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{
"en": "As a governmental post, it is called Daibu, and when it refers to Goi, it is called Taifu.",
"ja": "官職としての大夫はだいぶと読み、五位を意味する場合はたいふと読み分ける。"
} |
{
"en": "When a person of Rokui (Sixth Rank) or higher is conferred Goi on, Taifu is added to the end of his government position (if Saemon no jo [third-ranked officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards] rises to Goi, his job position becomes Saemon no taifu).",
"ja": "六位以上の者が五位に叙せられた時、官職の下に大夫と付記する（左衛門尉にある者が五位に昇った際、左衛門大夫と称する）。"
} |
{
"en": "When a person of Goi is Sani, a person without a post, the person is called Mukan no taifu (grandee-without-post).",
"ja": "なお、五位にありながら散位即ち無官の者は無官大夫と称される。"
} |
{
"en": "A court lady of Goi or higher is called Myobu (refer to the section of Myobu for details).",
"ja": "対して五位以上の女官を命婦という（詳細は命婦の項参照）。"
} |
{
"en": "Saemon no jo was a government post under the Japanese ritsuryo legal code system.",
"ja": "左衛門尉（さえもんのじょう）とは、日本の律令制下の官職のひとつ。"
} |
{
"en": "Saemon no jo was hangan (inspector [third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period]) in Saemonfu, and the corresponding court rank was Sixth Rank.",
"ja": "左衛門府の判官であり、六位相当の官職であった。"
} |
{
"en": "When a person at Fifth Rank was appointed Saemon no jo, he was called Saemontaifu or Taifu no jo, and when the holder of the position of Saemon no jo was appointed concurrently with Kebiishi, the official was popularly called Teii.",
"ja": "五位の者が任ぜられた場合、左衛門大夫または大夫尉という他、検非違使と兼ねた場合には廷尉と俗称された。"
} |
{
"en": "MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune who was active in the punitive force against the Taira clan was appointed Saemon no jo.",
"ja": "平氏追討において活躍した源義経も任ぜられている。"
} |
{
"en": "After the Kamakura period, the post became merely nominal, but as the increasing number of samurai warriors became appointed the government posts, a lot of samurai warriors were appointed Saemon no jo or granted to use it as unofficial title from the Kamakura period through the Edo period, because the posts of military officer including Saemon no jo were widely popular among the samurai warriors.",
"ja": "鎌倉時代以降、官職としては有名無実化したが、武士の任官が広くなされるようになるにつれ、左衛門尉などの武官の職は武士から広く好まれるようになり、鎌倉～江戸期を通じて多くの武将たちが任ぜられるか、受領名として使用されるようになっていった。"
} |
{
"en": "Shoshidai (representative of shoshi) is:",
"ja": "所司代（しょしだい）とは"
} |
{
"en": "a post in the Muromachi bakufu to be an assistant to Shoshi (a governor of the Board of Retainers) leading Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) or an assistant to tonin (the director).",
"ja": "室町幕府の役職で、侍所を統率する所司（または頭人（とうにん））の補佐役。"
} |
{
"en": "Refer to Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers).",
"ja": "侍所を参照のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "Shoshidai was in charge of maintaining the security of Kyoto during the Oda government, the Toyotomi government, and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).",
"ja": "織田政権、豊臣政権及び江戸幕府で京都の治安維持を担当した役職。"
} |
{
"en": "Refer to Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy).",
"ja": "京都所司代を参照のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "Shorokui (Senior Sixth Rank) is one of the ranks in Ikai (court ranks) and Shinkai (ranks granted to Shinto gods).",
"ja": "正六位（しょうろくい）とは、日本の位階及び神階における位のひとつ。"
} |
{
"en": "This rank is lower than Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) and higher than Jurokui (Junior Sixth Rank).",
"ja": "従五位の下、従六位の上に位する。"
} |
{
