translation
translation |
|---|
{
"en": "Kannin at Fifth Rank or above had privileges of Onni to receive court ranks for their family members, and of receiving paddy fields and the like; and those at higher court ranks had bigger privileges.",
"ja": "五位以上には親族に位階を賜る蔭位の特典や田地の下賜などがあり､さらに官位が昇るにつれて特典が大きくなった。"
} |
{
"en": "Apart from them, high-ranking government post holders also had similar privileges.",
"ja": "またこれとは別に上級官職にも同じような特典があった。"
} |
{
"en": "Also Kannin at Initial Rank or below were treated favorably in taxation to some extent.",
"ja": "初位以下の官人にも税制上一定の優遇がなされた。"
} |
{
"en": "Bukan was Kannin who bore swords, specifically an officer at the military organizations such as Efu, Meryo, and Tsuwamonogura, a leading officer of an army, and Junsatsudanjo (a patrolling officer) at Danjodai.",
"ja": "武官とは帯刀する官人のことで具体的には軍事機関である衛府や馬寮､兵庫の職員､軍団の幹部､及び弾正台の巡察弾正などを指した。"
} |
{
"en": "Bunkan was the civil servant other than Bukan.",
"ja": "文官はそれ以外の一般官人のことをいう。"
} |
{
"en": "Only Kannin at Dazaifu and Udoneri, who bore swords, were treated as Bunkan, not Bunkan.",
"ja": "ただし､大宰府の職員や内舎人など帯刀する官人は武官ではなく文官として扱われた。"
} |
{
"en": "Personnel affairs of Bunkan was undertaken by Hyobusho and personnel affairs of Bukan was undertaken by Shikibusho.",
"ja": "武官の人事は兵部省が文官の人事は式部省が行った。"
} |
{
"en": "Kyokan was also called Naikan, meaning Kannin who worked at the national government, and Gekan meant Kannin who worked at local governments.",
"ja": "京官（きょうかん）は内官ともいい中央官庁に勤務する官人を称し､外官（げかん）とは地方官のことをいう。"
} |
{
"en": "Kannin at Kyoshiki and Settsushiki who attended to government affairs in Kyoto were exceptionally treated as Kyokan.",
"ja": "ただし､京において政務を行う京職・摂津職の官人は京官扱いであった。"
} |
{
"en": "Shikiji was Kannin who had duties, whereas Sanni (also known as Sani) was Kannin who did not have duties, i.e., who only had the court ranks.",
"ja": "職事（しきじ）とは職務を持つ官人をいい､散位（さんに・さんい）とは職務を持たない官人､つまり位階だけしか持っていない者のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "Most of Sanni were retired Kannin; those who lived in Kyoto and those who were at Fifth Rank or above and lived in local provinces held full-time positions in Sanniryo, and the others alternately worked at respective Kokufu.",
"ja": "散位はほとんどが退職官人で京内の者と地方の五位以上の者は散位寮に常勤し､それ以外の者は各国府に交替勤務した。"
} |
{
"en": "They were classified into Bunkan, Bukan, Kyokan, and Gekan, and it is considered that Bukan (Busanni) were under the supervision of Hyobusho.",
"ja": "武官・文官､京官・外官の区分がありこのうち武官（武散位）については兵部省が取り扱ったとも言われている。"
} |
{
"en": "Chokunin was a post appointed by the imperial edict (order).",
"ja": "勅任（ちょくにん）は天皇の詔勅（命令）により任命される官。"
} |
{
"en": "Sonin was a post appointed after reporting to the emperor about the appointment.",
"ja": "奏任（そうにん）は天皇に奏聞した上で任命される官。"
} |
{
"en": "Hannin was a post appointed by Daijokan, and Hanpo was a post appointed by Shikibusho, or Hyobusho in some cases.",
"ja": "判任（はんにん）は太政官の任命､判補（はんぽ）は式部省（一部は兵部省）の任命する官。"
} |
{
"en": "They were also called Shikibuhanpo.",
"ja": "式部判補ともいう。"
} |
{
"en": "These names were handed down to Chokuninkan and Soninkan in the government before WWII.",
"ja": "これらの名称は戦前の政府の勅任官・奏任官などに継承された。"
} |
{
"en": "Dankan were general male Kannin who took charge of politics.",
"ja": "男官は政治に関わる一般的な官人のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "Nyokan were female officials working mainly at Kokyu, the women's quarters of the Imperial Palace, and mainly took care of the empress.",
