訪使は、漢の司隷校尉に当たる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Each saiho shochishi was stationed in the most important province among all the provinces within his jurisdiction.",
"ja": "その治所は、管轄下の州の中で、最重要の州に設置された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later, the official duties of saiho shochishi began to shift gradually to civil administration.",
"ja": "その後、その職掌は、次第に民政に重点が置かれるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "During and after the reign of the Emperor Suzong (Tang), the 'saiho shochishi' was renamed as 'kansatsushi' (an imperial inspector), and the empire was divided into 40 or more dao circuits.",
"ja": "粛宗(唐)代以降、名称が観察使と改められ、また、天下は40余道に分割された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Accordingly, the jurisdiction of each inspector extended over more than 10 provinces in the case of a large circuit, and 2 or 3 provinces in the case of a small circuit.",
"ja": "よって、領域の広大な道では10州余り、狭いところでも2・3州を管轄とした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Setsudoshi' (a military commissioner in charge of a dao circuit) exercised greater power than 'kansatsushi' (imperial inspector), being a military officer by nature who was assigned the additional civilian post of 'kansatsushi' (imperial inspector).",
"ja": "また、観察使より大なるものが節度使となるが、本来の節度使は武官であるため、文官としての観察使を兼務することとなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The term 'kuge-ryo' is the generic name for landed holdings belonging to 'kuge' (Japanese imperial court nobles) which includes 'kugyo' (high court nobles of third rank or above) and 'kanjin' (government officials), where the 'kugyo' consists of [1] 'ko' which includes the 'daijo daijin' (the Great Minister of State or Chancellor), the 'sa daijin' (Minister of the Left) and the 'u daijin' (Minister of the Right), and [2] 'kei' which includes 'dainagon' (Major Counselor), 'chunagon' (Middle Counselor) and 'sangi' (Consultants of senior fourth rank).",
"ja": "公家領（くげりょう）とは、公家（公卿・官人）の所領の総称。"
}
|
{
"en": "In a wider context the term 'kuge-ryo' can include the estate of the imperial household.",
"ja": "広義においては皇室領を含む場合もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to the Ancient 'ritsuryo sei' (Japanese legal system), the living of the nobility which consisted of 'kugyo' and lower-ranked 'kanjin' (government officials) was secured by the income based on the 'horoku seido' (stipend system) which was designated by the 'ritsuryo ho' (ritsuryo law).",
"ja": "古代律令制においては、公卿以下の官人を構成する貴族階層の生活は律令法で定められた封禄制度によって支えられてきた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The stipend system according to the ritsuryo law, however, collapsed at an early stage, and the nobles attempted to develop their own infrastructures, involving 'guji' (chief priests of shinto shrines).",
"ja": "だが、その体制は早い時期に崩壊し、貴族たちは官司をも巻き込んで彼らによる独自の生活基盤形成を図ることになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Already in the Nara period, dominating nobles occupied the countryside and established their own territories by privatizing reclaimed lands in accordance with the Act for the Privatization of Reclaimed Lands in Perpetuity.",
"ja": "既に奈良時代の段階で有力貴族たちは山野薮沢を占有し、墾田永年私財法を利用して墾田を私有化して自己の所領を形成する。"
}
|
{
"en": "At the end of the ninth century, manor houses are built by nobles so as to unlawfully seize and privatize the surrounding lands and 'shataku' (residence), which was followed by guji (shrine priests) who began to set up 'kanden' (imperial estates) and 'shoshiden' (tax-exempt lands that were provided to cover the labor cost of shoshi officials) in order to prepare 'horoku' (retainer's salary) to be paid to kanjin (government officials) and the other necessary expenses.",
"ja": "9世紀末期には貴族による荘家が設置されて周囲の土地や舎宅を自己のものとして押領し、続いて官司も官人の俸禄や経費調達のために官田や諸司田を設置するようになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was in the 10th century when the system to undertake an actual tax collection by kokushi (provincial governors) was established, and accordingly, imperial households, high court nobles and guji financially depended upon 'shinno' (gifts) from the kokushi.",
"ja": "10世紀になると国司による徴税請負体制が確立し、皇室や上流貴族、官司はこうした国司からの進納に依存するところが大きくなる。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, some middle and lower class nobles, who had been appointed kokushi to rule a local province, decided to settle in the same area, whereas the others became 'zuryo' (custodial governors) and made fortunes or expanded shoen holdings, thus establishing relationships with the Imperial family and 'sekkan-ke' (the families which had produced the regents and the chief advisors to the emperor).",
"ja": "一方、中下流の貴族は国司として地方に下り土着する者が出る一方で受領となって財を築きあるいは荘園を築き、皇室や摂関家などと関係を結ぶ者があった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Those zuryo and zaichokanjin (local officials) consolidated their positions as shokan (an officer governing shoen manor) by voluntarily donating shoen manors which they had created to influential magnates.",
"ja": "受領や在庁官人は自らが築いた荘園をこうした有力者に積極的に寄進して自らは荘官としての地位を確実なものとした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Moreover, people who were personally subordinated to the imperial and the sekkan-ke families were granted kyumenden (tax free rice fields provided as salary), thereby becoming kugonin (purveyors to the imperial household) and thus creating shoen manors.",
"ja": "更に皇室や摂関家と人身的従属関係にある人々が給免田を与えられて供御人などとなり、彼らによって荘園が形成される場合もあった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In this way, rice fields which remained to the kokushi turned into de facto national estates (owned by the imperial court or the kuge [imperial] regime), and the 'ingu bunkoku sei' (provincial allotment system) and the 'chigyokoku seido' (possessory provinces system) were established on the basis of such national estates.",
"ja": "こうした中で国司側に残された田地も国衙領として実質上は国家（朝廷及び公家政権）の荘園となり、これを基礎とした院宮分国・知行国制度も確立された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Medieval kuge-ryo (landholdings of court nobles) included the land of their own residence, properties of goganji (a temple for the Imperial Family) and uji-dera temples (which had been built for praying clan's glory) and jisha-ryo (landholdings of temples and shrines), but the main source of income was their private shoen manors.",
"ja": "中世公家領には自己邸宅の宅地や御願寺・氏寺の敷地及び寺社領も含まれるが、収入を得るのは自家の荘園が主であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "It was very different between the sekkan-ke families and the seiga-ke families (the second highest family status for court nobles) as to how they administered an estate (for instance, administration of the imperial estate was close to that of the sekkan-ke family.)",
"ja": "支配の形態は摂関家と清華家以下では大きく異なっている（皇室領の場合には、摂関家のそれに近い形態を取っていた）。"
}
|
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