Datasets:
may-ohta
/
kftt

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
translation
translation
{ "en": "Later on, however, due to the collapse of the handensei (state controlled land allotment system), the increase of iden (fields allotted according to court rank) and Kokushi (provincial governors) converting jishi to shozei (rice taxed by provincial offices), the number of joden, which were essentially the extra fields of handen (allotted fields), were gradually decreased along with their jishi.", "ja": "だが、後に班田制の崩壊と位田などの増加、国司による地子の正税などへの転用によって本来は班田の余剰田であった乗田及びその地子も減少するようになった。" }
{ "en": "As a result, a variety of Shoen (manor) called a Ben no ho was established in place of the joden.", "ja": "便補保と呼ばれる一種の荘園が設置されてそれが乗田の代わりとされた。" }
{ "en": "Although it was originally intended for the Daijokan chuke to be administered jointly by the Shonagon and Benkan bureaus, it ended up being solely administered by the Benkan bureau once the Shonagon and Shonagon bureau lost their substance due to the establishment of the Kurododokoro (Board of Archivists).", "ja": "また、本来太政官厨家は少納言局と弁官局が共同で管理することになっていたが、蔵人所の設置で少納言及び少納言局の職掌が形骸化すると、専ら弁官局が管理するようになった。" }
{ "en": "In addition, remaining joden and Ben no ho effectively became territory of the Ozuki clan who passed their service as Kanmu (also known as Sadaishi which was the senior recorder of the left) from one generation to the next.", "ja": "更に残された乗田や便補保も代々官務（左大史）を務めた小槻氏の事実上の所領となっていった。" }
{ "en": "Ichinokami was the head of the Kugyo (top court officials) and usually referred to the Minister of the Left.", "ja": "一上（いちのかみ）とは、筆頭の公卿（一ノ上卿）という意味で、通常は左大臣のことを指す。" }
{ "en": "The Ichinokami was the highest-ranking minister among the Kugyo, except for Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), who received direct instructions from the Emperor, and Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor), who acted for the Emperor.", "ja": "天皇の師傳である太政大臣と天皇の代理である摂政関白を除いた公卿の中で最高の地位にある大臣がこれを務めた。" }
{ "en": "Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) usually served as ichinokami, however, in the case where the position of Sadaijin was vacant or Sadaijin served concurrently as Sessho Kanpaku (Sessho Kanpaku was not qualified as ichinokami), Udaijin (minister of the right) was appointed as ichinokami.", "ja": "すなわち、通常は左大臣が務めるが、もしも左大臣が欠員もしくは摂政関白を兼ねる（一上資格がない）場合には右大臣が任じられることになっていた。" }
{ "en": "Otherwise, Naidaijin (minister) was appointed as ichinokami; and very occasionally the Dainagon (Major Counselor) was appointed as ichinokami.", "ja": "それも不可能な場合には内大臣が任じられることになっていた（極稀に大納言が任命される例も存在はする）。" }
{ "en": "In addition, ichinokami were in charge of Kurodo (Chamberlains) other than the Head Chamberlain, as they served concurrently as Kurodo-betto (superintendent of Chamberlains), as well as Onmyo-ryo betto (superintendent of the Bureau of Divination).", "ja": "また、一上は蔵人別当を兼務して蔵人頭以下の蔵人を指揮し、陰陽寮別当が設置された場合にはこれも兼務した。" }
{ "en": "Incidentally, an imperial decree was usually issued to appoint an Ichinokami however if a Sadaijin resigned from ichinokami by taking the position of Sessho Kanpaku, the Sadaijin occasionally appointed their successor.", "ja": "なお、一上任命の際には「一上宣旨」と呼ばれる勅宣が出されるのが通例であったが、一上であった左大臣が摂政関白に就任したことによって一上を退く場合には、後継の一上を指名する場合もあった。" }
