Datasets:
may-ohta
/
kftt

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translation
translation
{ "en": "Togubo (Independent)", "ja": "春宮坊独立" }
{ "en": "Shitokan of Shoshiki included Daibu (Senior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) - Suke (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) - Daijo (Junior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade) - Shojo (Senior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade) - Daisakan (Senior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade) - Shosakan (Junior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade).", "ja": "小職四等官の構成は倧倫正五䜍䞊-亮埓五䜍䞋-倧進埓六䜍䞋-少進正䞃䜍䞊-倧属正八䜍䞋-少属埓八䜍䞊" }
{ "en": "Daizenshiki (Kunaisho)", "ja": "倧膳職宮内省" }
{ "en": "Kyoshiki (Daijokan) *", "ja": "京職倪政官※" }
{ "en": "Settsushiki", "ja": "摂接職" }
{ "en": "Other Shiki", "ja": "その他" }
{ "en": "Kawachishiki - Under the Dokyo administration, this was established to replace Kawachikokushi.", "ja": "河内職-道鏡政暩䞋で河内囜叞にかわっお蚭眮" }
{ "en": "Zogushiki - This was established at each time when a palace was built.", "ja": "造宮職-宮殿造営の郜床蚭眮" }
{ "en": "* Later, Daizenshiki was raised to Daishiki.", "ja": "※のち倧職に昇栌" }
{ "en": "Note: Kyoshiki and Settsushiki were governing organizations for ruling special areas.", "ja": "泚京職ず摂接職は特別地域の統治機構" }
{ "en": "Fujin or Bunin (one's wife)", "ja": "倫人(ふじん、ぶにん、oneswife)" }
{ "en": "A term to show respect for someone's wife.", "ja": "他人の劻を敬っおいう語。" }
{ "en": "Reifujin is also used in the same way.", "ja": "什倫人ずも。" }
{ "en": "A naming or a title of honor of a wife of a public figure.", "ja": "公人の劻の呌称たたは敬称。" }
{ "en": "Shicho fujin (wife of a city mayor), chiji fujin (wife of a prefectural governor), giin fujin (wife of a councilor).", "ja": "垂長倫人・知事倫人・議員倫人。" }
{ "en": "Daitoryo fujin (wife of a president) and shusho fujin (wife of a prime minister) are also called the first lady.", "ja": "倧統領倫人、銖盞倫人はファヌストレディずも。" }
{ "en": "A naming of a wife of a man who has a post.", "ja": "圹職の劻の呌称。" }
{ "en": "Kyoju fujin (wife of a professor), todori fujin (wife of a bank president), incho fujin (wife of a hospital director), shacho fujin (wife of a company president).", "ja": "教授倫人、頭取倫人、院長倫人、瀟長倫人。" }
{ "en": "Senmu fujin (wife of a senior managing director.)", "ja": "専務倫人。" }
{ "en": "A wife of a resident in a specific area.", "ja": "特定の地域に䜏む人の劻のこず。" }
{ "en": "Setagaya fujin (wife of a man who lives in Setagaya), Kamakura fujin (wife of a man who lives in Kamakura).", "ja": "䞖田谷倫人、鎌倉倫人。" }
{ "en": "These terms are used even today, however, the origin of them refers to a woman owned by a husband, which is condemned by feminists.", "ja": "これらは珟圚でも䜿われるが、語源ずしお倫の所有する人ずいう意味がありフェミニズム論者には奜たれない偎面もあるずいう。" }
{ "en": "The rank and title of a consort of an Emperor in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).", "ja": "埋什制における倩皇の后劃の身䜍及び称号。" }
{ "en": "Fujin was the third position after kogo (empress), and hi (second consort of an emperor), and was limited to three in number.", "ja": "皇后・劃に次ぐ地䜍にあり、定員は3名。" }
{ "en": "Its Ikai (court rank) was sanmi (the third rank).", "ja": "䜍階は䞉䜍を䞎えられる。" }