"en": "This rank is the equivalent of the Fifth Order of Merit in Kunto (the Order of Merit) as well as the Fifth Order in Kinshi kunsho (the Order of the Golden Kite).",
"ja": "勲等では勲五等に、金鵄勲章では功五級に相当。"
} |
{
"en": "Under the ritsuryo system, Rokui (Sixth Rank) was conferred on Kokushi (provincial governors) of Gekoku (minor provinces) as well as on Suke (assistant provincial governor) being Suke (assistant director) of Kokufu (provincial office).",
"ja": "律令制下において六位は下国の国司及び国府の次官である介が叙せられる位であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Rokui was the Ikai for Jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility), which was demarcated from the nobles (Tsuki [intermediate ranking nobles]) with Goi (Fifth Rank) or higher, and was not allowed to enter the Imperial Palace.",
"ja": "地下人の位階とされ、五位以上の貴族（通貴）とは一線を画する位階であり昇殿は許されなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "However, Kurodo (Chamberlain) was, due to their duties, allowed to enter the Imperial Palace even when their Ikai was Rokui, and thus people with Goi or higher and Rokui no kurodo (kurodo with the Sixth Rank) were called Tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace).",
"ja": "但し、蔵人の場合、その職務上、六位であっても昇殿が許され、五位以上の者と六位蔵人の者を合わせて殿上人と称した。"
} |
{
"en": "Shorokui (Senior Sixth Rank) is the lowest rank in Shinkai (ranks granted to Shinto gods).",
"ja": "神階においては、正六位が最下位となる。"
} |
{
"en": "After the Meiji period, people with the military rank of lieutenant commander and the like were conferred this rank upon.",
"ja": "明治時代以降は、少佐の階級にある者などがこの位に叙せられた。"
} |
{
"en": "Nowadays, this rank is conferred on a senior superintendent among police officers as well as a fire warden among the officers with rank in the Fire Fighting Head Offices of local governments, and the rank is also conferred posthumously on a chairman of the local assembly, founder of special facilities or schools as well as people who made achievements in business.",
"ja": "また、今日では警察官では警視正、消防吏員では消防監などがこの位に叙せられる他、市町村議会議長にあった者、特別施設や学校創立者その他、業種等で功労ある者などが没後に叙せられる。"
} |
{
"en": "Ushutandai was a post of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) placed in Dewa Province during the Muromachi period.",
"ja": "羽州探題（うしゅうたんだい）は、室町時代の出羽国に置かれた室町幕府の役職。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1356, Kaneyori SHIBA, the second son of Oshutandai Iekane SHIBA, entered Yamagata as a supervisor Azechi of Dewa Province, and ruled Dewa Province where the forces of the Southern Dynasty including the Sagae clan had made their own territory; that was the beginning of Ushutandai.",
"ja": "正平(日本)11年（1356年）、奥州探題斯波家兼の次男・斯波兼頼が、出羽国按察使として山形に入部し、当時、寒河江氏等の南朝_(日本)勢力が割拠していた出羽国の統治に当たったのが初め。"
} |
{
"en": "After Kaneyori SHIBA defeated the Sagae clan in the battle of Urushigawa in 1367 and subdued the forces of the Southern Dynasty under the Northern Dynasty, Kaneyori stayed there, received the title Yakata and assumed the name Mogami clan.",
"ja": "正平22年（1367年）、漆川の戦いにより寒河江氏を下し、出羽国における南朝_(日本)勢力を、北朝_(日本)に従えた後も、その地に留まり、以後、屋形の称号を拝名し最上氏を称した。"
} |
{
"en": "Udoneri was a government post under the ritsuryo legal code system.",
"ja": "内舎人（うどねり）は律令制における官職のひとつ。"
} |
{
"en": "It belonged to Nakatsukasasho.",
"ja": "中務省に属する。"
} |
{
"en": "\"Wamyo-sho\" (a dictionary compiled in the Heian period) describes it as 'Uchitoneri.'",
"ja": "『和名抄』では「うちとねり」と記載されている。"
} |
{
"en": "Udoneri' was a short title.",
"ja": "「うどねり」は略称である。"
} |
{