{ "en": "An exceptional case was when FUJIWARA no Michinaga, who served as Sadaijin and Ichinokami, resigned from the post of Ichinokami by taking the position of Sessho (regent), and he decided that the person who came in to work the earliest on the day would serve as ichinokami for the day among the seven kugyo, who were in the position between Udaijin (FUJIWARA no Akimitsu) and Dainagon (article of March 16, 1016, \"Shoyuki\" (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke)).", "ja": "特殊なケースとして左大臣（一上）であった藤原道長が摂政就任によって一上を退く際には右大臣藤原顕光以下大納言以上の7人の公卿のうち、その日最も早く出勤した者がその日の一上職務を行うこととした例（『小右記』長和5年3月16日条）がある。" }
{ "en": "This was done because FUJIWARA no Michinaga was worried that Akimitsu and Naidaijin FUJIWARA no Kinsue were too old to serve as ichinokami.", "ja": "これは顕光及び内大臣藤原公季が高齢で老耄の気があることを道長が気にかけたための対策であったという。" }
{ "en": "In 1147, FUJIWARA no Yorinaga became ichinokami due to the vacancies of Ministers of the Right and the Left, and attempted to restore government affairs, thus taking over power from his brother FUJIWARA no Tadamichi.", "ja": "久安3年（1147年）、左右両大臣の不在によって一上となった藤原頼長が大いに政務の再興を図って、兄の摂政藤原忠通を圧倒している。" }
{ "en": "Shomyo were samurai who were not well known.", "ja": "小名（しょうみょう）とは武士のうち、名のとどろかぬ者のこと。" }
{ "en": "Shomyo paired up with daimyo (feudal lord).", "ja": "大名と対になる。" }
{ "en": "Explanation", "ja": "解説" }
{ "en": "Shomyo means a samurai family which was not ranked as high as daimyo.", "ja": "小名とは、大名に対する言葉で、大名ほど家格の高くない武家を意味する。" }
{ "en": "Attention is necessary when using the term shomyo, as its meaning varies depending on the period or situation.", "ja": "厳密な意味は時代や用いる状況によって異なるため注意が必要である。" }
{ "en": "The term shomyo itself appeared as early as the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) and referred to vassals who controlled a castle, or daimyo with a low stipend.", "ja": "小名という言葉自体は、すでに戦国時代(日本)から使われており、御家人のうちで城主格の者を指したり、石高の低い大名のことを指していた。" }
{ "en": "In the Edo period, Buke shohatto (Laws for the Military Houses) initially prescribed that 'daimyo is an owner of a castle with a stipend of not less than 50,000 koku of rice' and 'shomyo is a regional government officer (jinya) with a stipend of under 50,000 koku.'", "ja": "江戸時代になると、初期の武家諸法度に「5万石以上の石高の城主を大名」「5万石未満の陣屋クラスを小名」と分けた。" }
{ "en": "Accordingly, daimyo with a stipend of under 50,000 koku or jinya daimyo were sometimes referred to as shomyo.", "ja": "このため、石高が5万石未満の大名や、陣屋大名を、とくに小名と表現する場合がある。" }
{ "en": "Additionally,vassals with a stipend of not less than 4,000 koku were sometimes referred to as shomyo.", "ja": "また、四千石以上の旗本・御家人近世の御家人を指す場合もある。" }
{ "en": "Myoho hakase was an official post affiliated with the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education) under the ancient Japanese ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).", "ja": "明法博士（みょうほうはかせ）は、古代日本の律令制下において大学寮に属した官職の一つ。" }
{ "en": "The post itself was Ryoge no kan (a post outside of the ritsuryo system).", "ja": "令外官。" }
{ "en": "At any one time, there could be only two Myoho hakase and the position was initially appointed to court officials with a rank of Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade).", "ja": "定員2名で、当初は正七位下相当。" }
{ "en": "The post was later monopolized by people from distinguished families.", "ja": "後に名門出身者で占められるようになった。" }