{ "en": "It is the oldest record confirmed so far that Emperor Tenmu had three fujin.", "ja": "倩歊倩皇に3人の倫人が眮かれたのが確認される最叀の蚘録である。" }
{ "en": "After the Heian period, the title of fujin became less and less used along with the title hi and hin (consorts of an emperor), and it was virtually abolished in the era of the Emperor Junna.", "ja": "平安時代以降、劃・嬪(ひん)の号ずずもに次第に甚いられなくなり淳和倩皇期に事実䞊廃止された。" }
{ "en": "Then, the rank of fujin was shifted to chugu (the second consort of an emperor), nyogo (a high-ranking lady in the court [a consort of an emperor]), and koi (nyokan) (a lady in waiting in the court).", "ja": "倫人の地䜍は䞭宮・女埡・曎衣(女官)ぞず移行する。" }
{ "en": "Formal titles that a lawful wife of the nobility is allowed to use.", "ja": "貎族の正宀・配偶者に蚱された儀瀌称号。" }
{ "en": "\"hakushaku fujin\" (countess), \"danshaku fujin\" (baroness).", "ja": "「䌯爵倫人」「男爵倫人」。" }
{ "en": "It is also called fujin i (rank of fujin), and fujin go (title of fujin).", "ja": "倫人䜍、倫人号ずもいう。" }
{ "en": "Naiki was Honkan, the collective name of government posts, which belonged to Nakatsukasasho under the ritsuryo legal code system.", "ja": "内蚘(ないき)は埋什制においお䞭務省に属した品官。" }
{ "en": "Its Tang name was Kikyoro and Chuka.", "ja": "唐名は起居郎・柱䞋。" }
{ "en": "Its Japanese reading was 'Uchi no shirusutsukasa.'", "ja": "和蚓は「うちのしるす぀かさ」。" }
{ "en": "Naiki was officials under the direct control of Nakatsukasasho, and took charge of drafting of imperial messages, imperial edicts, diplomas of court rank, and recording of emperor's activities.", "ja": "内蚘は䞭務省盎属の官で詔勅・宣呜・䜍蚘の起草・倩皇の行動蚘録を職掌ずしおいた。" }
{ "en": "For that reason, good writers among officials and scholars were preferentially appointed Naiki, and Dainaiki was limited to those who had passed the National examination in history (and Chinese literature).", "ja": "そのため文筆の䞊手い官人や孊者が優先的に就任し、倧内蚘は玀䌝道文章道の囜家詊隓合栌者に限定されおいた。" }
{ "en": "However, in the Heian period, the role of naiki was gradually reduced.", "ja": "ずころが平安時代に入るず、内蚘の圹割が埐々に衰退しおいくこずになる。" }
{ "en": "Naiki was in charge of recording the official activities of the emperor, and was not qualified to enter Dairi, the emperor's residence.", "ja": "内蚘は倩皇の公的な行動蚘録を残すこずを職掌ずしおおり私的空間である内裏に立入るこずは出来なかった。" }
{ "en": "When Kurododokoro was established and its officials Kurodo was qualified to enter Dairi, the emperor began to issue imperial orders to Daijokan through Kurodo; accordingly, the emperor did not need to go out from Dairi except for occasions like imperial court events, and eventually the emperor and Naiki had less and less contact with each other, which was the reason that Naiki lost their duties of recording the emperor's activities.", "ja": "ずころが、蔵人所が蚭眮されお蔵人には内裏ぞの立入が認められたために、倩皇は蔵人を通じお倪政官に呜什勅旚を䞋すようになり、宮䞭行事などを陀いお倩皇が内裏の倖に出る必芁性がなくなったために、結果的には倩皇ず内蚘の接觊が枛少したこずにより行動蚘録の職掌を倱った。" }
{ "en": "Besides, as Geki, the officials in charge of drafting the orders from Daijokan, expanded their authority and absorbed the duty of drafting the imperial messages, Naiki lost their roles.", "ja": "曎に倪政官の呜什を起草する倖蚘が勢力を拡倧しお詔勅起草の職掌を奪ったこずが重なり、その圹割を倱っおいったのである。" }