"en": "According to \"Taihorei,\" Udoneri was in charge of protection of the emperor by stationing with a sword, attending on the emperor as an odd-job man, and guarding the emperor when the emperor went out.",
"ja": "『大宝令』では帯刀宿衛、供奉雑使、駕行時の護衛と天皇の身辺警護にあたった。"
} |
{
"en": "Their station was in the northeast corner of Nakatsukasasho.",
"ja": "詰め所は中務省の東北隅。"
} |
{
"en": "The prescribed number of Udoneri was 90, which increased or decreased in some periods.",
"ja": "定員は90人であったが、時期により増減がある。"
} |
{
"en": "Once, members selected from Udoneri served as attendants on Sessho and Kanpaku as Udonerizuishin.",
"ja": "内舎人から選抜された者が摂政、関白の随身を務めたこともあり、これを内舎人随身と呼ぶ。"
} |
{
"en": "Udoneri was selected from children of the families below Fourth Rank above Fifth Rank.",
"ja": "四位以下五位以上の子弟から選抜された。"
} |
{
"en": "When the samurai warrior class emerged, samurai were increasingly appointed Udoneri.",
"ja": "武士が登場すると武士が任ぜられることが多くなる。"
} |
{
"en": "Members from the Minamoto clan appointed to Udoneri were called Gennai, members from the Taira clan appointed to Udoneri were called Heinai, and members from the Fujiwara clan appointed to Udoneri were called Tonai.",
"ja": "源氏で内舎人に任ぜられた者は源内、平氏で任ぜられた者を平内、藤原氏で任ぜられた者を藤内と呼んだ。"
} |
{
"en": "A well-known poet OOTOMO no Yakamochi also once served as Udoneri.",
"ja": "歌人として有名な大伴家持も内舎人を務めたことがある。"
} |
{
"en": "In present Japan, Udoneri is a post of the Imperial Household Agency.",
"ja": "現在も宮内庁の役職の一つである。"
} |
{
"en": "Moshitsugi (an official for conveying a message) which is also called Souja/Shosha, refers to a position in charge of reporting information to a lord, or refers to the act of reporting information itself.",
"ja": "申次（もうしつぎ）とは、奏者（そうじゃ/そうしゃ）とも呼ばれ、主君に奏事伝達を行う役目を担った役職、あるいは奏事伝達行為そのものを「申次」と呼ぶ。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Heian period, Moushitusgi referred to a person who was in charge of reporting information to the Emperor and Daijo Tenno (the retired Emperor).",
"ja": "平安時代には天皇・太上天皇に対する奏事伝達を務める者を指した。"
} |
{
"en": "At first, Nyobo (a court lady) or Kinshin (close aide/trusted vassal) took the role of Moushitsugi, but in the Insei period (during the period of the government by the retired Emperor), favorite retainers among In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) were working as Moushitsugi, including TAKASHINA no Yasutsune at Goshirakawa-incho (the retired Emperor Goshirakawa's Office), and Nobukiyo BOMON and Kintsune SAIONJI at Gotoba-in (the Retired Emperor Gotoba's Office); these people were involved in the government affairs through announcing Migyosho (documents for informing of decisions made by third or upper ranked authorities).",
"ja": "当初は女房や近臣がその役目を担っていたが、院政期には院近臣の中でも寵臣とされた人々が申次を務め、後白河院の高階泰経や後鳥羽院の坊門信清・西園寺公経がこれに相当しており、御教書の伝宣などを担当するなど国政遂行に深く関与した。"
} |
{
"en": "Later, Moushitusgi and Souja at the Imperial Court became called denso (a position to relay messages of court's people to Emperor), and from the end of Kamakura period to the early Muromachi period, positions such as Sanmon Denso (liaison officers between the imperial court and a temple), Nanto Denso (liaison officers between the imperial court and temples in Nara) and Buke Tenso (liaison officers between the imperial court and the military government) were created and were also in charge of issuing Hosho (a document for informing lower-rank people of the decision of upper people such as an emperor or shogun).",
"ja": "後に朝廷における申次・奏者は伝奏と呼ばれ、鎌倉時代末期から室町時代初期にかけて、山門伝奏・南都伝奏・武家伝奏などの役職が出現して奉書の発給なども取り扱った。"
} |
{
"en": "Jinja Denso (liaison officers between the imperial court and temples) as well as Buke Tenso were continued until the Edo period.",
