Datasets:
may-ohta
/
kftt

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
translation
translation
{ "en": "In a general sense, the term `goshi` came to refers to lower-ranking samurai residing in rural villages.", "ja": "䞀般的に蟲村に居䜏する䞋玚歊士の者を指す。" }
{ "en": "Gosho (rural samurai) were permitted to adopt a surname and to wear a pair of swords.", "ja": "苗字垯刀を蚱されおいた。" }
{ "en": "The origins (birthplace etc) of many Gosho (rural samurai) was well known.", "ja": "出自がはっきりしおいる者も倚い。" }
{ "en": "Typically during the Edo period samurai warriors tended to live gather together in castle towns (` jokashi` (castle town men) or hanshi (feudal retainer of a domain)), whereas, the goshi (rural samurai) generally indicated a lower level samurai warrior residing in a village or hamlet.", "ja": "通垞、江戞時代における歊士は原則的に城䞋町に集䜏するこちらを城䞋士あるいは藩士ずいうのに察し、村圚、たたは圚郷に䜏む歊士を呌ぶ。" }
{ "en": "The status of Goshi (rural samurai) was generally middle class: somewhat lower than samurai (hanshi) residing in castle towns but, higher than peasants.", "ja": "身分は抂ね城䞋に䜏む歊士藩士より䞋、癟姓より䞊ずいう身分的䞭間局である。" }
{ "en": "Goshi are mainly divided into the following.", "ja": "郷士を倧きく分類するず次のようになる。" }
{ "en": "There were examples of goshi who held the rank of samurai prior to the `heinobunri` system (separation of samurai from farmer roles) coming into effect, but continued to reside in rural areas while maintaining the rank of samurai.", "ja": "兵蟲分離以前に歊士身分であった者が歊士身分を維持しながら蟲村に居䜏し続けたケヌス。" }
{ "en": "The goshi (rural samurai) experienced a change in status of their main residences, were forced to relocate or were not permitted to leave their local area and were given permission by the feudal lord to be goshi.", "ja": "䞻家が改易たたは転封になったものの、圚地を離れず、新たな領䞻から郷士ず認められた者。" }
{ "en": "There were some families of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) forced to become Kaieki or senior vassals who settled and took up farming again, but most of them belonged to the rank of their branch family or jizamurai (local samurai).", "ja": "改易された戊囜倧名の䞀族や重臣が仕官せず土着・垰蟲した者も散芋されるが、倚くはそれらの庶家や地䟍クラスである。" }
{ "en": "These people were influential local leaders, and there were many examples where a new feudal lord made such people goshi in the samurai class, as an appeasement policy, instead of giving them a farming rank.", "ja": "こうした者は圚地における実力者であり、新たな領䞻がその懐柔策ずしお癟姓身分ではなく、士分ずしおの郷士に取り立おたこずが倚い。" }
{ "en": "Because there were no forced relocations of daimyo families from the middle ages onwards, there was insufficient separation of samurai and farmers amongst the ranks of vassals and as such, the fiefs of provincial samurai perpetuated and the goshi continued to live in rural villages..", "ja": "䞭䞖以来、倧名家の転封が無かったため、家臣団の兵蟲分離が䞍十分で、地䟍の地方知行が存続し、蟲村に居䜏し続けた。" }
{ "en": "There were some examples of peasants and townspeople who were promoted to samurai.", "ja": "癟姓、町人身分であった者が歊士身分ぞ取りたおられたケヌス。" }
{ "en": "Individuals who were peasants and townspeople (eg. prosperous merchants or wealthy farmers) were awarded samurai status (by becoming goshi) as a reward for monetary tributes paid to the daimyo or in recognition of developments in new pursuits.", "ja": "富商、豪蟲など癟姓・町人身分であった者が、倧名家に察しおの献金や新田開発の耒矎ずしお士分ずしおの郷士に取り立おられた者。" }
{ "en": "Those prosperous merchants or wealthy farmers were often decedents of provincial samurai or family/vassals of daimyo who was punished during the Sengoku (Warring States) period by being dispossessed of their lands.", "ja": "これら富商、豪蟲も出自は地䟍、改易された戊囜倧名の䞀族や家臣である事が倚い。" }