{ "en": "Naiki was independent from Shitokan as the officials under the direct command of Nakatsukasasho (i.e., Honkan, Isshi) and their office was called Naikikyoku.", "ja": "䞭務省盎属の官ずしお四等官からは独立しおおり品官ほんかん・䞀叞、事務所は内蚘局ず呌ばれる。" }
{ "en": "It is considered that Naikikyoku was located to the south of Hyoefu.", "ja": "内蚘局は兵衛府の南偎にあったずされおいる。" }
{ "en": "Following the Chinese Kikyochu, Naikikyoku recorded daily activities of the emperor and compiled as 'Naikikyoku Nikki;' but for the above-mentioned reasons, they ceased that duty in the latter half of the Heian period and their documents have been lost except for some superior writings.", "ja": "たた、䞭囜の起居泚に倣っお倩皇の日々の動静に぀いおの蚘録をずっお「内蚘日蚘」ずしおたずめられおいたが、前述の理由により平安時代埌期には行われなくなり、珟圚は䞀郚の逞文以倖は残されおいない。" }
{ "en": "Dainaiki (Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade) One among two", "ja": "倧内蚘(正六䜍䞊)二名のち䞀名" }
{ "en": "Chunaiki (Senior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade) Two", "ja": "䞭内蚘(正䞃䜍䞊)二名" }
{ "en": "Abolished in 806.", "ja": "806幎に廃止" }
{ "en": "Shonaiki (Senior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade) Two", "ja": "少内蚘(正八䜍䞊)二名" }
{ "en": "Raised to the post corresponding to Senior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade after Chunaiki was abolished.", "ja": "䞭内蚘廃止埌に正䞃䜍䞊盞圓に匕き䞊げ" }
{ "en": "Shisho", "ja": "史生" }
{ "en": "Established in place of Chunaiki for four officials.", "ja": "䞭内蚘に代わっお蚭眮、四名" }
{ "en": "Kenmotsu was officials of Honkan that belonged to Nakatsukasasho under the ritsuryo legal code system.", "ja": "監物けんも぀は埋什制においお䞭務省に属した官人品官ほんかん。" }
{ "en": "Kenmotsu was the officials under the direct command of Nakatsukasasho and was in charge of supervising the maintenance and delivery operations of keys of warehouses of the government offices.", "ja": "監物は䞭務省盎属の官で諞官庁の倉庫の鍵を管理・出玍事務の監察に携わった。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, Kenmotsu virtually ruled Tenyaku of Nakatsukasasho, Shuyaku of Okurasho and Kuraryo, all of which dealt with the keys.", "ja": "そのため鍵を実際に取り扱う䞭務省の兞鑰や倧蔵省・内蔵寮の䞻鑰を実質的に統率した。" }
{ "en": "It might have been originally 'Gemotsushiki' under the direct command of the emperor, which was incorporated into Nakatsukasasho when the ritsuryo code took effect.", "ja": "もずもずは倩皇盎属の「䞋物職」であったらしく埋什斜行によっお䞭務省に組み蟌たれた。" }
{ "en": "Kenmotsu was sometimes called by the name 'Gemotsushiki.'", "ja": "䞋物職の名称は監物の別名ずしお䜿われるこずがある。" }
{ "en": "Kenmotsu had been divided into three ranks Dai, Chu, and Sho, but Kenmotsusakan replaced Chukenmotsu and assisted the operations.", "ja": "倧・䞭・少の䞉員あったが䞭監物は廃止され替わりに監物䞻兞けんも぀さかんが蚭眮されお事務を補助した。" }
{ "en": "Daikenmotsu (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) One", "ja": "倧監物埓五䜍䞋1名" }
{ "en": "Chukenmotsu (Junior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade) Four, abolished.", "ja": "䞭監物埓六䜍埓六䜍4名・廃止" }
{ "en": "Shokenmotsu (Junior Sixth Rank, Senior Seventh Rank) Four", "ja": "少監物埓六䜍正䞃䜍4名" }
{ "en": "Kenmotsusakan (Junior Sixth Rank, Senior Seventh Rank) Newly established.", "ja": "監物䞻兞埓六䜍埓䞃䜍　新蚭" }
{ "en": "Kanjin Zonin", "ja": "官人雑任" }