{ "en": "In a kyakushiki (amendment of the ritsuryo code) on September 3, 728, Myoho hakase was instituted at the same time as Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature).", "ja": "神亀5年7月21日(旧暦)（728年8月30日）の格式において文章博士とともに設置された。" }
{ "en": "The post was originally called Ritsugaku hakase (Professor of Law) but the name was changed shortly after the Myohosho (students studying law) was established on April 22, 730.", "ja": "当初の名称は律学博士（りつがくはかせ）であったが、天平2年3月27日(旧暦)（730年4月18日）に明法生が設置されてから遠くない時期に明法博士と改称されたとされている。" }
{ "en": "Its official position was to teach the law (Myobodo (the study of codes)) at a university in addition to compiling and interpreting the ritsuryo code and kyakushiki.", "ja": "大学において法律（明法道）を教授する役職で、律令法や格式の編纂や解釈にも携わった。" }
{ "en": "2 Myoho Tokugyosho (distinguished scholars) and 10 Myohosho (later becoming 20) were placed as pupils under a Myoho hakase.", "ja": "明法博士の下には明法得業生（みょうほうとくぎょうしょう）2名と明法生（みょうほうしょう）10名（後に20名）があった。" }
{ "en": "Later on they were given the important duty of drawing up a Myobo kanmon, which expressed their opinions concerning legal matters, and submitting it to a court council such as the Jin no sadame (ancient cabinet council).", "ja": "後には、陣定などの朝議に際して法律的な見解を記した明法勘文を作成・提出することも重要な職務となった。" }
{ "en": "During the middle of the Heian period, Myoho hakase tended to be a hereditary post for the Sanuki and Koremune clans, but from the medieval period, both clans were replaced and it became a hereditary post for the Sakagami and Nakahara clans of high reputation.", "ja": "平安時代中期には讃岐氏や惟宗氏の世襲の傾向が見られたが、中世以降には両氏に代わって、名望の坂上氏及び中原氏の世襲となった。" }
{ "en": "Kuniyaku were duties imposed by the Imperial Court and kokuga (provincial government offices) from the Heian period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).", "ja": "国役（こくやく/くにやく）とは、平安時代から南北朝時代(日本)にかけて朝廷及び国衙が諸国に課した雑役・一国平均役などの課役のこと。" }
{ "en": "By extension, it refers to duties, such as tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan), imposed on Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) and each province by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and duties imposed by the Shugo daimyo on their own territories.", "ja": "転じて室町幕府が守護大名及び諸国に課した段銭などの課役、及び守護大名が独自に領国に対して賦課した課役のこと。" }
{ "en": "After breakdown of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), the Imperial Court imposed duties including labor on territories governed by provincial government officrs and manors through provinical government officers in the name of public duty or yakubukumai (a special kind of taxation on rice levied by the grand shrines).", "ja": "律令制の崩壊後、朝廷は造内裏役や役夫工米などを名目に国衙を通じて雑役（臨時雑役・雑公事）や一国平均役などを国衙領や荘園などに課していった。" }
{ "en": "In addition, the provincial government officers themselves also imposed duties and collected taxes under a similar pretext.", "ja": "また、国衙も同様の名目で自ら賦課・徴収を行うようになっていく。" }
{ "en": "Such imposition of duties by the provincial government officers came to be called the 'kuniyaku' after the middle of the eleventh century.", "ja": "こうした国衙から当該令制国への賦課を11世紀中頃から「国役」と称するようになっていった。" }
{ "en": "In the twelfth century, the local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods imposed taxes on residents as one of the kuniyaku (public duties) and strived to gain control over the domain.", "ja": "12世紀に入ると、在庁官人などが国役の一環として在家役を課して公領把握に努めるようになる。" }
