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{
"en": "Myoseki usually indicates a full name.",
"ja": "なお、名跡とは通常、フルネームを指す。"
}
|
{
"en": "As noted above, inheriting names is also practiced in the political world (ie. hereditary transfer of constituency, or succeeding generations within political family) as well as amongst organized crime gang groups (succession to the gang name by an heir), but in such cases an individual name (Myoseki) is not inherited in its full-name form..",
"ja": "政治（選挙区の世襲、または派閥継承）や暴力団（跡目継承）でも行われていることはほとんど上記のとおりであるものの、フルネームの個人名（名跡）を継承することはない。"
}
|
{
"en": "That is to say however, individuals can not be made to inherit Myoseki `names`.",
"ja": "すなわち名跡は継承されない。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, in the case of inheritances in samurai families, Myoseki `names` indicated only the transfer of the surname or family name.",
"ja": "しかし、武家の相続では名跡とは苗字・家名のみの継承を指す。"
}
|
{
"en": "Public entertainment",
"ja": "芸能"
}
|
{
"en": "Succession of Myoseki `names` from one's predecessor is a system or custom unique to Japanese and often seen to occur in entertainment and accomplished art circles (including kabuki, and `rakugo` comic storytelling), which maintain `iemoto` systems (where the teaching and handing down of such traditional Japanese arts/pursuits is licensed).",
"ja": "名跡の襲名は歌舞伎や落語等の寄席演芸、家元制度を採る各種の芸能、芸道に多く見られる、日本独特の制度・慣習の一種である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Irrespective of the field of Japanese public entertainment, be it: Noh dramas, Kyogen farce, Bunraku puppet theater, traditional Japanese music (accompaniments to Noh and Kabuki to the popular Tsugaru-shamisen three stringed banjo-like instrument), or Classical Japanese dance, the custom of inheriting professional artists Myoseki `names` exists.",
"ja": "能楽、狂言、人形浄瑠璃、邦楽（能や歌舞伎から大衆的な津軽三味線まで）、日本舞踊と、日本の芸能のいずれの分野にも名跡襲名が存在する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Even the Zenshinza, drama company associated with the Japanese Communist Party adheres to the practice of artists inheriting predecessor's acting names as do the avant garde troupes Shinpa-Geki (a New Faction Drama) and Shochiku Shin Kigeki (Shochiku New Comedy).",
"ja": "（日本共産党と関係を持つ劇団前進座でも襲名はある。現代劇であるはずの新派劇・松竹新喜劇なども）"
}
|
{
"en": "Above all others, the inheritance of names in kabuki and rakugo circles attracts particular public attention.",
"ja": "とりわけ、歌舞伎と落語では、襲名が特に注目される。"
}
|
{
"en": "For impresarios a show that trumpets the inheriting of one artists stage name by another is considered a big business opportunity that carries \"no-risk and high-return\" (that is, notably `no-risk high-return` for the promoter, but not necessarily holding for the inheritor of the name).",
"ja": "興行主にとって襲名に伴う披露興行が“ノーリスク・ハイリターン”のビッグ・ビジネスとなるからである（興行主にとってノーリスクハイリターンなのであって、襲名する当人にとってではないところに注意）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Takeomi NAGAYAMA (president of entertainment firm Shochiku) achieved commercial success by following a policy of 'Finding kabuki productions staged around stage `name` succession announcements and career-end performances for the predecessors.'",
"ja": "松竹会長の永山武臣は「歌舞伎（興行）とは、襲名（興行）に追善（興行）と見つけたり」という方針を立ててビジネスを成功させてきた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The same applied to traditional rakugo storytelling events.",
"ja": "落語も同じ。"
}
|
{
"en": "Use of the term 'Myoseki,' (inheritance of names) is by and large synonymous with rakugo and kabuki circles.",
"ja": "「名跡」という言葉がもっぱら用いられるのもこれらの分野である。"
}
|
{
"en": "In kabuki and rakugo, the longer the pedigree and more celebrated a name is results in the Myoseki name inheritance process not being achieved in a single step process but requiring more hurdles to be cleared.",
"ja": "これらの分野では、歴史ある大きな名になるほど襲名も一段階にならず、いくつか段階をふんで襲名していく。"
}
|
{
"en": "That means, entertainers of the same name may repeatedly stage shows announcing the inheritance of a predecessor's name.",
"ja": "つまり同一人物が生涯に襲名興行を何回も繰り返す。"
}
|
{
"en": "At the outset, an entertainer inherits an introductory name (initially a less significant name).",