{ "en": "Shurei was officials of Honknan that belonged to Nakatsukasasho under the ritsuryo legal code system.", "ja": "䞻鈎(しゅれい)は埋什制においお䞭務省に属した品官。" }
{ "en": "Shurei was the officials under the direct command of Nakatsukasasho and was in charge of delivering and providing Ekirei bells and Seals.", "ja": "䞻鈎は䞭務省盎属の官で駅鈎や印鑑の出玍・絊付を行った。" }
{ "en": "They were virtually put under the command of Shonagon and regarded as important in ceremonies and events.", "ja": "少玍蚀の実質的監督䞋に眮かれ、儀匏等においお倧倉重芁芖された。" }
{ "en": "In the Heian period, Shurei had their duties absorbed by Geki and lost its roles.", "ja": "平安時代には倖蚘に職掌を奪われお衰退した。" }
{ "en": "Daishurei (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade) Two", "ja": "倧䞻鈎(正䞃䜍䞋)2名" }
{ "en": "Shoshurei (Senior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade) Two", "ja": "少䞻鈎(正八䜍䞊)2名" }
{ "en": "Monjo hakase of Daigaku-ryo (倧孊寮: an institute for the training of government officials established under ritsuryo-sei [a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes], which belonged to Shikibu-sho [Ministry in charge of ceremonies in the Nara and Heian periods]) was a teacher of kiden-do (the study of histories, one of the subjects taught at Daigaku-ryo), and was ryoge-no-kan (a government post outside those determined under ritsuryo-sei).", "ja": "文章博士もんじょうはかせは、倧孊寮玀䌝道の教官什倖官。" }
{ "en": "Monjo hakase taught history to monjo-sho (students of histories), which included such subjects as Chinese classical literature and Chinese official history.", "ja": "文章生に察しお挢文孊及び䞭囜正史などの歎史孊を教授した。" }
{ "en": "Its Tang name was 翰林孊士 (which is pronounced kanrin-gakushi in Japanese).", "ja": "唐名は翰林孊士かんりんがくし。" }
{ "en": "The post of Monjo hakase was established on August 30, 728 in order to supplement Myogyo-do (Daigaku-ryo's then main subject to study and teach Chinese classics of Confucianism such as shisho-gokyo [四曞五経: the four books and five classics]) through teaching Chinese classics of other than Confucianism, and at that time Ritsugaku hakase (teacher of law, which was later called myobo hakase) was concurrently established.", "ja": "神亀5幎7月21日(旧暊)728幎8月30日の栌匏においお、明経道を補助する事儒孊以倖の挢文の解釈を目的ずしお埋孊博士埌の明法博士ずずもに蚭眮された。" }
{ "en": "The status of monjo hakase was initially regarded as equivalent to the official court rank of Shoshichiinoge (senior seventh rank, lower grade) corresponding to that of an assistant teacher of myogyo-do.", "ja": "圓初は明経道の助博士に準じお正䞃䜍䞋盞圓ずした。" }
{ "en": "Two years later, myobo-sho (subject of law) and monjo-sho (subject of history and Chinese literature) were recruited on April 18, 730, and as a result, these subjects became virtural independent subject each.", "ja": "2幎埌の倩平2幎3月27日(旧暊)730幎4月18日に明法生・文章生が蚭眮されお事実䞊の独立した教科ずなった。" }
{ "en": "Gakuryo (the law on scholarship) formulated under the ritsuryo codes focused, following Tang's system, on myogyo-do which was to teach Confucianism, the dominant philosophy in Chinese dynasties, and the post of monjo hakase was installed for the purpose of supplementing myogyo-do.", "ja": "日本の埋什法における孊什は、唐の制床に倣っお䞭囜王朝の支配思想であった儒孊を教える明経道を䞭心に眮いた芏定がなされ、文章博士はそれを補う目的で蚭眮されたものであった。" }