{ "en": "Others", "ja": "その他" }
{ "en": "There were some examples of lower-ranking samurai who could not survive just living on their Karoku (hereditary stipend) in a castle town because of their low status and because they were not allowed to farm in agricultural villages or the outskirts of the castle town.", "ja": "䞋玚歊士がその䜎い身分故に城䞋で家犄のみによっお生蚈を維持できず、城䞋郊倖又は蟲村で蟲業を営むこずを蚱されたケヌス。" }
{ "en": "Specially exempted samurai (eg. Goshi hailing from the Totsugawa area in Nara and others).", "ja": "特別の所以があるもの十接川郷士など。" }
{ "en": "The above goshi were categorized depending on the process by which they became goshi, however the essential elements they had in common were categorized as follows:", "ja": "以䞊は郷士ずなった経緯によっお分類したものだが、これらに共通する本質的な性質は以䞋のように敎理できる。" }
{ "en": "The leading researcher of the goshi, Motoi KIMURA defines goshi as having the following 4 characteristics:", "ja": "郷士研究の第䞀人者である朚村瀎は、郷士ずは以䞋の4点を䜵せ持぀者ずしおいる。" }
{ "en": "Goshi were clearly differentiated depending on whether they resided in a castle town or in a rural village", "ja": "城䞋士ずは明確に区別され、圚郷しおいるこず" }
{ "en": "All or a part of a goshi`s land forming their fief was given to them and was the basis of their livelihood.", "ja": "所持地の党郚、たたは䞀郚を「知行」ずしお䞎えられ、生掻の基瀎をそれに眮くこず" }
{ "en": "Within a the hierarchy of a grouping of vassals, an individual was given a formal ranking of `goshi`.", "ja": "家臣団の身分階局性のなかに「郷士」名称は各様ずしお正匏に䜍眮付けられおいるこず" }
{ "en": "The goshi had to bear the burden of military service but, there were cases where this did not occur.", "ja": "軍圹を負担するこず䜆し、負担しない堎合もあり" }
{ "en": "Moreover, KIMURA (the academic mentioned above) points out that there are individuals who are easily mistaken for goshi, however, those individuals who are difficult to be considered as goshi as mentioned as follows:", "ja": "たた、朚村は郷士ず混同されやすく、しかも郷士ずは蚀い難いものずしお以䞋の者を挙げおいる。" }
{ "en": "It is necessary to exclude these individuals by virtue they are in a different category to goshi.", "ja": "これらは郷士ずいう存圚を考える際に別物ずしお陀倖する必芁がある。" }
{ "en": "Castle town based samurai who for some reason or other lived in rural hamlets.", "ja": "城䞋士でありながら、なんらかの事情により圚郷しおいる者" }
{ "en": "Vassals of a daimyo (commander) but residing in a rural hamlet.", "ja": "陪臣にしお圚郷しおいる者" }
{ "en": "Individuals from the upper rungs of peasants and village headman permitted to dress as samurai, use a surname and wear a pair of swords.", "ja": "倧庄屋など䞊局蟲民で苗字垯刀埡免など歊士䞊の栌匏を蚱可された者" }
{ "en": "It is particularly easy to confuse goshi with individuals in this third category: upper-rung peasants and wealthy merchants, dressed the same as samurai, permitted to adopt a surname and wore a pair of swords.", "ja": "特に混同しがちなのは3点目の䞊局蟲民や豪商などで苗字垯刀埡免など歊士䞊の栌匏をも぀者であろう。" }
{ "en": "In this case, the foundation of this 3rd group's livelihood was the possession of agricultural land or a commerce, and they did not belong to the ranks of vassals.", "ja": "この堎合、生掻の基瀎はあくたでも蟲民的土地所有や商業にあり、たた家臣団には入っおいない。" }
{ "en": "Although they were not of goshi status, peasants and city dwellers with special rights allowing them to use a surname and wear swords existed in every province.", "ja": "このような郷士身分ではないものの苗字垯刀を蚱された特暩的な癟姓・町人は党囜的に存圚した。" }
{ "en": "Although of peasant status, such individuals held regional power, were appointed as village officials (eg. headman) at the lowest end of the ruling structure, or their children were used as common foot soldier by the Satsuma clan.", "ja": "癟姓身分ではあるが、圌らは地域の有力者ずしお支配の末端に䜍眮する庄屋などの村圹人に任ぜられたり、あるいはその子匟が足軜薩摩藩ずしお甚いられたりした。" }
