translation
translation |
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{
"en": "Tsukasa was different from the other two in the number of Shitokan, the regular officials.",
"ja": "前二者との違いは基本職員である四等官の数の違いにある。"
} |
{
"en": "Usually, Shitokan consisted of Kami, Suke, Jo, and Sakan but Tsukasa did not have Suke in general.",
"ja": "通常四等官は長官・次官・判官・主典の四者から構成されるが､司の場合は基本的に次官が欠けている。"
} |
{
"en": "While Shiki and Ryo were independent of the ministries to some extent, Tsukasa was mostly under the command of the higher organizations including the ministries.",
"ja": "また､前二者が省との間はある程度の独立関係であるのに対し､こちらはほぼ完全に省など上級機関の統制下に置かれている。"
} |
{
"en": "As Tsukasa was ranked lower than Shiki and Ryo, it included a lot of branches in charge of work-site operations, most of which were consolidated during the Heian period.",
"ja": "職・寮・司の中で最も格が低いため､現業部門が多く平安時代に大部分が整理・統合された。"
} |
{
"en": "Some Tsukasa like Uchinohyogo became independent in form.",
"ja": "内兵庫のように形式的に独立した司もある。"
} |
{
"en": "In general, Tsukasa had the letter 司 added to its name like '- 司' but Uchinohyogo usually did not have that letter.",
"ja": "基本的に「－司」と司の文字が後につくが内兵庫だけは普通つけない。"
} |
{
"en": "Organizations called Gen and Sho under the command of Togubo were also a kind of Tsukasa.",
"ja": "春宮坊管下は監（げん）および署（しょ）と呼ばれる機関があるが､これも司の一種である。"
} |
{
"en": "Tsukasa can be further divided into four ranks according to the number of officials.",
"ja": "司は職員の人数などによってさらに四等級に分けることができる。"
} |
{
"en": "Shitokan of Otsukasa included Kami (Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade) - Jo (Junior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade) - Daisakan (Greater Initial Rank, Upper Grade) - Shosakan (Greater Initial Rank, Lower Grade.)",
"ja": "大司四等官の構成は正（正六位上）-佑（従七位下）-大令史（大初位上）-少令史（大初位下）"
} |
{
"en": "Gakoshi (Nakatsukasasho)",
"ja": "画工司（中務省）"
} |
{
"en": "Naiyakushi",
"ja": "内薬司"
} |
{
"en": "Shoryoshi (Jibusho)",
"ja": "諸陵司（治部省）"
} |
{
"en": "Hyomashi (Hyobusho)",
"ja": "兵馬司（兵部省）"
} |
{
"en": "Kosuishi",
"ja": "鼓吹司"
} |
{
"en": "Zoheishi",
"ja": "造兵司"
} |
{
"en": "Zoshokushi (Gyobusho)",
"ja": "贓贖司（刑部省）"
} |
{
"en": "Shugokushi",
"ja": "囚獄司"
} |
{
"en": "Tenchushi (Okurasho)",
"ja": "典鋳司（大蔵省）"
} |
{
"en": "Sobushi",
"ja": "掃部司"
} |
{
"en": "Okiminotsukasa (Kunaisho)",
"ja": "正親司（宮内省）"
} |
{
"en": "Naizenshi *",
"ja": "内膳司※"
} |
{
"en": "Mikinotsukasa",
"ja": "造酒司"
} |
{
"en": "Kanuchinotsukasa",
"ja": "鍛冶司"
} |
{
"en": "Yakkonotsukasa",
"ja": "官奴司"
} |
{
"en": "Enchishi",
"ja": "園池司"
} |
{
"en": "Higashinoichinotsukasa/Nishinoichinotsukasa (Sakyoshiki, Ukyoshiki)",
"ja": "東・西市司（左右京職）"
} |
{
"en": "Shitokan of Nakatsukasa included Kami (Senior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade) - Jo (Senior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade) - Sakan (Greater Initial Rank, Lower Grade.)",
"ja": "中司四等官の構成は正（正六位下）-佑（正八位上）-令史（大初位下）"
} |
{
"en": "Nairaishi (Nakatsukasasho)",
"ja": "内礼司（中務省）"
} |
{
"en": "Sogishi (Jibusho)",
"ja": "喪儀司（治部省）"
} |
{
"en": "Shusenshi (Hyobusho)",
"ja": "主船司（兵部省）"
} |
{
"en": "Nuribenotsukasa (Okurasho)",
"ja": "漆部司（大蔵省）"
} |
{
"en": "Nuibenotsukasa",
"ja": "縫部司"
} |
{
"en": "Oribenotuskasa",
"ja": "織部司"
} |
{
"en": "Unemeshi (Kunaisho)",
"ja": "采女司（宮内省）"
} |
{
"en": "Dokoshi",
"ja": "土工司"
} |
{
"en": "Hayatoshi (Emonfu, later Hyobusho)",
"ja": "隼人司（衛門府→兵部省）"