"ja": "女官は主に後宮にあって后妃の世話をした。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Heian period, Nyokan were allocated in Mizushidokoro other than Kokyu.",
"ja": "平安時代には後宮以外の御厨子所などにも女官が置かれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Kannin in a broad sense, and, for reference, Shicho (also known as Jicho), workers from local provinces, are shown below.",
"ja": "ここでは広義の官人および参考として地方からの労働者である仕丁（しちょう・じちょう）を掲げた。"
} |
{
"en": "Kannin who held full-time positions.",
"ja": "常勤する官人のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "Chojo were divided into Naichojo and Gaichojo.",
"ja": "内・外の区分がある。"
} |
{
"en": "Regular officials at respective offices.",
"ja": "各官司の基本職員。"
} |
{
"en": "Kami took charge of decision, Suke took charge of assistance, Jo took charge of audit and clerical work, and Sakan took charge of drafting of documents.",
"ja": "長官（かみ）が決裁､次官（すけ）が補佐､判官（じょう）が監査・事務､主典（さかん）が文書起草を行う。"
} |
{
"en": "Pronounced Honkan.",
"ja": "ほんかんと読む。"
} |
{
"en": "Civil servants as technical experts belonging to a different official system from Shitokan.",
"ja": "四等官とは別系統にある専門職員。"
} |
{
"en": "They should have been independently established as Shiki, Ryo, and Tsukasa (also known as Shi), however, the number of officials in this category was too small to do so, as a result, Honkan was established.",
"ja": "本来は職(律令制)・寮(律令制)・司として独立させるべきであるがそれには規模が小さいためこのような形態となった。"
} |
{
"en": "Honkan consisted of doctors at Daigakuryo, Onmyoji at Onmyoryo, judges at Gyoubusho, and the like.",
"ja": "大学寮の博士や陰陽寮の陰陽師､刑部省の判事など。"
} |
{
"en": "Technical officials who were in a different official system from Shitokan.",
"ja": "四等官とは別系統にある技術職員。"
} |
{
"en": "Their court ranks were lower than those of Honkan, and most of their duties were related with manufacturing industries.",
"ja": "品官より官位が低く､また工業系官司に多く設置されている。"
} |
{
"en": "Some of them took command of Tomobe or Shinabe.",
"ja": "伴部や品部などを統率している場合もある。"
} |
{
"en": "Saigi no Chojo included Zohitsushu and Zobokushu at Zushiryo, and Tenri at Okurasho.",
"ja": "図書寮の造筆手・造墨手や大蔵省の典履など。"
} |
{
"en": "Becchoku no Chojo was appointed by the imperial individual order (becchoku).",
"ja": "天皇の個別命令（別勅）によって任用される。"
} |
{
"en": "Details about this kind of officials are unknown, but it is supposed that they were entertainers and the like.",
"ja": "詳しいことは不明であるが芸人などのことをいったらしい。"
} |
{
"en": "Kannin to work in shifts.",
"ja": "交替勤務をする官人。"
} |
{
"en": "In a broad sense, Banjo included Zoshikinin, Sanni, Shicho, Onshi, and Ishi.",
"ja": "広義には雑色人・散位・仕丁・蔭子・位子も含めた。"
} |
{
"en": "Pronounced Zonin.",
"ja": "ぞうにんと読む。"
} |
{
"en": "Low-ranking Kannin who served as underworkers and clerks at individual offices.",
"ja": "個々の官司において下働きや事務などを行う下級官人。"
} |
{
"en": "Zonin were opposite to Shikiji consisted of Shitokan and Honkan, and high-ranking Kannin including Saigi no Chojo.",
"ja": "四等官・品官からなる職事や才伎長上などの上級官人に対する存在である。"
} |
{
"en": "Chonai, the imperial kin, and Shijin, retainers at Fifth Rank or above, corresponded to Zonin.",
"ja": "皇親や五位以上の従者である帳内・資人もこれに準じる。"
} |
{
"en": "The officials were appointed by Hanpo at Shikibusho, worked on a shift system, and did not have a corresponding court rank.",
"ja": "式部省の判補によって採用されて交代で勤務する分番を採っており、官位相当はない。"
} |