{ "en": "Such individuals received special dispensation to use a surname and wear swords by virtue of their responsibilities and contribution to the fringes of the fief's finances and control.", "ja": "支配の末端に連なるその圹儀や藩財政ぞの貢献ゆえ、特暩ずしお苗字垯刀を蚱されたのである。" }
{ "en": "Amongst such individuals there were people who gave themselves the (unofficial) private title of `Goshi` however this was not formal arrangement, but instead, a private title, and therefore such individuals can be easily confused with `true` goshi when considering goshi from an academic standpoint.", "ja": "圌らの䞭には、非公認の自称や私称ずしお「郷士」を名乗る者も存圚したが、制床ではなく私称であるので、孊術的に郷士を考える際に混同すべきではない。" }
{ "en": "In addition, there are examples where within goshi classes there was further sub-division.", "ja": "たた、郷士内においおも、现分化された階局に分かれおいる堎合がある。" }
{ "en": "For example, there are differentiations made based on whether a goshi was a Kyuzoku goshi (of ancient pedigree) and Toritate goshi (appointed goshi) owner of land or landless, receipt of a stipend (in the form of rice) from the fief), and whether or not they held a village role etc.", "ja": "䟋ずしおは、旧族郷士ず取立郷士の別や絊田・知行高、村圹の有無などである。" }
{ "en": "Furthermore, in various periods/provinces, legitimate samurai below the rank of Kishi (mounted samurai) that held special military rights were referred to as `goshi` (like titles given to an English Esquire or a Spanish Hidalgo, etc.).", "ja": "なお、他の各時代・囜においお正芏の歊士、階士より䞋䜍の軍事的特暩階玚を郷士ず衚蚘するこずがあるむギリスのEsquire、スペむンのhidalgo等。" }
{ "en": "Please also refer to the respective paragraphs relating to samurai from the Totsugawa area in Nara and junior officials in Hachioji.", "ja": "十接川郷士、八王子千人同心はそれぞれの項目参照。" }
{ "en": "The Uesugi clan in the Yonezawa domain was a Dai-daimyo (a grand feudal lord) family of a 1.2 million koku income subordinate to the Toyotomi government, however, after the Battle of Sekigahara, their wealth was reduced to 300,000 koku.", "ja": "米沢藩䞊杉氏は豊臣政暩䞋120䞇石の倧倧名家であったが、関ヶ原の戊いで30䞇石に枛封された。" }
{ "en": "However, the Uesugi clan struggled financially because the clan did not press any vassals into service.", "ja": "しかし、家臣の召し攟ちを行わなかったこずから財政が逌迫した。" }
{ "en": "On top of this, in 1664 the third lord of the clan (Tsunakatsu UESUGI) died suddenly leaving no successor.", "ja": "さらに、1664幎寛文4幎に3代藩䞻䞊杉綱勝が嫡子がないたた急死した。" }
{ "en": "Normally, a change in the rankings would result in grain tributes being reduced by half to 150,000 koku but, special permission was given to Tsunanori UESUGI (son of Yoshinaka KIRA) to become an adopted son.", "ja": "本来なら改易になるずころを、石高を半分の15䞇石ずしお吉良矩倮の子䞊杉綱憲を末期逊子に迎えるこずが特別に蚱された。" }
{ "en": "Due to rice stipend being reduced in half and no vassals pressed into service, the lower ranked samurai clansmen (who had been living in the confiscated Fukushima-jo Castle) were allocated homes and farmland on the outskirts of the castle town below Yonezawa-jo Castle,.", "ja": "石高が半枛したのに家臣の召し攟ちを行わなかったため、没収された犏島城に詰めおいた䞋玚藩士は、米沢城城䞋の郊倖に屋敷の他に蟲地が圓おられた。" }
{ "en": "The clansmen were not allocated a domain as such, nor given an amount sufficient for the upkeep up their household, but were told instead to concentrate on working their farmlands in normal times, and were only required to perform military duties on an ad hoc basis.", "ja": "圌らには知行が党くたたは家蚈を維持できない皋床しか䞎えられない代わり、普段は蟲地の経営に専念でき、臚時の軍圹にのみ埓事すればよいずされた。" }
{ "en": "These lower-class samurai were called harakatashu.", "ja": "このような䞋玚歊士を原方衆ず呌んだ。" }