"ja": "寺社伝奏・武家伝奏は江戸時代まで継続された。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor), Nyobo and Keishi (household superintendent) took the role of Moushitsugi, and this custom was inherited by the Shogun families in the military governments.",
"ja": "一方、摂関家においても女房や家司などが申次の役割を行い、これは武家政権の将軍家にも継承された。"
} |
{
"en": "Aside from this, a position called Kanto moshitsugi (court-appointed liaison with the bakufu) was created in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).",
"ja": "また、これとは別に鎌倉幕府においては関東申次と呼ばれる役職が設置された。"
} |
{
"en": "Kanto Moshitsugi reported the requests from the Kamakura bakufu and negotiated with the bakufu regarding the important government affairs, together with Moshitsugi.",
"ja": "これは鎌倉幕府からの要請を申次とともに国政の重要事項に関する幕府との交渉を行った。"
} |
{
"en": "Later, the Saionji family was, by heredity, appointed to Kanto Moshitsugi, and they gained a greater voice than the Sekkan families in the Imperial Court.",
"ja": "関東申次は後に西園寺家が世襲的に補任され、朝廷内部でも摂関家をしのぐ発言力を有した。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Muromachi bakufu, the families who mediated for Seii taishogun (literally, \"great general who subdues the barbarians\"), were limited to several specific families called Moshitsugishu (a civil servant post in Muromachi Shogunate).",
"ja": "室町幕府においては征夷大将軍に取次を行う家は特定の数家に限定され、申次衆と呼ばれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Also, other than Sekkan families, Moushitsugi was placed at Monzeki (temples formerly led by founder of sect, temples in which resided a member of nobility or imperial family) and Gozan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government).",
"ja": "また、摂関家の他にも門跡・五山にも申次が置かれた。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Sekkan families, Moshitsugi was appointed to Tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) who served as Keishi or Kaboku (a man servant), and at Gozan, it was appointed to Inryouken house-hold.",
"ja": "、摂関家には家司・家僕を務める殿上人が、五山では蔭涼軒が申次の役職を行っている。"
} |
{
"en": "The word 'Soja' first appeared in the Heian period, but was more often seen in the Muromachi period.",
"ja": "「奏者」という語は平安時代から見られるが、しばしば見られるようになるのは、室町時代に入ってからである。"
} |
{
"en": "Moushitsugi and Soja are used in the same meaning (\"Nippo jisho\" [Japanese-Portuguese dictionary] defines Shoja, Moushitusgi and Toritsugite [a person in charge of informing a shogun or daimyo of the name of visitors to the residence before a meeting] as synonyms).",
"ja": "申次と奏者は混用が見られる（『日葡辞書』では「奏者」・「申次」・「取次手」を同義語としている）。"
} |
{
"en": "However, in the Imperial Court, bakufu and the Sekkan families, this position was often called 'Moushitsugi,' whereas it was often called 'Soja' in Shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).",
"ja": "が、朝廷や幕府、摂関家などでは「申次」、守護大名や戦国大名では「奏者」と呼ばれる事例が多い。"
} |
{
"en": "'Soja' was exclusively used in the Oda government, the Toyotomi government and Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), all of which rose to the central authority from the Sengoku Daimyo.",
"ja": "戦国大名から中央権力に上昇した織田政権や豊臣政権、江戸幕府では、もっぱら「奏者」が用いられた。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Edo bakufu, Fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) was mainly appointed to Sojaban (an official in charge of the ceremonies), and was simply called 'Soja,' and in charge of the duties of Moushitsugi.",
"ja": "江戸幕府では主に譜代大名が奏者番に任じられて単に「奏者」とも呼ばれ、申次の業務を扱った。"
} |
{