"ja": "まず初名（最初に名乗る軽い名前）が存在する。"
}
|
{
"en": "The rakugo world refers to such names as `zenza-mei` (opening act stage name).",
"ja": "（落語の場合は前座名ともいう）"
}
|
{
"en": "Actors tend to have a series of Myoseki (stage names) that evolve and change over time. (eg. an actor may take an initial name of `Kotaro NAKAMURA` that is subsequently changed to `Fukusuke NAKAMURA` and ends up as `Utaemon NAKAMURA` after a period being known as of `Shikan NAKAMURA`)",
"ja": "たとえば初名中村児太郎が中村福助になり、中村芝翫を経て中村歌右衛門になるといったように、出世魚式の名跡のリレーが見られる。"
}
|
{
"en": "The multiple steps to the Myoseki process also means that when an actor inherits a particular Myoseki stage name this indicates a degree of proficiency has been achieved in their entertainment skills.",
"ja": "これには、どの名跡をどの時点で継ぐかによって、その人の芸を示すという意味合いもあるのである。"
}
|
{
"en": "In cases like that of the kabuki actor Utaemon NAKAMURA, the Myoseki stage name that indicates an actor has the arrived at the pinnacle of his troupe's line (ie. where there is no higher rung to achieve) is referred to as a `tomena` (literally meaning `halt name`).",
"ja": "なおこの場合、中村歌右衛門のように、その系統で最高の権威を持ち、それ以上の襲名を行わない名跡のことを、止め名（留め名）と呼ぶ。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also there are Myoseki entertainers names that are both `tomena` (the name indicating highest achievable rank) and also indicate the `iemoto` (head of a school/troupe) authority (or at least the individual once held such an authority).",
"ja": "また、留め名であり、かつ、同屋号同亭号全体に対して家元的権威を持つ（あるいはそれだけの権威をかつては持っていた）名跡もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the world of kabuki such individuals exist: Danjuro ICHIKAWA (head family of Ichikawa), Utaemon NAKAMURA (Narikoma-ya family), Bunji KATSURA (Katsura school), Ensho SANYUTEI (Sanyu-tei school/Tachibana-ya school line (Sanyu school)), Ryukyo SHUNPUTEI, Ryushi SHUNPUTEI and Kosan YANAGIYA (of the Shunpu-tei school/Yanagi-ya school line (Yanagi school)) and Shozo HAYASHIYA of the Hayashi-ya school line.",
"ja": "例えば、歌舞伎市川宗家・市川団十郎、成駒屋における中村歌右衛門、桂派における桂文治、三遊亭・橘家系統（三遊派）における三遊亭圓生、春風亭・柳家系統（柳派）における春風亭柳橋、春風亭柳枝、柳家小さん、林家系統における林家正蔵などである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Among various Myoseki entertainer names (including eminent `tomena` (pinnacle) and `iemoto` (school/troupe leader)-like names) the prominent names are sometimes specifically called Dai-Myoseki (literally meaning great Myoseki).",
"ja": "こうした止め名や家元的名跡などを含めて、名跡のうちでも大なるものを特に大名跡と呼ぶことがある。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the worlds of kabuki and rakugo, `Myoseki` stage names are considered very important and as noted above, entertainers assume a series of `Myoseki` stage names in turn.",
"ja": "歌舞伎と落語では名跡はとても重視され、前記のように出世魚式の名跡のリレーが見られる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, active kabuki artists have Dai-Myoseki (in rakugo, this tradition declined from the late 1980`s), however, several exceptions have occurred even in kabuki (eg. Kichiemon I and the present Umenosuke NAKAMURA).",
"ja": "そのほか、第一線で活躍している者は、全員が大名跡を名乗っている（ただし落語では平成期にその伝統が崩れ、歌舞伎にも例外がある（＝初代吉右衛門、当代の中村梅之助など））。"
}
|
{
"en": "Adherence to the Myoseki system is not so pronounced in other fields of the entertainment industry (ie. besides kabuki and rakugo).",
"ja": "歌舞伎と落語以外では名跡へのこだわりは薄い。"
}
|
{
"en": "For example, in the sport of sumo wrestling, even the most high-ranked sumo wrestlers do not always inherit their predecessor's Myoseki as their own professional name.",
"ja": "例えば大相撲の四股名は最上位力士であっても名跡を継承する場合もしない場合もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, the Toshiyori (sumo elders) Myoseki system is still practiced, although the practice coexists with the single-generation Toshiyori (sumo elder) system).",
"ja": "（反面、年寄名跡制度は一代年寄制度と併存しながらであるが守られている）"
}
|
{
"en": "The traditional board game `Go` was once considered an accomplished art and was run according to the iemoto (school) system principles.",