{
"en": "They had a privilege of being exempted from Kaeki (distribution of assignments).",
"ja": "特典として課役が免ぜられる。"
} |
{
"en": "They were annually rated using the three-point scale of Jo, Chu, Ge, and were conferred on the ranks higher by up to three based on the rating of eight years (according to the law in 706, this rule was operated based on a six years rating in fact).",
"ja": "毎年上・中・下の3等で評価され、8年分の評価（ただし706年の格式で実際には6年分の評価で運用）に基づいて最大で3階相当分の叙位が行われた。"
} |
{
"en": "Zonin had subcategories as below.",
"ja": "以下のような種類がある。"
} |
{
"en": "Shisho",
"ja": "史生（ししょう）"
} |
{
"en": "They were in charge of clerical work.",
"ja": "文書事務を行う。"
} |
{
"en": "Shisho were originally placed in some offices such as Daijokan, Jingikan, the eight ministries, Shuzeiryo, and Shukeiryo; however, as the administration became complicated, Shisho were additionally placed in other offices.",
"ja": "もともとは太政官・神祇官や八省および主税寮・主計寮など一部の官司にしか置かれていなかったが､行政の煩雑化に伴って様々な官司へ増置された。"
} |
{
"en": "Shosho",
"ja": "書生（しょしょう）"
} |
{
"en": "They were in charge of proofreading and making fair copies.",
"ja": "文書の校正・清書を行う。"
} |
{
"en": "During the Heian period, they were placed in the eight ministries and Dazaifu, and gained importance.",
"ja": "平安時代に八省・大宰府に置かれて重要性が増した。"
} |
{
"en": "Sho",
"ja": "－掌（－しょう）"
} |
{
"en": "They worked between Shisho and Tsukaibe, ordering Tsukaibe to carry out miscellaneous business.",
"ja": "史生と使部の中間で使部に指示して雑務を行わせる。"
} |
{
"en": "Sho was suffixed onto the respective office names like Kansho, Shosho, and in the later ages, Sho were placed in a lot of offices of Shiki and Ryo.",
"ja": "掌の前には各官司名が入り（官掌・省掌など）後には職・寮などにも多数設置された。"
} |
{
"en": "(Shikisho, Ryosho, and the like)",
"ja": "（職掌・寮掌など）"
} |
{
"en": "Tsukaibe (also known as Shibu)",
"ja": "使部（つかいべ・しぶ）"
} |
{
"en": "Kannin in charge of miscellaneous business in the respective offices.",
"ja": "各官司の雑務にあたる官人。"
} |
{
"en": "Tukaibe were placed in all offices of the national government.",
"ja": "中央の全官司に設置された。"
} |
{
"en": "Sons of Kannin at Sixth Rank or below were classified into three ranks, by the lowest of which Tsukaibe were originally held.",
"ja": "もともとは六位以下の官人の子息を三等に分けた最下等が任用された。"
} |
{
"en": "The highest ranked sons were appointed Otoneri, and the middle ranked sons were appointed Hyoe.",
"ja": "ちなみに上等は大舎人､中等は兵衛である。"
} |
{
"en": "Toneri",
"ja": "舎人（とねり）"
} |
{
"en": "Kannin who were in charge of miscellaneous business and guarding of very important persons.",
"ja": "要人の雑務・護衛にあたった官人。"
} |
{
"en": "Toneri included Udoneri, Otoneri, Chugutoneri, Togutoneri, Saigutoneri, and the like; among them, the sons of high-ranking Kannin were appointed Udoneri and used the post as their stepping-stone toward higher posts.",
"ja": "内舎人・大舎人・中宮舎人・東宮舎人・斎宮舎人などがあり､なかでも内舎人は上級官人の子息が任用されて出世の足がかりとなった。"
} |
{
"en": "Hyoe",
"ja": "兵衛（ひょうえ）"
} |
{
"en": "Soldiers who belonged to Hyoefu.",
"ja": "兵衛府に属した兵士。"
} |
{
"en": "They took charge of personal protection of the emperor as a kind of Toneri.",
"ja": "舎人の一種で天皇の近辺を警護した。"
} |
{
"en": "Tomobe (also known as Tomonomiyatsuko, Banbu)",
"ja": "伴部（ともべ・とものみやつこ・ばんぶ）"
} |
{
"en": "Tomobe originated from Tomonomiyatsuko before the ritsuryo legal code system, and like Kudaratebito, most of them supervised especially the industrial branches at the work-site operations leading Shinabe and Zakko.",