"en": "Yunonagashi was a government post established in Japan during the Asuka period and took charge of managing Tomokuyu (also known as Yu no mura) that was a territory of the Imperial family.",
"ja": "湯沐令（ゆのうながし）は、日本の飛鳥時代に置かれた官職で、皇族の領地である湯沐邑を管理した。"
} |
{
"en": "\"Nihonshoki\" Vol. 28, what is called 'Jinshinki' is the record of the whole year of 672, the first year of the reign of Emperor Tenmu, and the most of the description is about the Jinshin War.",
"ja": "『日本書紀』巻28、いわゆる「壬申紀」は、天武天皇元年（672年）の一年間を記し、そのほとんどを壬申の乱にあてる。"
} |
{
"en": "In that description, Yunonagashi appears twice and Tomoku appears once.",
"ja": "その中に湯沐令への言及が2箇所、湯沐への言及が1箇所ある。"
} |
{
"en": "Oama no miko (later, Emperor Tenmu), who was to open the war, sent a messenger on June 22, before went into the action by himself, to OO no Honji, the Yunonagashi, in Ahachima no Kori (later, Anpachi Gun) to order him to raise the army and block the Fuwa no Michi.",
"ja": "乱を起こした大海人皇子（後の天武天皇）は、自ら行動を起こす前の6月22日に使者を出し、安八間郡（後の安八郡）の湯沐令の多品治に兵を挙げて不破道を塞ぐよう命じた。"
} |
{
"en": "On 24, Oama no miko, who was leading the army to Ise, ran into 50 horses from Ise Province, carrying rice harvested in Tomoku, near Gunke in Uda Gun (later Uda Gun.)",
"ja": "24日、皇子は自ら立って伊勢に向かう途中で、莬田郡（後の宇陀郡）の郡家のそばで湯沐の米を運ぶ伊勢国の駄50匹に会った。"
} |
{
"en": "On 25, Oama no miko was met by MIYYAKE no Iwatoko, who was Kuninotsukasa no kami, MIWA no Kobito who was Suke, and TANAKA no Tarimaro, who was Yunonagashi, and TAKATA no Niinomi at Gunke in Suzuka Kori in Ise Province.",
"ja": "25日、伊勢の鈴鹿郡の郡家で、国司守の三宅石床、介の三輪子首、湯沐令の田中足麻呂、高田新家が出迎えた。"
} |
{
"en": "Tomokuyu was a system that had long existed from the ancient China, and in the Han dysnasty, the lands were given to the members of the Imperial family, excluding the lords and kings, for their own income sources.",
"ja": "湯沐邑は、中国に古くからあった制度で、漢代には個人の収入源として諸侯や王以外の皇族に与えられる領地であった。"
} |
{
"en": "However, the system didn't exist in the Tang dynasty in 672; therefore, it is considered that Japan adopted the system from the Han dynasty system through book(s).",
"ja": "だが672年当時の唐にはなく、日本の湯沐邑は漢の制度を史書から取り入れたものであろう。"
} |
{
"en": "In the later Japanese ritsuryo legal code system, Tomokuyu was given to Chugu and Togu and the Tomoku system was the same as the Fuko system except for the name.",
"ja": "後の日本の律令制で湯沐邑は中宮と東宮に与えられるもので、封戸とは呼び方だけ異なる制度であった。"
} |
{
"en": "The only historical source that described about Yunonagashi was 'Jinshinki', and Yunonagashi appeared neither in the Chinese history nor in the Japanese history in the later ages.",
"ja": "湯沐令は、中国にも日本の後の時代にもなく、史料的には壬申紀にだけ現れる。"
} |
{
"en": "From that fact, it is inferred that Yunonagashi was established during the reign of Emperor Tenji, immediately before the Jinshin War, and abolished shortly after.",
"ja": "そのため、直前の天智天皇の代に置かれ短期間で廃止になったと推測される。"
} |
{
"en": "That Oama no miko ordered Yunonagashi who was at a distance from his residence to first raise the army shows the close ties between Oama no miko and Yunonagashi.",
"ja": "湯沐令と皇子の関係が極めて密接であったことは、皇子が最初の挙兵を自分の居所から離れた湯沐令に命じたことからうかがえる。"
} |
{
"en": "It is considered that the two Yunonagashi OO no Honji and TANAKA no Tarimaro were the heads of Tomokuyu established for Oama no miko.",
"ja": "多品治と田中足麻呂という二人の湯沐令は、大海人皇子のために置かれた湯沐邑の長官だったとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "OO no Honji was Yunonagashi of Tomokuyu at Ahachima no Kori; but about TAKATA no Tarimaro, the opinion of the historians is divided between those who argued that he was the second Yunonagashi of the same Tomokuyu and those who consider that he was Yunonagashi of another Tomokuyu.",