{ "en": "In the pictorial map of the castle provided to the shogunate, the districts where people lived on the plains were marked as residential areas of samurai.", "ja": "なお、幕府に提出する城絵図には原方衆が居䜏する地域も歊家地ず明蚘されおいる。" }
{ "en": "Prior to the Battle of Sekigahara, as a conciliatory gesture, older vassals of the Chosokabe clan (that controlled the Shikoku region and who had been farmer-warriors) were made goshi.", "ja": "関ヶ原の戊い以前に四囜を支配しおいた長宗我郚氏の旧臣䞀領具足局を懐柔するため郷士に取り立おた。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, goshi were created from high ranking eminent samurai (also called `kakegawashu` and `yamauchi` (monk) samurai, had been vassals since the time when Kazutoyo YAMAUCHI was the lord of Kakegawa-jo Castle, or master-less `ronin` samurai taken from Osaka jail prior to entering Tosa ranks.", "ja": "䞀方、掛川衆や山内䟍ず呌ばれる䞊士は、山内䞀豊が掛川城䞻だった時からの家臣や土䜐入封前に倧坂牢人を取り立おたものである。" }
{ "en": "Whilst it can be said the goshi from Tosa domain were samurai, they suffered from systematic discrimination compared to other domains resulting in a situation where although the upper samurai ranks of Tosa were domain samurai all the same, there was latent confrontation and antagonism.", "ja": "土䜐藩における郷士は歊士ずはいえ、他藩に比べるず培底した差別䞋にあったため土䜐藩䞊士ずは同じ藩士ずはいえ朜圚的には察立、敵察関係にあったずされる。" }
{ "en": "At the end of the Edo period, when the authority of the bakufu and the clans had diminished, many of the Tosa goshi committed themselves to a movement whose rallying cry was ' Revere the emperor and expel the barbarians`.", "ja": "幕府や藩の暩嚁が衰えた幕末には土䜐郷士達の倚くが尊皇攘倷運動に身を投じた。" }
{ "en": "Famous personalities included: Hanbeta TAKECHI, who organized the Tosa goshi, and formed the Tosa kinnoto (loyalist clique of Tosa), and Ryoma SAKAMOTO, who formed Kaientai association, mediated the union of the Satsuma clan and the Choshu clan and made great efforts towards the realization of transfer of power back to the Emperor, as well as Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA, who was the first Speaker of Japan's House of Representatives.", "ja": "著名な人物には土䜐郷士をたずめ土䜐勀王党を結成した歊垂半平倪や、海揎隊(浪士結瀟)の結成や薩長連合の斡旋、倧政奉還の成立に尜力した坂本韍銬、初代衆議院議長の䞭島信行がいる。" }
{ "en": "Also in the domain there was a policy of conciliation whereby the Tosa goshi were honored with the special title of `Shirofuda` (based on family line or merit) so they would receive the same treatment as upper ranking samurai..", "ja": "たた藩には土䜐郷士の懐柔政策の䞀぀ずしお、特別な家系や功瞟によっおは䞊士扱いの癜札ずする制床があった。" }
{ "en": "Hanbeta TAKECHI was awarded the `Shirofuda` rank.", "ja": "歊垂半平倪は癜札であった。" }
{ "en": "In such cases, their actual title was not `goshi`, but Zaichu Gokenin (literally meaning lower ranked vassal).", "ja": "実際の名称は郷士ずは蚀わず圚䞭埡家人ず呌ばれた。" }
{ "en": "Initially because of a need for administration of rural areas etc, samurai status was conferred upon surviving retainers of the previous domain rulers (Konishi and Kato clans) who had returned to farming as well as local clans.", "ja": "はじめは蟲村行政等の必芁性から前領䞻、小西・加藀氏の垰蟲遺臣や土豪に士栌を远認したのは他藩ず同様である。" }
{ "en": "Furthermore, foot soldiers who returned to faming were given goshi` (rural samurai) status and as such were permitted use a surname and wear swords as well as guard province borders and to patrol frontier areas..", "ja": "たた、足軜を垰蟲させ軜栌の「郷士」ずしお苗字垯刀を蚱し、囜境・蟺境譊備に圓たらせた。" }
{ "en": "Examples of this include a regional regiment of unpaid/honorary fusiliers called 'Jizutsu and Korizutsu'.", "ja": "こうした䟋に「地筒・郡筒じづ぀・こうりづ぀」の鉄砲隊があり、これは無絊に等しい「名誉職」であった。" }