"ja": "なお、囲碁はかつては芸事の一つであり、家元制が敷かれていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "The title `Hon-inbo` (literally meaning Grand Master) was Myoseki name inherited by `Go` players.",
"ja": "本因坊という名跡は、名跡として継承された。"
}
|
{
"en": "However Myoseki name of players were not inherited in full: each player retained their own individual Gago (pseudonym) as their first name.",
"ja": "但しフルネームを継承するわけではない（名（雅号）は個人ごとに名乗る）。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, the system of inherited Hon-inbo (Grand Master) names changed to a merit-based system from 1939 onwards whereby the Hon-inbo became a title for the winner of a traditional `Go` board game tournament.",
"ja": "しかし本因坊制度は1939年以降実力制になり、棋戦の勝者たるタイトルの称号としての本因坊となった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The winner of the Hon-inbo (Grand Master) tournament of a given year inherits the Hon-inbo (Grand Master) title.",
"ja": "その年の本因坊戦勝者が本因坊を継承する。"
}
|
{
"en": "Similarly, if a player successively wins the major tournament in successive years, the player is granted Hon-inbo (Grand Master) Myoseki whether or not a title is won in subsequent years..",
"ja": "同棋戦の王者を何期も経ると名誉本因坊となり、以後はタイトルの有無にかかわらず本因坊名跡を名乗り続けられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "The practice of Myoseki inherited names and titles is basically associated with the accomplished arts, but in certain circumstances, a particular family often controls and inherits a name/title because of blood relationships or through adoption.",
"ja": "名跡は基本的には芸系に属するものであるが、しばしばある一家がこれを管理し、血縁もしくは養子縁組によってこれを相続することが多い。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, if there is no direct family to inherit a name/title, an individual following in the footsteps of a predecessor's accomplishments may inherit the Myoseki (depending upon consultation with the family of the deceased artist) however, this manner of inheritance seems to be limited only to cases where there is no appropriate heir.",
"ja": "ただし後嗣がいない場合、遺族との相談によって先代の芸系を受継ぐ者がこれを相続する場合もあるが、現在ではこれはあくまでもそれにふさわしい後嗣がいない場合に限られるようである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Myoseki nomenclature is not a mere name, but a name or title that signifies inheritance of traditions of a certain accomplished art, which has been traditionally built up by hereditary successors to that Myoseki name/title over the generations.",
"ja": "名跡は単なる名前ではなく、代々の襲名者によって伝統的に築き上られてきた芸を継承するという意味もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "That is to say, `traditions` can be considered to be: aragoto (kabuki plays featuring exaggerated poses, makeup, and costumes) showcased in the acting of Danjuro ICHIKAWA, sewamono (dramas dealing with the lives of ordinary people) acted by Kikugoro ONOE, dance elements of kabuki performed by Mitsuzaburo BANDO, ninjomono (human-interest stories), and ghost stories as told by Encho SANYUTEI.",
"ja": "つまり市川団十郎における荒事、尾上菊五郎における世話物、坂東三津五郎における踊り、三遊亭圓朝における人情話、怪談などがこれである。"
}
|
{
"en": "At the time of Myoseki name/title inheritance occurs it is not only blood-relation requirements that are taken into consideration.",
"ja": "襲名の際には、血縁的な資格だけではない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Various other factors are also considered such as: whether the candidate is appropriately inheriting features of the accomplished art, whether the candidate has dominated the art form, or whether the candidate's demonstrated skill-levels are deserving of the gravity of a Myoseki title/name.",
"ja": "こうした芸の特質を受継ぎ、よく習得しているか、あるいはその実力が名跡の大きさに相応しいか、などが勘考される。"
}
|
{
"en": "In short, genealogical/family tree factors such as blood-line relationships or student-master relationships are only basic considerations.",
"ja": "つまり本来血縁や師弟関係等の系図的要素はあくまでも基礎的資格であるにすぎない。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition to the master's permission for Mysoeki name title inheritance to proceed, to ascertain whether or not a candidate for Myoseki name/title inheritance is appropriate, it is a common requirement that decisions must be made by Shochiku Co., Ltd., (when involving kabuki), or a theater's owner/master (when rakugo related), and even sometimes in further addition, support is required of the principle figure who goes by the same family name/same teigo (school name).",