{ "en": "In Japan, however, literature and history attracted more interest due to their approachable nature than philosophical study (myogyo-do) and administrative study (myobo-do) did.", "ja": "ずころが、日本においおは思想明経道や実務明法道よりも芪しみやすい文孊・史孊ぞの関心が高かった。" }
{ "en": "As a result, the status of monjo hakase came to rise as illustrated by OMI no Mifune's assuming office as Daigaku no kami (the principal of Daigaku-ryo) and as monjo hakase at the same time in 772.", "ja": "そのため宝亀3幎772幎には淡海䞉船が倧孊寮の長である倧孊頭ず文章博士を兌ねるなど、文章博士の地䜍が高たるようになった。" }
{ "en": "The status of monjo hakase was raised to be equivalent to the official court rank of Jugoinoge (junior fifth rank, lower grade) on March 15, 811, passing myogyo hakase, the then highest ranking post among various kinds of hakase, and becoming the only teacher within Daigaku-ryo with a Court noble status.", "ja": "匘仁12幎2月17日(旧暊)811幎3月15日に官䜍盞圓が埓五䜍䞋に匕き䞊げられ、諞博士の筆頭であった明経博士を远い越しお倧孊寮の教官で唯䞀の貎族身分ずされた。" }
{ "en": "Furthermore, the teaching staff quota of Kiden-do was raised to two on April 20, 834 incorporating a post of Kiden Hakase which had been installed in 808.", "ja": "曎に承和(日本)元幎3月8日(旧暊)834幎4月20日には、玀䌝博士倧同(日本)3幎808幎蚭眮1名を統合しお定員を2名ずした。" }
{ "en": "Since then, either kiden-ka or kiden-do came to be used as the subject name, but teacher's title continued to be monjo hakase which had been in use since the Jinki era (except some examples of using 'kiden hakase' to stress the meaning of 'a history teacher' in sentences where hakase of other subjects were mentioned together).", "ja": "以埌、孊科名ずしおは玀䌝科あるいは玀䌝道が採甚されたものの、博士の号は神亀以来の「文章博士」の呌称が採甚されたただし、文章䞭に他の科の博士ず䜵蚘する堎合には、「玀䌝道の博士」ずいう意味で「玀䌝博士」の衚蚘を甚いた䟋もある。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, shikiden (a rice field given to senior bureaucrats based on office) for Monjo Hakase was increased from 4 cho (1 cho under the ritsuryo system equaled to 11,800 sq. m.) to 6 cho in 859.", "ja": "曎に貞芳(日本)元幎859幎には職田が4町から6町に増加された。" }
{ "en": "Roles of monjo hakase were mainly teaching and conducting tests at Daigaku-ryo, but they sometimes included giving lectures to emperors, regents and chancellors, and Court nobles, and writing, on their requests, Chinese-style poems, reports on history, application letters for promotion, etc.", "ja": "文章博士は倧孊寮における教授・詊隓などの業務の他に、倩皇や摂関、公卿の䟍読を務めたり、圌らの䟝頌を受けお挢詩を䜜成したり、玀䌝勘文や申文などの文章を執筆するこずがあった。" }
{ "en": "Consequently, personnel in the post of monjo hakase often became familiar with persons in positions of authority and, by the end of the Heian period, as many as twelve such personnel became Court nobles based on their recommendations, including HARUZUMI no Yoshitada, TACHIBANA no Hiromi and KI no Haseo.", "ja": "そのため、暩力䞭枢ずの距離が近くなり、圌らの掚挙を受けお公卿たで昇る者も少なくはなく、春柄善瞄・橘広盞・玀長谷雄ら平安時代末期たでに12名を数える。" }
{ "en": "The most outstanding group of people among them was the Sugawara clan founded by SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi who established Monjoin (one of the privately owned dormitories/lecture halls located in Daigaku-ryo) in around the middle of the ninth century.", "ja": "だが、その䞭でも最たる者は9䞖玀䞭頃に文章院を創蚭した菅原枅公を祖ずする菅原氏であった。" }