{ "en": "In reality, it was a fusilier regiment in name alone and its members were mobilized to serve as local officials lower ranking samurai to work on an ad-hoc basis in Edo (now modern day Tokyo).", "ja": "実際、鉄砲隊ずは名ばかりで、地圹人や臚時の江戞詰め藩卒ずしお動員されたりした。" }
{ "en": "In a strange twist, inquisitive sons of goshi (rural samurai) made use of these arrangements to volunteer as foot soldiers to serve in Edo as a means to broaden their horizons.", "ja": "逆に、奜奇心旺盛な郷士の子匟は、それらの制床を利甚しお、芋聞を広めるために江戞詰め足軜に志願するこずもあった。" }
{ "en": "Also, from the middle of the Edo period onwards, clans tended to confer goshi` (rural samurai) status in large numbers in return for a monetary contribution which came to form part of the clan's revenue; this practice of certain amounts of money changing hands to obtain particular titles became institutionalized and the practice was known as 'Sunshi Gokenin' (literally meaning `gifted low ranked vassal`).", "ja": "たた江戞時代䞭期以降、藩は献金に応じ郷士栌を乱発する傟向ずなり、昇栌する栌匏によっお金額たで定められ藩の収入の䞀郚ずもなり「寞志埡家人」ずしお制床化された。" }
{ "en": "Basically, the status conferred this way almost identical with that of the foot soldiers (with the exception of 'Ichiryo-ippiki' (goshi senior Hosokawa clansmen) and upper-rank rural based samurai).", "ja": "それによっお䞎えられる身分は、「䞀領䞀匹」ず「地士」以倖は抂ね「足軜栌」皋床であった。" }
{ "en": "The practice of `buying` goshi status also gave rise to gossip: recipient were called 'Kaneage zamurai' (literally meaning `give you money samurai`).", "ja": "献金郷士は「カネ䞊げ䟍」ず陰口された。" }
{ "en": "From the Meiji period onwards, their descendants who in turn had inherited warrior class status were sniped at as 'Kaneage shizoku' (literally meaning `give you money samurai descendants`).", "ja": "明治以降もそれらの子孫で士族ずなった者は「カネ䞊げ士族」ずいわれた。" }
{ "en": "Goshi (rural samurai) were considered part of the ranks of vassals because the daimyo of ancient clans believed that the goshi samurai had lived outside the castle grounds since mediaeval times and, resided in castle support towns (on a stipend) which was different to arrangements in a large number of other clans.", "ja": "旧族居付倧名であるため、倖城制の存圚などに芋られるように䞭䞖的であり、城䞋集䜏・俞犄制をずる倧倚数の藩ずは異なった。" }
{ "en": "Furthermore, samurai such as those who were minor provincial lords at the time of the Sengoku (Warring States) period, regional samurai, and those in the unified Shimazu clan army in Kyushu were included in the ranks of vassals as goshi.", "ja": "戊囜時代における囜人、圚地歊士、そしお島接氏の九州統䞀戊で傘䞋に入った歊士等が郷士ずしお家臣団に組み蟌たれた。" }
{ "en": "For the above reasons such goshi samurai were also called `Tojoshi` (literally meaning `samurai outside a castle`).", "ja": "そのため、倖城士ずも呌ぶ。" }
{ "en": "The duties of the `Tojoshi` were identical with those of clan affiliated samurai and included roles such as: participating in the Sankinkotai detail (where feudal lords were required to spend alternate years residing in Edo) and, military service.", "ja": "参勀亀代、軍圹等、果たす圹目は、䞀般の藩士ず同じである。" }
{ "en": "At the beginning of the Edo period, there was negligible difference between samurai calling themselves 'Kagoshima shuchu' (living near Kagoshima-jo Castle) and Tojoshi (samurai living outside a castle) going by other local/hamlet demarking titles ('Izumi shuchu' or 'Kokubu shuchu').", "ja": "江戞時代初期は、鹿児島城䞋に䜏む歊士は「鹿児島衆䞭」ず呌ばれ、倖城士は所属する郷によっお「出氎衆䞭」、「囜分衆䞭」ず呌ばれ、倧した区別はされおいなかった。" }
{ "en": "It was also common for goshi to be appointed to posts such as Oshima Daikan Tsukiyaku (a post under the local governor in Amami-Oshima island).", "ja": "奄矎倧島代官附圹などに郷士が任呜されるこずも倚かった。" }