"ja": "それ以上の、名跡にふさわしいか否かについての判断のために、しばしば襲名にあたっては、当該襲名者の師匠の許し、歌舞伎であれば松竹、落語ならば席亭や師匠の判断、さらに場合によっては同姓同亭号の大立者の協賛などが必要になってくる。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, blood relatives are often permitted to inherit Myoseki name/titles even though the candidate has not attained set skill levels, in the expectation that the inheritance will spur the candidate on to further develop their artistic proficiency.",
"ja": "ただし襲名を契機にさらなる飛躍を期待するという意味で、血縁者に実力以上の名跡を継がせるということもしばしばある。"
}
|
{
"en": "It should be noted that in Kabuki or Yose (vaudeville) genres, the number of generations who have inherited Myoseki names/titles is not precise.",
"ja": "なお歌舞伎や寄席演芸の場合は代数が正確ではない場合があるので注意を要する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the case of rakugo (storytelling) the reasons for the above are there are several periods where no documentary records remain.",
"ja": "理由として、（落語の場合は）過去の資料が存在していない時代があることが挙げられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In some cases, some performers lacked skills as artists and were not counted in the number ordering of successive Myoseki generations.",
"ja": "名跡を名乗った歴代のうちあまりにもその芸が拙劣であった者は代数から抜いてしまう場合もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Sometimes, the number order of generations was adjusted to reflect an auspicious/lucky number, and there is a custom of not counting zenza-mei (preliminary names) as Myoseki (conceivably a major inconsistency in defining the numbering of generations).",
"ja": "また縁起をかついで代数をいい数にずらすことがあること、（落語の場合は）いわゆる前座名は代数としてカウントしないという慣習の存在もある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Such an example exists with the present rakugo (storytelling) artist Shota SHUNPUTEI, who became a leader in his genre while preserving his `preliminary` zenza-me.",
"ja": "この場合、当代春風亭昇太のように、前座名のまま大看板となる場合には、果たして何代目と呼ぶべきか大きな矛盾を抱えてしまうことになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "There are other examples where a Myoseki name is somehow determined without seriously taking into consideration the number of generations.",
"ja": "そもそも代数を重視せず、フィーリングでなんとなく決める場合などがあげられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "There are also examples where precisely identical Myoseki names/titles exist in two different school/troupe lines in the East (Tokyo) and the West (Kyoto and Osaka areas) of Japan (Tokyo and respectively which sometimes causes confusion.",
"ja": "また東西（東京と上方）で別系統ながら完全に同名の名跡が存在する場合があり、混乱のもととなる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, in kabuki there are cases in which an sequential numbering of a Myoseki generation is granted to a (deceased) predecessor posthumously.",
"ja": "それと別に、歌舞伎では、死者に代数（＝名跡）を追贈（ついぞう）することがある。"
}
|
{
"en": "In much the same way as numbers are `retired` in professional baseball, the eliminating a certain number from a sequence in itself has significance.",
"ja": "これはプロ野球の永久欠番と同じで、「代数を欠くこと」そのものに意義があるのである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Examples where a child inherits a grander Myoseki name/title than the parent.",
"ja": "子が親よりも大きな名跡を継いだ例"
}
|
{
"en": "Myoseki inheritance of name/title due to premature death of a parent (with the exceptions of Fukusuke NAKAMURA V (nick-named `Kei-chan`), Tatsunosuke ONOE etc):",
"ja": "親が早世した場合（5代中村福助（慶ちゃん）、尾上辰之助など）を除く。"
}
|
{
"en": "Utaroku III",
"ja": "3世歌六"
}
|
{
"en": "Kanzaburo XVII",
"ja": "-17世勘三郎"
}
|
{
"en": "Sarunosuke II",
"ja": "2代猿之助"
}
|
{
"en": "Danshiro",
"ja": "-段四郎"
}
|
{
"en": "Hikozaburo (VI)",
"ja": "彦三郎(6代目)"
}
|
{
"en": "Uzaemon XVII",
"ja": "-17代羽左衛門"
}
|
{
"en": "Baiko VII",
"ja": "7代梅幸"
}
|
{
"en": "Kikugoro VII",
"ja": "-7代菊五郎"
}
|
{
"en": "Yoshizaburo ARASHI VI",
"ja": "6代目嵐芳三郎"
}
|
{
"en": "Kunitaro VI",
"ja": "-6代國太郎"
}
|
{
"en": "Umenosuke",
"ja": "梅之助"
}
|
{
"en": "Baijaku",
"ja": "-梅雀"
}
|
{
"en": "Sanpei",
"ja": "三平"
}
|
{