{ "en": "In the Kamakura period, the Imperial Court began to develop the public duties with involvement by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) and Shugo (provincial constable).", "ja": "鎌倉時代に入ると、朝廷による一国平均役が鎌倉幕府や守護の関与を得ながらも国役として展開される事になる。" }
{ "en": "During the formation of the Shugo-ryogoku system at the time of the wars between the Northern and Southern Courts, the Muromachi bakufu and Shugo daimyo, who controlled lands, took over the authority to impose or exempt public duties or taxes from the Imperial Court and provincial officials.", "ja": "南北朝の戦乱の中で守護領国制が形成されていく中で室町幕府及び在地を支配する守護大名が朝廷・国衙に代わって国役の賦課・免除の権限を掌握するようになる。" }
{ "en": "The Muromachi bakufu gained financial revenues by imposing taxes on Shugo daimyo and each province under the Shugo daimyo.", "ja": "室町幕府は守護大名及び彼らを通じて諸国に対して段銭及び地頭御家人役などの形で課す事で財政収入を得た。" }
{ "en": "Shugo daimyo themselves also imposed Buyaku (labor service), zomotsu (a kind of tax), and tansen as shugoyaku (taxation on shugo) in the province.", "ja": "また、守護大名自らも国内に対して守護役として夫役・雑物・段銭などを課していった。" }
{ "en": "These impositions were collectively called the kuniyaku.", "ja": "こうした賦課をまとめて国役と称した。" }
{ "en": "The kuniyaku disappeared with the fall of the Muromachi bakufu and Shugo daimyo.", "ja": "こうした国役は室町幕府・守護大名の没落で消滅する。" }
{ "en": "The Edo bakufu forced the various clans, vassals and peasants to perform engineering work (kuniyaku fushin) and this can be regarded as the restoration of the system of public duties (kuniyaku).", "ja": "江戸幕府による諸藩や旗本、農民への国役普請はその復活と見ることも出来る。" }
{ "en": "The term \"Naiju\" means children officials who was engaged in miscellaneous jobs at the Imperial palace in the Nara and Heian periods.", "ja": "内豎（ないじゅ・内竪）とは、奈良時代・平安時代において、内裏の雑用に用いられた中小官人のこと。" }
{ "en": "They were placed under the supervision of Naijudokoro (Imperial Pages Office) (under Naijusho for a short period), one of Ryoge no kan (a post outside of the Ritsuryo code).", "ja": "令外官である内豎所（一時期は内豎省）の監督下に置かれていた。" }
{ "en": "Its Japanese reading is 'chiisana warawa' (little children).", "ja": "和訓は「ちいさなわらわ」。" }
{ "en": "It is said that children who served at the Imperial palace were called Naiju in ancient times.", "ja": "古くは内裏に近侍する役目を担った童子を指したとも言われる。" }
{ "en": "They were engaged in security and other miscellaneous jobs at the Imperial palace night and day, attended court functions like sechie (seasonal festival), reported time to the emperor and conveyed the order of the emperor or sanko (Grand Empress dowager, Empress dowager, Empress) to relevant officials.", "ja": "主として内裏の殿上にて日直あるいは宿直して内部の警備や雑務を行い、節会などの宮中行事に供奉したり、天皇に時刻を奏したり、天皇や三后の命令を諸官司に伝達するなどの業務を行った。" }
{ "en": "Though the time of the establishment of Naiju system is unknown, they were initially called Jushi and were placed under the supervision of Jushidokoro (predecessor of Naijudokoro).", "ja": "成立時期は不明であるが、当初は豎子（じゅし）と呼ばれて、豎子所の監督下にあった。" }
{ "en": "(According to Norinaga MOTOORI, the official post called 'Naiju' first appeared in the Tenkanhen of \"Rites of Zhou,\" and children called 'doju' already existed in Japan in the era of the Emperor Ankan (\"Rekicho Shoshikai\" (commentaries on Imperial edicts in the Shoku Nihongi)).", "ja": "（本居宣長によれば、『周礼』天官篇に「内豎」という官が初出であり、日本でも安閑天皇の時代には、これを元にした「憧豎」と呼ばれる童子がいたと説いている（『歴朝詔詞解』）。" }