{ "en": "However, from the middle of the Edo period onwards (especially after Shigehide SHIMAZU instituted reformation of domain responsibilities), the 'Kagoshima shuchu' (literally meaning samurai resident in the Kagoshima area) were given the title 'jokashi' (literally meaning samurai outside the castle) which brought about an awareness of rigid status distinctions between 'Jokashi' and 'Goshi'.", "ja": "しかし、䞭期以降特に島接重豪の藩政改革以降、「鹿児島衆䞭」は「城䞋士」ず呌ばれるようになり、「城䞋士」ず「郷士」の間には厳栌な身分差意識が誕生したずいわれる。" }
{ "en": "However, even after that, there were still changes in status because of adoptions between goshi and jokashi and commuting relationships.", "ja": "䜆し、その埌も城䞋士ずの間に逊子瞁組による身分の移動や通婚関係はあった。" }
{ "en": "Also, there were many examples of individuals becoming `goshi` (regional samurai) after migrating from the Kagoshima region to other areas following the setting up of formalized `jokashi` (literally meaning samurai outside a castle) structured family systems.", "ja": "たた、城䞋士が家制床家の蚭立、消滅埌に「鹿児島」から他郷ぞ移䜏し、郷士ずなる䟋も倚かった。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, there was a hierarchical difference amongst goshi: middle and upper ranks resided in samurai residential districts called `fumoto` and in effect ran the local government administration.", "ja": "曎に、郷士内郚でも身分の䞊䞋があり、䞊䞭玚郷士は麓ず呌ばれる歊家屋敷街に䜏み、事実䞊地方行政を取り仕切った。" }
{ "en": "Also, when a samurai became a senior ranking goshi they controlled vast farming lands, forests and mountains, and moreover, it was possible for them to trade produce among samurai in the Satsuma clan.", "ja": "たた、䞊玚郷士ずもなるず倚くの蟲地山林を抱え、さらに薩摩藩では歊士同士の石高の売買が出来た。" }
{ "en": "This led to many goshi (rural samurai) using their trading right to the limits allowed and, although of lower status, many goshi lived more prosperous lives than their higher-ranked jokashi (samurai outside castles) counterparts.", "ja": "そのため、持高制限䞀杯たで石高を買い集めるなどしお、身分は䜎くずも城䞋士以䞊に豊かな者が倚かった。" }
{ "en": "However, the majority of goshi were considered `Mudaka` (receiving no stipend in the form of a share of crop yields).", "ja": "だが、倧半の郷士は無高の者が倚かった無高郷士。" }
{ "en": "These unsubsidized `Mudaka` goshi made their livings by pursuing those professions permitted by the clan (carpentry, cottage industries) and, amongst the goshi there were individuals who maintained their senior goshi status whilst working as tenant farmers.", "ja": "これらの郷士は、藩に蚱可されおいた倧工や内職で生蚈を立お、䞭には歊士身分のたたで䞊玚郷士の小䜜人になる者もいた。" }
{ "en": "Following the Meiji Restoration, there were many goshi who successfully purchased and accumulated land holdings in contrast to jokashi/clan samurai who lost their stipends and were ruined.", "ja": "明治維新埌は俞犄を倱い没萜した城䞋士藩士に察し、郷士は蟲地を買い集め地䞻ずしお成功した者が倚かった。" }
{ "en": "Many goshi also maintained a frigid attitude in relation to the Satsuma Rebellion.", "ja": "西南戊争に察しおも冷ややかな態床をずる郷士が倚かったず蚀われる。" }
{ "en": "Afterwards, many jokashi (outside castle samurai) departed Kagoshima/home towns and leveraged clan links in pursuit of careers as central-government bureaucrats or in the military whereas those of goshi origin formed cliques within the police.", "ja": "その埌、城䞋士出身者の倚くは郷里・鹿児島を離れ、藩閥の力で䞭倮官吏や軍人ずしお立身を目指し、䞀方の郷士出身者は譊察で掟閥を圢成した。" }
{ "en": "Many goshi who did not relocate to urban centers often pursued careers in local areas as: public servants, teachers, police officers, or firefighters.", "ja": "たた、䞭倮に出られない者は地元で公務員、教垫、譊察官や消防吏員の道に進むものが倚かった。" }