} |
{
"en": "Uchinohyogo (became independent)",
"ja": "内兵庫（独立）"
} |
{
"en": "Shitokan of Shotsukasa and Gen included Kami (Junior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade) - Jo (Senior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade) - Sakan (Lesser Initial Rank, Upper Grade.)",
"ja": "小司・監四等官の構成は正（従六位上）-佑（正八位下）-令史（少初位上）"
} |
{
"en": "Shusuishi (Kunaisho)",
"ja": "主水司（宮内省）"
} |
{
"en": "Shuyushi",
"ja": "主油司"
} |
{
"en": "Naisobushi",
"ja": "内掃部司"
} |
{
"en": "Kyotoshi",
"ja": "筥陶司"
} |
{
"en": "Naisenshi",
"ja": "内染司"
} |
{
"en": "Shuzengen (Togubo)",
"ja": "主膳監（春宮坊）"
} |
{
"en": "Shuzogen",
"ja": "主蔵監"
} |
{
"en": "Tonerigen",
"ja": "舎人監"
} |
{
"en": "Shitokan of Shotsukasa and Sho included Kami (Junior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade) - Sakan (Lesser Initial Rank, Lower Grade.)",
"ja": "下司・署四等官の構成は正・首（従六位下）-令史（少初位下）"
} |
{
"en": "Shuyoshi (Hyobusho)",
"ja": "主鷹司（兵部省）"
} |
{
"en": "Shudensho (Togubo)",
"ja": "主殿署（春宮坊）"
} |
{
"en": "Shumesho",
"ja": "主馬署"
} |
{
"en": "Shukosho",
"ja": "主工署"
} |
{
"en": "Shuheisho",
"ja": "主兵署"
} |
{
"en": "Shushojo",
"ja": "主書署"
} |
{
"en": "Shushosho",
"ja": "主漿署"
} |
{
"en": "Other Tsukasa",
"ja": "その他"
} |
{
"en": "Saiinshi (having a higher court rank than the others and different names of Shitokan from the others.)",
"ja": "斎院司(官位が他より高く四等官の名称も異なる)"
} |
{
"en": "* Naizenshi had two Kami called Buzen.",
"ja": "※内膳司の長官は奉膳と称し2名いた。"
} |
{
"en": "It had six Tenzen as Suke.",
"ja": "また次官として典膳（6名）が存在していた。"
} |
{
"en": "These were traditions handed down from before the introduction of the ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "これらは令制以前からの伝統による。"
} |
{
"en": "Ryo was a rank in government offices under the ancient Japanese ritsuryo legal code system.",
"ja": "寮（つかさ・りょう）は日本古代の律令制における官司の等級の一つである。"
} |
{
"en": "Ryo took charge of clerical work together with Shiki (ritsuryo system) and Tsukasa mainly under the ministries (Nakatsukasasho, Shikibusho, Jibusho, Minbusho, and Kunaisho).",
"ja": "寮は職_(律令制)や司と共に主に省（中務省・式部省・治部省・民部省・宮内省の各省）のもとで事務を行った。"
} |
{
"en": "Shitokan, the regular officials, were described as Kami, Suke, Jo, and Sakan, respectively.",
"ja": "基本職員である四等官はそれぞれ頭（長官）－助（次官）－充（判官）－属（主典）とあらわす。"
} |
{
"en": "Ryo had a lot of important branches, and only one branch, Sanniryo, was abolished.",
"ja": "重要な部署が多く､廃止されたのはわずかに一つ（散位寮）しかない。"
} |
{
"en": "Some Tsukasa like Meryo and Hyogoryo became independent.",
"ja": "馬寮や兵庫寮のように独立した寮もある。"
} |
{
"en": "Sahyogo and Uhyogo usually do not have the suffix 'ryo.'",
"ja": "左・右兵庫は普通､寮を語尾につけない。"
} |
{
"en": "Ryo can be classified further into two ranks according to the number of officials and their court ranks.",
"ja": "職員数や官位によってさらに二等級に分類できる。"
} |
{
"en": "Shitokan of Oryo included Kami (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) - Suke (Senior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade) - Taijo (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade) - Shojo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade) - Daisakan (Junior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade) - Shosakan (Junior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade).",
"ja": "大寮四等官の構成は頭（従五位上）-助（正六位下）-大允（正七位下）-少允（従七位上）-大属（従八位上）-少属（従八位下）"
} |
{
"en": "Otoneriryo (Nakatsukasasho)",
"ja": "大舎人寮（中務省）"