{ "en": "In the meantime, the term \"Naiju\" was also used as the other name for eunuch during the Tang Dynasty in China.", "ja": "なお、唐代の中国では、内豎は宦官の異名としても用いられている。" }
{ "en": "In a document preserved at Shoso-in, Fukushin KOMANO and KAZURAKI no Henushi (the husband of WAKE no Hiromushi) were recorded as Jushi who conveyed in 757 the message of zojishi (an official in charge of building temples) to the Empress Dowager Komyo requesting her to provide gold dust to paint the statue of Birushana Buddha in Todai-ji Temple.", "ja": "正倉院文書に残されている天平勝宝9歳（757年）に、東大寺盧舎那仏像に塗る沙金を造寺司より光明皇太后に要請した奏文を取り次いだ豎子の名前として高麗福信・葛木戸主（和気広虫の夫）の2名が挙げられている。" }
{ "en": "Both of them were government officials (Fukushin was shohitsu (assistant director) and Henushi was shochu (junior inspector)) belonged to Shibi chudai (the office of the Empress Dowager Komyo).", "ja": "両名とも当時紫微中台に属する官人（福信は少弼、戸主は少忠）であった。" }
{ "en": "In 763, Jushi was renamed Naiju and Jushidokoro was also renamed Naijudokoro (later Naijusho).", "ja": "天平宝字7年（763年）に、豎子は内豎と改称され、同時に豎子所も内豎所（後に内豎省）となる。" }
{ "en": "Naijudokoro was abolished in 772, but it was reestablished later as a small office called Naijuzoshi.", "ja": "その後、宝亀3年（772年）に廃止されたものの、その後再置されて内豎曹司という小規模な官司が置かれた。" }
{ "en": "However, it was again abolished on November 23, 807 (\"Ruiju Kokushi\" (Classified National History)).", "ja": "しかし、大同_(日本)2年10月16日(旧暦)（807年11月19日）に再度廃止となる（『類聚国史』）。" }
{ "en": "On February 5, 811, it was once again established under Kurododokoro (Board of Archivists) (\"Nihon Koki\" (Later Chronicle of Japan)).", "ja": "弘仁2年1月5日(旧暦)（811年2月1日）に蔵人所の監督下で再設置されている（『日本後紀』）。" }
{ "en": "According to Daijokanpu (official documents issued by the Grand Council of State) issued on June 9, 820, the reason for the reestablishment of Naiju was because the number of Otoneri (Imperial Attendant) was halved from 800 persons (\"Ruiju sandai kaku\" (Assorted regulations from Three Reigns)).", "ja": "なお、弘仁11年4月21日（820年6月5日）の太政官符には、内豎の復置を理由に大舎人を800名から半減することが書かれている。（『類聚三代格』）、" }
{ "en": "From the above, it is presumed that Otoneri took jobs of Naiju during the period when Naiju didn't exist.", "ja": "この点からみて、内豎廃止期には大舎人がその職務を担っていたようである。" }
{ "en": "It is said that there were two categories of Naiju, namely those who were allowed to enter the palace and those who were not allowed to do so.", "ja": "なお、内豎にも昇殿出来る殿上とそれが許可されない不殿上の区別があったという。" }
{ "en": "The prescribed number of personnel in the Nara period is unknown, but it was 100 for each of the Left and Right Otoneriryo (Bureau of Imperial Attendants) at the time when Naiju system was abolished from 806 and 810 and 120 at the time of reestablishment from 810 and 824.", "ja": "定員は奈良時代については不詳だが、大同の廃止時に左右の大舎人寮に内豎を各100名ずつ振り分けたとされており、弘仁の再設置時に120名であった。" }
{ "en": "According to \"Engishiki\" (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) and \"Wamyoruiju-sho\" (Kango (Chinese language) -Japanese Dictionary in mid Heian period), the prescribed number of personnel was 200 and 300 respectively.", "ja": "『延喜式』には200名、『和名類聚抄』では300名とされている。" }
{ "en": "Naijudokoro was a government office of Ryoge no kan (official post outside of the Ritsuryo system) under the Japanese Ritsuryo system.", "ja": "内豎所（ないじゅどころ）は、日本律令制における令外官の官司。" }