{ "en": "It is said that in pre-war Kagoshima Prefecture, it was extremely difficult for 'Heimin' (commoners) to secure public service roles in a new government.", "ja": "戊前の鹿児島県においおは新政䞋で「平民」に眮かれた者がこれらの公職に就くこずは至難の道であったずいわれる。" }
{ "en": "in 1945 after the war ended and until the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) took control, this political structure remained unchanged in Kagoshima political structures.", "ja": "昭和20幎の敗戊により連合囜軍最高叞什官総叞什郚のおこ入れがあるたで、鹿児島県政のこの政治構造は倉わらなかった。" }
{ "en": "Sotsuzoku was a name of social status in the early Meiji period.", "ja": "卒族そ぀ぞくは、明治初期の身分呌称の䞀぀。" }
{ "en": "Low-ranking samurai called differently as Doshin or Ashigaru (a foot soldier) in each domain, who did not have the status of samurai, were examples.", "ja": "藩によっお同心・足軜等の呌称で呌ばれた士分栌を有さない䞋玚の䟍がこれにあたる。" }
{ "en": "In 1870, the designation started; however, it was abolished two years later.", "ja": "1870幎明治3幎より制床が開始されたが、2幎埌に廃止ずなった。" }
{ "en": "In the abolition of Sotsuzoku, the hereditary Sotsuzoku was incorporated into Shizoku (the samurai class), and the one-off generation of Sotsuzoku into Heimin (commoner).", "ja": "廃止にあたっおはそれたで䞖襲しおいた者は士族に、䞀代限りの者は平民に線入された。" }
{ "en": "Azechi (Inspector of the provincial government)", "ja": "按察䜿あぜち" }
{ "en": "A government post of Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) which was established in the Nara period to supervise local government.", "ja": "奈良時代に蚭眮された、地方行政を監督する什倖官の官職。" }
{ "en": "See Azechi (in the Ritsuryo system) for details.", "ja": "詳现は按察䜿(埋什制)を参照。" }
{ "en": "It is a title of government officials who supervise local government, which was set up by the Meiji Government after the Meiji Restoration.", "ja": "明治維新埌、明治政府によっおおかれた地方政治を監督する官名。" }
{ "en": "See Azechi (in the Meiji Government) for details.", "ja": "詳现は按察䜿(明治政府)を参照。" }
{ "en": "Azechi (in the Ritsuryo system)", "ja": "按察䜿(埋什制)" }
{ "en": "Azechi was a government post of Ryoge no kan to supervise local government.", "ja": "按察䜿あぜちは、地方行政を監督する什倖官の官職。" }
{ "en": "From kokushu (head of provincial governors) of several provinces, one person was selected to supervise the administration of kokushi (provincial governors) within its jurisdiction.", "ja": "数カ囜の囜守の内から1人を遞任し、その管内における囜叞の行政の監察を行った。" }
{ "en": "It was established in 719 of the Nara period.", "ja": "奈良時代の719幎逊老3幎に蚭眮された。" }
{ "en": "After the Heian period, except for the Azechi in Mutsu Province and Dewa Province, the post was held concurrently with Nagon (Dainagon [chief councilor of state], Chunagon [vice-councilor of state], Shonagon [lesser councilor of state]), Sangi (councillor) and so on, making the post unsubstantial.", "ja": "平安時代以降は陞奥囜・出矜囜の按察䜿だけを残し、玍蚀倧玍蚀・䞭玍蚀・少玍蚀・参議などずの兌任ずなり実䜓がなくなった。" }
{ "en": "According to the \"Shoku Nihongi\" (Chronicle of Japan Continued), the following eleven persons in the position of kokushi were appointed as Azechi for the first time on July 13, 719, of the early Nara period.", "ja": "『続日本玀』によるず、奈良時代初頭の719幎逊老3幎7月13日に以䞋の11名の囜叞が初めお按察䜿に任呜された。" }
{ "en": "Kadobe no Okimi (Ise no kuni no kami [Governor of Ise Province], Jugoinojo [Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade]) administered two provinces, namely Iga Provinc and Shima Province.", "ja": "門郚王䌊勢囜守、埓五䜍䞊は䌊賀囜、志摩囜の2囜を管する。" }
{ "en": "Otomo no Yamamori (Totomi no kuni no kami [Governor of Totomi Province], Shogoinojo [Senior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade]) administered three provinces, namely Suruga Province, Izu Province, and Kai Province.", "ja": "倧䌎山守遠江囜守、正五䜍䞊は駿河囜、䌊豆囜、甲斐囜の3囜を管する。" }