} |
{
"en": "Zushiryo",
"ja": "図書寮"
} |
{
"en": "Naishoryo",
"ja": "内匠寮"
} |
{
"en": "Daigakuryo (Shikibusho)",
"ja": "大学寮（式部省）"
} |
{
"en": "Utaryo (Jibusho)",
"ja": "雅楽寮（治部省）"
} |
{
"en": "Genbaryo",
"ja": "玄蕃寮"
} |
{
"en": "Shoryoryo",
"ja": "諸陵寮"
} |
{
"en": "Shukeiryo",
"ja": "主計寮（民部省）"
} |
{
"en": "Shuzeiryo",
"ja": "主税寮"
} |
{
"en": "Mokuryo (Kunaisho)",
"ja": "木工寮（宮内省）"
} |
{
"en": "Meryo (Independent)",
"ja": "馬寮（独立）"
} |
{
"en": "Sahyogo/Uhyogo (Independent)",
"ja": "兵庫寮（独立）"
} |
{
"en": "Hyogoryo (Independent)",
"ja": "兵庫寮（独立）"
} |
{
"en": "Saiguryo (Independent)",
"ja": "斎宮寮（独立）"
} |
{
"en": "Shitokan of Shoryo included Kami (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) - Suke (Junior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade) - Jo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade) - Daisakan (Junior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade) - Shosakan (Greater Initial Rank, Upper Grade).",
"ja": "小寮四等官の構成は頭（従五位下）-助（従六位上）-允（従七位上）-大属（従八位下）-少属（大初位上）"
} |
{
"en": "Onmyoryo (Nakatsukasasho)",
"ja": "陰陽寮（中務省）"
} |
{
"en": "Nuidonoryo *",
"ja": "縫殿寮※"
} |
{
"en": "Kuraryo *",
"ja": "内蔵寮※"
} |
{
"en": "Sanniryo (Shikinusho)",
"ja": "散位寮（式部省）"
} |
{
"en": "Oiryo (Kunaisho)",
"ja": "大炊寮（宮内省）"
} |
{
"en": "Shudenryo",
"ja": "主殿寮"
} |
{
"en": "Tenyakuryo",
"ja": "典薬寮"
} |
{
"en": "Kamonryo",
"ja": "掃部寮"
} |
{
"en": "* Later, raised to Oryo.",
"ja": "※後に大寮に昇格"
} |
{
"en": "Shiki was a rank in government offices under the ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "職(しき)は律令制における官司の等級の一つである。"
} |
{
"en": "Shiki was an organization to take charge of clerical work along with Ryo (ritsuryo system) and Tsukasa (also known as Shi) and to rule special areas (like Kyoto), mainly under the ministries (two ministries of Nakatsukasasho and Kunaisho).",
"ja": "職は寮(律令制)や司と共に主に省（中務省・宮内省の二省）などのもとで事務を行う組織､また特別地域（京など）を統治する組織である。"
} |
{
"en": "Shiki was ranked higher than Ryo and Tsukasa and relatively independent of higher organizations.",
"ja": "寮や司よりも格が高く上級機関に対してやや強い独立性を持っている。"
} |
{
"en": "Shitokan, the regular officials, were called Daibu (Kami) - Suke - Jo - Sakan.",
"ja": "基本職員である四等官は大夫（長官）－亮（次官）－進（判官）－属（主典）と呼ばれる。"
} |
{
"en": "Since Togubo and Shiki had completely the same configuration of Shitokan, corresponding court ranks and the like, Togubo is considered to have been a kind of Shiki.",
"ja": "春宮坊は四等官の構成､官位相当などがまったく同じであることから職の一種と考えられている。"
} |
{
"en": "Shiki can be classified further into two ranks according to the court ranks of the officials and the like.",
"ja": "職は官位相当などによってさらに二等級は分類される。"
} |
{
"en": "Shitokan of Daishiki were Daibu (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) - Suke (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) - Daijo (Junior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade) - Shojo (Junior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade) - Daisakan (Senior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade) - Shosakan (Junior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade.)",
"ja": "大職四等官の構成は大夫（従四位下）-亮（従五位下）-大進（従六位上）-少進（従六位下）-大属（正八位下）-少属（従八位上）"
} |
{
"en": "Chugushiki (Nakatsukasasho)",
"ja": "中宮職（中務省）"
} |
{
"en": "Shurishiki (Ryoge, Independent)",
"ja": "修理職（令外・独立）"
} |
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