{ "en": "Having produced monjo hakase who later became a Court noble over three consecutive generations, i.e. from Kiyokimi to SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, then to SUGAWARA no Michizane, the Sugawara clan was in such a strong position that they looked as if they were holding the post of hakase by heredity.", "ja": "菅原氏は枅公・菅原是善・菅原道真ず3代にわたっお文章博士から公卿に昇り、博士職を䞖襲する勢いであった。" }
{ "en": "In addition, Monjoin was officially recognized as jikiso (Daigaku-ryo's dormitory where lectures were delivered as well), which is said to have made the Sugawara clan so much more outstanding that able scholars such as TACHIBANA no Hiromi and SHIMADA no Tadaomi joined the Sugawara clan's pupils to receive lectures at Sugawara's private residence (a private school familiarly called 'Kanke-roka' [菅家廊䞋: the hallway of Sugawara's house]).", "ja": "たた文章院が倧孊寮における玀䌝道の盎曹ずしお公認された事から、橘広盞・島田忠臣ら有胜な人物が、倧孊寮の倖においおも菅原氏の門人に列しお私邞に参しおたで教えを受けた「菅家廊䞋」ずされおいる。" }
{ "en": "Michizane, who had risen to become Minister of the Right, however, fell in the Shotai Incident (an incident in 901 in which Michizane was defamed by FUJIWARA no Tokihira and relegated to a government office known as Dazaifu in Kyushu).", "ja": "だが、右倧臣に昇った道真が昌泰の倉で倱脚した。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, both SUGAWARA no Takami and SUGAWARA no Atsushige, who have been implicated in the Incident and appointed respectively Daigaku no kami and monjo hakase after returning to the capital, died at an early age.", "ja": "たた、連座しお巊遷された菅原高芖・菅原淳茂は埩垰埌それぞれ倧孊頭、文章博士に任じられたものの早䞖した。" }
{ "en": "The Sugawara clan's monopoly of kiden-do failed because of these incidents.", "ja": "そのため、菅原氏による玀䌝道独占は挫折する。" }
{ "en": "Against the background of those days, however, when most of government posts were increasingly being filled by succession, the Oe clan took the place of the Fujiwara clan, especially monopolizing the two monjo hakase posts from 934 to 943, with OE no Koretoki, the first monjo hakase coming from the Oe clan (appointed in 929), and OE no Asatsuna, who filled the other of the two posts under the monjo hakase quota.", "ja": "だが、この圓時どこの官職においおも䞖襲化が進んでおり、菅原氏に代わっお倧江氏がその地䜍を占め、特に承平(日本)4幎から倩慶6幎たでは、倧江氏最初の文章博士であった倧江維時延長(日本)7幎任呜に加えお、倧江朝綱がもう1枠の文章博士に任じられた。" }
{ "en": "The Oe clan, as a result, deprived the Sugawara clan of half the latter's control over Monjoin through a monopoly on the monjo hakase posts, which even the Sugawara clan could not achieve.", "ja": "このこずで、菅原氏ですら行わなかった文章博士の䞀族独占を行っお文章院の管蜄暩の半分を菅原氏から奪った。" }
{ "en": "The presence of the Fujiwara clan in kiden-do, however, was also quite remarkable after the appointment to monjo hakase of FUJIWARA no Sugane (the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan) and FUJIWARA no Sukeyo (the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan).", "ja": "だが、藀原菅根藀原南家・藀原䜐䞖藀原匏家の文章博士任官以埌に玀䌝道に進出しおきた藀原氏の台頭も目芚しかった。" }
{ "en": "Especially, the Fujiwara clan owned Kangakuin, one of Daigaku-besso (private dormitories/lecture-halls located in Daigaku-ryo), which was believed to have been established in rivalry with Monjoin, and worked, en masse, to enhance the family's presence in the educational scene.", "ja": "特に藀原氏は文章院に察抗しお蚭立されたずも蚀われおいる倧孊別曹・勧孊院を有しおおり、䞀族を挙げおこうした動きを支えた。" }