{ "en": "Its duties were the supervision of Naiju (Imperial pages), who were engaged in the security and other miscellaneous jobs at the Imperial palace, and related administrative jobs.", "ja": "内裏の雑務・警護を行う内豎を統括・事務を行った。" }
{ "en": "Naiju was originally called Jushi.", "ja": "内豎は元々は豎子と呼ばれていた。" }
{ "en": "As the term \"naigubu Jushi\" is seen in \"Shoku Nihongi\" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) dated April 30, 757, the system of Jushi might have been introduced before then.", "ja": "『続日本紀』天平宝字元年4月4日条（757年）に「内供奉豎子」が登場しており、設置はそれ以前に遡る。" }
{ "en": "Also, Jushidokoro existed as an office to supervise them (the time of its establishment is unknown).", "ja": "また、彼らを統括する組織として豎子所（じゅしどころ）が置かれていた（設置時期不明）。" }
{ "en": "When Jushi was renamed Naiju in 763, Jushidokoro was also renamed Naijudokoro.", "ja": "天平宝字7年（763年）に豎子が内豎に改められた際に、豎子所も内豎所と改められた。" }
{ "en": "At that time, the Emperor Junnin and EMI no Oshikatsu were in power and it is considered that the above reform was implemented as a measure to strengthen their administration.", "ja": "当時は淳仁天皇・恵美押勝の政権下にあり、同政権の強化策として改制が行われたと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "Ironically, this policy was further strengthened by the Emperor Shotoku and YUGE no Dokyo who overthrew the former administration and Naijudokoro was upgraded to Naijusho (Ministry of Imperial Pages) in 767.", "ja": "皮肉にもこの路線は彼らを倒した称徳天皇・弓削道鏡政権によって強化され、神護景雲元年（767年）に内豎省に昇格した。" }
{ "en": "After the death of the Emperor Shotoku and the fall of Dokyo, however, Naiju system was abolished together with Naijusho and its jobs were allocated to various offices in 772.", "ja": "ところが、称徳天皇の崩御と道鏡の失脚に伴い、宝亀3年（772年）に内豎は内豎省ともども廃止されて、各衛府に分割された。" }
{ "en": "Later, Naiju system was restored after being scaled down and Naijuzoshi (Naiju Office) was established, but it was again abolished.", "ja": "その後、内豎は縮小されて復活し、内豎曹司が起かれたが再度廃止された。" }
{ "en": "Naijudokoro was reestablished in 811 and since then, Naiju were engaged various miscellaneous jobs, such as notifying a time to people inside the palace, under the supervision of Kurododokoro (Board of Archivists).", "ja": "弘仁2年（811年）に内豎所が復置され、その後は蔵人所の下で内裏内に時刻を告知するなどの雑務に従事した。" }
{ "en": "According to \"Engishiki\" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), it was the government office that belonged to Chumusho (Ministry of Central Affairs).", "ja": "『延喜式』では、中務省所属の官司とされている。" }
{ "en": "Otodo (minister) (\"Seikyuki\" (exemplary book on Heian rituals)) or Sekkan (regents and advisers) (\"Shokugensho\" (history of government services)) were appointed to betto, the head of Naijudokoro (according to \"Shoyuki\" (the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke), Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) Minamoto no Hikaru (courtier) was appointed to this post in 909 for the first time).", "ja": "内豎所の長である別当には大臣（『西宮記』）・摂関（『職源鈔』）が充てられていた（『小右記』によれば初任は延喜9年（909年）に左大臣源光(公卿)が任じられた例であるという）。" }
{ "en": "In reality, however, this post was a honorable post and Konoe-jisho (vice Minister of the Imperial Guard) and Rokui-kanjin (government officials whose court rank was Sixth Rank) (Jibu shojo (Junior Secretary of the Ministry of Civil Affairs) etc.) were appointed to the deputy and supervised officials and Naiju.", "ja": "しかし実際には名誉職で、この他に近衛次将及び六位官人（治部少丞など）がそれぞれ別当に補されて諸官人及び内豎を監督した。" }