"en": "Shozo (inheritance may correspond with him having an `earlier blood-relative`).",
"ja": "-正蔵（「親が早世」というケースに当てはまるかもしれないが）"
}
|
{
"en": "Fukumaru",
"ja": "蝠丸"
}
|
{
"en": "Bunji X",
"ja": "-十代目文治"
}
|
{
"en": "Beicho",
"ja": "米朝"
}
|
{
"en": "Yonedanji",
"ja": "-米団治"
}
|
{
"en": "Ennosuke",
"ja": "圓之助"
}
|
{
"en": "Koencho IV",
"ja": "-4代目小圓朝"
}
|
{
"en": "There are also many examples of children cultivating unprecedented Dai-Myoseki (`grand` celebrate names/titles/reputations) (eg: Encho, Ganjiro, Kichiemon: all of them being first in their generational line).",
"ja": "また、子が一代で不世出の大名跡を築き上げた例も多数ある（圓朝、鴈治郎、吉右衛門-いずれも初代）"
}
|
{
"en": "Furthermore, there is a principle regarding brothers of the same family whereby the first son inherits his family's own Myoseki, whereas the second son inherits the Myoseki name/title of another family'.",
"ja": "なお、兄弟間の場合は、「長子はその家の固有の名跡を継ぎ、第二子以降は他の家の名跡を継ぐ」ということがある。"
}
|
{
"en": "On occasions the younger sibling unexpectedly obtains a higher ranked Myoseki name/rank than the elder sibling.",
"ja": "期せずして「弟のほうが格上の名跡」という場合がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "Samurai families and Myoseki",
"ja": "武家と名跡"
}
|
{
"en": "When an immediate family member or blood-related relative inherits his family name as either a biological or alternatively an adopted son, this process is termed as inheriting the family estate,' whereas, when an unrelated person takes over the family name as son-in-law (by marrying into his wife's family) or as an adopted son, this is sometimes termed 'inheriting a predecessors' Myoseki.'",
"ja": "肉親及び親類が実子または養子として家名を継ぐことを「家督を継ぐ」というが、血縁でないものが娘婿（婿養子）あるいは養子となって家名を踏襲する場合は「名跡を継ぐ」ということもある。"
}
|
{
"en": "To differentiate the processes, the terms are used when a person having a different family name changes the blood line of that family by inheriting the family's Myoseki.",
"ja": "とりわけ、異なる氏のものが継承することでその家名の血筋が変質する場合において用いられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "From the Kamakura period onwards, when there was no heir to carry on a family's name, sometimes an unrelated person, who sympathized with the family's situation (discontinuation), assumed (`adopted`) the name, and moreover, there were cases where victors who destroyed a family in battle appropriated the vanquished family's name as a trophy.",
"ja": "鎌倉時代以降、家名が絶えた場合にその断絶を惜しみ、肉親以外のものが称す場合があり、さらには戦勝の記念として滅ぼした敵の家名を名乗るという事例もあるという。"
}
|
{
"en": "Moreover, the case of the Hatakeyama clan is a typical example of such a Myoseki inheritance.",
"ja": "とりわけ、名跡継承の代表例は畠山氏である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shigetada HATAKEYAMA was one household within the Chichibu-Heishi (Taira clan) that could trace its roots back to Emperor Kanmu.",
"ja": "畠山重忠は、桓武天皇裔である秩父平氏の一党であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "When Shigetada was vanquished (along with his sons) by Tokimasa HOJO (Shigetada's father-in-law), Tokimasa forced his daughter (ie. Shigetada's widow) to marry Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA whereupon, Yoshizumi took over the Hatakeyama clan's territory.",
"ja": "畠山重忠が子ともども岳父 北条時政に滅ぼされると、時政は娘である重忠未亡人を足利義純に娶わせ、畠山氏の領地を相続させた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Accordingly, Yoshizumi's descendents came to be identified as the Hatakeyama clan and changed allegiances from the from Taira clan across to the Minamoto clan.",
"ja": "これにより義純の子孫は源姓畠山氏となり畠山氏は平氏から源氏の一門へと変わったのである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Hyakkan na refers to an official-rank-style name that samurai called himself.",
"ja": "百官名（ひゃっかんな）とは武士が称した官位風の人名をいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the Muromachi period, there appeared some cases in which shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) issued written appointments to hikan (a low-level bureaucrat) and gave them zuryomei (an official title of kokushi, provincial governor), which were unjustified titlles the Imperial Court had nothing to do with.",