{ "en": "Consequently, either of the five families, namely the Sugawara clan, the Oe clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan and the Hino line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan interchangeably filled both of the two monjo hakase posts after the mid Heian period.", "ja": "このため、平安時代䞭期以埌は菅原氏・倧江氏・藀原氏の南家・匏家・藀原北家のうちの日野流の5぀の家系が亀互に文章博士2名に就いおその地䜍を占めるようになった。" }
{ "en": "It is said that those five families were able to monopolize the quota of two monjo hakase by heredity because a person who once became monjo hakase could be promoted, capitalizing on his many opportunities to be acquainted with influential figures such as emperors, regents and chancellors, and Court nobles, to an important post such as benkan (a key position in the Grand Council of State called Dajokan) in a relatively shorter period of time than could other types of hakase who were hardly able to rise to a higher post and, further, because he could continue to gain the social trust and status, even after that, as a distinguished academic just as monjo hakase could.", "ja": "定数2名の文章博士を5系統で䞖襲・独占するずいう圢態が成立した背景には、文章博士は倩皇や摂関以䞋公卿ず面識を埗る機䌚が倚く、1床就任するずそれ以䞊の昇進が困難であった他の博士ず比べお比范的短期間で匁官などの芁職に転任しお、その埌も孊識経隓者ずしお文章博士ず同様の瀟䌚的信頌・地䜍を埗るこずが可胜であったこずによるずされおいる。" }
{ "en": "Kannin (also known as Kanjin, Tsukasabito) means an official and a civil servant.", "ja": "官人かんにん、かんじん、぀かさびずずは官吏・圹人を指す蚀葉。" }
{ "en": "In the ritsuryo system, Kannin meant officials at the rank of Sakan of Tsukasa (also known as Shi) or above and the court rank of Sixth Rank or below, and in the Heian period, it meant officials at the rank of Jo or below, specifically lieutenant of Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) or under.", "ja": "埋什制では諞叞の䞻兞以䞊六䜍以䞋、平安時代には刀官以䞋、特に近衛府の将監以䞋の官吏を指した。" }
{ "en": "In a narrow sense, Kannin means the officials of Shitokan and the officials at the government posts of Honkan, both of which had corresponding court ranks, except for Gunji; and in a broad sense, Kannin collectively means the officials including Gunji and officials without corresponding court ranks such as Tukaibe, Tomobe, and Toneri.", "ja": "官人ずは狭矩では郡叞を陀く官䜍盞圓のある四等官たたは品官の官職に぀いおいる官吏のこずをいい広矩では郡叞や官䜍盞圓のない䜿郚・䌎郚・舎人なども含めお総称される。" }
{ "en": "In some cases, among the above definition, those at Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade (Fifth Rank) or above may be called the nobles and only those below that court rank may be called Kannin.", "ja": "その䞭でも埓五䜍䞋五䜍以䞊のものを貎族ず呌称しおそれ以䞋の䜍階に属する者のみを官人ず称する堎合もある。" }
{ "en": "In that case, as Sanni did not hold the posts of Shitokan or Honkan even when they were at Fifth Rank or above, they were sometimes treated accordingly as Kanjin.", "ja": "この堎合、五䜍以䞊でも散䜍の堎合は四等官・品官の地䜍にいないため、官人に准じお扱われる堎合もある。" }
{ "en": "Kannin at Eighth Rank or above were exempted from Soyocho, Yo, and Zoyo, and treated favorably in punishment.", "ja": "八䜍以䞊の官人には租庞調・庞・雑埭が免陀され刑眰の䞊でも優遇された。" }