{ "en": "In practice, either Governor of Ise Province or Mino Province was concurrently appointed to Kashira (prescribed number of personnel was one), a person who oversaw routine jobs.", "ja": "実際に実務を統括したである頭（定員1名）には伊勢国か美濃国の掾が兼務するのが慣例となっていた。" }
{ "en": "These two posts corresponded to the court rank of Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade) and Jushichiinojo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade) respectively.", "ja": "この両職は官位相当制では正七位下・従七位上相当であった。" }
{ "en": "Although the court rank of persons who were actually appointed to these posts was higher than the above, the posts themselves were relatively low-ranking ones in the court.", "ja": "実際に任官される官人の位階はこれより高いとはいえ、宮廷全体からすれば低い職であった。" }
{ "en": "Under them, each one person was appointed to kanjindai (steward) (called shitsuji since 936), daisekikan (major inspector), daisekisoji (middle inspector) and besseki (minor inspector).", "ja": "この下には官人代（承平(日本)6年（936年）以後は執事）、大籍喚、大籍奏事、別籍が各1名ずつ置かれていた。" }
{ "en": "Senkokushisho was the organization which was established while Japan was under the Ritsuryo system, for the purpose of compiling official history book Rikkokushi (the Six National histories) and \"Shin-kokushi\" (the New National History).", "ja": "撰国史所（せんこくししょ）は、律令制下の日本で正史である六国史及び『新国史』を編纂するために設置された機関。" }
{ "en": "According to the Japanese Ritsuryo code, compilation of official history book was the job of Zushoryo (the Bureau of Drawings and Books), but it is considered that Zushoryo actually lacked historical materials and human resources necessary to carry out such a job (it is considered that the records and precedents concerning the jobs under the Ritsuryo system were accumulated by Naiki (Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs) and Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) for the purpose of future reference).", "ja": "日本の律令法によれば、図書寮が国史編纂の任に当たる事になっていたが、実際の図書寮にはそれを行うだけの史料の集積も人材もなかったと考えられている（律令制実務における記録や行政文書の集積は、後日に先例として参考にするために内記や外記などで行われたと見られている）。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, court nobles and government officials who were nominated by the emperor were actually engaged in this job.", "ja": "このため、実際には国史編纂にあたって天皇から任命された貴族・官人がこれにあたった。" }
{ "en": "Senkokushisho' was the name of organization that engaged in the lengthy compilation work of Shin-kokushi (unfinished) and the name of the organization that compiled \"Shoku Nihongi\" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) was 'Senshokunihongisho' (according to \"Nihon Koki\" (Later Chronicle of Japan) dated March 19, 797).", "ja": "「撰国史所」は長期間にわたって事業が継続された新国史（未完）編纂時の機関の呼称であり、名称については『続日本紀』の編纂機関が「撰続日本紀所」であったことが判明している（『日本後紀』延暦16年2月13日条）。" }
{ "en": "However, there are many instances where the name of the organization was unclear and therefore, 'Senkokushisho' is used as a term that means history compilation bureau in a broad sense.", "ja": "しかし、明らかでは無い例も多く、広義の国史編纂機関の意味で「撰国史所」が用いられている。" }