"ja": "多品治は安八間郡の湯沐邑の令だが、田中足麻呂については同じ湯沐邑の二人めの湯沐令だったのか、それとも別の湯沐邑を治めたのか、歴史学者の意見が分かれている。"
} |
{
"en": "Besides, some scholars consider that Yunonagashi was a government post appointed by the Court, and some scholars consider that Yunonagashi was appointed by Oama no miko for his own territory.",
"ja": "また、湯沐令は朝廷が任命した官職であったと考える学者と、大海人皇子が自分の領地に自分で任命したものだと考える学者とがいる。"
} |
{
"en": "Rusui was a governmental post placed in the Edo bakufu and in domains.",
"ja": "留守居（るすい）は、江戸幕府および諸藩に置かれた職名のひとつ。"
} |
{
"en": "It was also called Orusui.",
"ja": "御留守居とも呼ばれる。"
} |
{
"en": "Rusui officers of domains were also called Oshirozukai (literally, an officer at the castle) in Edo, established a Rusui association approved by the bakufu to exchange information, and therefore, they were so-called diplomats of domains.",
"ja": "江戸で諸藩の留守居役は御城使とも言われ、幕府公認の留守居組合をつくって情報交換をしており、いわば諸藩の外交官であった。"
} |
{
"en": "In a few domains, the Rusui officer, being responsible for guarding the lord residence in Edo while the lord was absent from there, and the Oshirozukai liaison officer were placed separately.",
"ja": "なお少数ではあるが藩主不在中の江戸藩邸の警備責任者たる留守居と、連絡折衝役たる御城使を分けて設置する藩も存在した。"
} |
{
"en": "A deputy Rusui officer or an assistant to a Rusui officer was often called Rusui-soeyaku.",
"ja": "留守居の副官・補佐役を留守居添役と呼ぶことが多い。"
} |
{
"en": "Rusui officers, being under control of Roju (the second-highest post in the bakufu government), controlled O-oku (inner halls of the Edo castle), managed the travel certificates, and played the role of guarding the Edo castle while Seii taishogun (literally, \"the great general who was to subdue the barbarians\") was out of the castle.",
"ja": "幕府における留守居は、老中の支配に属し、大奥の取り締まりや通行手形の管理、征夷大将軍不在時には江戸城の留守を守る役割を果たした。"
} |
{
"en": "Selected from Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu), each of the officers earned a 5,000 koku of rice crop (approx. 180 liters/koku) for the post, being the highest level available for Hatamoto.",
"ja": "役高は5,000石で旗本から選任され、旗本で任じられる職では最高の職であった。"
} |
{
"en": "In the early Edo period, the \"O-rusui\" post for the leader of the Rusui officers was established, for which the highest social status available for Hatamoto was given.",
"ja": "初期はまとめ役である「大留守居」が設置され、旗本でも最高位の格式が与えられた。"
} |
{
"en": "However, as the occasions when a shogun became absent from the Edo castle diminished and power was transferred to lower-level posts due to the improvement of the bakufu system, the social status level of this post declined.",
"ja": "だが、将軍が江戸城から外出する機会が減少した事と幕府機構の整備による権限委譲によってその地位は低下して、"
} |
{
"en": "In around the Genroku era (1688 - 1704), this post became a Honorary one for the Hatamoto who were loyal to the bakufu for a long period of time.",
"ja": "元禄年間前後には長年忠勤を尽くした旗本に対する名誉職と化した。"
} |
{
"en": "It should be noted that there was a similarly named post of Rusuiban.",
"ja": "なお、似たような名前の職に留守居番（るすいばん）がある。"
} |
{
"en": "The officers in this post, being under control of Roju as Rusui officers, guarded O-oku over night and did chores in the O-oku area.",
"ja": "これは留守居と同様老中に属し、宿直により大奥の警備、奥向きの用務を取り扱った。"
} |
{
"en": "Hatamoto with roughly 5,000 koku of rice crop were appointed to this post.",
"ja": "概ね1000石の旗本が任じられた。"
} |
{
"en": "The officers in this post were associates of those in Rusui post, but they were not in the master-servant relationship.",
"ja": "留守居とは同僚ではあるが、直接上下関係はなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "Rusui in domains",
"ja": "諸藩の留守居"