"ja": "令制以前の伴造の系統にあり､百済手部のようにほとんどは品部・雑戸を率いて現業特に工業部門を指揮した。"
} |
{
"en": "As an exception, Shurai in Nairaishi were not engaged in work-site operation.",
"ja": "また内礼司の主礼のように現業に携わらない例外もあった。"
} |
{
"en": "Most of them were streamlined by merger and abolition or declined under the pressure of Naishoryo.",
"ja": "これらの多くは統廃合によって廃止されたり､内匠寮の圧迫によって衰退していった。"
} |
{
"en": "Shinabe and Zakko were generically called Zoshikinin.",
"ja": "品部と雑戸の総称。"
} |
{
"en": "As their social standing was low, they were discriminated.",
"ja": "社会的地位は低く差別された。"
} |
{
"en": "Most of them were engaged in handicraft manufacturing.",
"ja": "手工業部門に携わる者が多い。"
} |
{
"en": "Shinabe (also known as Tomobe)",
"ja": "品部（しなべ・ともべ）"
} |
{
"en": "Some Shinabe originated from Shinabe before the Taika Reforms.",
"ja": "一部大化の改新以前の品部の系譜を引く。"
} |
{
"en": "Shinabe were handicraftsmen with special skills as represented by Kamiko of Zushiryo and Komahe of Okurasho.",
"ja": "特殊技能を持った手工業者で図書寮の紙戸や大蔵省の狛戸などが代表的。"
} |
{
"en": "Shinabe disappeared when the ritsuryo legal code system was collapsed.",
"ja": "律令制の崩壊と共に消滅した。"
} |
{
"en": "Zakko",
"ja": "雑戸（ざっこ）"
} |
{
"en": "Officials with special skills in military affairs.",
"ja": "軍事関係の特殊技術を持った者。"
} |
{
"en": "They were ranked as Goshiki no sen (five lowly castes of the ritsuryo system) and discriminated correspondingly.",
"ja": "五色の賤に準じられ差別された。"
} |
{
"en": "Examples of Zakko included Zoukobe of Zoheishi and Takabe of Shuyoshi.",
"ja": "造兵司の造工戸や主鷹司の鷹戸などがある。"
} |
{
"en": "Zakko disappeared when the ritsuryo legal code system was collapsed.",
"ja": "律令制の崩壊と共に消滅した。"
} |
{
"en": "Pronounced Shicho or Jicho.",
"ja": "しちょう・じちょうと読む。"
} |
{
"en": "Two persons were commandeered from each village to serve in Kyoto for a year.",
"ja": "各里ごと二人ずつ徴発して一年交替で都に務めた。"
} |
{
"en": "As provisions for them were saddled on their villages, Shicho were a great burden for the villages.",
"ja": "食糧など一切は故郷の負担であったためかなりの負担となった。"
} |
{
"en": "Jikicho",
"ja": "直丁（じきちょう）"
} |
{
"en": "Kannin who served as a laborer at the respective offices.",
"ja": "各官司で労役を行った者。"
} |
{
"en": "They were allocated in all offices of the national government except for Shugokushi.",
"ja": "囚獄司以外の中央官司全てに配属された。"
} |
{
"en": "Kushicho",
"ja": "駆使丁（くしちょう）"
} |
{
"en": "Kannin who were allocated to large scale work-site operations and served as a laborer.",
"ja": "大規模な現業部門に配属され労役を行った者。"
} |
{
"en": "They were allocated to Mokuryo and Daizenshiki.",
"ja": "木工寮・大膳職などにあった。"
} |
{
"en": "Shicho",
"ja": "厮丁（しちょう）"
} |
{
"en": "Shicho were in charge of preparing meals and doing miscellaneous business for Rittei (Jikicho, Kushicho.)",
"ja": "立丁（直丁・駆使丁）の食事や雑務を行った。"
} |
{
"en": "Shotei",
"ja": "匠丁（しょうてい）"
} |
{
"en": "Two persons were commandeered as carpenters from each village mainly of Hida province.",
"ja": "主に飛騨国の各里から二人ずつ徴発した大工。"
} |
{
"en": "They were also called Hida no Takumi.",
"ja": "飛騨工（ひだのたくみ）ともいう。"
} |
{
"en": "They were allocated to Mokuryo.",
"ja": "木工寮に配属された。"
} |
{
"en": "Grand master",
"ja": "師範（しはん）"
} |
{
"en": "Someone who has good qualities or behavior that other people should copy.",
"ja": "手本となる人。"
} |
{
"en": "An instructor of budo (martial arts) or geido (accomplishments of art.)",
"ja": "武道や芸道分野の指導者。"
} |
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