{ "en": "According to the Imperial decree relating to Senkokushisho issued for the purpose of compiling Shin-kokushi as well as \"Seikyuki\" (exemplary book on Heian rituals) and \"Shingishiki\" (New Procedures in Administration), compilation of official history was conducted once after the passage of several eras of emperors.", "ja": "新国史編纂のために出された撰国史所関連の宣旨や『西宮記』『新儀式』などによれば、数代の天皇ごとに国史の編纂がなされた。" }
{ "en": "High-ranking court nobles like Otodo (minister) or Dainagon (chief councilor of state) were appointed to its head called Betto etc. and Sangi (councilor) class persons were appointed to executive officer.", "ja": "別当などと呼ばれる総裁役には大臣・大納言の一上級の貴族が就任し、参議級が執行役となる。" }
{ "en": "Under them, Geki, who actually handled the records, was assigned and benkan (controller), Confucian scholars and other officials who were versed in kidendo (the study of the histories) joined the team.", "ja": "その下に実際に記録を扱う外記が配され、弁官や儒学者や紀伝道に通じた官人などがこれに加わっている。" }
{ "en": "Because of its nature, Shenkokushisho was abolished once the compilation work of official history book was completed.", "ja": "なお、撰国史所はその性格上、国史が完成すればその役目を終えることになる。" }
{ "en": "In view of the existence of the official history book which described only one emperor, such as \"Shoku Nihonkoki\" and \"Nihon Montoku Tenno Jitsuroku\" (fifth of the six classical Japanese history texts), or the one whose compilation work lasted long and eventually stopped without being completed, such as \"Shin-kokushi,\" some people assert that the organization was established intermittently during the period from the late 9th century to the early 10th century.", "ja": "『続日本後紀』や『日本文徳天皇実録』のように1代の天皇のみを扱った国史が編纂されたり、『新国史』のように長期化して最終的に完成しなかった例もあり、9世紀後半から10世紀前半には事務機関が断続的に設置されていた時期があったとする説もある。" }
{ "en": "Chokushisho was the organization that succeeded Chokushisho (Bureau of Edicts) abolished in 782.", "ja": "勅旨所（ちょくししょ）とは、延暦元年（782年）に廃止された勅旨省の継承機関。" }
{ "en": "As with Chokushisho (Bureau of Edicts), it was in charge of commodity procurement and asset management of the Imperial family.", "ja": "勅旨省と同様に天皇のための物資調達と家産経営にあたったと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "Though few historical materials exist that leave a true account, a draft document sent by Chokushisho in 799 to Todai-ji Temple's sango (a monk with managerial role) was compiled in 'Heian Ibun' (Documents of the Heian period).", "ja": "その実態を示す史料は少ないが、延暦8年（799年）に勅旨所から東大寺三綱に宛てられた文書の草案が「平安遺文」中に収録されている。" }
{ "en": "In this document, seals of Chokushisho's officials, including its director KI no Kosami and assistant director FUJIWARA no Uchimaro, are seen.", "ja": "その中には長官紀古佐美・次官藤原内麻呂以下勅旨所の諸役人の署判が記されている。" }
{ "en": "Provided, however, that all of officials other than the director and assistant director were those of Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses) and from this fact, it is believed that Chokushisho had already been absorbed by Kuraryo in effect by that time.", "ja": "ただし、長官・次官以外は全て内蔵寮の役人が占めており実質上内蔵寮に統合されていたと見られている。" }
{ "en": "According to \"Engishiki\" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), there existed chokushi toneri (official of Chokushisho) that belonged to Kuraryo as well as storehouses that belonged to Chokushisho.", "ja": "『延喜式』には内蔵寮所属の勅旨舎人がいたこと、勅旨所所属の倉庫が存在していた事が記されている。" }
{ "en": "\"Kanrei-dai\" was a job title within the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).", "ja": "管領代（かんれいだい）とは室町幕府の職名。" }
{ "en": "Summary", "ja": "概要" }