} |
{
"en": "Many of the Rusui officers in domains were selected from competent retainers in the Monogashira (military commanders) class (the banto (head of a group) class in smaller domains)",
"ja": "諸藩の留守居は多くは物頭級（小藩にあっては番頭級）の有能な家臣から選ばれた。"
} |
{
"en": "The Rusui officers were responsible for guarding the domain residence in Edo while the lord was absent from the residence.",
"ja": "留守居は藩主が江戸藩邸にいない場合に藩邸の守護にあたった。"
} |
{
"en": "In addition, the officers stayed in the sotetsu (cycad) room in the Edo castle as the Oshirozukai officers to grasp movements of the cabinet officials of the Shogunate, to obtain and interpret various laws and regulations presented by the bakufu and to compose documents to be submitted to the bakufu.",
"ja": "そのほか、藩主が江戸在府中であっても御城使として江戸城中蘇鉄の間に詰め、幕閣の動静把握、幕府から示される様々な法令の入手や解釈、幕府に提出する上書の作成、を行っていた。"
} |
{
"en": "Furthermore, with so many behavioral styles, so called \"three hundred etiquette styles and three thousand ritual styles,\" established in the Edo period, it was considered that the largest importance should be placed on following precedents correctly",
"ja": "更に江戸時代は「礼儀三百威儀三千」とも言われるほどで、前例に従って落ち度のない事が第一と考えられていた。"
} |
{
"en": "To search for the precedents supporting the practice, information was exchanged among these officers in the Rusui association.",
"ja": "それに資する先例を捜査するために留守居組合にて他藩の留守居と情報交換を行った。"
} |
{
"en": "It was also a role of Rusui in domain to make communications and adjustment between the main domain and its branched domain",
"ja": "また自藩の本家（本藩）・分家（支藩）との連絡・調整に当たるのも留守居の役目であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Hating secret maneuvers by Rusui officers of domains, the bakufu prohibited them from entering the Edo castle several times, but the prohibition was released each time soon because the measure caused inconvenience.",
"ja": "幕府が諸藩の留守居役による暗躍・工作活動を嫌い江戸城登城を禁止した時期も数次に及ぶが、不便であるためまたすぐに解禁されるなどしていた。"
} |
{
"en": "This fact would reveal their delicate position.",
"ja": "このことは、その微妙な立場を物語っている。"
} |
{
"en": "Rusui officers exchanged information frequently at yukaku (red-light districts) or restaurants, neglecting the financial situations of their domains.",
"ja": "留守居の情報交換は藩の財政を無視して遊郭や料亭などで頻繁に行われた。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, their behaviors were viewed indignantly by their domains suffering from financial difficulties or by the financial officers concerned.",
"ja": "そのため、財政難に苦しむ各藩の国許や勘定方からは怨嗟の眼差しで見られた。"
} |
{
"en": "When a domain had its own residence in Kyoto, Osaka, or Nagasaki, Rusui officers were mostly placed in these residences as well.",
"ja": "なお、京都・大坂・長崎に屋敷を持つ諸藩ではそれぞれに留守居が置かれることが多かった。"
} |
{
"en": "Zuryomei were unofficial names for government posts.",
"ja": "受領名(ずりょうめい)は非公式な官名のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "They were unofficial names for government posts which the Imperial Court and temples allowed merchants and traders, coming in and going out of the Court and temples, to use.",
"ja": "朝廷や寺院が出入りの商工業者に名乗ることを許した非公式な官名。"
} |
{
"en": "Mainly over the Muromachi period and the Sengoku period (period of warring states), they were granted as an unofficial name of government post to vassals who had made military exploits and achievements by shugo daimyo (shugo were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) and daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period.",
"ja": "主に室町時代から戦国時代(日本)にかけて守護大名、戦国大名が武功や功績ある家臣に対して授けた非公式な官名。"
} |
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