"ja": "室町時代以降、守護大名が被官に対して官途状を発給し受領名（国司の官名）を授与するケースが表れたが、これは朝廷の関知しない僭称であった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Therefore, in formal occasions, such official names of the government office as given by shugo daimyo were omitted or replaced by different names.",
"ja": "よって、公式な場では守護大名から与えられた官名を略したり、違う表現に置き換えたりした。"
}
|
{
"en": "Also there appeared other cases in which offspring succeeded government posts which their ancestors had been appointed to, and thus a new custom of jikan, in which samurai used a government post at his own initiative without permission from the Imperial Court, became established.",
"ja": "また、先祖が補任された官職を子孫が継承するケースも現れるなど、朝廷の関知しない、武士が自ら官名を名乗る自官という慣習が定着していった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since around the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), a custom in which samurai used a name without his government post as his own name occurred among the samurai class, and continued by the end of the Edo period.",
"ja": "戦国時代(日本)の頃から、武士の間で官名を略したものを自分の名前として名乗る風習が生まれ、江戸時代後期までその風習が続いた。"
}
|
{
"en": "This was developed into azuma hyakkan (eastern-style titles conferred on daimyo and samurai) in the Kanto area (Eastern part of Japan) and was called buke hyakkan (titles conferred on daimyo and samurai), while hyakkan na based on government posts was called kuge hyakkan (titles conferred on samurai warriors based on the official names).",
"ja": "これが関東地方では東百官に発展し、こちらが武家百官と言われたのに対し、官職を元にした百官名は公家百官と呼ばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Samurai used hyakkan na putting it after the name of his clan or surname, and before his imina (a personal name) (In Japan a surname comes first, and followed by a first name).",
"ja": "氏や名字の次、諱の前に入れて名乗る。"
}
|
{
"en": "Reading of hyakkan na is a little different from that of the official name of a government post, so it is necessary to be careful (for example, 蔵人(Chamberlain) is read \"kurodo\" for a government post, but \"kurando\" for hyakkan na).",
"ja": "百官名の読みは正式な官名とは若干異なる読みをするので注意が必要である（例蔵人は、官職は“くろうど”、百官名は“くらんど”）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Ichiryo gusoku (literally means a set of armor) was a designation for a part time soldier and farmer and their organization (in sociology) which was formed and managed by Chosokabe clan, the daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) of Tosa Province in the Sengoku period targeting on armed peasants and jizamurai (local samurai) before heinobunri (a policy to strictly separate soldiers and farmers).",
"ja": "一領具足（いちりょうぐそく）は、戦国時代(日本)の土佐国の戦国大名、長宗我部氏が兵農分離前の武装農民や地侍を対象に編成、運用した半農半兵の兵士および組織(社会科学)の呼称である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Tosa Monogatari described it as fearless wandering samurai.",
"ja": "土佐物語では死生知らずの野武士なりと書かれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Summary",
"ja": "概要"
}
|
{
"en": "In peacetime, Ichiryo gusoku lived as farmers engaged in working the land, however, once they were mobilized by the feudal lord, they were supposed to respond it at once with ichiryo (one set) of gusoku (weapon, armor).",
"ja": "一領具足は、平時には田畑を耕し、農民として生活をしているが、領主からの動員がかかると、一領（ひとそろい）の具足（武器、鎧）を携えて、直ちに召集に応じることを期待されていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "To respond a sudden call-up without delay, they always carried their spear and armor during their farm working, thus they called Ichiryo gusoku.",
"ja": "突然の召集に素早く応じられるように、農作業をしている時も、常に槍と鎧を田畑の傍らに置いていたため、一領具足と呼称された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Another reason for this designation was that they could not afford to have extra sets of armor and had only a set of armor, while regular samurai had two sets of armor including a spare set.",
"ja": "また正規の武士であれば予備を含めて二領の具足を持っているが、半農半兵の彼らは予備が無く一領しか具足を持っていないので、こう呼ばれていたとも言う。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since they were such part-time soldiers, Ichiryo gusoku were exempted tasks obligated to ordinary samurai.",
"ja": "このような半農半兵の兵士であるから、一領具足は通常の武士が行うべき仕事は免除されていた。"
}
|
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